Academic literature on the topic 'Enquête origine destination'

Les résultats des enquêtes origine-destination peuvent être utilisés pour délimiter la zone d'influence d'une partie d'agglomération urbaine en comparant l'importance relative des flux entre les municipalités urbaines à celle de leur population respective. Cette comparaison rendue possible grâce à des rapports permet de constater que l'influence du Cap-de-la-Madeleine décroît avec la distance au profit de Trois-Rivières à l'est de la rivière Saint-Maurice. Aussi est-il possible de délimiter une première zone près du Cap-de-la-Madeleine principalement dominée par celle-ci, une seconde plus éloignée et partagée par Trois-Rivières et Cap-de-la-Madeleine et enfin, une troisième dominée principalement par Trois-Rivières.

Résumé Le réseau d’autobus de la ville de Québec a subi une importante restructuration en 1992 avec la création du Métrobus et l’ajout de lignes express. L’objectif de cet article est de vérifier si la restructuration de ce réseau a permis d’améliorer l’accessibilité aux emplois des résidentes et de favoriser leur mobilité professionnelle. Les données des enquêtes origine-destination de 1991 et 2001 réalisées par le ministère des Transports du Québec et le Réseau de transport de la Capitale sont mises à profit. Les variations spatiales et temporelles des différents indicateurs montrent une diminution sensible des durées de déplacement et une amélioration de l’accessibilité aux emplois à partir de certains secteurs de la ville et ce, en dépit d’une diminution de la part modale de l’autobus, même dans les couloirs du Métrobus. Par ailleurs, la mobilité professionnelle des femmes semble avoir progressé dans plusieurs secteurs desservis par le Métrobus.

Cette recherche propose une analyse de l’évolution des comportements de mobilité des résidents d’un des quartiers les plus attractifs d’Amérique du Nord, le Plateau Mont-Royal, qui se démarque à la fois par ses caractéristiques urbanistiques qui le rapprochent de l’idéal-type défini par les tenants du nouvel urbanisme, mais aussi par le fait qu’il est le théâtre d’un processus de gentrification. Exploitant les données des deux dernières enquêtes Origine-Destination (1998 et 2003) de l’Agence métropolitaine de transport de Montréal, nous analysons l’évolution des distances parcourues et des modes de transport utilisés par les résidents de ce quartier, en portant une attention particulière aux principales catégories de personnes (femmes, ménages d’une seule personne, jeunes actifs) associées au processus de gentrification ainsi qu’à leurs principaux types de déplacements (travail, magasinage et loisirs). Nous mettons en lumière, du même coup, un effet pervers des processus de gentrification.

D'importants changements sociaux et économiques ont transformé les agglomérations canadiennes au cours des vingt dernières années et ont affecté les comportements de déplacements de leurs résidant(e)s. Cet article décrit l'évolution de la mobilité des femmes demeurant dans l'agglomération urbaine de Québec durant cette période de changements. Les données sur la mobilité sont issues des grandes enquêtes Origine-Destination réalisées par la STCUQ en 1977 et en 1996. La durée et la longueur des déplacements sont obtenues par modélisation dans un système d'information géographique (SIG) en transport. Les résultats montrent que les femmes ont davantage accès à l'automobile, qu'elles se déplacent plus fréquemment, qu'elles parcourent de plus grandes distances pour se rendre au travail et que la durée de leurs déplacements-travail a diminué entre 1977 et 1996. Toutefois, en 1996, les femmes parcourent encore de plus courtes distances que les hommes pour se rendre au travail, particulièrement lorsqu'elles résident en banlieue. Elles se déplacent moins fréquemment que les hommes et ces derniers demeurent les principaux utilisateurs du véhicule familial.

Résumé L’atteinte d’une certaine cohésion sociale dans une région urbaine repose en bonne partie sur la réduction des disparités socio-économiques internes. Ces disparités socio-économiques ne sont pas étrangères aux problèmes liés à l’emploi et au revenu des ménages, qui découlent des transformations subies par le marché du travail au cours des dernières décennies. Dans cet article, nous nous interrogeons sur l’influence des facteurs géographiques reliés à la mobilité quotidienne des personnes et à l’accessibilité des lieux d’emplois sur les disparités socio-économiques internes, qui constribuent ainsi à une éventuelle érosion de la cohésion sociale dans l’agglomération urbaine de Québec. En premier lieu, nous utilisons une typologie des différents types d’accès à l’automobile dans les ménages motorisés afin de mieux cerner la capacité d’atteindre les lieux d’emplois. En second lieu, nous utilisons un indice d’accessibilité aux emplois reposant sur le modèle de gravité et nous faisons ressortir quelques zones de résidence présentant des problèmes d’accessibilité aux emplois en transport public, en 1977 comme en 1996. Enfin, nous testons l’hypothèse d’une relation entre l’accès effectif à l’automobile, l’accessibilité aux emplois et un indicateur de cohésion sociale, le taux d’emploi. Les données exploitées proviennent des enquêtes origine-destination du Réseau de transport de la Capitale (RTC).

Este artículo resulta de una investigación llevada a cabo en una comunidad campesina del norte de Nicaragua (departamento de Estelí) en 2007. La investigación tiene como objetivo determinar los impactos de la migración internacional en las familias rurales de esta región de expulsión migratoria. Tomando en cuenta un espacio migratorio multipolarizado (Nicaragua, Costa Rica y los Estados Unidos), nos concentramos en los mecanismos de transformación de la organización productiva y de la economía familiar en el lugar de origen. Describimos las dinámicas migratorias en la zona y explicamos la relación entre estas trayectorias y las estructuras socioproductivas de las familias de los migrantes. La encuesta realizada con las familias que permanecen en la comunidad de origen nos permite dar cuenta de la manera en cómo se usan las remesas –principalmente en el marco de la explotación agrícola doméstica– para presentar finalmente un panorama de los escenarios que pueden darse alrededor de los recursos agrarios y migratorios en las familias rurales nicaragüenses. A lo largo del texto, insistimos en las características de las distintas trayectorias migratorias (según el país de destino, las temporalidades, distancias y posibilidades de circulación) y sus impactos diferenciados en cuanto a la organización productiva de las familias rurales implicadas en el fenómeno migratorio.Abstract: This paper is an investigation carried out in a rural community in northern Nicaragua (Estelí department) in 2007. The research aims to determine the impacts of international migration on rural families in this expulsive region. Taking into account a multi-polarized migration space (Nicaragua, Costa Rica and the United States), we focus on mechanisms that transform the organization of production and household economy in the place of origin. We describe the dynamics of migration in the area and explain the relationship between these different paths and socio-productive structures of the families of migrants. The survey conducted with families who remain in the community of origin allows us to account for the way how remittances are used more specifically in the context of domestic farm to finally give an overview of the scenarios that can arise around land and migration resources in Nicaraguan rural families. Throughout the text, we emphasize the characteristics of different migration routes (depending on country of destination, time frames, distances, the possibilities of circulation) and their different impacts in terms of productive organization of rural households involved in migration.Résumé : Cet article est le fruit d’une enquête menée dans une communauté rurale au nord du Nicaragua (département d’Estelí) en 2007. La recherche vise à déterminer les impacts de la migration internationale sur les familles rurales dans cette région d’expulsion migratoire. Tenant compte d’un espace migratoire multipolarisé (le Nicaragua, le Costa Rica et les États-Unis), nous nous concentrons sur les mécanismes de transformation de l’organisation de la production et de l’économie familiale dans le lieu d’origine. Nous décrivons la dynamique des migrations dans la région et expliquons la relation entre ces différentes trajectoires et les structures socio-productives des familles de migrants. L’enquête menée avec les familles qui restent dans la communauté d’origine nous permet de rendre compte de l’usage des transferts financiers de la migration –plus précisément dans le contexte de l’exploitation agricole familiale– pour finalement présenter un aperçu des scénarios qui peuvent se mettre en place autour des ressources agraires et migratoires dans les familles rurales nicaraguayennes. Tout au long du texte, nous insistons sur les caractéristiques des différentes trajectoires migratoires (selon le pays de destination, les temporalités, les distances, les possibilités de circulation) et leurs impacts différenciés en termes d’organisation productive des familles rurales impliquées dans migration.

Introduction The recipe is more than just a list of ingredients and the instructions on how to prepare a particular dish. Recipes also are, as Janet Floyd and Laurel Foster argue, a form of narrative that tells a myriad of stories, “of family sagas and community, of historical and cultural moments and also of personal histories and narratives of self” (Floyd and Forster 2). Among the most intimate and personal sources of recipes are manuscript cookbooks. These typically contained original handwritten recipes created by the author as well as those shared by family and friends; some recipes were copied from published cookbooks or clipped out of newspapers and magazines. However, these books are more than a mere collection of recipes and domestic instructions, they also paint a unique and vivid picture of the life of their authors. These manuscript cookbooks were a common sight in many Australian colonial kitchens, yet they are a rarely examined and rich archival source that provides a valuable insight into foodways, material culture, and the lives and social relationships of the women who created them. This article will examine the manuscript cookbook created by Phillis Clark in the Darling Downs during the 1860s. Through a close examination of Clark’s manuscript cookbook, this article will explore colonial domestic habits and the cultural context in which they were formed. It will also highlight the historical value of manuscript cookbooks as social texts that chronicle daily life, both inside and outside the kitchen, in colonial Australia. A Colonial Woman Phillis Clark was born in Tasmania in 1836. She was the daughter of Charles Seal, the pioneer of the whaling industry in that state. In 1858 she married Charles George Clark, the eldest son of a well-known Tasmanian family. Both the Seal and Clark families were at the centre of social and political life in Tasmania. In 1861, the couple moved to Talgai, twenty two kilometres north-west of Warwick in the Darling Downs region of Queensland. Here, Charles Clark established himself as a storekeeper and became a partner in the Ellinthorp Steam Flour Mills, the first successful flour mill in Queensland (Waterson 3). He also represented Warwick in the Queensland Legislative assembly between 1871 and 1873. Clark’s brother, George Clark, also settled in the area together with his wife and family. In 1868, both families set up home in adjoining properties known as East Talgai and West Talgai. This joint property, with its well manicured gardens, English trees, and fruit orchard, has been described as a small oasis “in an empty, brown and dusty summer landscape” (Waterson, Squatter 19). The Manuscript Sometime during this period Clark began to compile her very own manuscript cookbook. The front of Clark’s manuscript is dated 1866, yet there is ample evidence to suggest that she began work on this manuscript some years earlier. Clark was scrupulous in acknowledging the sources of her recipes, a habit common to many manuscript cookbook authors (Newlyn 35). She also initialled her own creations, firstly with P.S., for her maiden name Phillis Seal, and later P.S.C. for Phillis Seal Clark, her married name. By 1866 Clarke had been married for eight years so it can be assumed that she commenced her manuscript some time before 1858. A number of the recipes that appear in the manuscript appear to be credited to people living in Tasmania. Furthermore, a number of the newspaper clippings found in her manuscript can be dated to before 1866, including one for 1861. The manuscript itself is a hard bound and lined notebook, sturdy enough to withstand the rigours of daily use in the kitchen. The majority of recipes are handwritten but there are also a number of recipes clipped from newspapers interspaced within the manuscript. The handwritten recipes are in a neat copperplate style and all appear to be written in the same hand. The recipes are not found in distinct sections, although there are some small clusters of particular types of recipes, highlighting the fact that they were added to the manuscript over a period of time. At the front of the manuscript there is a detailed index noting the page number on which each recipe is to be found. The recipes themselves follow the standard conventions of the period. The Sources The sources from which Clark gathered some of the recipes in her manuscript indicate the variety of texts that were available to her. There are a number of newspaper clippings pasted in the pages of her manuscript for a range of both recipes for foods as well as the so-called domestic remedies (medicines) and receipts for household products. Amongst the food recipes there are to be found instructions in the making of cream cheese in the Irish manner and a recipe for stewed shoulder of mutton as well as two different methods for preparing kangaroo. While it is impossible to fully know what newspapers all these clippings have been taken from, at least one of them came from the Darling Downs Gazette and General Advertiser and it is likely that some of them might also have come from a number of the local Warwick papers (one which was founded by her brother-in-law George Clark) that were in publication during Clark’s residence in the area. Clark also utilised a number of published cookbooks as sources for some of the recipes in her own manuscripts. Like most Australians until the last few decades of the nineteenth century, Clark would have mainly resorted to the British cookbooks that were available. The two most commonly acknowledged cookbooks in her manuscript were Enquire Within Upon Everything and Eliza Acton’s. Enquire Within Upon Everything was an immensely popular general household guide amassing eighty-nine editions in a little over forty years in print. It contained information on a plethora of subjects (over three thousand individual entries) including such topics as etiquette, first aid, domestic hints, and recipes. It first appeared on the British market in 1856, under the editorship of Robert Kemp Philp, and became available in Australia in the same year. Booksellers in the Darling Downs advertised copies of the book for the price of three shillings and six pence. Eliza Acton, for her part, was one of Britain’s leading cookbook authors. Her books were widely available throughout the colonies with copies advertised for sale by J. Walch and Sons booksellers in Hobart (‘Advertising’ 1). Extracts from her cookbook Modern Cookery for Private Families began to appear in Australian newspapers only months after it first was published in Britain in 1845 (‘Bullion’ 4). Although Modern Cookery did not provide any recipes directly catering for Australian conditions, its simple and straightforward approach to cookery made it an invaluable resource in the colonial kitchen. Such was the popularity and reputation of Acton’s work that in the preface to Australia’s first cookbook, The English and Australian Cookery Book, the author, Tasmanian born Edward Abbott, stated that he hoped that his cook book would posses “all the advantages of Mrs. Acton’s work” (Abbott vi). The range of printed sources contained within Clark’s manuscript indicate that women in colonial households were far from isolated from the culinary trends occurring in other parts of Australia and the wider British empire. The Recipes Like many Australian women of her class and generation, Phillis Clark reproduced the predominant British food culture in her kitchen. The great majority of recipes contained in her manuscript are for typically English dishes, particularly those for sweet dishes such as biscuits, cakes, and puddings. Plum pudding, trifle, and custard pudding are all featured in her book. As well, many of the savoury dishes such as curry, roast beef, and Yorkshire pudding similarly reflect the British palate. In There is No Taste like Home: The Food of Empire, Adele Wessell argues that the maintenance of British food habits in Australia was a device to reaffirm “cultural and historical bonds and sustain a shared sense of British identity” (811). However, as in many other rural kitchens, native ingredients also found a place. Her manuscript included a number of recipes for the preparation of kangaroo and detailed instructions for the butchering of the animal. Clark’s recipe for “Jugged Hare or Kangaroo” bares a close resemblance to the one that appears in Edward Abbott’s cookbook. Clark’s father and Abbott were from the same, small social milieu in colonial Hobart and were both active in the same political causes. This raises the intriguing possibility that Phillis also knew Abbott and came into contact with some of his culinary ideas. Australians consumed all manners of native ingredients, not only as a matter of necessity but also as a matter of choice. The inclusion of freshly killed native game in Clark’s kitchen would have served to alleviate the monotony of the salted beef and mutton that were common staples during this period. The distinct Australian flavour that began to appear in manuscript cookbooks like Clark’s would later be replicated in their printed counterparts. Australian cookbooks published in the last decades of the nineteenth century demonstrate the importance of native ingredients in colonial kitchens (Singley 37). The Darling Downs region had been a popular destination for German migrants from the 1850s and Clark’s manuscript contained a number of recipes for German dishes. This included one for the traditional German Christmas cake Lebkuchen as well as for various German puddings and biscuits. Clark also included an elaborate recipe for making ham or bacon in the traditional Westphalian fashion. This was a laborious process that involved vigorously rubbing salt, sugar, and beer into the leg of ham every day for a fortnight after which it is then hung to dry for a couple of days and then smoked. Katie Hume, a fellow Darling Downs resident and a close friend of the extended Clark family described feeling like a “gute verstandige Hausfrau” (a good sensible housewife) after salting 112 pounds of pork she had purchased from a neighbour (152). While, unlike their counterparts in the Barossa valley in South Australia, the Germans who lived in the Darling Downs area did not leave a significant mark on the local culinary landscape, the inclusion of German recipes in Clark’s manuscript indicates that there was not only some cross-cultural transmission of culinary knowledge, but also some willingness to go beyond traditional British fare. Many, more mundane recipes also populate Clark’s manuscript. “Toad in a Hole”, “Mutton Pie” and “Stewed Sirloin” all merit an entry. Yet, even with such simple dishes, Clark demonstrated a keen eye for detail. This is attested by her method for the preparation of a simple dish of roasted pumpkin: “Cut into slices 1 inch thick and about 5 inches long, have ready a baking dish with boiling fat—lay the slices in it so that the fat will cover them and bake for 20 minutes (by fat I mean good dripping) Half an hour will not bake them too much. They ought to be brown” (Clark 13). Whilst Clark’s manuscript is not indicative of the foodways of all classes across Queensland society, it does provide some insight as to what was consumed at the table of a well-heeled rural household. As the wife of a prominent businessman and a local dignitary, Phillis Clark would have also undoubtedly been called upon to play the role of hostess and to entertain her husband’s commercial and political acquaintances. Her manuscript also reflects the overwhelmingly British nature of colonial Australian foodways despite the intrusion of some foreign dishes. As Anne Murcott argues, the preparation and consumption of food provides a way through which individuals can express the more abstract significance of cultural values and social systems (204). The Clark household also showed some interest in producing a broad range of products in the home. There are, for example, a number of recipes for beverages including those for non-alcoholic ginger beers and flavoured cordials. They were also far from abstemious, with recipes for wine, mead, and ale included in the manuscript. This last recipe was given to her by her brother Alfred who, according to Clark, “understands brewing and therefore I think it can be depended upon” (Clark 43). Clark also bottled her own fruit, made a wide range of jams, including grape and mock melon, as well as making her own butter, confectionery, and vinegar. The production of goods like these within the home indicates the level of self-reliance in many colonial households, particularly those finding themselves far from the convenience of shops and markets. Many culinary historians argue that there exists a significant time lag between the initial appearance and consumption of a particular dish in a society and its subsequent appearance in the pages of a cookbook. This time lag can be between forty and 150 years long (Mennell 44; Mason 23). However, manuscript cookbooks reflect the immediacy of eating practices. The very personal nature of manuscript cookbooks would suggest that the recipes included within their pages were ones that the author intended to use in her own kitchen. Moreover, from the reciprocal nature of recipe sharing that is evident from these types of cookbooks it can be concluded that the recipes in Clark’s manuscript were ones that, at least in her own social milieu, were in common usage. In her manuscript Clark clearly noted those recipes which she especially liked or otherwise found useful. Many recipes throughout the manuscript have been marked as “proved” indicating that Clark had used and tested them at some stage. A number of them have also been favourably annotated as being “delicious”, “very nice”, “the best”, and “very good”. Amongst the number of recipes for “Soda Cake” that feature in the manuscript Clarke clearly indicates that “Number 1 is the best”. However, she was not averse to commenting on recipes and altering them to suit her taste. In a recipe for “A nice light Cake”, for example, Clark noted that the addition of a “little peel and currants is an improvement” (89). This form of marginal intrusion was a common practice amongst many women and it can even be seen in the margins of many published cookbooks (Theophano 186). These annotations, according to Sandra Sherman, are not transgressive, since the manuscripts are not authored “by” anyone (Sherman 121). In fact, annotations personalise the recipe and confirm the compiler’s confidence in it (Sherman 121). Not Just Food: ‘Domestic Receipts’ As noted above, Clark’s manuscript contained more than just recipes for food and drink. Many of them are “Domestic Receipts” that reflect the complex nature of running a household in rural Australia. Some of Clark’s domestic receipts are in the form of newspaper clippings and are general instructions for the manufacture of simple household products such as a “ready to use glue” and a home-made tooth powder. Others are handwritten and copied from other domestic advice books or were given to Clark by family and friends. A recipe for manufacturing “blacking for stoves”, essential in the maintenance of cast iron stoves, was, for example, culled from Enquire Within Upon Everything. Here, with some authorial intrusion, Clark includes her own list of measured ingredients to prepare the mixture. An intriguing method for the “artificial preparation of ice” involving the use of ammonium nitrate and bicarbonate of soda was given to Clark by Mrs. McKeachie, the wife of Charles Clark’s business partner. Clark also showed an interest in beekeeping and in raising turkeys, with instructions for both these tasks included in her manuscript. The wide range of miscellaneous receipts featured in Clark’s book highlights the breadth of activities that were carried out in many homes in rural Australia. A hint of Clark’s artistic side is also in evidence, with detailed instructions on how to create delicate fern impressions on paper also included in her book. As with many other women in colonial Australia, Clark was expected to take on the role of caregiver when members of her family fell ill or were injured. Her manuscript included a number of recipes for “domestic remedies”, another common trope in books of this kind as well as in their printed counterparts. These remedies included recipes for a cough mixture composed of linseed, liquorice, and water and a liniment to treat rheumatism which was made by mixing rape seed oil and turpentine with a hefty dose of laudanum. Clark used olive oil in a number of medical recipes to treat burns and scalds. As well, treatments for diphtheria, cholera, and diarrhoea feature prominently in her manuscript. The Darling Downs had been subject to a number of outbreaks of dysentery and cholera during Clark’s residency in the area (Waterson, Squatter 71). For “a pain in the chest” Clark recommended the following: “a piece of brown paper spread with tallow and placed on the chest” (69).The inclusion of these domestic remedies and Clark’s obvious concerns for her family’s health is particularly poignant given her personal history. Her family was plagued by misfortune and illness and she lost three of her ten children in a six-year period including two within just months of each other. Clark herself would die during childbirth in 1874. Sharing and Caring The word “recipe” has its origins in the Latin recipere meaning to “receive”. In order to receive there has to be, by implication, someone doing the giving. A recipe signifies an exchange and a connection between individuals. The sharing of recipes was a common activity for many women in nineteenth century Australia. Wilhelmina Rawson, Queensland’s first published cookbook author, was keenly aware of the manner in which women shared recipes and culinary knowledge. This act of reciprocity, she argued, not only helped to ease the isolation of bush living but also allowed each individual to be “benefited by the cleverness of the whole number” (14). For many, food often has a deeply private and personal component, being prepared and consumed within the realm of the home. However, food is also a communal experience and is openly shared through rituals, feasts, the contexts in which it is bought and sold, and, most importantly, reciprocal exchange. In her manuscript, Clark acknowledged a number of different individuals as the source for the recipes she included within its pages. The convention of acknowledging the sources of recipes in manuscript cookbooks functions as a way to assert the recipe’s authority and to ensure that they are proven (Sherman 122). This act of acknowledgement also locates Clark within a social network of women who not only shared recipes but also, one can imagine, many of the vicissitudes of domestic life in a remote rural setting. In her study of women’s manuscript cookbooks, entitled Eat My Words: Reading Women’s Lives Through the Cookbooks They Wrote, Janet Theophano describes these texts as “the maps of the social and cultural life they inhabited” (13). This circulation of recipes allowed women to share their knowledge, skills, and creativity. Those who received and used these recipes not only engaged in a conversation with the writer of these recipes but also formed a connection with a broader community that allowed them to learn more about themselves and the world. Conclusion The manuscript cookbook created by Phillis Clark is a fascinating prism through which to explore domestic life in colonial Australia. The recipes contained in Clark’s manuscript reflect the eating habits of her own family and those of a particular social class in Queensland. They not only demonstrate the tenacity of British foodways in Australia but also show the degree of culinary adventurism that existed in some homes. The personal, almost autobiographical nature of manuscript cookbooks also provides an intimate view in the life of its creator. In the splattered pages of Phillis Clark’s book we can read the many travails, joys, and tragedies of her life. References Abbott, Edward. The English and Australian Cookery Book: Cookery for the Many, as Well as for the Upper Ten Thousand. London: Sampson Low, Son, and Marston, 1864. ‘Advertising’. Launceston Examiner 9 Mar. 1858: 1. ‘Boullion, The Common Soup of France’. The Sydney Morning Herald 22 Aug. 1845: 4. Clark, Phillis. “Manuscript Cookbook”. 1863 Floyd, Janet, and Laurel Forster. “The Recipe in Its Cultural Content.” The Recipe Reader: Narratives, Contexts, Traditions. Ed. Janet Floyd and Laurel Forster. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate. 2003. Hume, Anna Kate. Katie Hume on the Darling Downs, a Colonial Marriage: Letters of a Colonial Lady, 1866-1871. Ed. Nancy Bonnin. Toowoomba: DDIP, 1985. Mason, Laura. Food Culture in Great Britain. Greenwood, 2004. Mennell, Stephen. All Manners of Food: Eating and Taste in England and France from the Middle Ages to the Present. Oxford, UK: B. Blackwell, 1985. Murcott, Anne. “The Cultural Significance of Food and Eating”. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 41.02 (1982): 203–10. Newlyn, Andrea K. “Redefining ‘Rudimentary’ Narrative: Women’s Nineteenth Century Manuscript Cookbooks”. The Recipe Reader: Narratives, Contexts, Traditions. Ed. Janet Floyd and Laurel Forster. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate, 2003. Rawson, Wilhelmina. Australian Enquiry Book of Household and General Information: A Practical Guide for the Cottage, Villa and Bush Home. Melbourne: Pater and Knapton, 1894. Sherman, S. “‘The Whole Art and Mystery of Cooking’: What Cookbooks Taught Readers in the Eighteenth Century”. Eighteenth-Century Life 28.1 (2004): 115–35. Singley, Blake. “‘Hardly Anything Fit for Man to Eat’: Food and Colonialism in Australia.” History Australia 9.3 (2012): 27–42. Theophano, Janet. Eat My Words: Reading Women’s Lives Through the Cookbooks They Wrote. New York, N.Y: Palgrave, 2002. Waterson, D. B. “A Darling Downs Quartet”. Queensland Heritage 1.7 (1967): 3–14. Waterson, D. B. Squatter, Selector and Storekeeper: A History of the Darling Downs, 1859-93. Sydney: Sydney UP, 1968. Wessell, Adele. “There’s No Taste Like Home: The Food of Empire”. Exploring the British World: Identity, Cultural Production, Institutions. Ed. Kate Darian-Smith and Patricia Grimshaw. Melbourne: RMIT, 2004.

Ce mémoire cerne la problématique de la description qualitative de la localisation d’un lieu décrit en langage naturel. C’est par une approche cognitive qu’est abordé successivement l’apprentissage de l’espace, le stockage de l’information et la restitution de l’information en langage naturel, par l’entremise des concepts de méronymie, de catégories hiérarchiques et de référents spatiaux. De ce cadre théorique, on propose de restructurer une base de données de lieux existants en y ajoutant des paramètres qui permettent de retrouver, d’une description en langage naturel précise ou floue, un lieu sans ambigüité dans une base de données grâce à une interface usager offrant divers modes de repérage spatial.

Ce mémoire cerne la problématique de la description qualitative de la localisation d'un lieu décrit en langage naturel. C'est par une approche cognitive qu'est abordé successivement l'apprentissage de l'espace, le stockage de l'information et la restitution de l'information en langage naturel, par l'entremise des concepts de méronymie, de catégories hiérarchiques et de référents spatiaux. De ce cadre théorique, on propose de restructurer une base de données de lieux existants en y ajoutant des paramètres qui permettent de retrouver, d'une description en langage naturel précise ou floue, un lieu sans ambigüité dans une base de données grâce à une interface usager offrant divers modes de repérage spatial.

Les réseaux de transport en commun sont des systèmes critiques pour le bon fonctionnement des villes. Ces systèmes doivent être planifiées et organisés avec rigueur en s'appuyant sur un dispositif de collecte et d'analyse des données.L'ambition de cette thèse est de s'interroger sur la pertinence de ce dispositif et sur l'apport des nouvelles sources de données passives. Quatre axes de recherches sont explorés : la mesure de la fraude, l'estimation de la demande sous forme de matrices origine-destination, l'étude de la variabilité des comportements de déplacements et la prédiction moyen-terme de la fréquentation. Ces travaux montrent que les données passives offrent des opportunités intéressantes pour améliorer la planification des réseaux de transport en commun
Public transit networks are critical systems for the proper functioning of cities.These systems must be rigorously planned and organized based on data collection and data analysis. The ambition of this thesis is to question the relevance of this mechanism and the contribution of new passive data sources. Four research axes are explored : the measurement of fare evasion, the estimation of demand in the form of origin-destination matrices, the study of the variability of travel behavior and the prediction of medium-term ridership. This work shows that passive data offer interesting opportunities to improve the planning of public transit networks

Ce mémoire revisite à l’aide de méthodes d’économétrie spatiale le modèle gravitaire PODM (Passenger Origin-Destination Model) que Transports Canada utilise pour prédire le trafic aérien domestique de passagers. Différents modèles spatiaux de panel sont estimés par maximum de vraisemblance et par la méthode des moments. Les résultats montrent que l’approche traditionnelle ne détecte pas d’effets de la distance entre l’origine et la destination sur le volume du trafic intérieur de passagers. Ce sont les caractéristiques de la région d’origine et de destination (PIB, revenu disponible, population) et les caractéristiques du trajet (prix moyen du billet, nombre de vols offerts) qui sont les déterminants les plus importants des flux de passagers. Dans les modèles spatiaux explorés, les interactions spatiales se révèlent d’importants déterminants aux côtés des caractéristiques locales. La prise en compte de ces effets spatiaux pourrait permettre d’améliorer les prévisions de trafic de passagers au Canada. Mots clés : interactions spatiales, données de panel, maximum de vraisemblance, méthodes des moments.

Le dynamisme du secteur aérien canadien amène Transports Canada à réviser régulièrement ses techniques de modélisation du trafic de passagers afin d’améliorer la performance prédictive de ses modèles. Ce travail explore différentes versions d’un modèle PODM (Passanger Origin-Destination Model) que Transports Canada utilise pour prévoir le trafic de passagers entre une origine et une destination à l’intérieur du Canada avec des données de panel (i.e. longitudinales et transversales). Deux formes paramétriques (log-linéaire et Box-Cox) sont estimées dans leurs versions empilées, avec des effets fixes/aléatoires et avec des coefficients individuels variables (fixes/aléatoires). Nous proposons également des estimations non paramétriques à noyaux pour explorer les non-linéarités qui caractérisent la relation entre le nombre de passagers par couple origine-destination et le prix du billet, le PIB des zones d’origine et de destination, la durée en voiture du trajet et la fréquence des vols. L’hypothèse d’empilement des données et les formes fonctionnelles postulées se révèlent statistiquement inadéquates. La prise en compte de l’hétérogénéité des trajets et des effets temporels par l’inclusion d’effets fixes/aléatoires dans les modèles paramétriques est également rejetée par nos tests. Les modèles à coefficients variables individuels et les estimations non paramétriques se révèlent les méthodes les plus pertinentes pour capturer l’hétérogénéité entre trajets, les chocs temporels ou les non-linéarités présentes dans les relations d’intérêt. Mots clés : Box-Cox, transport aérien, trafic de passagers, origine-destination, Transports Canada, non paramétrique, panels.

Cette thèse étudie l’évolution des disparités de mobilité et de la localisation résidentielle de deux groupes potentiellement vulnérables : les familles monoparentales et les aînés. D’une part, les familles monoparentales sont généralement considérées comme l’un des groupes les plus défavorisés de la société. D’autre part, les aînés font face aux défis de mobilité dans des circonstances qui leur sont spécifiques, comme la perte du permis de conduire aggravée parce qu’ils ne considèrent pas ou ne connaissent pas d’autres modes de transport que l’automobile. L’objectif général est d’identifier les facteurs susceptibles de créer des disparités de mobilité pour les membres des groupes ciblés. Ainsi, dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous mesurons les disparités entre les groupes analysés et des segments de population comparables (groupes de contrôle) sur la base des différences dans plusieurs facteurs socio-spatiaux, tels que la motorisation du ménage et la centralité résidentielle. La vitesse des déplacements est utilisée pour évaluer les disparités de mobilité parce qu'elle détermine l’espace d’action des individus et conditionne leur accès potentiel aux lieux d'activité à l’extérieur du foyer. Parallèlement, la dispersion résidentielle constitue un facteur qui accroit les problèmes de mobilité des groupes vulnérables. En raison de l’étalement urbain, les personnes des groupes étudiés doivent composer avec des difficultés d’accès aux opportunités et aux activités urbaines. Cette recherche vise à outiller les décideurs pour détecter les risques d’exclusion socio-spatiale liés à l’inefficacité de la mobilité en milieu urbain. Les analyses développées dans cette thèse utilisent les enquêtes origine-destination de la région métropolitaine de Québec (RMQ) pour 1996, 2001 et 2006, ainsi que les recensements de la population pour les mêmes années. La méthodologie repose sur des tests statistiques des différences de moyennes et de proportions ; des régressions par quantiles ; des analyses centrographiques de la distribution spatiale des lieux de résidence, et des tests de randomisation pour mesurer la signification statistique des résultats de l’analyse centrographique. En ce qui concerne les conditions de mobilité et les contraintes rencontrées par les familles monoparentales, les résultats indiquent que les ménages dirigés par les mères sont moins motorisés et que leurs membres présentent des disparités de mobilité par rapport à ceux qui sont dirigés par les pères. Cette situation se traduit par des vitesses de déplacement inférieures parmi les membres des ménages matricentriques. Ces disparités sont particulièrement accentuées pour les déplacements associés à des vitesses élevées. De plus, les résultats des analyses centrographiques validés par des tests de randomisation révèlent une augmentation significative de la dispersion résidentielle des familles monoparentales et des couples retraités de 65 ans et plus (sans enfants à la maison) entre 1996 et 2006 dans la RMQ. Enfin, l’analyse de l’évolution des conditions de mobilité chez les aînés indique une détérioration de la vitesse moyenne de déplacement avec le vieillissement entre 1996 et 2006. De plus, une comparaison entre 2006 et 1996, basée sur des groupes d'âge et des cohortes d'âge, indique une amélioration modeste au fil du temps des vitesses associées aux trajets à vitesse basse et modérée et une diminution notable des vitesses liées aux déplacements plus susceptibles d'impliquer la conduite d’une voiture sur un réseau autoroutier. On note également que la part modale des trajets à pied s’accroit avec le vieillissement et que le transport en commun figure rarement parmi les options de transport privilégiées par les aînés. Par ailleurs, le niveau d’accès à la voiture est l’un des principaux déterminants de la mobilité des aînés dans la RMQ. Les résultats obtenus montrent la nécessité d’une approche holistique pour aider les familles monoparentales et les aînés à surmonter leurs défis de mobilité. Ces initiatives devraient inclure (mais ne devraient pas être limitées à) : le développement de quartiers « amicaux » où les membres de ces groupes trouvent les services dont ils ont besoin ; l’amélioration de l’accès au transport privé en encourageant le covoiturage et l’autopartage ; et des solutions flexibles de transport collectif. Les études futures qui aspirent à poursuivre les pistes de recherches de cette thèse pourraient utiliser les estimations de vitesse pour générer des indices d’accessibilité cumulatifs et pourraient également identifier les ménages avec un accès très restreint à la voiture afin de détecter les groupes à risque de subir une dynamique d’exclusion socio-spatiale. Mots clés : Mobilité, accessibilité, dispersion résidentielle, monoparentalité, genre, couples retraités, aînés, tests des différences de moyennes et de proportions, régression par quantile, analyse centrographique, tests de randomisation, exclusion socio-spatiale, dépendance à l'automobile.
This doctoral thesis studies the changes in mobility conditions and in residential location of two potentially vulnerable groups: lone-parent families and elderly people. On the one hand, lone-parent families are generally considered one of the most disadvantaged groups in society. On the other hand, seniors face mobility challenges when they eventually lose their driving rights and because they do not consider or are unfamiliar with alternative transport options. The main objective is to identify factors that may create mobility disparities among members of the groups under study. Thus, in this thesis, the mobility disparities between the groups analyzed and comparable population segments (control groups) are measured based on differences in several socio-spatial factors, such as household motorization and residential centrality. The travel speed is used to evaluate mobility disparities because it determines people's activity space and conditions their potential access to opportunities, services and urban amenities outside home. Meanwhile, residential dispersion likely compounds the mobility challenges of vulnerable groups by increasing urban sprawl, which adds to the effort required to reach urban opportunities and activities. This research aims at providing decision makers with tools to assess risks of socio-spatial exclusion in urban areas and to promote policies capable of counteracting the reproduction of spatial injustice dynamics. The analyses developed in this thesis use information from origin-destination surveys of the Quebec City Metropolitan Area (QCMA) for 1996, 2001 and 2006 together with data from population censuses for the same years. The methodology is based on statistical tests of differences in means and proportions; quantile regressions; centrographic analyses of the spatial distribution of places of residence, and randomization tests to assess the significance of findings from the centrographic analysis. Regarding the mobility conditions and constraints faced by lone-parent families, the results indicate that households headed by mothers are less motorized and their members have a mobility gap compared to those led by fathers, which is reflected in lower travel speeds among the members of the former. The observed mobility disparities are particularly strong within trips performed at high travel speeds. Moreover, the centrographic analyses complemented by randomization tests reveal a significant increase in the residential dispersion of lone-parent families and retired couples aged 65 and over (without children at home) in the QCMA between 1996 and 2006. Lastly, the analysis of changes in mobility among elderly people indicates a deterioration in the average travel speed with aging in 1996 and 2006. Additionally, a comparison between 2006 and 1996, based on age cohorts and age groups, indicates a moderate improvement over time in travel speeds of trips associated with low and intermediate speeds, and a clear decline in travel speeds of trips more likely to involve driving a car on a motorway network. The analysis also reveals that the modal share of travel by foot increases with aging and that public transit is seldom used as a transport alternative by the elderly in the QCMA. Furthermore, the level of car access is one of the main determinants of older people’s mobility. The results obtained show the need for a holistic approach to help lone-parents and seniors to overcome their mobility challenges. These initiatives should include (but should not be limited to): developing “friendly” neighborhoods with ready access to urban services and amenities; increasing access to private transport by promoting car-sharing and ride-sharing; and tailoring flexible public transit solutions. Future research looking to expand the findings of this thesis could use the average travel speed estimations to generate cumulative accessibility measures and could also identify households with very restricted car access to detect groups potentially at risk to suffer a socio-spatial exclusion dynamic. Key words: mobility, accessibility, residential dispersion, lone parents, gender, retired couples, seniors, tests of differences of means and proportions, quantile regression, centrographic analysis, randomization tests, socio-spatial exclusion, car dependency.

Les temps changent, et de nouvelles temporalités sont venues modifier l’organisation du temps des individus. Les nouvelles technologies de l’information combinées à l’usage grandissant du véhicule en mode solo ont contribué à l’étalement urbain et à l’accroissement des distances qu’ont à franchir les migrants pendulaires. Les déplacements quotidiens de milliers de personnes sur un territoire urbain à des fins de travail, d’étude et de loisir ne se font pas sans heurts. Il va sans dire qu’un usage accru des moyens de transport collectif réduirait considérablement les méfaits occasionnés par les migrations pendulaires. Encore faut-il que l’offre de transport en commun réponde à la demande des migrants pendulaires. Puisqu’il y a différents types de migrants pendulaires, l’offre de transport doit s’adapter à tous si l’on veut rejoindre une masse importante d’utilisateurs. Les nouvelles temporalités ont redéfini l’usage du temps pour une majorité d’individus. Cette recherche vise donc à vérifier si l’offre de transport en commun, faite par la Société de Transport de Montréal et la Ville de Montréal, répond adéquatement aux besoins des navetteurs d’aujourd’hui.
Times change and the New Temporalities have modified the individual’s organization of time. The new information technologies combined with high car dependence contribute to urban sprawl and to the increase in distance for commuters. Thousands of daily moves made by commuters, moving in an urban territory, are not without consequences. A massive use of public transportation would lead to a decrease of inconveniences associated with daily commuting. Public transit companies have to provide commuters with excellent service. The offer has to be adapted to people’s needs, in order to reach a mass of users. The New Temporalities have modified the way most people use their time. The goal of this research is, then, to verify if the public transit supply of « La Société de Transport de Montréal et la Ville de Montréal» is adapted to today’s commuters’ needs.