Academic literature on the topic 'Ens rationis'
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Journal articles on the topic "Ens rationis"
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Kiseleva, M. S. "Baroque. Scholasticism. Ens rationis." Philosophical Letters. Russian and European Dialogue 6, no. 1 (2023): 230–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/2658-5413-2023-6-1-230-236.
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Andersen, Claus A. "Ens reale, ens rationis, or Something In-Between?" Vivarium 62, no. 1 (2024): 58–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685349-06201003.
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Abstract The ontological status of esse cognitum was at the center of complex debates throughout the Scotist tradition (Alnwick vs. Aesculo, Mastri vs. Punch). This article investigates the Scotist Angelo Volpe’s discussion of esse cognitum enjoyed by possible creatures in the divine intellect. Volpe responds to two religious warnings, one against assuming any eternal real being for merely possible creatures, and a second against depriving God’s eternal knowledge of a corresponding object, since that would endanger this knowledge itself. Volpe opts for a solution that allows possible creatures the status of beings of reason (entia rationis) due to their own ontological merit, and the status of real beings (entia realia) due to God’s knowing that they as possibles are not in opposition to real existence. He rejects the view that esse cognitum is a kind of being that holds a middle position between real being and being of reason. Volpe’s historical significance is emphasized.
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Sonesson, Göran. "Meaning Redefined." American Journal of Semiotics 34, no. 1 (2018): 65–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ajs201851436.
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From the point of view of semiotics, the essential contribution of John Deely consists in having made us all aware of the richness of the Scholastic heritage, and to have explained it to us latter-day semioticians. Even for those, who, like the present author, think that semiotics was alive and well between the dawn of the Latin Age, and the rediscovery of Scholastic realism by Peirce, the notions coined by the Scholastic philosophers are intriguing. To make sense of scholastic notions such as ens reale and ens rationis is not a straightforward matter, but it is worthwhile trying to do so, in particular by adapting these notions to ideas more familiar in the present age. Starting out from the notions of Scholastic Realism, we try in the following to make sense of the different meanings of meaning, only one of which is the sign. It will be suggested that there are counterparts to ens rationis, not only in the thinking of some contemporary philosophers, but also, in a more convoluted way, in the discussion within cognitive science about different extensions to the mind. The recurrent theme of the paper will be Deely’s musing, according to which signs, unlike any other kind of being, form relations which may connect things which are mind-dependent (ens rationis) and mind-independent (ens reale). The import of this proposition is quite different if is applied to what we will call the Augustinian notion of the sign, or to the Fonseca notion, which is better termed intentionality. In both cases, however, mind-dependence will be shown to have a fundamental part to play. Following upon the redefinition of Medieval philosophy suggested by Deely, we will broach a redefinition of something even wider: meaning even beyond signs.
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Andersen, Claus A. "Ens rationis ratiocinatae and ens rationis ratiocinantis: Reflections on a New Book on Beings of Reason in Baroque-Age Scholasticism." Quaestio 14 (January 2014): 315–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.quaestio.5.103618.
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Puzzolo, Davide. "The Ens Rationis and the Transcendental Problem in Kant’s Opus Postumum." Revue roumaine de philosophie 68, no. 2 (2024): 403–31. https://doi.org/10.59277/rrp.2024.68.2.09.
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The concept of ens rationis is widely used by Kant in some drafts of his Nachlasswerk. In the first Critique, at the end of the Transcendental Analytic, Kant defines the ens rationis, or “thought-entity” (Gedankending), as a “concept without an object”. My aim is to show that, in Opus postumum, we find a significant shift of the notion of ens rationis, which lead to a redefinition of the transcendental philosophy itself. In the sections named A Elemen. System 1-6 and Übergang 1-14, this notion is used when referring to the ether, thought as a necessary material foundation of the collective unity of experience. The ether is thus not to be understood not as substances existing outside the subject, but rather as the result of a true act of positing. However, it would be quite problematic to conceive it as a mere fiction created by an imaginative action of the subject or, indeed, as a simple concept without an object. Kant writes for example that, although it exists only in thought, the ether has reality (Realität). Therefore, my point is that the status of the transcendental philosophy significantly shifts from a mere inspection of the formal conditions of possibility of experience to an activity which construct experience even from a material standpoint. The “thought- entities” are exactly what conveys this genetic function, and they therefore reveal a status which would be not comprehensible only with the speculative tools of the first Critique.
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Vdovina, Galina V. "Structure and Being of the Ens Rationis in the Conception of Dionicio Blasco." History of Philosophy 24, no. 2 (2019): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/2074-5869-2019-24-2-39-48.
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Storck, Alfredo. "Ens rationis e a natureza da lógica segundo Avicena." Discurso, no. 38 (October 2, 2008): 7–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2318-8863.discurso.2008.62543.
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O presente artigo divide-se em duas partes. Na primeira, analisa-se a noção de um ser mental como sujeito da lógica. O principal objetivo dessa parte é fornecer algumas notas históricas sobre a origem e a importância de uma noção bastante difundida nos séculos XIII e XIV. A segunda parte concentra-se na filosofia de Avicena e procura mostrar como esse autor opõe-se à existência de um ser mental como sujeito da lógica.
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Shapovalov, Vladyslav, and Andriy Morozov. "Epistemological problem of ens rationis in post-Tridentine scholasticism and contemporary philosophy of artificial intelligence." Sententiae 44, no. 1 (2025): 42–61. https://doi.org/10.31649/sent44.01.042.
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The article analyzes the possibility of using the post-Tridentine scholastic concept of the being of reason to address issues in the philosophy of artificial intelligence (AI). The authors argue that the concepts of the being of reason developed by Pedro da Fonseca and Pedro Hurtado de Mendoza can serve as a tool for analyzing cognitive processes in AI language models. This is grounded in two key premises: first, artificial intelligence processes replicate the processes of natural human intelligence; second, the scholastic distinction between real being and being of reason enables a clear differentiation between real and fictional objects that exist only due to the cognitive operations of AI. By examining the causes underlying the emergence of the being of reason (powers of the soul and operations of the intellect), the authors draw parallels with contemporary algorithms used to generate fictional objects. As a result, it is concluded that the scholastic concept of the "ens rationis" points to an analogy between the mechanisms of forming beings of reason in the human intellect and the generation of fiction produced by AI systems.
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Marrone, Francesco. "Ens reale / Ens rationis. Le mental et le réel dans le formalisme scotiste du XVIe siècle." Quaestio 17 (January 2017): 155–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.quaestio.5.115287.
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Vdovina, Galina V. "Carentiae and the Controversy about Negative Being." History of Philosophy 25, no. 2 (2020): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/2074-5869-2020-25-2-16-28.
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The article deals with the place of negations and privations in the structure of knowledge, from the point of view of the 17th century scholastic philosophy. Medieval scholasticism saw in negationes and privationes those objects which formed the central area of mental being (ens rationis), that is, objects which existed only in intelligence. This traditional concept was clearly articulated and affirmed by Francisco Suárez in the final chapter of his “Metaphysical Disputations”. The decades following the death of Suarez in 1617 were a period of profound transformations in metaphysics, which also affected the doctrine of the mental being. The transformations were particularly evident in the changing role and place of negations and privations which were denoted by the general term carentiae, that is, negations in the broad sense. This whole area was divided into fictitious and real negations; fictitious negations remained in the ens rationis field, while real negations were taken out of it. It were real negations that attracted special attention of scholastic philosophers who tried to understand their nature and structure and, most importantly, their ontological status: whether they were purely logical and linguistic constructions or represented facts of the real world. The article deals with different conceptions of real carentiae in 17th century scholasticism, taken from several philosophical courses of Jesuit philosophers, such as Francisco Suárez (Senior), “Portuguese Suárez” (Francisco Suárez Junior), Thomas Compton Carleton, Antonio Bernaldo de Quiróz, Sebastian Izquierdo and Pietro Sforza Pallavicino.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ens rationis"
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Piva, Gustavo Henrique. "Efeito da forma física da ração para frangos de corte criados em diferentes temperaturas /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96555.
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Resumo: O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da forma física da ração sobre a ingestão e digestibilidade de nutrientes, relacionando-as com o desempenho, rendimento e composição química da carcaça, e morfometria intestinal de frangos submetidos a estresse térmico por calor, isolando-se os efeitos da temperatura e do consumo de ração por meio da técnica de consumo equivalente ("pair feeding"). Foram utilizados 1200 frangos de corte machos da linhagem Cobb. A partir do 22º dia, 720 aves foram destinadas à avaliação de desempenho zootécnico, rendimento de carcaça, grau de gelatinização do amido, morfometria intestinal, metabolismo energético e temperatura retal, na qual as aves foram alojadas em duas câmaras climatizadas (32ºC e 22ºC), distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3x3 com 4 repetições e 20 aves em cada unidade experimental. Os fatores analisados foram: formas físicas da ração (farelada, peletizada e triturada) e esquema de alimentação (32ºC - alimentação ad libitum, 22ºC - alimentação ad libitum e 22ºC e alimentação restrita). Em outras duas câmaras climatizadas, 360 aves foram destinadas a ensaios de metabolismo e digestibilidade dos nutrientes, distribuídas no mesmo delineamento experimental. Concluiu-se que a temperatura ambiente influenciou o rendimento de carcaça, cortes comercias e os parâmetros zootécnicos, gerando ainda menor produção de calor corporal e maior temperatura cloacal, não interferindo no coeficiente de metabolismo, porém houve alteração na morfometria intestinal. As formas físicas da ração influenciaram o rendimento de carcaça, dietas com processamento térmico obtiveram maior grau de gelatinização, extrato etéreo e profundidades de cripta.<br>Abstract: The objective was to determine the physical form of diet on the feed intake and nutrients digestibility, relating them with the performance, efficiency and chemical carcass composition, and intestinal morphometry of broiler submitted to different temperatures. A total of 1200 one day old male broiler chicks of the Cobb strain were reared in floor pens. At the 22nd day, 720 birds were weighed, and randomly allocated to two environmentally controlled rooms where ambient temperatures were maintained at (32ºC and 22ºC), distributed in a factorial arrangement in a randomized complete design 3x3 with 4 repetitions and 20 birds in each experimental unit. The analyzed factors had been: physical forms of the ration (mashed, pelleted and crushed) and feeding schedule (32ºC - fed ad libitum, 22ºC - fed ad libitum and 22ºC fed restricted) . In other two environmental rooms, 360 birds were used for metabolism and digestibility experiment. It was concluded that the ambient temperature affected the carcass, commercial cuts and performance of the broilers. Broiler kept at high temperature showed lower heat production and high cloacal temperature. Temperature did not affect metabolism coefficient, however they modified the intestinal morphometry. The ration form influenced the carcass, and diets with thermal processing had gotten greater gelatinization degree, ether extract and crypt depth.<br>Orientador: Marcos Macari<br>Coorientador: Renato Luis Furlan<br>Banca: Antonio Carlos de Laurentiz<br>Banca: Vera Maria Barbosa de Moraes<br>Mestre
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Greene, Allison Kristen. "The Rational Chemical Synthesis of a C60H12 Carbon Nanotube End-cap and Novel Geodisc Polyarenes." Thesis, Boston College, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/2890.
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Thesis advisor: Lawrence T. Scott<br>The distinctive molecular structure of carbon nanotubes makes them desirable for electronic and chemical materials; however, current production methods are limited with respect to purity and chirality. Geodesic polyarenes serve as superb templates for the bottom up synthesis of carbon nanotube end-caps, setting the chirality and dimensions of the carbon nanotubes. The work herein describes the synthetic efforts towards the rational synthesis of a [6,6] carbon nanotube end-cap. Chapter 1 describes the efforts towards the synthesis of a C60H12 end-cap, in which the synthesis of an advanced intermediate, peri-bis(dibenzo[a,g]corannulene) is complete; however, the insolubility of this material proved to be problematic in a subsequent cycloaddition reaction. This reaction is examined computationally in order to understand the failure of the addition of dienophile, maleic anhydride, to peri-bis(dibenzo[a,g]corannulene). In Chapters 2 and 3, the development of solubility-enhancing methods is described. The development of a solubility-enhancing dienophile is successfully employed to induce the solubility of a formerly insoluble diene, peri-bis(dibenzo[a,g]corannulene), through Diels-Alder addition. Another method, employs the incorporation of tert-butyl groups onto peri-bis(dibenzo[a,g]corannulene) to successfully induce solubility. The enhanced-solubility enables the successful Diels-Alder addition of simple maleimide dienophiles, installing all necessary carbon atoms for the desired end-cap. Pyrolysis of the bis-anhydride derived from the aromatized bis-maleimide adduct afforded the C60H12 end-cap, which is the second carbon nanotube end-cap ever synthesized and the first of these dimensions. Chapter 3 also explores a palladium catalyzed intramolecular arylation reaction to form a pivotal intermediate in the synthesis of the end-cap, dibenzo[a,g]corannulene. The mechanism for the formation of a problematic byproduct resulting from reductive dehalogenation is discussed. Utilizing a deuterium labeled solvent, it is found that deuterium is incorporated onto the hydrocarbon, indicating that the solvent (N,N-dimethylformamide-d7) is the source of hydrogen for the reductive dehalogenation. These conditions are further exploited in Chapter 4 for the convenient perdeuteration of a variety of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Chapter 5 describes the first synthesis of a nitrogen containing geodesic polyarene, dibenzo[g,m]azacorannulene. This synthesis is completed in seven steps from a commercially available source in a 28% overall yield<br>Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2012<br>Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences<br>Discipline: Chemistry
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Bernica, Andrew. "Rational load rating of deck-girder bridges with girder end shear cracks in reverse orientation." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/32559.
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Master of Science<br>Civil Engineering<br>Hayder Rasheed<br>Reverse diagonal shear cracking at the supports of many reinforced concrete girders is a phenomenon affecting a number of KDOT’s low-volume bridges built in the early-to-mid 1900’s. This phenomenon is not addressed in the AASHTO Bridge Design Manual (2002) or ACI specifications. This study investigates the causes of this cracking and creates BRIDGE (Bridge Rating of Inclined Damage at Girder Ends), an Excel-based software to determine the load rating of a user specified bridge exhibiting reverse diagonal shear cracking at the girder supports. A user-interface is created which allows a user to create a grillage model of an existing bridge and to place various rating trucks on the bridge. Equivalent flexibility analysis is used to distribute the truck live loads from within the deck panels to the surrounding girders and diaphragms. Stiffness matrices are utilized to find the nodal displacements then the reactions at the girder supports caused by the truck live loads and bridge dead load. These reactions are checked against RISA software models to test the accuracy of the stiffness matrix application. ABAQUS FE models and Mohr’s circle stress distribution is used to find the driving and clamping forces on the crack. These forces are caused by resolving the dead and live load reactions and the friction force generated between the concrete girder and the rusty steel bearing pad along the shear crack orientation. These clamping and driving forces are used, along with the simplified modified compression field theory to determine the shear capacity of each girder at the reverse cracks. A modified version of Equation 6B.4.1 from the Manual for Bridge Evaluation (2011) is used to find the operating and inventory rating factors for the bridge.
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Barbalho, Patrícia Cruz. "Avaliação de programas de treinamento em manejo racional de bovinos em frigoríficos para melhoria do bem-estar animal /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99609.
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Orientador: Mateus José Rodrigues Paranhos da Costa<br>Banca: Isabella Dias Barbosa Silveira<br>Banca: Ricardo Andrade Reis<br>Resumo: Os objetivos foram estudar os efeitos de um programa de treinamento em manejo racional no bem-estar de bovinos e testar a viabilidade prática da aplicação do manejo racional em frigoríficos. Os comportamentos de humanos e bovinos foram estudados em três frigoríficos durante o desenvolvimento de dois processos: 1) condução dos bovinos dos currais de espera até o boxe de atordoamento e 2) atordoamento. Nas avaliações do processo de condução dos animais foram acompanhados 31, 22 e 18 lotes de animais antes do treinamento nos frigoríficos MT, GO e SP, respectivamente, repetindo-se o mesmo número de lotes após o treinamento. Foram registradas duas variáveis do comportamento humano durante a condução dos animais (uso do bastão elétrico e uso inadequado da bandeira) e três do comportamento bovino (escorregões, quedas e vocalizações). Durante o processo de atordoamento foram consideradas duas variáveis, a eficiência de atordoamento (sendo observados 336, 475 e 314 animais nos frigoríficos MS, GO e SP, respectivamente, em cada etapa, antes e após o treinamento) e sinais de insensibilidade (com 400, 453 e 308 animais nos frigoríficos MS, GO e SP, respectivamente, em cada etapa). Os dados sobre a condução dos bovinos foram analisados usando-se Anova com o procedimento GLM e para as variáveis de atordoamento foi utilizado o Teste de Kruskall-Wallis. Houve diferenças significativas (P<0,01) entre frigoríficos nas variáveis escorregões, quedas, uso do bastão elétrico e sinais de insensibilidade. Também houve efeito significativo do treinamento para a maioria das variáveis estudadas, sendo que o maior efeito foi no uso do bastão elétrico, que diminuiu nos três frigoríficos após o treinamento. Os resultados indicaram que os frigoríficos que realizaram investimentos em mão de obra e instalações, atingiram melhor resposta ao treinamento dos funcionários.<br>Abstract: The objectives of this research were to study the effects of rational handling training programs on cattle welfare and to test the practical feasibility of the rational handling in the slaughterhouse. The human and cattle behaviours were recorded in three slaughterhouses during two processes: 1) leading cattle from lairage to stunning boxes and 2) stunning cattle. In order to assess the handling procedures during the first process we studied 31, 22 and 18 groups of cattle, before and after the training activity, in three slaughterhouses (MT, GO and SP); in this process five variables were considered, two of them related to human behaviour (the frequency of electric prod and the frequency of inadequate flag use) and three related to cattle behaviour (the frequencies of slips, falls and vocalizations). For the assessment of the stunning process two variables were defined: stunning efficiency (with 336, 475 and 314 cattle observed before and after the training period) and insensitiveness (with 400, 453, and 308 animals observed before and after training). Analysis of variance was used for data related to the process of driving the animals to the stunning box and the Kruskall- Wallis test was used when for the variables related to the stunning process. Significant statistical differences were found among slaughterhouses for the frequencies of slips, falls, use of the electric prod and insensitiveness. Similar results were found when considered the effects of training, being the major effect on the frequency of electric prod use, which dropped down in three slaughterhouses. Inadequate facilities and equipments promoted depreciation on the labour, increasing the frequencies of slips, falls and in the number of sensitive animals after stunning. The results suggested that the slaughterhouses that did invest in people, training, facilities and equipments achieved a better result in the improvement of animal welfare.<br>Mestre
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Ellingsen, Simen Andreas. "Nuclear terrorism and rational choice." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2009. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/nuclear-terrorism-and-rational-choice(c87cf97b-5be3-4ec3-b660-d8e5c1b7b639).html.
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The prospect of nuclear terrorism, terrorist acts with nuclear fission explosives, is analysed by means of rational choice theory, a methodology borrowed from economics which has hitherto not been systematically applied to nuclear terrorism. The methodology allows the formalisation and modelling of key choices faced by both the aspiring nuclear terrorist and a potential target government in order to work out best strategies under the assumptions that the players are rational and intelligent. Four relevant decision situations are studied: The terrorist's choice of whether to embark on an ambitious and expensive nuclear project or to stay with tried and trusted conventional methods; The choice of fissile material for a terrorist bent on building a nuclear weapon: highly enriched uranium (HEU) and plutonium as fissile material; The government's choice of prioritising between branches of fissile materials safeguards (HEU versus plutonium); and the strategic interplay between terrorist and government in the case where the terrorist has acquired a nuclear weapon and must decide whether to use it to attack, for extortion (blackmail) or to deter an attack upon his own interests. Several key conclusions reached are of direct policy applicability. A simple decision theoretical analysis shows that heavy emphasis on HEU over plutonium in safeguards measures is justified. It is demonstrated that relative deterrence (by denial) of nuclear terrorism in favour of conventional means is possible, and the conditions for which are found. It is found, moreover, that to use an acquired nuclear weapon for blackmail or deterrence purposes is almost never preferable for a terrorist, and the best response of a government to an explicit nuclear terrorist threat is almost always forceful response.
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Render, Elaine. "Rational monoid and semigroup automata." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/rational-monoid-and-semigroup-automata(0aff0c17-b6f9-4bc8-95d1-ff98da059d42).html.
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We consider a natural extension to the definition of M-automata which allows the automaton to make use of more of the structure of the monoid M, and by removing the reliance on an identity element, allows the definition of S-automata for S an arbitrary semigroup. In the case of monoids, the resulting automata are equivalent to valence automata with rational target sets which arise in the theory of regulated rewriting. We focus on the polycyclic monoids, and show that for polycyclic monoids of rank 2 or more they accept precisely the context-free languages. The case of the bicyclic monoid is also considered. In the process we prove a number of interesting results about rational subsets in polycyclic monoids; as a consequence we prove the decidability of the rational subset membership problem, and the closure of the class of rational subsets under intersection and complement. In the case of semigroups, we consider the important class of completely simple and completely 0-simple semigroups, obtaining a complete characterisation of the classes of languages corresponding to such semigroups, in terms of their maximal subgroups. In the process, we obtain a number of interesting results about rational subsets of Rees matrix semigroups.
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Ranstad, Anders. "Hur inbördeskrig slutar : En upprepande studie av ”How Civil Wars End: A Rational Approach” på inbördeskrig mellan 1992-2007." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-106589.
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Världen har genom historien formats och stöpts om av krig och konflikter. Dagens globala värld är inget undantag med inbördeskrig som ett ständigt återkommande fenomen. Våldsyttringar inom stater har sedan andra världskriget varit den största källan till konflikter och bidrar med flest antal offer. Inbördeskrig har drabbat en tredjedel av världens länder under 1900- talet och en femtedel har upplevt minst 10 år av inbördeskrig från 1960. Konflikter runt om i världen påverkar den internationella politiken och hur alla människor lever, och god kunskap om konflikters struktur är därmed ytterst viktig. De flesta studier på området har behandlat s.k. inter-state wars, d.v.s. krig mellan stater. Studier rörande s.k. intra-state wars, konflikter mellan regeringsmakten i en stat och icke-statliga grupperingar, är dock inte lika vanliga. Under den senare delen av 1900-talet har inbördeskrig varit den form av konflikt som orsakat störst skada och lidande. 1996 publicerade David T. Mason och Patrick J. Fett artikeln ”How Civil Wars End: A Rational Choice Approach”. I artikeln undersöker författarna uppfattningen att det är svårare att fredsförhandla i inbördeskrig än i mellanstatliga krig. Detta då offer och förövare efter krigets slut fortsatt måste leva sida vid sida. I krig mellan stater drar parterna sig tillbaka till respektive territorier vilket gör att en eventuell fredsprocess anses relativt enklare att uppnå. Frågan är vilka faktorer som leder till fredssamtal alternativt till en seger för en av parterna?
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Berljafa, Mario. "Rational Krylov decompositions : theory and applications." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/rational-krylov-decompositions-theory-and-applications(15ea52e4-0642-440a-bf52-216e89669a82).html.
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Numerical methods based on rational Krylov spaces have become an indispensable tool of scientific computing. In this thesis we study rational Krylov spaces by considering rational Krylov decompositions; matrix relations which, under certain conditions, are associated with these spaces. We investigate the algebraic properties of such decompositions and present an implicit Q theorem for rational Krylov spaces. We derive standard and harmonic Ritz extraction strategies for approximating the eigenpairs of a matrix and for approximating the action of a matrix function onto a vector. While these topics have been considered previously, our approach does not require the last pole to be infinite, which makes the extraction procedure computationally more efficient. Typically, the computationally most expensive component of the rational Arnoldi algorithm for computing a rational Krylov basis is the solution of a large linear system of equations at each iteration. We explore the option of solving several linear systems simultaneously, thus constructing the rational Krylov basis in parallel. If this is not done carefully, the basis being orthogonalized may become poorly conditioned, leading to numerical instabilities in the orthogonalization process. We introduce the new concept of continuation pairs which gives rise to a near-optimal parallelization strategy that allows to control the growth of the condition number of this non orthogonal basis. As a consequence we obtain a more accurate and reliable parallel rational Arnoldi algorithm. The computational benefits are illustrated using our high performance C++ implementation. We develop an iterative algorithm for solving nonlinear rational least squares problems. The difficulty is in finding the poles of a rational function. For this purpose, at each iteration a rational Krylov decomposition is constructed and a modified linear problem is solved in order to relocate the poles to new ones. Our numerical results indicate that the algorithm, called RKFIT, is well suited for model order reduction of linear time invariant dynamical systems and for optimisation problems related to exponential integration. Furthermore, we derive a strategy for the degree reduction of the approximant obtained by RKFIT. The rational function obtained by RKFIT is represented with the aid of a scalar rational Krylov decomposition and an additional coefficient vector. A function represented in this form is called an RKFUN. We develop efficient methods for the evaluation, pole and root finding, and for performing basic arithmetic operations with RKFUNs. Lastly, we discuss RKToolbox, a rational Krylov toolbox for MATLAB, which implements all our algorithms and is freely available from http://rktoolbox.org. RKToolbox also features an extensive guide and a growing number of examples. In particular, most of our numerical experiments are easily reproducible by downloading the toolbox and running the corresponding example files in MATLAB.
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Silva, Fábio Esteves da. "Uso racional de energia elétrica na classe residencial : estudo de caso com alunos do ensino médio /." Guaratinguetá : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99289.
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Resumo: A sociedade necessita de energia para o seu desenvolvimento econômico e social, mas o consumo de energia desenfreado que se acelerou nas últimas décadas, traz conflitos na relação entre o homem e o meio ambiente. Mudar este panorama requer uma melhoria contínua nos processos de transformação e mudanças nos hábitos de consumo. As possíveis formas de atuar junto à população concentram-se no desenvolvimento de programas sociais e principalmente na educação, o que requer mudanças de postura tanto do aluno como do professor. Buscando contribuir na questão do uso racional de energia elétrica na classe residencial foi realizada com a participação de alunos e professores de sete escolas da Região do Vale do Paraíba esta pesquisa que teve como objetivo conceber, desenvolver e avaliar uma proposta de intervenção em escolas de ensino médio utilizando a metodologia de Aprendizagem por Projetos. Foram realizados atividades de capacitação com os professores e programadas ações de interferência na realidade do aluno que, mediante a orientação destes professores, desenvolveram atividades voltadas para a economia de energia em suas residências. Para a constatação da eficiência da pesquisa foram utilizadas ferramentas de avaliação, tais como questionários, entrevistas, acompanhamento in loco e o monitoramento do consumo de energia elétrica das residências dos alunos envolvidos. Acredita-se que com esta pesquisa foi possível contribuir na questão do uso racional de energia, principalmente no entendimento de como trabalhar com alunos e professores de ensino médio com esta temática.<br>Abstract: The society needs energy for its economic and social development, but the consumption of energy in the last decades is increasing very fast, and conflicts in the relation between the man and the environment is appear. To change this scene it is required a continuous improvement in the transformation processes and changes in the consumption habits. The probable forms to act with the population are mainly in the development of social programs and in the education, what in such a way requires changes of atittude of the students as of the teachers. Looking in the question of the rational use of electric energy in the residential class, this research was carried through with the participation of students and teachers of seven schools of the Vale do Paraíba Region, which target was to conceive, to develop and to evaluate a proposal of intervention in high schools using the methodology of Project Based Learnig. Activities of qualification with the teachers had been carried through and actions of interference in the reality of the students was programmed, being guided through these teachers, and activities directed toward the economy of energy in its residences was developed. For the efficiency of the research it was used evaluation tools, such as questionnaires, interviews, making follow up in the field and the monitoring of the consumption of electric energy of the students residences. It is a fact that with this research it was possible to contribute in the question of the rational use of energy, mainly in the agreement of how to work with students and teachers of High School with this matter.<br>Orientador: Jânio Itiro Akamatsu<br>Coorientador: Galeno José de Sena<br>Banca: Silvio Henrique Fiscarelli<br>Banca: José Aquiles Baesso Grimoni<br>Mestre
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Edvardsson, Björnberg Karin. "Rational Goal-Setting in Environmental Policy : Foundations and Applications." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Filosofi, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-9273.
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The overall aim of this thesis is to present a model for rational goal-setting and to illustrate how it can be applied in evaluations of public policies, in particular policies concerning sustainable development and environmental quality. The contents of the thesis are divided into two sections: a theoretical section (Papers I-IV) and an empirical section (Papers V-VII). Paper I identifies a set of rationality criteria for single goals and discusses them in relation to the typical function of goals. It is argued that goals are typically set to enhance goal achievement. A goal that successfully furthers its achievement is “achievement-inducing”. It holds for each of the identified criteria that, ceteris paribus, improved satisfaction of a criterion makes a goal better in the achievement-inducing sense.Paper II contains an analysis of the notion of goal system coherence. It is argued that the coherence of a goal system is determined by the relations that hold among the goals in the system, in particular the relations of operationalization, means and ends, support, and conflict. Paper III investigates the rationality of utopian goals. The paper analyzes four arguments that support the normative criterion of attainability: that utopian goals are (1) too imprecise and (2) too far-reaching to guide action effectively, (3) counterproductive, and (4) morally objectionable. A tentative defence of utopian goal-setting is built on counter-arguments that can be put forward to weaken each of the four objections. Paper IV investigates the nature of self-defeating goals. The paper identifies three types of situations in which self-defeating mechanisms obstruct goal achievement: (1) situations in which the goal itself carries the seeds of its own non-fulfilment (self-defeating goals), (2) situations in which the activity of goal-setting contributes to goal failure (self-defeating goal-setting), and (3) situations in which disclosure of the goal interferes with progress (self-defeating goal disclosure). Paper V provides a brief description of the Swedish system of environmental objectives and a preliminary inventory of the management difficulties that attach to this goal system.Paper VI contains an investigation into the rationality of five Swedish environmental objectives through an application of the rationality criteria identified in Papers I-II. The paper identifies and discusses some difficulties that are associated with management by objectives and the use of goals in environmental policy. Paper VII analyses the rationality of the Swedish environmental quality objective A good built environment. Among the conclusions drawn in the paper are that some of the sub-goals to the objective are formulated in terms that are unnecessarily vague from an action-guiding standpoint and that others are problematic from the viewpoint of evaluability.<br>QC 20100715
Books on the topic "Ens rationis"
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Berk, Jonathan B. A rational model of the closed-end fund discount. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2004.
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Bonnet, Jacques. Lyon et son agglome ration: Les enjeux d'une me tropole europe ene. Documentation franc ʹaise, 1987.
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Japan. Shigen Enerugīchō. Shō-enerugī Taisakushitsu. and Japan, eds. Shō-ene-hō no kaisetsu.: Enerugī no shiyō no gōrika ni kansuru hōritsu = Law concerning the rational use of energy. Shō-enerugī Sentā, 2003.
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Japan. Shigen Enerugīchō. Shō-enerugī Taisakuka., ed. Heisei 15-nendo kaisei "Shō-ene-hō" hōreishū: Enerugī no shiyō no gōrika ni kansuru hōritsu = Law concerning the rational use of energy. Shō-enerugī Sentā, 2003.
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Japan, ed. Shō-ene-hō no kaisetsu: Kōjō jigyōba hen : Enerugī no shiyō no gōrika ni kansuru hōritsu : Heisei 17-nendo kaisei = Law concerning the rational use of energy. Sho-enerugī Sentā, 2006.
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Palacios González, Daniel. Making Monuments from Mass Graves in Contemporary Spain. Amsterdam University Press, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5117/9789048560134.
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This book narrates how, beginning in 1936, bodies buried in mass graves during the Spanish War and subsequent dictatorship were turned into monuments. The book describes how the production of monuments evolved and what forms this process and these monuments took; it examines how the monuments were incorporated into society and used to influence public opinion; and it argues that this process was not simply based on the formal logic of tradition but instead reflected a conscious plan with a specific and rational end goal. As such, this book puts forward the idea that the monument as a material object became an expression of the historical consciousness of its producers, relating how different actors communicated their memories into meaningful gestures while limited by the material reality of integrating the bodies into a novel artefact. Finally, it contends that the people creating these monuments did not just bury their dead according to a funerary tradition but also sought to influence society.
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Chalov, Sergey. River sediments. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2025. https://doi.org/10.12737/1984076.
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The textbook discusses a range of issues related to the study of river sediments — an object of hydrology, geomorphology, Russian studies, erosion studies, geochemistry, and aquatic ecology. The main properties of river sediments and methods of their field, laboratory, numerical and remote study are highlighted. The formation and regime of sediments, their granulometric and chemical composition, sediment runoff and sources of its entry into rivers, and the temporal variability of sediment runoff and composition are discussed. The final part provides approaches to studying the abiotic role of river sediments in the formation of freshwater river ecosystems as the basis for rationing economic activity. At the end of each chapter, there are control questions and tasks for independent work. Meets the requirements of the latest generation of federal state educational standards for higher education. It is intended for students of hydrology when studying the courses "River sediments" and "Channel processes", when mastering the curriculum in the fields of training and specialties "Hydrology", "Geomorphology", "Geoecology", "Geochemistry". It can be useful for employees of the hydrometeorological service and industrial organizations.
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Novotný, Daniel D. Ens rationis from Suárez to Caramuel. Fordham University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780823291465.
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Ens Rationis From Surez To Caramuel A Study In Scholasticism Of The Baroque Era. Fordham University Press, 2013.
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Kosch, Michelle. Rational Agency. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809661.003.0002.
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Chapter 2 presents Fichte’s conception of rational agency and of the psychological dispositions and capacities on which he takes it to depend. It begins with an examination of Fichte’s notion of the spontaneity of the will, and compares his account of it to Kant’s. It then explains Fichte’s account of practical deliberation and its necessary conditions. Practical deliberation is means/ends or part/whole reasoning toward the end (viz. independence) provided by practical reason. Its conditions of possibility include empirical cognition, a set of naturally given conative attitudes, embodiment, causal efficacy, social interaction, and a sense of itself as one individual among others. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the variability of rational agency among individuals and the reasons for it.
Book chapters on the topic "Ens rationis"
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Kobusch, Theo. "Ens rationis." In The Philosophy and Science of Roger Bacon. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003033943-6.
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Kobusch, Theo. "Ens inquantum ens und ens rationis. Ein aristotelisches Problem in der Philosophie des Duns Scotus und Wilhelms von Ockham." In Rencontres de Philosophie Médiévale. Brepols Publishers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.rpm-eb.4.000083.
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Rode, Christian. "Sein oder Nichtsein. Hervaeus Natalis und Wilhelm von Ockham über das ens rationis." In Umbrüche. B.R. Grüner Publishing Company, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/zg.144.08rod.
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d’Onofrio, Sandro R. "Notes Concerning the Ontological Status of the Objective Concept of the ens rationis in Antonio Rubio’s Teaching." In Textes et Etudes du Moyen Âge. Brepols Publishers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.tema-eb.4.2017211.
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Yehezkel, Gal. "The End of Rational Agency." In Philosophical Studies Series. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80583-8_3.
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Schulze-Fielitz, Helmuth. "Paths Towards Better Legislation, Detours and Dead-Ends." In Rational Lawmaking under Review. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33217-8_3.
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Sherman, James A. "Autonomy and Rational Deliberation About Ends." In Renewing Liberalism. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28277-0_4.
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Walker, Mark Thomas. "Rational Nature as an End in Itself?" In Kant, Schopenhauer and Morality: Recovering the Categorical Imperative. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230356955_5.
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Cheung, Gary, and Frederick Sundram. "Who Are the Elderly Who Want to End Their Lives?" In Rational Suicide in the Elderly. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32672-6_9.
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Giannini, Gianluca. "The End of Space as Entity." In Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66911-3_14.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Ens rationis"
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Wei, Zixian, Jinsong Zhang, Weijia Li, et al. "Non-Orthogonal Multiplexing Access (NOMA)-based Dense Passive Optical Networks Considering Fairness under Differential Split Ratios." In Signal Processing in Photonic Communications. Optica Publishing Group, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/sppcom.2024.spm4h.2.
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We demonstrate a NOMA-based 200-G coherent PON for two access users with a differential split ratio, where the fairness and performance of far-end users with 256 SR are increased by adjusting the power allocation factor.
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Pojtanabuntoeng, Thunyaluk, Mobin Salasi, and Rolf Gubner. "The Influence of Mono Ethylene Glycol (MEG) on CO2 Corrosion of Carbon Steel at Elevated Temperatures (80 to 120°C)." In CORROSION 2014. NACE International, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2014-4176.
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Abstract Monoethylene glycol (MEG) is injected in the pipelines to prevent hydrate formation, and subsequent pipeline blockage. Recent investigations indicated that presence of MEG could impede CO2 corrosion of carbon steel, although many aspects remain unknown. In the current study, experiments were conducted at 80 °C (176 °F), atmospheric pressure, and 100 °C (212 °F), and 120 °C (248 °F) at pCO2 of 10 bar. Test solutions had different ratios of MEG/Ultra-pure water with 3 wt. % NaCl concentration. Electrochemical techniques such as linear polarization resistance (LPR), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Tafel polarization were employed to investigate the corrosion rate and phenomenon. Corroded surface of the samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) techniques. This research aims to provide an improved insight on contribution of MEG on CO2 corrosion of carbon steel, at elevated temperatures.
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Lee, Anthea K., and Dianne K. Newman. "Influence of a Dual-Species Biofilm on the Corrosion of Mild Steel." In CORROSION 2003. NACE International, 2003. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2003-03555.
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Abstract We used Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) to examine the corrosion properties of mild carbon steel in the presence of the iron-reducing bacterium Shewanella oneidensis and the sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio desulfuricans. We also tested the sensitivity of EIS to see if this technique could distinguish between different ratios of mixed cultures. We find that while Bode plots and Rp values generated from EIS data are distinct for each species, this data could not differentiate between pure D. desulfuricans cultures and mixed cultures. Ecorr values, however, could distinguish between different inoculums of D. desulfuricans.
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Santarini, G. "Comprehensive Interpretation of Constant Extension Rate Tests: a Method for the Characterization and the Prediction of Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking." In CORROSION 1989. NACE International, 1989. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1989-89502.
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Abstract This paper presents a rational method for a quantitative characterization of Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking (IGSCC) from results of Constant Extension Rate Tests (CERTs). The basic experimental datum used is the morphological information present in a specimen at the end of a CERT: this information is expressed by the crack trace depth distribution determined on a longitudinal section of the specimen. It is shown that this information can be deconvoluted to give access to crack initiation probability and crack growth rate data. Further developments lead to the calculation of intrinsic cracking parameters and finally to IGSCC damage prediction. An initial application of this method to the case of Alloy 600 in an aqueous environment is also described.
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Rao, Xueling, and Kunqiang Wang. "The rational regression of high-end consumer market." In 2017 2nd International Conference on Education, Sports, Arts and Management Engineering (ICESAME 2017). Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icesame-17.2017.102.
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Kuang, Jishun, Liang Zhang, Zhiqiang You, and Yingbo Zhou. "Improve the compression ratios for code-based test vector compressions by decomposing." In 2015 20th IEEE European Test Symposium (ETS). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ets.2015.7138770.
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Cadena, Britany I. P., Fatima J. Bazan, Cesar O. del Carmen, et al. "Unified Rational Process: Document Manager Case Study." In 2021 Mexican International Conference on Computer Science (ENC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/enc53357.2021.9534792.
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Belhassen, Manon, Alexandra Dima, Maeva Nolin, et al. "Therapeutic ratios predict asthma control in the ASTROLAB cohort." In ERS International Congress 2017 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/1393003.congress-2017.pa3517.
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Foti Randazzese, Simone, Lucia Caminiti, Francesca Galletta, Antonella Gambadauro, Giuseppe Crisafulli, and Sara Manti. "Blood cells ratios and assessment of asthmatic children who stopped omalizumab." In ERS Congress 2024 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2024.pa1334.
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Tsim, Selina, Caroline Kelly, Laura Alexander, et al. "The DIAPHRAGM study: Diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in the rational assessment of Mesothelioma." In ERS International Congress 2018 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2018.oa493.
Full textReports on the topic "Ens rationis"
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Berk, Jonathan, and Richard Stanton. A Rational Model of the Closed-End Fund Discount. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w10412.
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Mwamba, Isaiah C., Deepak Benny, Ajuna P. John, et al. Updating Cost Allocation and Revenue Attribution. Purdue University, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317764.
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This report presents a synopsis of the results from the 2024 study commissioned by the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) in fall 2023 at the request of the Indiana General Assembly. Expenditures: Lighter vehicle classes saw their share of cost responsibility decline between 2015 and 2024, while the heavier vehicle classes saw their responsibilities increase within this period. This change is explained by a diametric shift in expenditure type patterns between the two eras from construction-dominant to maintenance-dominant expenditures. In this context, it is worth noting that these expenditure types have different ratios of attributable costs to common costs. Revenues: Fifty-two percent (52%) of all user and non-user revenues are generated at the state level, 36% at the federal level, and 13% at the local level. Vehicle Classes 2 and 9 still contribute the highest shares of revenues—42% and 22%, respectively. Vehicle Class 3 contributes 21% of the revenues, while all other vehicles contribute less than 10% each. Vehicle Class 13 contributes the lowest percentage share at 0.1%. Across the two eras (2015 vs. 2024), Class 2 vehicles saw their revenue share decline from 47% to 42%, but Vehicle Class 9 increased from 20% in the earlier study (2015) to 22% in the current study (2024). Vehicle Class 3 held steady at 21% in both periods, while Classes 5 and 6 saw marginal increases. Equity Ratios: The equity ratio results follow a trend that is like those of past studies in Indiana and elsewhere. Generally, the lower vehicle classes are overpaying their share of cost responsibility and the higher vehicle classes are underpaying their share of cost responsibility. Notable shifts in equity ratios between the previous-era study and the current-era study were observed. Several lighter vehicle classes increased their equity ratios, while the heavier vehicles saw their equity ratios decline significantly between the two periods. EVs in Class 2 and Class 3 generally have lower equity ratios than their ICEV counterparts, a finding that is intuitive because EVs are associated with relatively higher damage but slightly lower, or similar, revenue contributions. For the forecast years (2030 and 2035), it was observed that EVs in Vehicle Classes 2 and 3 will be underpaying their share of the cost responsibility, while those in Classes 4 and 9 will be overpaying. The current EV fee that exists for these vehicles (if left unchanged) will not adequately cover their cost responsibility or recover the lost fuel tax revenues in 2030 and 2035.
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Taheripour, Farzad, Thomas Hertel, and Wally Tyner. Implications of the Biofuels Boom for the Global Livestock Industry: A Computable General Equilibrium Analysis. GTAP Working Paper, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp58.
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The past decade has seen rapid growth in the global biofuels sector – particularly in the US and the EU. This has had important implications for the global livestock industry – both by raising the cost of feed grains and oilseeds and by forcing onto the market a large supply of biofuel by-products, many of which end up in livestock feed rations. This paper systematically investigates the impact of an expanding biofuels industry on the mix and location of global livestock production. Our results suggest that the impacts on specific livestock sectors in individual countries are quite varied. We estimate that growth in the US and EU biofuels industries actually results in larger absolute reductions in livestock production overseas, as opposed to in the biofuel producing regions themselves. This is due to the relatively greater transmission of grains prices into the overseas markets, as compared to the transmission of byproduct prices. We also find that the non-ruminant industry curtails its production more than other livestock industries, because it is less able to take advantage of low cost biofuel byproducts in its feed rations. Implementing biofuel mandates in the US and EU increases cropland area within the biofuel and non-biofuel producer regions. A large portion of this increase will be obtained from reduced grazing lands. The biofuel producing regions are expected to reduce their coarse grains exports and increase imports of oilseeds and vegetable oils, while they increase their exports of processed feed materials. Though biofuel mandates have important consequences for the livestock industry, they do not severely curtail these industries. This is largely due to the important role of byproducts in substituting for higher priced feedstuffs.
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Gómez, Camilo, María Fernanda Meneses-González, Andrés Murcia, Carlos Quicazán-Moreno, Angie Rozada, and Hernando Vargas-Herrera. Some trends and patterns of firm financing in Colombia. Banco de la República, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1274.
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After a protracted period of financial deepening following a financial crisis at the end of the 20th century, the ratio of corporate bank loans to GDP in Colombia stagnated between 2016 and 2019. In this paper, we explore if firms have substituted bank loans for other financial instruments or if there has been a deleveraging process. From a longer-term growth perspective, we also aim to investigate whether fast-growing firms differ from others in terms of their financial leverage. We find that the decline in the ratio of bank corporate loans to GDP is related to a substitution of funding sources and is not part of a firm’s balance sheet deleveraging process. We also find that the slowdown in financial liabilities coincided with a decrease in the investment-to-GDP ratio that was part of the macroeconomic adjustment to a sharp deterioration of terms of trade between 2014 and 2016. An exploration of granular firm data indicates that fast-sale-growing enterprises typically display greater total leverage ratios, but their relative reliance on financial liabilities is less clear. On the other hand, financial leverage is higher for firms that exhibit large CAPEX-to-asset ratios. Thus, the association between financial intermediation and investment seems stronger than between financial intermediation and sales growth.
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Gelb, Jr., Jack, Yoram Weisman, Brian Ladman, and Rosie Meir. Identification of Avian Infectious Brochitis Virus Variant Serotypes and Subtypes by PCR Product Cycle Sequencing for the Rational Selection of Effective Vaccines. United States Department of Agriculture, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586470.bard.
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Objectives 1. Determine the serotypic identities of 40 recent IBV isolates from commercial chickens raised in the USA and Israel. 2. Sequence all IBV field isolates using PCR product cycle sequencing and analyze their S 1 sequence to detennine their homology to other strains in the Genbank and EMBL databases. 3. Select vaccinal strains with the highest S 1 sequence homology to the field isolates and perform challenge of immunity studies in chickens in laboratory trials to detennine level of protection afforded by the vaccines. Background Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a common, economically important disease of the chicken. IB occurs as a respiratory form, associated with airsacculitis, condemnation, and mortality of meat-type broilers, a reproductive form responsible for egg production losses in layers and breeders, and a renal form causing high mortality in broilers and pullets. The causative agent is avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Replication of the virus' RNA genome is error-prone and mutations commonly result. A major target for mutation is the gene encoding the spike (S) envelope protein used by the virus to attach and infect the host cell. Mutations in the S gene result in antigenic changes that can lead to the emergence of variant serotypes. The S gene is able to tolerate numerous mutations without compromising the virus' ability to replicate and cause disease. An end result of the virus' "flexibility" is that many strains of IBV are capable of existing in nature. Once formed, new mutant strains, often referred to as variants, are soon subjected to immunological selection so that only the most antigenically novel variants survive in poultry populations. Many novel antigenic variant serotypes and genotypes have been isolated from commercial poultry flocks. Identification of the field isolates of IBV responsible for outbreaks is critical for selecting the appropriate strain(s) for vaccination. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of the Sl subunit of the envelope spike glycoprotein gene has been a common method used to identify field strains, replacing other time-consuming or less precise tests. Two PCR approaches have been used for identification, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and direct automated cycle sequence analysis of a diagnostically relevant hypervariab1e region were compared in our BARD research. Vaccination for IB, although practiced routinely in commercial flocks, is often not protective. Field isolates responsible for outbreaks may be unrelated to the strain(s) used in the vaccination program. However, vaccines may provide varying degrees of cross- protection vs. unrelated field strains so vaccination studies should be performed. Conclusions RFLP and S1 sequence analysis methods were successfully performed using the field isolates from the USA and Israel. Importantly, the S1 sequence analysis method enabled a direct comparison of the genotypes of the field strains by aligning them to sequences in public databases e.g. GenBank. Novel S1 gene sequences were identified in both USA and Israel IBVs but greater diversity was observed in the field isolates from the USA. One novel genotype, characterized in this project, Israel/720/99, is currently being considered for development as an inactivated vaccine. Vaccination with IBV strains in the US (Massachusetts, Arkansas, Delaware 072) or in Israel (Massachusetts, Holland strain) provided higher degrees of cross-protection vs. homologous than heterologous strain challenge. In many cases however, vaccination with two strains (only studies with US strains) produced reasonable cross-protection against heterologous field isolate challenge. Implications S1 sequence analysis provides numerical similarity values and phylogenetic information that can be useful, although by no means conclusive, in developing vaccine control strategies. Identification of many novel S1 genotypes of IBV in the USA is evidence that commercial flocks will be challenged today and in the future with strains unrelated to vaccines. In Israel, monitoring flocks for novel IBV field isolates should continue given the identification of Israel/720/99, and perhaps others in the future. Strains selected for vaccination of commercial flocks should induce cross- protection against unrelated genotypes. Using diverse genotypes for vaccination may result in immunity against unrelated field strains.
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Jacobsen, Nils. Linjebussens vekst og fall i den voksende byen: en studie av bybussenes geografiske kvalitet Stavanger – Sandnes 1920 – 2010. University of Stavanger, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.244.
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Linear city bus services are facing increased challenges from city growth. Increased number of inhabitants on increasing acres of built-up areas, makes it demanding to maintain adequate bus services within reasonable catchment areas. Number of departures per hour give a partial description of the bus service quality. Number of departures give reference to the time aspect of bus service quality, but say nothing about the geographical aspect. What part of the entire line network is within reach of direct bus service when frequencies are limited? To address the geographical aspect of bus service quality, the term network ratio is introduced. The term Network Ratio (NR) signifies what part of the entire line network is within reach of direct bus service to or from a certain place in the network. Network Ratio is given as a mathematical term whereby direct bus lines are calculated as a percentage of the entire network. The character and development of Network Ratio in a specific city is illustrated through an analysis of the urban growth of line network and built-up areas in the twin cities of Stavanger and Sandnes. The analysis is covering the period 1920 – 2000 in intervals of 20 years from the first bus lines were established in the urban area. Year 2010 is also included due to major changes implemented right after the turn of the millennium. Development show there is a close relation between bus network and built-up areas. When areas are being built, bus lines follow. The initial fase 1920 – 40 with extensive development of bus lines combined with some areal growth, is followed by a fase of consolidation 1940 – 60. The latter period is characterized by moderate areal growth, extended lines reducing network ratios, and increasing frequencies on the best bus lines. Extensive areal growth in the following period 1960 – 80, implies increased number of bus lines. As a consequence network ratios as well as frequencies are falling in the entire network. In 1960 certain lines had developed as much as 6 departures per hour, while maximum bus line frequency in 1980 has diminished to 2. New bus service development is introduced in the following period between 1980 and 2000. Numerous bus companies are united, and a more comprehensive planning of bus services are applied. The number of bus lines is stabilized at about 40, the fall in network ratio is reduced, and certain lines develop 4 departures per hour. Parallell to the bus development, growth of built-up areas is slowing down due to increased urban renewal with higher densities within built-up areas. In the period 2000 – 2010 new efforts are given to the development of bus services. Development of Network Ratio takes a new direction: The length of network links with high NR is increasing, while links with very low NR are diminishing. Number of bus lines is decreasing, and by 2010 almost 50% of the bus lines are served with 4 departures or more. Passenger comfort is improved in buses as well as on bus stops, and low floor buses are introduced to ease accessibility. Bus service quality is further developed after 2010. Digital services are introduced including digital ticketing, bus service information and real-time information on internet. In addition real-time information is presented at high frequency bus stops through visual screen and auditory speaker. Inside the buses name of next stop is given on screen and through loudspeaker. Further development of the bus services, should include improved Network Ratios in the entire network, as well as increased frequencies on major bus corridors. The latter is a task not only for the bus service planners, but just as well for the city planners and politicians in collaboration with the developers implementing urban density and allocation of important destinations. A last, but not least, objective for bus service development will be to improve punctuality and total travel time. Today a considerable proportion of city bus services are delayed in car traffic congestions. This is occurring especially on main streets and during rush hours. A set of different solutions are needed to address this question: 1. Dedicated bus streets (including car access to limited addresses) 2. Bus lines through local streets in concentrated housing, office and shopping areas. 3. Dedicated bus lane on main streets where possible. 4. Car traffic regulations on main streets without space for extra bus lane. As an overall vision, we need to cultivate the word of Flemming Larsen: urban growth as pearls on a string, as shown in fig. 13 and fig. 14.
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Ganesch, Franziska, Matthias Dütsch, and Olaf Struck. Räumliche Mobilität am Arbeitsmarkt: Einfluss- und Erfolgsfaktoren. Otto-Friedrich-Universität, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20378/irb-54128.
Full textAbstract:
Im Zuge der Diskussion um wettbewerbsnotwendige Anpassungen von Arbeit und Arbeitsmärkten wird von Arbeitnehmern unter anderem die Bereitschaft zu räumlicher Mobilität erwartet. Zudem können Individuen selbst versucht sein ihre Arbeitsbedingungen, etwa ihr Einkommen, durch regionale Mobilität zu verbessern. Dies sollte, folgt man ökonomisch-rational argumentierenden Ansätzen, bei jenen Personen, die höhere Investitionen in ihr Humankapital getätigt haben, häufiger der Fall sein als bei geringer Qualifizierten. Es kann zudem angenommen werden, dass bei Mobilitätsentscheidungen die erwarteten Erfolgsaussichten des Zielbetriebes und der Zielregion unter Berücksichtigung der aktuellen und erwarteten Bedingungen am Herkunftsort in die Entscheidung eingehen (Cadwallader 1989; Windzio 2004a: 258). Welche Personengruppen eine höhere oder geringere räumliche Mobilitätsneigung aufweisen, ist empirisch belegt. Allerdings gibt es kaum Befunde zu den Faktoren, die den Erfolg räumlicher Arbeitsplatzveränderungen erhöhen oder mindern. Dabei stellt sich die Frage, ob etwa die häufiger Mobilen auch die häufiger Erfolgreichen sind, und welche Bedeutung Individual-, Betriebs- und Regionenmerkmalen in diesem Zusammenhang zukommt. Der vorliegende Aufsatz prüft, welche individuellen, betrieblichen und regionalen wirtschaftsstrukturellen Merkmale eine erfolgreiche regionale Mobilität in Deutschland unterstützen und/oder behindern.
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Wu, Bin, Lixia Guo, Kaikai Zhen, and Chao Sun. Diagnostic and prognostic value of miRNAs in hepatoblastoma: A systematic review with meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.11.0045.
Full textAbstract:
Review question / Objective: Background and aim: Increasing evidence has revealed the valuable diagnostic and prognostic applications of dysregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) in hepatoblastoma (HB), the most common hepatic malignancy during childhood. However, these results are inconsistent and remain to be elucidated. In the present study, we aimed to systematically compile up-to-date information regarding the clinical value of miRNAs in HB. Methods: Articles concerning the diagnostic and prognostic value of single miRNAs for HB were searched from databases. The sensitivity (SEN), specificity (SPE), positive and negative likelihood ratios (PLR and NLR), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), area under the curve (AUC), and hazard ratios (HRs) were separately pooled to explore the diagnostic and prognostic performance of miRNA. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were further carried out only in the event of heterogeneity. Results: In all, 20 studies, involving 264 HB patients and 206 healthy individuals, met the inclusion criteria in the six included literature articles. For the diagnostic analysis of miRNAs in HB, the pooled SEN and SPE were 0.76 (95% CI: 0.72–0.80) and 0.75 (95% CI: 0.70–0.80), respectively. Moreover, the pooled PLR was 2.79 (95% CI: 2.12–3.66), NLR was 0.34 (95% CI: 0.26–0.45), DOR was 10.24 (95% CI: 6.55–16.00), and AUC was 0.83, indicating that miRNAs had moderate diagnostic value in HB. For the prognostic analysis of miRNAs in HB, the abnormal expressions of miR-21, miR-34a, miR-34b, miR-34c, miR-492, miR-193, miR-222, and miR-224 in patients were confirmed to be associated with a worse prognosis. The pooled HR was 1.74 (95% CI: 1.20–2.29) for overall survival (OS) and 1.74 (95% CI: 1.31–2.18) for event-free survival (EFS), suggesting its potential as a prognostic indicator for HB. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis that examines the diagnostic and prognostic role of dysregulated miRNAs in HB patients. The combined meta-analysis results supported the previous individual finds that miRNAs might provide a new, noninvasive method for the diagnostic and prognostic analyses ofHB.
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Wilkins, Justin, Alexandria Barkman, Alexi Meltel, Burton Suedel, and Robert Richmond. Effects of sedimentation on three Hawaiian coral species under laboratory conditions. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/47541.
Full textAbstract:
Sedimentation can occur near a dredge operation in pulses over days, and potentially impact coral reefs occurring in close proximity. To improve the ability to predict the effects of dredging on corals, the effects of sedimentation in two 18-day experiments were studied for three common coral species representing different morphologies. In a laboratory setting, coral fragments were exposed to four sedimentation concentrations dosed every four days ranging from 0 to 60 mg cm-2. Separate experiments were performed in series, once with fine grain sediment and repeated with a coarse grain sediment. A 30-day sediment free observation period followed each experiment. Coral responses were measured throughout the experiment and at the end of the 18-day exposure and 30-day sediment free observation period. Photosynthetic yield, lipid ratios, tissue color, tissue loss, growth, and sediment cover varied among the treatment groups. All coral species were minimally affected when sediment concentrations were at or below 6 mg cm-2. P. meandrina and P. lobata experienced the most sediment coverage and tissue loss when exposed to sediment concentrations >30 mg cm-2 for either sediment. M. capitata experienced no sediment coverage or tissue loss when exposed to either sediment, but a reduction in photosynthetic yield at 60 mg cm-2 fine grain sediment was observed. During the 30-day post-exposure sediment free observation period, P. meandrina tissue loss continued, P. lobata nearly completely regrew lost tissue, while M. capitata showed no lingering effects. This study improves the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) ability to estimate the impacts of dredging on coral reefs.
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Rittmeier, Aaron, Anna Lena Lesch, Kilian Bizer, Martin Führ, and Pauline Führ. Planspiele in der Gesetzesfolgenabschätzung – Genehmigungsverfahren für Elektrolyseure. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783947850082.
Full textAbstract:
Das Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) fördert im Rahmen des Insight-Programms das Vorhaben Regulatorische Optionen für eine Was-serstofftransformation in der Chemieindustrie (ROWaCh). Das ROWaCh-Projekt untersucht regulatorische Anreizbedingungen, Hemmnisfaktoren und Gestaltungsoptionen, Wasserstoff als Teil einer Transformationsstrategie der chemischen Industrie zur Klimaneutralität zu erzeugen und zu nutzen. Ein zü-giger Markthochlauf von Erzeugungskapazitäten für (grünen) Wasserstoff setzt voraus, dass interessierte Projektträger schnellstmöglich Genehmigungen für Elektrolyseure erhalten. Angesichts dessen sieht die nationale Gesetzgebung eine Neufassung der 4. BImSchV vor, welche die Genehmigungspraxis für Elektrolyseure vereinfachen und beschleunigen soll. Vor diesem Hintergrund organisierte das ROWaCh-Team Planspiele in Koope-ration mit der Wasserstoff-Allianz Südniedersachsen (H2AS) und unter Beteili-gung ihrer industriellen Mitgliedsunternehmen. Zudem waren die Bauämter der örtlich zuständigen Kommune, der Baugenehmigungsbehörde des zuständigen Landkreises sowie das Gewerbeaufsichtsamt, die Immissionsschutzbehörde in Niedersachsen, vertreten. In diesem Rahmen testeten die Beteiligten am 07.11.2023 die praktischen Auswirkungen der regulatorischen Neuerungen auf Vorhabenträger und die Verwaltungspraxis anhand von zwei Genehmi-gungsverfahren für Elektrolyseure im „Zeitraffer“. Ziel war es, die genehmi-gungsrechtliche Situation insbesondere mit Blick auf die intendierten regulato-rischen Neuerungen einem realitätsnahen und vorausschauenden Praxistest zu unterziehen. Dieses Arbeitspapier legt die Ergebnisse aus den Planspielen dar. Es analysiert und beurteilt die Auswirkungen der bereits absehbaren regulatorischen Ände-rungen auf die Genehmigungspraxis. Auf dieser Basis legt das Arbeitspapier verbleibende „Stolpersteine“ offen und schlägt weitere Gestaltungsoptionen vor, um den Zulassungsprozess von Elektrolyseuren weiter zu vereinfachen und zu beschleunigen. Darüber hinaus untersucht das ROWaCh-Projekt, unter welchen Voraussetzun-gen Planspiele als Instrumente einer prospektiven Gesetzesfolgenabschätzung – insbesondere zur Förderung einer Nachhaltigen Entwicklung – geeignet sind. Das Arbeitspapier reflektiert dahingehend die Planspielmethodik- und -durchführung, benennt mögliche Lerneffekte für die Beteiligten und weist auf Optimierungspotenziale für zukünftige Planspiele hin.