Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ensaio biomecânico'
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Martins, Cesar Antonio de Quadros. "Comportamento biomecânico do reparo ósseo nos biomateriais de origem bovina." Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2001. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/347.
Full textCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The purpose of this study was to analyze the ultimate strength and displacement behavior of healed 3.5-mm segmental radius defects in seventeen adult male rabbits in a fourty-two days follow-up. The defect was filled out with biomaterials (ten radius) such as bone morphogenetic protein, inorganic bovine bone matrix, organic bovine bone matrix and bovine collagen in one group (group I). Group II (seven radius) received fresh-frozen allograft bone obtained from a rabbit bone-banking created for this study. The opposite limbs were the control group (group III) with seventeen radius. The three point bending and the displacement were recorded in all specimens studied. The one-way analysis of variance (p£ 0.05) and the variation coefficient in the whole three groups. Significant difference in the ultimate strengh were found between group I and III (p= 0.0009). The variable ultimate strength of group I has presented a coefficient of variation of 87%, group II has presented a oefficient of variation of 66% and the control group a coefficient of variation of 31%. Group I in the variable displacement has presented a coefficient do variation of 70%, group II has presented a coefficient of variation of 60% and group III 33%. Beetwen groups I and II the least variated group was group II in both variables. However, four in ten non-unions were recorded in the biomaterial group. All allograft group specimens have shown bone healing in the follow-up period. This study do not demonstrate the effectiveness of bovine origin biomaterials as suitable on bone formation. Clinical Relevance: Segmental Bone loss due to trauma, tumor resection or other causes are one of the most challenging problems in orthopaedic surgery. Several materials have been used as bone regenerator, even thou bone tissue has a very known potential of healing. Allograft bone tissue is very attractive possibility but presents a high disease transmission risk. Although autograft tissue has a short stock tissue for some situations in the daily orthopaedic activity, it remains the gold standard for most surgeons. In some cases, bovine origin biomaterials are the only choice available to solve the bone loss situations.
O presente estudo tem como objetivo identificar a resistência mecânica óssea e o deslocamento do osso neoformado utilizando-se biomateriais de origem bovina e enxerto homólogo no preenchimento de uma falha de 3,5 mm no rádio em 17 dos 19 coelhos adultos machos da raça nova zelândia, com massa de 3,5 a 5,0 Kg. Os biomateriais são substâncias biologicamente ativas, que apresentam efeito osteogênico, isto é, ativam a formação de osso novo nos organismos vivos. Neste estudo foram utilizados três grupos: grupo I com enxerto ósseo orgânico e inorgânico bovino, pool de proteína morfogenética bovina e colágeno bovino, como biomateriais em dez animais. Dois animais foram submetidos à retirada das asas ilíacas para posterior congelamento e implantação em sete animais formando o grupo II, ou enxerto homólogo. O grupo III ou controle consistiu nos rádios não operados dos 17 animais. Após 42 dias, os animais foram sacrificados e os rádios foram submetidos ao teste de flexão em três pontos, com a aplicação da carga no sítio da regeneração, sendo avaliados a carga máxima e o deslocamento neste ensaio mecânico. O teste estatístico realizado foi ANOVA - um caminho, com p£0,05 para três amostras, post-hoc de Scheffé e o coeficiente de variação. Quanto à carga máxima para a ruptura, o grupo I (biomateriais) apresentou uma média de 77,1 N ± 67,2N e um CV (coeficiente de variação) de 87%, o grupo II (enxerto homólogo) apresentou uma média de 154,8 N ±103,2 N, com um CV de 66%, já o grupo controle obteve uma média de 201,8 N ± 63,0N e um CV de 31%, que caracterizou uma diferença estatisticamente significante entre o grupo I com o grupo controle (p=0,0009). Quanto a variável deslocamento, o grupo I apresentou uma média de 1,0 mm ± 0,7mm com um CV de 70%, o grupo do II apresentou uma média de 1,0 mm ± 0,6 mm com um CV de 60% e o grupo III uma média de 0,9 mm ± 0,3 mm e CV de 33%, não demonstrando diferença estatisticamente significante (p=0,49). Quatro espécimes do grupo dos biomateriais que fizeram parte do estudo estatístico apresentaram não consolidação na falha criada, por outro lado os espécimes preenchidos com enxerto homólogo consolidaram em todos os casos. Em conclusão, os enxertos homólogos apresentaram consolidação satisfatória demonstrando um pico de carga máxima com valores próximos aos do grupo controle. Porém, os biomateriais demonstraram uma variação intragrupo muito alta devido às não consolidações, com média de carga máxima muito baixa.
Silva, Irene Raimundo dos Santos. "Influência dos corticosteróides nas propriedades biomecânicas da traquéia de coelhas albinas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/82/82131/tde-04022005-155455/.
Full textThe effects of methilprednisolona in the adults trachea albinos female rabbits were studied. The goal of this study was examine the potential effects of this armorial traction. The animals were divided in two groups. Ten female rabbits of control group received by way of subcutaneous 2mg/kg/day of salt bed diluted solution. These ten female rabbits of the control group also received by way of subcutaneous proportional volumes of salt bed solution. After 21 days, the animals were sacrificed and their trachea were subjected to traction tests and anatomical pathological studies. Animals of the experimental group presented inferior weight significant from the control group in the end of the treatment (C = 8,94 ± 314g X E = 3555 ± 373g). The groups didnt differ from the statistic point of view as regards of the following variables: limit load of proportionality (C = 8,94 ± 1,68 N X E = 8,93 ± 1,52 N); maxim load (C = 9,12 ± 2,2 N X E = 9,57 ± 1,90 N); stretch out on the limit of proportionality (C = (683 ± 2,08) x '10 POT.-3' m X E = (6,05 ± 1,50) x '10 POT.-3' m); maxim stretch out (C = (7,44 ± 2,60) x '10 POT.-3' J X E = (6,85 ± 1,55) x '10 POT.-3' J); absorbed energy in the elastic phase (C = 28,70 ± 14,43) x '10 POT.-3' m J X E = (27,75 ± 11,06) x '10 POT.-3' J); rigidity (C = 1,08 ± 0,41) x '10 POT.-3' N/m X E = (1,2 + 0,37) x '10 POT.-3' N/m). It was concluded in the end of the treatment that there werent any morphological and biomechanical alterations of the trachea studied, although, the animals of the experimental group suffered a significant slimming in the end of the treatment when compared with the experimental group
Marinheiro, Carlos Alberto. "Desenvolvimento de máquina de movimentos cíclicos para testes biomecânicos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/82/82131/tde-22042004-100959/.
Full textThe human being locomotes using the complex neuro-muscle-skeletal system, what confers him life quality. Parts of the skeletal system can submit to treatment or even to the substitution for the employment of strange materials to the human body but that provoke small biological reaction and they need to be projected in way to support every resulting tension of the human movement. The objective of this work was to develop a machine of cyclic trial for biomechanical tests using national technology. The machine has an activation system by means of a triphasic motor of 2 HP, 1800 rpm; a system of transmission of cyclic loads using an eccentric axis, that activates a piston, that promotes the movement of two levers that transmit the load for the components at be tested. There is a frequency inverter for control of the number of cycles of the motor, a reservoir of physiologic serum with a system that maintains the serum heated up to 36-38 ºC, and a submerged hydraulic bomb that maintains the serum in constant movement. It was made a cyclic test of fatigue of femoral component of hip arthroplasty, with torsion, following determinations of the norms ISO 7206/89, part 4 and ASTM F 1612/95, and used for the test the Prosthesis Femoral Cemented Model Alpha ® of the company Baumer ®, polished stem of 150 mm and off-set of 37,5 mm. It was also made a trial for verification of cracks following determinations of the norm ABNT NBR ISO 9583/1997. During the 139 hours foreseen for the test of fatigue of the femoral component, the trial machine didnt present mechanical problems, demonstrating efficiency and the success in the production of a machine of cyclic trials for biomechanical tests
Schmitt, Bernardo. "Ensaio biomecânico para determinação do diâmetro de barra conectora de polimetilmetacrilato em fixador esquelético externo tipo Ia: no úmero de suínos." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2014. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/10211.
Full textWhile seemingly inert appearance, bones are highly dynamic structures, which promote formation, resorption, repair and maintenance of homeostasis. Fractures in bones occur when the load applied to a specific bone region exceeds its resilience. The use of external skeletal fixator (ESF) is a method of fairly common internal stabilization, in which connector bars polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) are used without criterion in diameter. In these cases, it can break if it gets too thin or too heavy and uncomfortable when bulky. The aim of this study was to test biomechanical through axial compression and bending, considering different connector bar diameter PMMA correlated to bone diameter for use to type Ia ESF. For this, it was collected 24 swine humerus to make measurements of length, diameter, circumference and testing biomechanical. After the bars confected with 1.5 times the average diameter of the bone (group I), the same diameter bone (group II) and 0.5 times the diameter of the bone (group III). The results obtained, it was observed that the connector bars in group II were more resistant than the bones in the compression test. In the bending test, the bones resisted flexion strength when compared to group III. The group II was 4.3 times more resistant than Group III in the same mechanical test. The results allow a direction for making bars PMMA considering bone diameter as a reference.
Apesar do seu aspeto aparentemente inerte, os ossos são estruturas altamente dinâmicas, envolvidas em constante formação, reabsorção, reparação e manutenção da homeostasia. As fraturas ocorrem quando a carga aplicada sobre determinada região do tecido ósseo supera sua capacidade de resistência. A utilização de fixadores esqueléticos externos (FEE) é método de estabilização interna bastante frequente, no qual podem ser utilizadas barras conectoras de polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA) sem preocupação com o diâmetro. Tais barras podem quebrar se ficarem muito delgadas ou tornarem-se desconfortáveis quando volumosas e pesadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar, por meio de ensaio biomecânico de compressão axial e flexão, qual é o diâmetro mais adequado para a barra conectora de PMMA, correlacionado as dimensões da barra com o diâmetro ósseo para FEE tipo Ia. Para tanto, coletaram-se 24 úmeros suínos para a realização de medidas de comprimento, diâmetro, circunferência e os ensaios biomecânicos. Após, confeccionaram-se barras de 1,5 vezes a média do diâmetro ósseo (grupo I), do mesmo diâmetro (grupo II) e 0,5 vez o diâmetro ósseo (grupo III). Com os resultados obtidos ao comparar os valores dos ossos com os dos grupos II e III, verificou-se que as barras conectoras do grupo II mostraram-se mais resistente do que o tecido ósseo no ensaio de compressão. No ensaio de flexão, o osso foi mais resistente à força de flexão quando comparados ao grupo III. O grupo II foi 4,3 vezes mais resistente do que o grupo III nesse mesmo ensaio. O grupo I apresentou secagem incompleta, onde seu comportamento não foi similar com o restante dos grupos, por isso, não participou da estatística do trabalho. Os resultados permitem um direcionamento para confecção de barras de PMMA do mesmo diâmetro ósseo, sendo suficiente para sustentar sem quebrar um FEE tipo Ia.
Caquías, Daniela Fabiana Izquierdo. "Desenvolvimento e avaliação biomecânica da resistência à flexão de um novo modelo de osteossíntese em fêmur: pinos intramedulares múltiplos bloqueados." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10137/tde-09022011-110541/.
Full textCurrently, there are several methods of fixation used in the repair of femoral fractures in dogs, but some show complications in the technique, and others are not available daily in the professional activity of some veterinarians from Latin America. This study aimed the development of a new, simple model for bone fixation, based on the use of Steinmann and threaded pins, used as multiple locked intramedullary pins (MLIP), and biomechanically test the implants resistance to bending forces. Therefore, we used bilateral femurs of eight cadaveric dogs weighing between 15-25 kg, divided into two groups; in the first group multiple locked intramedullary pins were used in eight femurs, and in the second group, the control group, we used a single intramedullary pin (SIP) occupying between 40-42% of the intramedullary canal, of eight femurs. Both groups were subjected, in a four point device, to nondestructive testing to evaluate the resistance to flexion forces, with forces varying between 0 and 50 kg, and a speed of 5mm/minute. The results under the conditions presented in this study showed that technique locked multiple pins has a lower resistance to bending forces compared with the technique of single intramedullary pin.
Bó, Ísis dos Santos Dal. "Estudo biomecânico comparativo da resistência de segmentos ósseos de rádios de cães autoclavados ou desvitalizados em nitrogênio líquido." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10137/tde-12082015-173730/.
Full textThe present study aim to, biomechanically compare through the four points bending test, the strenght of autoclaved and devitalized in liquid nitrogen radius segments. 20 corpses of dogs (>2 years of age and >20 kg of weight) were used. 40 radius were collected and divided into 4 groups, Autoclave Group (GA), Control Autoclave Group (GCA), Nitrogen Group (NG) and Control Nitrogen Group (GCN). Bone segments from groups GCA and GCN were contralateral to GA and NG. The segments were autoclaved at 121ºC and 2 atm for 20 minutes. Nitrogen devitalization of the bone segments was obtained by 20 minutes immersion, followed by thawing at room temperature and 15 minutes immersion in 0,9% NaCL solution. The biomechanical strenght evaluation was performed in the four points bending test; afterwards, PMI computer program calculated the moment of inertia after the destructive biomechanical assay. Variables compared were maximum strength, stiffness, maximum high trough the transverse section of the bone segment, centers of mass dislocation in relation to x axe, arrow, stress-tension, stress-compression and maximum stress. No statistically significant differences between the GN and GCN groups were found. Statistically significant differences were found between groups GA and GCA only in the comparison of the maximum force variable. The analysis of variable stress-tension, stress-compression and maximum stress showed statistically significant differences between the GA and GN groups, with higher values for the GA group. Comparison of the deltas (GN least GCN and GA least GCA) that no statistical differences were observed was also performed.
Nina, Marcos Ishimoto Della. "Estudo biomecânico do comportamento de diferentes espessuras de capa de cimento ósseo em novo modelo de prótese modular diafisária femoral em cão submetidas a ensaio de torção." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10137/tde-23042009-095807/.
Full textThe feasibility of modular cemented prosthesis in the femoral diaphysis was demonstrated in dogs, but several authors report loosening of bone, cement and implant interface as a major complication. The objective of this study was to evaluate the stabilization of the prosthesis using different thicknesses of cement layer. For this study 48 femurs from 24 dogs weighing over 15 kilograms were used. They were separated in four groups, the first group with eight femurs used a cement mantle from 1.0 to 1.5 mm, the second group, with eight femurs, used a cement mantle from 2.0 to 2.5 mm and the third group, with eight femurs, used a cement layer from 3.0 to 3.5 mm. The femurs were submitted to destructive torsion tests where they were evaluated due to the values of torsional rigidity and maximum torque shown by the implant, bone and bone cement interface. In the fourth group were the remaining intact femurs, they were evaluated using the same torsion test used on the other groups. The results were that under the present conditions we found no biomechanical differences relative to torsional rigidity and maximum torque, using cement layers between 1 mm and 2.5 mm and between 2 mm and 3.5 mm. But we found biomechanical differences between groups of 1 mm to 1.5 mm and 3 mm to 3.5 mm.
Latorre, Carlos Adolfo Salazar. "Artrodese da articulação interfalangeana proximal de equinos: avaliação biomecânica comparativa da técnica com placa de compressão dinâmica de 4,5mm e três orifícios, com dois parafusos transarticulares oblíquos de 5,5mm e técnica com placa \"Y\" de compressão bloqueada de 5,0mm e sete orifícios." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10137/tde-22112013-122140/.
Full textLameness is the main cause of sport horses\' owners consulting equine veterinarians and one of the highest cause to send these animals to the reference hospitals. Long bones and joint fractures have the lesser rate of success, consequence of the hight cost of the treatment and poor prognosis. Understanding as success the return of the horse to previous athletic performance or at least to have useful life. The proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) is clinically important because the injuries that involve it may threaten the horses sport life or its usefulness. The objective of this study was to compare the biomechanical properties of two PIPJ arthrodesis techniques using 4.5mm dynamic compression plate (DCP) in conjunction with two oblique abaxial transarticular 5.5mm cortical screws inserted in lag fashion and 5.0mm Y locking compression plate (Y-LCP) with unicortical locking screws and one axial transarticular 4.5mm cortex screw inserted in lag fashion through the midle plate hole. It was used twelve cadaveric adult equine forelimbs from the first phalanx to the foot. After full-limb preparations, each forelimb pair was randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups. Constructs were submited to axial compression single cycle to failure biomechanical testing. The failure of the screws, plate or bone, and the force at wich it happened was evaluated. There were no significant differences in construct stiffness or max force when loaded to failure, between the DCP and Y-LCP treatment groups. Even though there was no construct stiffness diffrences between the two techniques, the Y-LCP technique provided the possibility of a less invasive procedure with a shorter surgical time. In conclusion, the biomechanical properties of both fixation techniques (DCP and Y-LCP) are equivalent under the test conditions used.
Barbosa, Leandro Kefalás. "Efeito de Mananoligossacarídeos sobre parâmetros densitométricos e biomecânicos de ratos em crescimento." Universidade do Oeste Paulista, 2015. http://bdtd.unoeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/727.
Full textThe objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of manann oligosaccharides (MOS) prebiotics on densitometry parameters of the femur by means of bone densitometry and biomechanical test in rats. 144 growing male rats were used, 23 days old, and 36.7 ± 0.6 grams of body weight were divided into 04 experimental groups (n = 36) and kept in individual cages during the experimental period of 56 days: Group Control (GC); Mos Group 1 (GM1); Mos Group 2 (GM2); and Group 3 Mos (GM3). Densitometric analysis and biomechanical testing of bone mineral content were conducted in four stages: 14, 28, 42 and 56 days after beginning the experiment. Simple linear regressions were adjusted data pairs situation, time of collection (every 14 days) and results of bone mineral content parameters (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD), area (A), energy, maximum strength and stiffness. The regressions set of treatments for each parameter were compared in pairs by the intercept and slope of the straight and revealed significant differences between treatments (P <0.0125) in the area parameters, energy absorbed to the maximum strength and maximum strength. The slope of the lines was higher in groups supplemented with MOS compared to the CG. MOS intake increased bone mineralization, which, in turn, increased the resistance to fracture of the femur in all the biomechanical properties and densitometric studied, perhaps due to an increase in the intestinal absorption of nutrients in rats. Given the beneficial results of this study with growing rats as experimental model, it is suggested that this functional food can be used as a food component enhancing bone health.
O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o efeito dos aditivos prebióticos do tipo mananoligossacarídeos (MOS) sobre os parâmetros densitométricos e biomecânicos, por meio da densitometria óssea e ensaio biomecânico, respectivamente, de fêmures de ratos. Foram utilizados 144 ratos machos em crescimento, com 23 dias de idade e 36,7 ± 0,6 gramas de massa corporal, divididos em 04 grupos experimentais (n=36) e mantidos em gaiolas individuais durante o período experimental de 56 dias: Grupo Controle (GC); Grupo MOS 1 (GM1); Grupo MOS 2 (GM2); e Grupo MOS 3 (GM3). A análise densitométrica e o ensaio biomecânico do conteúdo mineral ósseo foram realizadas em quatro momentos: 14, 28, 42 e 56 dias após o inicio do experimento. Foram ajustadas regressões lineares simples, situação de pares de dados, momento de coleta (a cada 14 dias) e resultados dos parâmetros do conteúdo mineral ósseo (CMO), densidade mineral óssea (DMO), área (A), energia, força máxima e rigidez. As regressões ajustadas dos tratamentos de cada parâmetro foram comparadas duas a duas pelos interceptos e inclinação das retas e revelaram diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos (P<0,0125) nos parâmetros área, energia absorvida até a força máxima e força máxima. A inclinação das retas foi maior nos grupos suplementados com MOS em relação ao GC. A ingestão de MOS resultou em uma maior mineralização óssea, o que, por sua vez, aumentou a resistência à fratura do fêmur em todas as propriedades biomecânicas e densitométricas estudadas, talvez devido a um aumento da absorção intestinal de nutrientes nos ratos. Diante dos benéficos resultados obtidos nesse estudo com ratos em crescimento, como modelo experimental, sugere-se que este alimento funcional possa ser utilizado como um componente alimentar intensificador da saúde óssea, particularmente nos dias de hoje, em que a expectativa de vida aumenta exponencialmente.
Ito, Kelly Cristiane. "Estudo biomecânico de tração (ex-vivo) em osteotomia da tuberosidade tibial de cães estabilizada com placa fixa por \"garfo\" ou parafuso." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10137/tde-22032013-130011/.
Full textTibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) is one of the techniques for treatment of cruciate ligament rupture in dogs developed by Montavon, Damur and Tepic (2002). The success of the technique in reducing or eliminating the forces of cranial tibial displacement in knees with ruptured cranial cruciate ligament as been documented in experimental and clinical studies. In the post-operative technique, implant failure is reported in 1-5% of hindlimbs operated. This number was attributed to technical error or the initial design of the implant that was considered insufficient. To compare the biomechanical strength between two different plates ATT and minimize the incidence of implant failures, biomechanical tests were performed on 10 pairs of hindlimbs cadaver dogs, the right hindlimb fixed plate and a fork in the left pelvic limbplate fixed by screws. As says were performed using a universal mechanical testing Kratos ® model 5002, equipped with a load cell of 3000N with a test speed of 20 mm / min. The strength parameter and graphs generated were recorded via analog acquisition system TRACOMP-W95 (TRCV61285). The mean load to failure was 128.70 kg/F (minimum 104.55 Kg and maximum 151.80 Kg/F) and 141.99 Kg/F (minimum 111.60 Kg/F and maximum 169.65 Kg/F) in the group using \"fork\" and screws respectively. The standard deviation of the groups \"fork\" and bolt was low, 12.99 and 17.21 respectively. Significant difference (p = 0.0309) between the means of the groups.
Frazão, Paulo José Riccio. "Estudo da correlação da densidade mineral óssea obtida pelo método de absorciometria radiográfica com a resistência óssea do terceiro metacarpiano de eqüinos submetido a ensaios biomecânicos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10137/tde-17112008-152015/.
Full textThe complete knowledge about non-invasive methods for early disgnostics in equine orthopedy is economicaly important. This experiment has studied the correlation between bone mineral density determined by radiographic absorptiometry and bone resistance of equine third metacarpal bone submitted to both compression and flexion testings. Thirty pairs of third metacarpal bone of adult horses were collected, dissected, radiographed, analysed by the radiographic absorptiometry technique, and submitted to tomographic study and biomechanical testings. The results have shown there is no significant correlation between radiographic bone density values and biomechanical properties of the third metacarpal bone. Therefore, it has been concluded bone mineral density of the third metacarpal bone determined by radiographic absorptiometry do not predict bone capacity to resist compression and flexion loads.
Moreira, Rodrigo Crispim. "Avaliação da resistência mecânica à compressão axial da poliuretana de mamona e quitosana associada a cimento de fosfato de cálcio no preenchimento de falhas ósseas do terceiro metacarpiano de equinos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10137/tde-11112014-150454/.
Full textAdult horses are heavy animals equipped with bones strong enough to support their body weight. High energy trauma is required to produce comminuted fractures, where bone loss may prevent proper fracture reduction and compromise osteosynthesis resistance and stability. In horses, aside from behavioural issues, low success rates associated with comminuted fracture resolution may be due to the complexity of such fractures or the low resistance of bone implants. Therefore, osteoconductive biomaterials with good mechanical resistance would potentially benefit treatment outcomes. This ex vivo study evaluated the biomechanical behaviour of two bone surrogate biomaterials in experimental third metacarpal fractures in horses. Thirty equine third metacarpal bone specimens were submitted to dorsal LCP (locking compression plate) osteosynthesis following creation of a transverse 1 cm wide middiaphiseal defect. Defects were filled either with Ricinus communis polyurethane or calcium phosphate cement-chitosan composite. Ten specimens were submitted to non-destructive biomechanical testing under 1000N maximum load; construct stiffness, construct deformation and isolated deformation of LCP and third metacarpal bone in different regions were evaluated. The remaining 20 specimens were submitted to destructive biomechanical testing; maximum load and deformation within the elastic limit, and to failure were documented. Bone defect repair with RCP or CPC-chitosan composite increased construct stiffness from 699,39N/mm to 2905.38N/mm and 4274.93N/mm and decreased construct deformation under 1000N from 1.73mm to 0,5mm and 0.35 respectively. LCP deformation under 1000N decreased from 2260.64d to 320.25µd and from 2260.64µd to 89.88d following filling of the bone defect with RCP or CPC-chitosan composite respectively. Bone deformation around the defect increased following treatment with RCP or CPC-chitosan composite. However bone deformation away from the defect remained unchanged. Maximum load within the elastic limit increased from 1008N to 8804N when the experimental defect was filled with chitosan composite. Conversely, construct deformation within the elastic limit decreased from 1.64mm to 1.26mm following treatment with RCP. Maximum load to construct failure increased from 1660N to 15187N and 11012N following bone defect repair with RCP or calcium phosphate cement-chitosan composite respectively. However, construct maximum deformation decreased from 5.4mm to 2.16mm when calcium phosphate cement-chitosan composite was used.
Dantas, Carolina Delmondes Freitas. "Avaliação da estabilidade primária de diferentes implantes, por meio de ensaios biomecânicos, análises radiográficas, tomográficas, histomorfométricas. Estudo in vitro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/58/58132/tde-26022018-151403/.
Full textThe primary stability, after implant installation, is an essential condition for the application of immediate loading, clinical situation increasingly desired by professionals and patients. The present study has the objective of evaluating the primary stability of five different implants installed in standard bone bases of swine bone and polyurethane blocks (in vitro models), through biomechanical tests and image analysis (microtomographic and histomorphometric). For the certification and standardization of the swine bone cylinders, digital radiographs were taken, determining bone cylinders of high and low density. After the certification, computerized microtomographies of the bone cylinders were performed for three-dimensional analysis of images prior to implant installation, evaluating the following parameters: Three-dimensional Bone Density (BV / TV); Trabecular Separation (Tb.Sp); Percent of Open Pore (Po.Op); Percent of Closed Pores (Po.Cl) and Percentage of Total Porosity (Po.Tot). These parameters were evaluated in four bone levels (N1 - internal to the threads of the implant to be installed, N2 - adjacent to the end of the threads up to 0.5 mm of these, N3 - distant 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm from the end of the threads ; N4 - bone area 0 to 0.5 mm from the apical of the implant). After that, 50 implants of 5 different models were divided into 5 groups with 10 implants each: Group 1 (G1): Xive Plus implants inserted into high (n = 5) and low density (n = 5) ; Group 2 (G2): Ankylos implants inserted into high (n = 5) and low density (n = 5) bone cylinders; Group 3 (G3): Bone Level implants inserted into bone cylinders of high (n = 5) and low density (n = 5); Group 4 (G4): AlvimCM implants inserted into high (n = 5) and low density (n = 5) bone cylinders; Group 5 (G5): DriveCM implants inserted into high (n = 5) and low density (n = 5) bone cylinders. The implantation of all implants followed the protocol recommended by the manufacturers, and the measurement of the insertion torque (IT) and soon after the analysis of Implantation Stability Coefficient (ISQ (evaluation by Frequency of Resonance - RFA)). After the implants were installed in the bone cylinders, they were submitted to a new three-dimensional analysis with the same parameters and bone levels. 50 blocks of high and low density (D1 and D3, respectively), and 50 implants were inserted individually into the blocks, using 10 of each and divided into 5 groups: Group 6 (G6): implants Xive Plus inserted in blocks of high density polyurethane - D1 (n = 5) and low density - D3 (n = 5); Group 7 (G7): Ankylos implants inserted in blocks of high density polyurethane - D1 (n = 5) and low density - D3 (n = 5); Group 8 (G8): Bone Level implants inserted in blocks of high density polyurethane - D1 (n = 5) and low density - D3 (n = 5); Group 9 (G9): AlvimCM implants inserted in blocks of high density polyurethane - D1 (n = 5) and low density - D3 (n = 5); Group 9 (G9): DriveCM implants inserted in blocks of high density polyurethane - D1 (n = 5) and low density - D3 (n = 5). After insertion of the implants, these were also analyzed with respect to the insertion torque, resonance frequency and through the pullout test. The biomechanical tests showed that the implants installed in G4 (AlvimCM) and G5 (DriveCM) had higher IT and RFA values in both porcine bone bases. In the polyurethane blocks, similar results were found between the bone bases for almost all implants in the IT and RFA tests, with a higher value in the pullout test for Bone Level (G8) implants. The results for all the parameters evaluated by MicroCT showed that the differences in the post-insertion and pre-insertion values of the implants revealed statistical significance mainly for G4 and G5 in relation to the other groups. The histomorphometric analysis showed higher Bone Compaction and Bone Implant (BIC) compaction values for G2, G4 and G5. For all the image analyzes a tendency of greater compaction was observed in N1, N2 and N4; in N3 there was no significant increase in bone post-insertion implant condensation. It was concluded that the AlvimCM and DriveCM implants showed better results in the biomechanical tests and in relation to the increase of the bone density around the implant, evaluated by the imaging methods, and that these results were correlated to the primary stability exhibited post-insertion. The histomorphometric results confirmed the results obtained by the microtomographic analysis, thus demonstrating the validity of the 3D image analysis method.
Cornélio, Silvio Sandro. "Efeito da associação de dieta hiperlipídica e hipoestrogenismo sobre a integridade óssea mandibular de ratas." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2010. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1502.
Full textIncreased life expectancy of women allows her to live many years after menopause. On the other hand, the western way of life has brought about an increased incidence of obesity and overweight to people. These two situations have attracted the interest of the scientific community, given the deleterious consequences that may occur with the body. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of estrogen deficiency associated with high-fat diet on the mandibular bone integrity of rats. Wistar young rats were previously evaluated by vaginal cytology and at 90 days old were divided into 4 groups: control (C4%), Control 19% fat diet (C19%), ovariectomized 4% (OVX4%), ovariectomized and 19% fat diet (OVX 19%). The experimental period started with castration (90 days old) followed by the implementation of high-fat diet for 30 days. At the end of this period, after anesthesia blood was collected for later analysis of serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase and estradiol. Mandibular bone, lumbar column L4 and femurs were removed and prepared for physical and biomechanical analysis. There were no differences in food intake, body length or in bone measurements of all groups. Serum calcium decreased significantly in ovariectomized groups. Phosphorus concentrations decreased and alkaline phosphatase increased in all experimental groups, compared to C4%. Among the physical parameters evaluated some differences were showed between the groups. At L4 vertebrae, the immersed and wet weights increased with castration and the high-fat diet, while the percentage of organic material and mineral decreased. In mnadibles, the immersed and wet weights and bone density increased with castration, but decrease with the combination of castration/fat diet. The bone volume and the percentage of water decreased with the intake of fat diet. No changes were observed in the femurs. In the ashes of mandibular bones the percentage of magnesium were significantly increased in all groups. But the calcium and phosphorus did not change. The biomechanical test of the L4 vertebra and femur were not significant differences between the groups. However, in mandibular bone, groups fed with high-fat diet had lower resistance to the applied voltage, compared to normal-fat diet groups. It was evident in these rats that the deficiency of sex steroids associated with high-fat diet negatively influences mandibular bone integrity.
Moreira, Rodrigo Crispim. "Estudo biomecânico do terceiro metacarpiano de eqüinos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10137/tde-22042009-100210/.
Full textBone properties determined by biomechanical testing are extremely important for both metallic implants and osteosyntesis protocols development. The objective of this study was determining the biomechanical properties of some different regions of third metacarpal bone submitted to compression and bending tensions, using thirty pairs divided into two groups, each group formed by one limb of each pair. During the three points bending test the dorsal surface of the entire bone was placed upon two cylindrical bases 150 mm far from each one, and load was applied in the mid point on the palmar aspect of the bone, 75 mm far from each cylindrical base, until bones failure. For the compression test samples of different bone regions were used. The mid diaphysis was used as samples (cp1), which its height was twice its latero-lateral thickness at the mid point of the bone length. All cp1 were submitted to proximo-distal compressive loads until it reached 4000kgf. Using a trefina the others samples were obtained from the fragments of bone not used for the cp1 confection. Two of them were collected from the trabecular portion of proximal (cp2) and distal (cp3) epiphysis, and the others from lateral (cp4L) and medial (cp4m) cortex region of diaphysis. All of them were submitted to proximo-distal compressive load until their failure. By the analysis of the results obtained was concluded that the medial cortex is more resistant to tensions and has greater elastic modulus than the medial cortex, at the diaphyseal region; the trabecular bone at the distal epiphysis has the same elastic modulus than at the proximal epiphysis, however its failures occurs at greater loads.
Santos, David Emanuel Coelho. "Controlo de uma máquina de ensaios de dispositivos biomecânicos." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/8233.
Full textO presente trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de uma plataforma de controlo distribu do e em tempo-real de uma m aquina servopenum atica com cinco eixos. A m aquina servopneum atica permite a realiza c~ao de ensaios que simulam as for cas e movimentos da articula c~ao patelo-femural, envolvendo o controlo de for ca e posi c~ao. O sistema e composto por um controlador recon gur avel CompactRIO e foi totalmente programado em LabVIEW. A plataforma de software foi estruturada de modo a assegurar ensaios de execu c~ao ininterrupta ao longo de v arias semanas e permitir a monitoriza c~ao e a aquisi c~ao de dados do sistema a controlar. Foram implementados controladores PID lineares e n~ao lineares e controladores baseados em l ogica difusa. E dada nesta disserta c~ao mais ^enfase aos controladores difusos, onde se averigua as suas potencialidades para moldar a contribui c~ao das componentes integral e derivativa do erro e o seu desempenho utilizando o erro como entrada. S~ao indicados os resultados relativos ao seguimento de v arias trajet orias. Os resultados experimentais mostram um desempenho superior por parte dos controladores difusos comparativamente ao desempenho do controlador PID.
The present thesis describes the development of a distributed and real-time controlled plataform of a servo-pneumatic machine with ve axes. The servopneumatic machine perform tests that simulate the forces and movements of the patella-femoral articulation, involving force and position control. The system is constituted by a recon gurable controller named CompactRIO and was totally programmed in LabVIEW. The software platform was structured in a way that test with uninterrupted execution is assured and the monitoring and data acquisition is possible. Linear PID controllers, nonlinear PID controllers and fuzzy logic controllers were implemented. In this thesis more emphasis is given to the fuzzy controllers, where its potential to tune the integral and the derivative components is tested as well its performance when the error is the input. The results of several waves responses are also presented. The experimental results show a better performance of the fuzzy controllers when compared with PID controller performance.
Palhano, Rudnei. "Análise mecânica e biomecânica de solados para calçados." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/79838.
Full textThe growing search for new materials, with low cost and to assist in human performance is a pursuit for researchers and for the footwear company. The footwear is no longer an accessory and is a protection for the musculoskeletal system, and the main more important characteristic is the comfort. The aim this study was to analyze and correlate the mechanical properties and biomechanics of shoes with different heel soles. In this study it is characterized, analyzed, and compared the mechanical properties, the vertical-force loading rate in different levels and the shoes vibration and tibia vibration during the gait with different in the heel sole. The tests were performed with a shoe with different materials heel soles. The materials used were EVA, PU, TPU, SBR and wood. The materials were characterized by hardness, density, energy absorbed, energy return, energy lost and stiffness. The biomechanical tests were used 11 subjects (males). Parameter were: vertical-force loading rate, impact peak, impulse, antero-posterior ground reaction force, shoes vibration, vibration loading rate, tibia vibration and transmissibility. The subjects walked at a walk at the speed of 5 km/h and used shoes randomly. The tests results showed differences in mechanical properties of materials and also for the vertical-force loading rate. There is no difference in the antero-posterior ground reaction peak and impulse in the shoes. But, there is statistic difference in the shoes vibration and vibration loading rate. Were found correlate between transmissibility and shoes vibration with mechanical properties.
Silva, Elaine Caetano. "Aspectos biomecânicos musculares relacionados à administração experimental de corticosteróide sistêmico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/82/82131/tde-01092003-105926/.
Full textThe aim of this study was to assess, using traction assays, the effects of the metabolic myopathy secondary to corticosteroids on biomechanical features of the diaphragm and the medial gastrocnemius muscles of rabbits. The study was composed of 30 albino adult rabbits of the New Zealand breed, which were divided into 2 groups of 15: Experimental Group (EG), which received subcutaneous injections of sodium succinate of 21 methil-prednisolone with doses of 2mg/Kg/day, and the Control Group (CG) which received subcutaneous Saline in proportional volumes. Both groups were treated during 21 consecutive days. The traction assays were performed by applying the Universal Machine of Assays from the Bioengenering Laboratory at the Medical School of Ribeirão Preto - USP. For the left hemi-diaphragm, 24 assays were performed, 12 for EG and 12 CG. Three animals from each group were excluded due to technical problems. For the left medial gastrocnemius, 30 assays were done, 15 for the EG and 15 for CG. The histoenzymologic analysis of both the hemi-diaphragm muscles and the right mild gastrocnemius were performed in three rabbits of the EG, and 3 of the CG. The final average weight for the animals in EG was 3,6Kg, and in the CG was 4,0Kg. The average percentage variation from the initial to the final weight for the EG was -8,4% and for the CG 3,1%. The final average weight of gastrocnemius was 5,1g in the EG and 7,0g in the CG. The average value of the area width and thickness of the EG was 2,4 x 10 -4 m 2, 21,7 mm and 5,4 mm, respectively, and for the CG 2,8 x 10-4 m 2, 24,1 mm and 6,7mm. In the diaphragms, the average values of the tension and deformity in the maximum threshold, tension and deformity at the proportional threshold and elasticity module in the EG compared to the CG, through the Student t Test and the Mann Whitney test, presented no significant statistical differences. In the gastrocnemius, average values of the maximum load, load and deformity within the threshold of proportions and stiffness in the EG compared to the CG, according to the Student t test, did not present a significant statistical difference. However, the average values of maximum deformity were 26,63 x10 -3 m in the EG and 32,33 x10-3 m in the GC, showing statistical significant difference between groups. Concerning the locations of the rupture in the EG, 9 were in the muscle belly, 2 in the miotendinous distal junction, and 4 in the origin; in the CG the rupture ocurred 8 times in the muscle belly , 5 in miotendinous distal junction and 2 in the origin. From a histopathological view, we have observed that metabolic myophaty was presented clearly evident in the diaphragms of the EG; there were slight metabolic alterations in the gastrocnemius of the EG, and there was an increase of the succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) and modified Gomori Trichrome in the diaphragms of the CG. In this manner, we conclude that: 1) The diaphragms didn´t show alterations of their biomechanical properties, in elastic and plastic phases, showing the same elongation capacity in both groups, with equal loads; 2) The medium gastrocnemius muscles, kept their biomechanical features and elongation capacity in elastic phase. However, the steroid treatment lead to a significant decrease of the elongation capacity in the plastic phase, with maximal loads similar to the control group; 3) It was not found a relationship between histological evidences of metabolic miopathy and changes in the biomechanical properties of the studied muscles.
Depra, Pedro Paulo. "Desenvolvimento de um laboratorio basico de biomecanica." [s.n.], 1998. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/274854.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Fisica
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Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo instrumentar a área de ensino dos cursos de graduação em Educação Física, desenvolvendo e propondo um laboratório básico de biomecânica, através de uma metodologia de ensino como ciência experimental. Através do laboratório, visa-se ao treinamento do profissional de Educação Física no método científico para a análise de fenômenos presentes na sua área de atuação, oferecendo exemplos de experimentos ligados à área da Biomecânica. O material produzido apresenta uma estrutura básica compreendida em dois capítulos, cujos conteúdos tratam do método científico, que é a postura crítica desejada do pesquisador frente aos fenômenos manifestados na sua área, e dos exemplos de aplicação do método científico, que são fenômenos ilustrativos possíveis de serem estudados em laboratório. Todos os experimentos foram montados, realizados e analisados. A seguir, foram aplicados na prática, trazendo ao laboratório um turma de alunos. Com isso, pôde-se descrever as características que contribuem para a aplicação prática do Laboratório Básico de Biomecânica: 1. a seleção de fenômenos inseridos no contexto da Educação Física para o desenvolvimento de experimentos; 2. o preparo extra-classe para a realização dos experimentos; 3. a participação assídua tanto do professor quanto do aluno nas atividades experimentais; 4. a avaliação contínua do aluno, através da correção dos relatórios desenvolvidos e através do atendimento individualizado por parte do professor em relação às dificuldades apresentadas e 5. a utilização do método científico como orientador das atividades laboratoriais
Abstract: The aim of this master's dissertation is to instrument the teaching of undergraduate courses in Physical Education by developing and proposing a basic laboratory of biomechanics through a teaching methodology regarded as experimental science. The laboratory aims at the training of the Physical Education professional in the scientific method for the analysis of phenomena present in his/her specific line of action by offering experimental examples in biomechanics. The basic material produced and discussed comprises two chapters which deal with the scientific method, which is the desired critical stance of the researcher in regard to the phenomena that occur in his/her line of action, and deal with the examples of scientific method application, which are illustrative phenomena feasible of being studied in laboratory. All the experiments were prepared, carried out, analyzed and practiced by students in the laboratory. The major characteristics that contribute to the applicability of the basic laboratory of biomechanics may be described as follows: 1. selection of phenomena inserted in the Physical Education context for carrying out experiments; 2. extra-classroom study for carrying out the experiments; 3. teacher's and student's assiduous participation in the experimental activities; 4. continuous evaluation of the student by the teacher, through reports monitoring and assisting in special difficulties; use of the scientific method as the guide for laboratory activities
Mestrado
Mestre em Educação Física
Marangoni, Antônio Carlos. "Projeto e desenvolvimento de uma máquina de ensaio de fadiga para corpos de prova de ossos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2001. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/82/82131/tde-12022016-161837/.
Full textA fatigue\'s testing machine (MEF) was built to be used in bone samples, with the purpose of giving aid and contribution to the study of bone tissue\'s behavior in a situation close to a real one, that is the dynamic behavior. Samples all with the same dimension taken from only one animal (an ox) were used. From those samples some were from the left shaft (diaphysis) and were submitted to 42.000 cycles in the fatigue\'s testing machine and after that submitted to bending test in the universal machine. Meanwhile, the right shinbone samples were submitted to bending tests without going through previous fatigue. Results were obtained from bone samples (also called CDPs) which went through fatigue and from those that didn\'t. The results showed that mechanical properties from the CDPs had a sensible variant rate, which then characterized how efficient the fatigue testing machine is. Besides, the MEF is capable of making tests with the values of amplitude of 0,5 mm and 1,0 mm, just by switching the eccentric by one of those which were already pre-fabricated.
Sartor, Cristina Dallemole. "Influência da intervenção cinesioterapêutica em tornozelo e pé na biomecânica da marcha de diabéticos neuropatas: um ensaio clínico randomizado." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5170/tde-01082013-145303/.
Full textThis study shows how the foot rollover process during gait of patients with diabetic polyneuropathy can be improved with exercises for foot and ankle, aiming at the recovery of the muscles and joints affected by the disease. A clinical trial randomized, parallel, one arm of crossover, with blind assessment was conducted. Fifty-five patients with diabetic polineuropathy were randomly allocated to the control group (n = 29) and intervention group (n = 26). The intervention was applied for 12 weeks, twice a week, for 40 to 60 minutes per session. The primary variables were defined as those that describe the foot rollover: plantar pressure in 6 plantar areas of interest. The secondary variables were kinetic and kinematics of the ankle in the sagittal plane were calculated, and the clinical measures of foot and ankle function (manual muscle function testing, functional testing), signs and symptoms of diabetic polyneuropathy, physical examination of the feet and balance and confidence test in gait activities. The time effects (baseline and 12 weeks), group effects (control and intervention groups) and interaction effects were calculated using casewise two factos ANOVAs, and for intragroup comparisons of intervention group (baseline, 12 weeks and 24 weeks) it was used ANOVAs for repeated measures. The nonparametric variables were compared between groups using Mann-Whitney tests and between periods of assessment using Wilcoxon test. We adopted an ? of 5% for statistical differences and the Cohen\'s d coefficient for description of the effect size. After 12 weeks ofexercises, there were positive changes in the foot rollover process. There was a softening of heel contact in initial contact, reflected by the increase in time to peak pressure and the pressure time integral. The midfoot increased its participation observed by the decrease in speed of displacement of the center of pressure and increased pressure time integral. The lateral forefoot contact was earlier relative to the medial forefoot, that occurred at the same time before intervention, observed by the early time to peak pressure of lateral forefoot after the intervention. The participation of the hallux and toes also increased (increase of pressure time integral and peak pressure), in a pathology that is marked by decreased contact of the hallux and development of claw toes, which reduces contact of the toes with the ground. CG showed some worsening in relation to muscle function and kinematic and kinetic parameters of the ankle, while the IG showed improvement in the function of many muscles groups, functional tests and peak extensor moment during the forefoot contact. The intervention protocol was constructed to allow the patient to incorporate exercise into their daily routine, but adherence to treatment should be studied and motivational strategies need to be applied, since most of the variables returned to baseline after the follow up period (12 weeks after the intervention). Preventive actions are critical to reducing the devastating complications of diabetic neuropathy
Silva, Danilo de Oliveira. "Entendendo a natureza biopsicossocial da dor femoropatelar : integração de fatores biomecânicos, clínicos e psicológicos /." Presidente Prudente, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/182291.
Full textCoorientador: Christian Barton
Coorientador: Fernando Henrique Magalhães
Banca: Ruben de Faria Negrão Filho
Banca: Gladson Ricardo Flor Bertolini
Banca: Carlos Marcelo Pastre
Banca: Fernando Amancio Aragão
Resumo: O tema central desta tese de doutorado é o estudo da dor femoropatelar (DFP). A DFP é caracterizada por dor na região anterior do joelho exacerbada por atividades que aumentam a sobrecarga da articulação femoropatelar. Por muitos anos as pesquisas relacionadas a DFP eram de caráter puramente biomecânico. Recentemente, com a propagação do modelo biopsicossocial começou-se a entender que outros aspectos clínicos e psicológicos também estão envolvidos nesta condição. Esta tese busca avançar no sentido de entender se há e como se dá a integração de fatores biomecânicos, clínicos e psicológicos no indivíduo com DFP. Para isso, sete estudos originais foram conduzidos com o objetivo geral de entender a natureza biopsicossocial da DFP por meio do estudo da integração de fatores biomecânicos, clínicos e psicológicos. Os estudos abordam especificamente os seguintes tópicos: (i) O primeiro estudo aborda as características biomecânicas de mulheres com DFP durante o gesto de subir escadas comparado a mulheres assintomáticas; (ii) O segundo estudo busca entender a influência da dor nas características biomecânicas de mulheres com DFP; (iii) O terceiro estudo aborda a influência da crepitação do joelho em características biomecânicas, clínicas e psicológicas de mulheres com DFP e mulheres assintomáticas; (iv) O quarto estudo é uma revisão sistemática investigando as características de processamento da dor em mulheres com DFP; (v) O quinto estudo aborda se mulheres com DFP apresentam maiores... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The main focus of this thesis was to investigate the biopsychosocial aspects of patellofemoral pain (PFP). PFP is characterized by anterior knee pain exacerbated by activities that overload the patellofemoral joint. For many years PFP-related research was purely biomechanical. Recently, with a greater focus on the biopsychosocial model, researchers and clinicians are trying to enhance their understanding on clinical and psychological aspects of PFP. This thesis aimed to advance in the understanding whether there is an integration of biomechanical, clinical and psychological factors in the individual with PFP. Seven original studies were conducted with the general aim of understanding the biopsychosocial nature of PFP investigating the integration among biomechanical, clinical and psychological factors. The studies specifically addressed the following topics: (i) The first study addresses biomechanical characteristics of women with PFP climbing stairs compared to asymptomatic women; (ii) The second study aims to understand the influence of pain on the biomechanics of women with PFP; (iii) The third study addresses the influence of knee crepitus on biomechanical, clinical and psychological aspects of women with PFP and asymptomatic women; (iv) The fourth study is a systematic review investigating the pain processing characteristics in women with PFP; (v) The fifth study addresses whether women with PFP have higher levels of kinesiophobia and catastrophic pain compared to asympt... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
Pessan, Valdir José de Oliveira. "Ensaio de flexão em três pontos nas faces anterior e posterior de fêmures de ratas, em duas fases diferentes de crescimento." Universidade de São Paulo, 1996. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/82/82131/tde-17102017-120659/.
Full textThe mechanical behavior of mature and immature rat femora was analyzed with forces applied either to the concave or to convex surfaces of the diaphysis. The animal age was 25 or 79 days of age. Eighty animais were randomly distributed in four groups according to the age and the tested surface. The tests were in flexion and performed at roam temperature after a 30 day period of freezing at -20° Centigrades. From the curves flexion x deformation the following parameters were obtained: ultimate tension, modulus of elasticity, tension at the yield limit and the absorbed energy in the elastic phase. The data showed that the nearly matured rats have stronger banes as tested in flexion but when the strength was compared for each group with forces applied either to the concave or the convex surface no statistical differences were found between them. lt was postulated that an arrangement of the bane internai architecture may compensate for a theoretical expected difference in bane strength when the force of flexion was applied on the opposite surfaces.
Nogueira, Wellington de Lima. "Ensaio mecânico e validação experimental por análise pelo método dos elementos finitos 3D de imagem óssea obtida por tomografia computadorizada /." Araçatuba, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/155961.
Full textBanca: Aldiéris Alves Pesqueira
Banca: Pedro Yoshito Noritomi
Resumo: O objetivo desse estudo foi comparar os resultados de rigidez do ensaio mecânico de compressão axial com a rigidez da análise por elementos Finitos (FEA), gerar modelos biomecânicos que apresentem com precisão a geometria tridimensional do osso e realizar análise pelo Método dos Elementos Finitos propondo uma metodologia para a simulação computacional mecânica de estruturas ósseas de peças de fêmures e tíbias de coelhos cadáveres. Previamente ao ensaio mecânico de compressão, fez-se uma análise mecânica da estrutura óssea, reconstruindo 20 modelos a partir de tomografia computadorizada utilizando o software de processamento de imagem ScanIP. Em seguida, foi realizada a análise mecânica de rigidez da estrutura óssea simulada pelo método dos elementos finitos 3D no software Ansys. Após construção da malha de elementos finitos, ensaios mecânicos de compressão axial foram realizados nas amostras e seus resultados de rigidez foram então comparados com os resultados de rigidez do modelo biomecânico. Nessa comparação o menor desvio apresentado foi de 0,02% e o maior desvio foi de 8,68%. A diferença entre a média da rigidez extrínseca dos ensaios foi de 1,07%. A média dos resultados para a rigidez intrínseca dos modelos biomecânicos obtidas do pós processamento foi 25258,63 N⁄mm. Concluiu-se que o uso dessa metodologia nos permitiu uma validação experimental do método dos elementos finitos aplicados à biomecânica das amostras testadas. Além disso, foi possível predizer o comportament... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the stiffness results of the axial compression mechanical test with the FEA stiffness, to generate biomechanical models that accurately present the three- dimensional bone geometry and to perform analysis by the Finite Element Method proposing a methodology for the mechanical computational simulation of bony structures using parts of femurs and tibiae from rabbits that were healthy. Prior to mechanical compression testing, it was made a mechanical analysis of the bone structure, rebuilding 20 models from computed tomography using image processing software ScanIP. Then, it was performed mechanical analysis of stiffness of the simulated bone structure by the 3D finite element method in Ansys software. After finite element mesh construction, axial compression tests were performed on the samples and their stiffness results were compared with the stiffness results of the biomechanical model. In this comparison, the lowest deviation was 0,02% and the highest deviation was 8,68%. The difference between the mean extrinsic stiffness of the tests was 1.07%. The average of the results for the intrinsic rigidity of the biomechanical models obtained from the post-processing was 25258,63 N⁄mm. It was concluded that the use of this methodology enabled experimental validation of finite element method applied to biomechanics. Moreover, it was possible to predict the behavior of the bone because the accuracy of the analysis is better the more the biomechani... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
Nogueira, Wellington de Lima [UNESP]. "Ensaio mecânico e validação experimental por análise pelo método dos elementos finitos 3D de imagem óssea obtida por tomografia computadorizada." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/155961.
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Outra
O objetivo desse estudo foi comparar os resultados de rigidez do ensaio mecânico de compressão axial com a rigidez da análise por elementos Finitos (FEA), gerar modelos biomecânicos que apresentem com precisão a geometria tridimensional do osso e realizar análise pelo Método dos Elementos Finitos propondo uma metodologia para a simulação computacional mecânica de estruturas ósseas de peças de fêmures e tíbias de coelhos cadáveres. Previamente ao ensaio mecânico de compressão, fez-se uma análise mecânica da estrutura óssea, reconstruindo 20 modelos a partir de tomografia computadorizada utilizando o software de processamento de imagem ScanIP. Em seguida, foi realizada a análise mecânica de rigidez da estrutura óssea simulada pelo método dos elementos finitos 3D no software Ansys. Após construção da malha de elementos finitos, ensaios mecânicos de compressão axial foram realizados nas amostras e seus resultados de rigidez foram então comparados com os resultados de rigidez do modelo biomecânico. Nessa comparação o menor desvio apresentado foi de 0,02% e o maior desvio foi de 8,68%. A diferença entre a média da rigidez extrínseca dos ensaios foi de 1,07%. A média dos resultados para a rigidez intrínseca dos modelos biomecânicos obtidas do pós processamento foi 25258,63 N⁄mm. Concluiu-se que o uso dessa metodologia nos permitiu uma validação experimental do método dos elementos finitos aplicados à biomecânica das amostras testadas. Além disso, foi possível predizer o comportamento do osso visto que a precisão da análise é melhor quanto mais o modelo biomecânico se aproxima da estrutura real.
The aim of this study was to compare the stiffness results of the axial compression mechanical test with the FEA stiffness, to generate biomechanical models that accurately present the three- dimensional bone geometry and to perform analysis by the Finite Element Method proposing a methodology for the mechanical computational simulation of bony structures using parts of femurs and tibiae from rabbits that were healthy. Prior to mechanical compression testing, it was made a mechanical analysis of the bone structure, rebuilding 20 models from computed tomography using image processing software ScanIP. Then, it was performed mechanical analysis of stiffness of the simulated bone structure by the 3D finite element method in Ansys software. After finite element mesh construction, axial compression tests were performed on the samples and their stiffness results were compared with the stiffness results of the biomechanical model. In this comparison, the lowest deviation was 0,02% and the highest deviation was 8,68%. The difference between the mean extrinsic stiffness of the tests was 1.07%. The average of the results for the intrinsic rigidity of the biomechanical models obtained from the post-processing was 25258,63 N⁄mm. It was concluded that the use of this methodology enabled experimental validation of finite element method applied to biomechanics. Moreover, it was possible to predict the behavior of the bone because the accuracy of the analysis is better the more the biomechanical model approaches the actual structure.
Vicentini, Carolina Rubio [UNESP]. "Análise densitométrica, histomorfométrica e biomecânica em fêmures de ratos submetidos à ausência de carga e atividade física em esteira." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/92189.
Full textFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Diversas situações provocam alterações significativas na estrutura óssea, tais como a permanência de astronautas no espaço, imobilizações ortopédicas e permanência prolongada de pacientes em leito. A atividade física é contra medida para a recuperação dessas alterações causadas no sistema ósseo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da suspensão, do treinamento físico e da movimentação livre, através de análises biomecânicas, densitométricas e histomorfométricas em terço médio de fêmures de ratos. Foram utilizados setenta e cinco ratos machos, distribuídos em cinco grupos experimentais. Destes, dois utilizados como controle CI (21 dias) e CII (42 dias) e três suspensos por 21 dias. Dos suspensos um foi sacrificado logo após a suspensão, S, outro foi submetido a período de atividade física em esteira por 21 dias, SE, e o terceiro à movimentação livre por 21 dias, SL. A análise biomecânica não expressou diferenças significativas nos grupos SE e SL em nenhum dos parâmetros analisados (Força Máxima, Rigidez e Resiliência), já o grupo S apresentou redução significativas em todas as propriedades mecânicas estudadas. Na análise de densidade óssea, pelo Principio de Arquimedes, encontrou-se diferença significativa entre o grupo S e CI e em relação aos grupos SE e SL. Ocorreu diferença entre o grupo SE e SL. Na densidade óssea, pela Densitometria Radiográfica, o grupo S diferiu do CI, SE e SL e não ocorreu diferença entre os grupos SE e SL. A espessura óssea compacta pela análise histomorfométrica não sugeriu diferença significativa entre os grupos analisados. A suspensão de ratos pela cauda provocou reduções importantes nos valores de propriedades mecânicas e densitométricas do osso, o treinamento físico em esteira foi mais eficiente que a movimentação livre apenas na variável de densidade óssea pelo Princípio de Arquimedes.
Different situations provoke significant alterations in bone structure. The permanence of astronauts in the space, orthopedics immobilizations and drawn out permanence of patients in stream bed. The physical activity is against measure for the recovery of these alterations caused in the bone system. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the suspension, the physical training and the released movement, through biomechanical, densitometry and histomorphometry analyses in mid third of femurs of rats. Seventy-five male rats were used, distributed in five experimental groups. Of these, two were used as control CI (21 days) and CII (42 days) three were suspended by 21 days. One of the suspended groups, S, was sacrificed soon after suspension, other one was submitted to 21 days treadmill physical exercise, SE, and the third group was submitted to 21 days released walking, SL. The biomechanical analysis did not express significant differences in SE and SL groups in none of the analyzed parameters (Maximum Force, Rigidity and Resilience), the S group presented significant reduction in all the mechanical properties analyzed. In the bone density analysis by Archimedes method, significant difference between group S and CI and in relation to groups SE and SL were found. Differences between group SE and SL occurred. In bone density, by Radiographic Densitometry, group S differed from the CI, SE and SL and did not occur difference between SE and SL groups. The histomorphometry analyses had not suggested significant differences between the analyzed groups. The suspension of rats by the tail provoked important reductions in the values of mechanical properties and densitometry of the bone tissue, the treadmill physical training was more efficient than the released walking only in the variable of bone density by Archimedes Method.
Campello, Tiago Nunes. "Prótese para substituição total de disco intervertebral: desenvolvimento de modelo computacional, análise por elementos finitos e ensaios experimentais." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/3313.
Full textThe spinal arthroplasty is an alternative for the problems of degeneration disc disease that, to each day, is more frequently used. However, arthrodesis is still the most used technique as solution for problems related to the degeneration disc disease, exactly that current clinical research demonstrates that the obtained results with the application of this technique are not satisfactory in the medium and long period [18]. In Brazil, the application of arthroplasty techniques is restricted, mainly when we speak of surgeries in patients who are part of the poor population, therefore the existing prostheses in the market are mattered and they have high prices. Therefore, in the current work was developed a total disc replacement prosthesis, with objective to become viable its manufacture with national technology to reduce costs and consequently the final prices. The methodology of development of this work was initiated with the computer aided project, being basic the analysis for finite elements of the computational model of prosthesis. During the virtual simulations, static testings of axial compression and compression/shear were carried through, where it was observed that prosthesis presented mechanical resistance above the necessary one for the intended use. These assays have demonstrated the viability of the manufacture of samples for the accomplishment of the experimental assays of static axial compression. In turn, the experimental assays have presented a good standard of repeatability between the different samples, having denoted the quality of the works, as well as gotten the geometric and dimensional uniformity in the manufacture of the samples. The experimental assays have presented near results to the ones found in the computational simulations, becoming possible to validate the works carried through for finite elements, and confirming that developed prosthesis possess mechanical resistance above of the necessary.
A artroplastia de coluna vertebral vem se consolidando a cada dia, como uma alternativa para os problemas de degeneração de disco intervertebral de coluna. Porém, a artrodese ainda é a técnica mais utilizada como solução para problemas relacionados à degeneração de disco intervertebral de coluna, mesmo que pesquisas clínicas atuais demonstrem que os resultados obtidos com a aplicação desta técnica não são satisfatórios a médio e longo prazo [18]. No Brasil, a aplicação de técnicas de artroplastia ainda é muito restrita, principalmente quando se trata de cirurgias em pacientes que fazem parte da população de classe baixa e média, pois as próteses para artroplastia existentes no mercado são importadas e possuem altos preços. Por isso, realizou-se o desenvolvimento de uma prótese para substituição total de disco intervertebral, com objetivo de, utilizando tecnologia nacional, tornar a sua fabricação viável, e, consequentemente, com custos reduzidos. A metodologia de desenvolvimento deste trabalho iniciou-se com o projeto assistido por computador, sendo fundamental a análise por elementos finitos do modelo computacional da prótese. Durante as simulações virtuais, foram realizados ensaios estáticos de compressão axial e compressão/cisalhamento, onde se observou que a prótese apresentou resultados de resistência mecânica acima do necessário para o uso pretendido. Estes ensaios demonstraram a viabilidade da fabricação de amostras para a realização dos ensaios experimentais de compressão axial estática. Por sua vez, os ensaios experimentais apresentaram um bom padrão de repetibilidade entre as diferentes amostras, denotando a qualidade dos trabalhos realizados, bem como a uniformidade geométrica e dimensional obtida na fabricação das amostras. Os ensaios experimentais apresentaram resultados muito próximos aos encontrados nas simulações computacionais, tornando-se possível validar trabalhos realizados por elementos finitos, e confirmando que a prótese desenvolvida possui resistência mecânica acima do necessário.
Cazon, Renato Alves. "Ensaio mecânico de compressão axial e flexão em três pontos em complexo tíbio-fibular de ratos adultos jovens." Universidade de São Paulo, 1999. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/82/82131/tde-24102017-122542/.
Full textThis study was conducted to investigate the contribution of the fibula to the mechanical resistance of the tibiofibular complex in the rat (both banes are fused distally). Twenty adult wistar rats were used as donor animals of twenty paired tibias. For each pair of bones in one side the fibula was excited and in the other side it was maintained. In a test machine the mechanical tests were done in three flexion and axial compression. The results were plotted either in load x deformation or load x deflection graphs the following parameters were analysed: ultimate load, ultimate deformation and rigidity. It was concluded that the fibula does not increase the mechanical strength of the tibiofibular complex, but it may play a role as an anchorage for the muscles that act on the foot.
Cavalcanti, Renato Albuquerque de Oliveira. "Estudo biomecânico comparativo entre novo sistema de bloqueio (PAX) e sistema convencional de bloqueio (Synthes) em ensaios de arrancamento e teste de quatro pontos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10137/tde-13082015-171413/.
Full textThe materials used in osteosynthesis constantly technological advances. One of the most recent devices is called the locking plate, its main indications are fractures with a high degree of comminution, fractures which do not require anatomical reduction, osteopenic bones, for example, affected by osteoporosis, among others. Currently new locking plate designs are being developed, where the screw interface and the plate are made by deformation of the hole, with the installation of the advantage screw at various angles. This study aims to compared the difference between the two types of interface screw - plate but also perform four-point test comparing the new locking system with the conventional system lock. Pullout tests conducted with conventional locking system (Synthes) and the new locking system (PAX) by screws 2.0mm; 2.4mm; 2.7mm and 3.5mm. In all groups tested the conventional system of blockade was stronger and showed a statistically significant difference, Mann-Witney test (p <0.05). P values were obtained: System 2.0mm P = 0.008; system 2.4 mm p = 0.008; System 2.7 mm p = 0.016; system 3.5 mm p = 0.008. In test points 4 used 20 Synthes plate mark (conventional blocking system) and 20 brand PAX (new locking system), the conventional locking system again showed a significant difference resistant. P values were obtained: System 2.0mm P = 0.008; system 2.4 mm p = 0.008; system 2.7 mm p = 0.008; system 3.5 mm p = 0.008. It follows that the conventional locking system has proved much more resistant peel test as in the four point bending test.
Rocha, Thiago André Salvitti de Sá. "Análise biomecânica óssea e tendínea de cadáveres de cães preparados quimicamente visando ao ensino e pesquisa da ortopedia veterinária /." Jaboticabal, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/192895.
Full textResumo: Para que não ocorra deterioração dos tecidos, as peças anatômicas devem ser fixadas, mantendo os tecidos firmes e protegidos. O formaldeído é o fixador e conservante mais utilizado, porém extremamente tóxico. Estudos atuais visam utilizar soluções alternativas ao formaldeído, e empregam a glicerina, solução de Larssen, de Larssen modificada, de Laskowski, entre outras, visando ao ensino. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar por meio de ensaio biomecânico, a fixação de cadáveres de cães com solução de álcool glicerinado e de sal de cura para utilização no ensino e pesquisa da ortopedia veterinária. Foram estabelecidos 5 grupos (10 animais cada): G0 (controle/fresco) G30 (30 dias de conservação), G60 (60 dias conservação), G90 (90 dias conservação) e G120 (120 dias conservação). Exceto o G0, todos os demais grupos foram conservados sob refrigeração após a fixação. Foram avaliados ambos antímeros do úmero, rádio, ulna, fêmur e tíbia por meio de ensaio biomecânico de cisalhamento em três pontos e teste de tração do tendão calcâneo comum, além de avaliação qualitativa da coloração da medula óssea, visando identificar qual grupo apresentava qualidade tecidual mais próxima ao G0. A análise estatística das médias da força máxima de ruptura dos ossos longos e tendão calcâneo comum não apresentou diferença significativa, evidenciando ausência de alteração na qualidade tecidual durante quatro meses de conservação. A análise estatística dos dados qualitativos demonstrou tempo de cons... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: In order to avoid tissue deterioration, anatomical specimens must be fixed, because this keeps tissues firm and protected. Formaldehyde is the most commonly fixative and preservative solution used, but it is harmful to health. Current studies apply alternative solutions to formaldehyde and use glycerin, the Larssen solution, the modified Larssen solution, the Laskowski´s, among others for the teaching. The aim of this research was to analyze the fixation of dogs´ corpses with glycerinated alcohol and curing salt for the veterinary orthopedic teaching. Five groups were established (10 animals each): G0 (control/fresh), G30 (30 days of conservation) G60 (60 days), G90 (90 days), G120 (120 days). Both antimere of humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia and the common calcaneal tendon were analyzed by 3-point shear biomechanical assay, traction test, besides qualitative evaluation of bone marrow staining, aiming identification of the group with best tissue quality and close to G0. The maximum rupture force in long bones and the common calcaneus tendon did not present significant difference, demonstrating there was no tissue alteration during conservation (four months). The qualitative data demonstrated a 30 to 60 day-time as the ideal for conservation of bone marrow. The anatomical technique applied did satisfy the conservation, with no significant changes in long bones´ and common calcaneus tendon´s biomechanical properties for a considerable time (up to four months), besides a sati... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
Belmont, Rachel Saraiva. "A Aprendizagem Significativa da Biomecânica e da Análise Qualitativa do Movimento por professores de Educação Física." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ, 2015. https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/13178.
Full textA Biomecânica é uma disciplina de natureza interdisciplinar, comumente percebida como de difícil compreensão pelos estudantes e parece ser pouco utilizada por professores de Educação Física. Assumindo este conhecimento como essencial para a prática deste profissional, o presente estudo, de abordagem qualitativa e do tipo pesquisa intervenção, foi subsidiado principalmente pela Teoria da Aprendizagem Significativa e teve como objetivo compreender o processo de aprendizagem significativa dos conceitos centrais da Biomecânica por professores de Educação Física que atuam na Educação Básica. Para isso, foram oferecidos dois cursos de extensão na Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro. O primeiro foi oferecido com frequência semanal e o segundo, no formato concentrado de uma semana. As intervenções foram planejadas, desenvolvidas e avaliadas à luz do referencial teórico assumido. Os registros foram variados e obtidos por meio das fichas de inscrição, notas de campo, testes, atividades escritas, gravações em áudio das entrevistas, das aulas e dos trabalhos em grupo desenvolvidos pelos alunos. Além destes, foi solicitado aos alunos que respondessem um questionário on-line enviado quatro meses após o término de cada curso. O conjunto dos dados produzidos, a partir dos registros obtidos, compôs a descrição interpretativa do processo de ensino e a avaliação da aprendizagem dos alunos. Os dados foram categorizados por meio da Análise de Conteúdo, conforme a natureza dos mesmos Os resultados sugerem que embora o conhecimento dos alunos, de ambos os cursos, tenha evoluído, seria necessário mais tempo em contato com o conteúdo para que fossem estabelecidas relações conceituais que os permitissem interpretar os fenômenos trabalhados com mais propriedade. Conhecimentos prévios ausentes, alternativos ou errôneos, memória afetiva negativa relacionada à Física e/ ou à Biomecânica desenvolvida ao longo da formação dos alunos, podem ter dificultado a captação de significados e a posterior aprendizagem significativa das ideias discutidas. O modelo de Análise Qualitativa do Movimento utilizado, embora correspondesse a parte do conteúdo dos cursos, se mostrou como boa estratégia para o ensino da Biomecânica qualitativa e como instrumento de avaliação dos professores. Os cursos atenderam os objetivos pois favoreceram as negociações de significados dos conceitos entre os estudantes e destes com a professora, oferecerem situações diversas nas quais os alunos pensaram os mesmos conceitos em diferentes contextos, além de promoverem a sensibilização dos participantes para a importância da Biomecânica no ensino da Educação Física escolar e para a formação permanente. Este estudo contribuiu para o aumento do conhecimento sobre o processo de ensino e de aprendizagem da Biomecânica, assim como sobre a formação do profissional de Educação Física e a prática de ensino e investigação fundamentada na Teoria da Aprendizagem Significativa
Biomechanics is a discipline characterized by its interdisciplinary nature and students perception of it’s difficulty. It is well known that Physical Education profession a ls also have difficulties applying biomechanical concepts in their daily teaching practice . As biomechanical knowledge is essential to the teaching of motor skills, the aim of this qualittative study was understad the biomechanical meaning f ull earning process of Physical Education teachers who work a t p re-college education. The records were obt a ined from registration forms, researcher’ s field notes, tests , written activities, audio recordings of interviews of classes, and group works developed by theteac her s. In addition, teachers were a sked to answer an online questionnaires entafterthe end ofeach course . The data we’re categorized according to the nature of the records using content analysis to document the teacher’s learning process. Our findings suggest that although teacher’s knowledge of biomechanical concepts improved after both courses, more tim e would be necessary to establish the conceptual relationships that would allow them to apply the s elected biomechanical phenomena with assurance. Many fac tors could have contributed to hinder meaning full earning concepts such as missing or erroneous prior knowledge and negative affective memory related to Physics and/or Biomechanics developed during the teachers’ previous education. The choice for qualitative analysis of movement appeared to be a good strategy for teaching qualitative biomechanical concepts and evaluating teachers’ application of that knowledge. The two courses seemed to have achieved its go a ls because they triggered and stimulated concept meanings negotiations among students and between them and the professor, and also offered a variety of situations in which the teachers applied the same concepts in different contexts. In addition, the co urses raised teacher’ s awareness of the import ance of Biomechanic s in Physical Education teaching and continuing education. This study contributed to knowledge about the processes of teaching and learning Biomechanics in continuing education, as well as the professional tra ining of Physical Education professionals according to the Meaningfull Learning Theory
Rolo, Délio João Santos. "Monitorização e controlo de uma máquina de ensaios servo-pneumática." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/3920.
Full textO presente trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de uma plataforma de software distribuída para o controlo de uma máquina servopneumática de realização de ensaios de desgaste à componente acetebular da prótese da anca, de acordo com as exigências funcionais da norma ISO 14242-1. O sistema é constituído por quatro graus de liberdade, três eixos de posição rotativa e um eixo de carga axial. Foi utilizado um controlador em tempo real CompactRIO®, onde toda a programação foi feita em LabVIEW e onde foram aplicadas técnicas de controlo não linear, nomeadamente o controlo baseado em lógica difusa. Atingiram-se erros inferiores a 3º nos eixos de controlo de posição no seguimento especificado na trajectória da norma. Em relação ao eixo de controlo de força, não se conseguiram cumprir os requisitos funcionais da norma.
This thesis discribes the development of a distributed software platform to perform wear tests on acetebular hip joint prosthesis in a servopneumatic machine, according with the requirements of the normative reference ISO 14242-1. This system has four degrees of freedom: three rotatives and one for axial loads. All axis are controled by a real time controller CompactRIO® where all the programs layers were developed with LabVIEW. It was used nonlinear control tecniques, namely fuzzy logic control. Erros lower than 3º were reached in positional control which is the requirement for the normative reference. In force control wasn’t achieved that target.
Batista, Luís Alberto. "O conhecimento aplicado-a efetiva utilização do conhecimento contido no campo da biomecânica, nos processos de ensino de habilidades motoras desportivas." Phd thesis, Instituições portuguesas -- UP-Universidade do Porto -- -Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e de Educação Física, 1996. http://dited.bn.pt:80/30030.
Full textDantas, Carolina Delmondes Freitas. "Avaliação da estabilidade primária de dois tipos de implantes instalados em modelos ósseos suínos padronizados, utilizando ensaios biomecânicos e micro-CT. Estudo piloto in vitro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/58/58132/tde-04072012-093332/.
Full textThis study comparatively evaluated the primary stability of two different implants, placed in standardized porcine bone cylinders of high and low density, analyzing 3D images (computerized micro tomography - micro-CT), insertion torque and pullout strength test. Bone cylinders were prepared from porcine bone and separated into 2 groups: cylinders removed from femur head (high density bone - HDB), and cylinders removed from mandibular condyle (low density bone - LDB). The bone cylinders were previously certificated to guarantee intra-groups standardization and between groups discrimination. Then, 3D analysis evaluated the following tomographic parameters of bone cylinders: Tridimensional bone density (BV/TV), Trabecular Separation (Tb.Sp); Percentage of closed pores (POcl); Percentage of open pores (POop); Percentage of total porosity (POtot). These parameters were evaluated in 3 bone levels (L1 - bone volume internal to the threads; L2 - immediately adjacent to the end of threads until 0.5 mm; L3 - 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm distant to the end of threads). Twenty implants (TitaniumFix®) from two different models were divided in 4 groups (5 implants each): Group 1 (G1) - e-Fix HE implant placed in HDB cylinder; Group 2 (G2) - e-Fix HE implant placed in LDB cylinder; Group 3 (G3) - e-Fix HE Silver implant placed in HDB cylinder; Group 4 (G4) - e-Fix HE Silver implant placed in LDB cylinder. During implant placement the insertion torque was recorded. Following implant installation, bone cylinders were evaluated by micro-CT, as previously described. After that, pullout strength test was performed. The results of 3D analysis showed pre- and post-implants intra-groups statistically significant differences for G3 and G4, in all evaluation levels and for all tomographic parameters. The analysis of L3 showed a significant decrease from pre to post-implant situation in BV/TV and PO.op for G1, G3 and G4. Group 3 showed the higher values for insertion torque and pullout strength test (for all analysis, Friedman Test, p<0.05). It was concluded that this methodology can produce standardized bone cylinders of high and low bone density, e-Fix Silver implants showed better results in biomechanical assays, and different implant designs can promote diverse effects, modifying the bone structure .
Monteiro, Elren Passos. "Efeitos do treinamento da caminhada nórdica e da caminhada livre sobre parâmetros clínico-funcionais e biomecânicos de pessoas com doença de parkinson : ensaino clínico randomizado." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/153257.
Full textIntroduction: Changes in clinical, functional and biomechanical parameters of gait are remarkable features in Parkinson's disease (PD). Such changes are disabling for the performance of daily living activities (DLAs) as they represent a high risk of falls and impair quality of life (QL) in this population. Although exercise is recommended as an effective model of therapeutic intervention, to minimize the symptoms of this disease, little is known about the effects of Nordic walking on motor and non-motor symptoms in patients with PD. Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of a Nordic and free walking training program on clinical, functional and biomechanical parameters of gait, in people with PD. Experimental Design: Randomized controlled clinical trial (RCT). Study Site: Physical Education School of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and the Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre, in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Methods: The sample comprised 33 participants, aged above 50 years, of both sexes, with a clinical diagnosis of idiopathic PD, with the staging of 1-4 in the Hoehn and Yahr scale (H&Y). The participants received two types of intervention: Nordic walking training program (NW, n = 16) and free walking training program (FW, n = 17), during six weeks. Aiming to evaluate the effects of the training program, the participants underwent the tests in the following period: pre-training + prefamiliarization (T1); post-familiarization + pre-training (T2); post-training (T3). Outcomes of Study A: Motor symptoms: Staging and severity of PD, balance, walking functional mobility, self selected walking velocity, and rehabilitation index. Non-Motor symptoms: Cognitive function, depressive symptoms and QL. Outcomes of Study B: Kinematic parameters (spatiotemporal and dynamic stability of walking) and neuromuscular parameters (amplitude of the EMG signal, initial and final activation threshold, activation time and co-contraction index, of the following muscles: Vastus Lateralis (VL), Biceps Femoris (BF), Tibialis Anterior (TA), Gastrocnemius Medialis (GM). Statistical Analysis: Sample characteristics, at baseline, were compared by applying the One Way ANOVA. Outcomes were analyzed using the Generalized Estimates Equations (GEE), to compare groups (NW and FW) and moments (T1, T2 and T3). The Bonferroni post-hoc was used to identify differences between effects and interactions. Data were presented in a “model-based adjusted means”, and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, v.20.0) software. A significance level of α=0.05, was adopted. Results: The intervention proposed in this study provided a significant beneficial effect after the training period, for all ICF domains (body function and structure, activity, and social and environmental relations). Regarding study A, for motor symptoms outcomes, there was a reduction in UPDRS III (p < 0,001), increase in EEB scores (p < 0,035), increase in walking functional mobility through TUGVAS reduction (p < 0,001), as well as TUGVR (p < 0,001), VAS (p < 0,001) e IR (p < 0,001) reduction. For non-motor symptoms outcomes, there was an increase in cognitive function (p < 0,046), reduction of the depressive symptoms (p < 0,001), and increase in the overall QL domain (p < 0,001), as well as in the physical (p < 0,037), psychological (p < 0,019), social participation (p < 0,007) and intimacy (p < 0,033) domains, independent of the training group. The NW group showed significant improvement in the autonomy domain (p < 0,001), when compared to the FW group. Regarding study B, for kinematic outcomes, there was a reduction in contact time (CT), swing time (ST), stride length (SL) and stride frequency (FP), for NW when compared to FN (p <0.05 ). Regarding the neuromuscular parameters, an increase in the amplitude of the VL and BF EMG signal, reduction of the final activation threshold (offset) of the VL and GM (p <0.05), reduction in the activation of the VL and BF (p <0.05) and reduction in the co-contraction index of the TA and GM (p <0.05), were found for the NW group, whereas the FW group showed statistically significant improvements only on the amplitude of GM when compared to the CN group. Conclusion: The NW and FW training programs provided improvement, without difference between groups, in all functionality domains proposed by ICF (body function and structure, activity and social relationships, and environment), after the intervention. However, the use of sticks in the technique of NW compared to the free walking without the sticks (FW training), showed advantages in functional mobility and neuromuscular specific parameters (index of co-contraction of lower limbs, offset of muscles TA and GM), improving, as well, clinical and functional aspects, that are imperative to health and QL of individuals with PD.
Souza, Francis Trombini de. "Efeito terapêutico de um calçado flexível e sem salto sobre os aspectos clínicos, funcionais e biomecânicos da marcha de idosas com osteoartrite de joelho: um ensaio clínico randomizado." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5160/tde-18022014-164049/.
Full textOsteoarthritis (OA) is the most common disorder of the musculoskeletal system, and contributes to the incapacity for work of about 15% of the adult population worldwide. Mechanical stress is a major cause of the initiation and progression of OA, especially in joints that are in constant overload and motion, such as the knee. Therefore, reduction of intra-articular overload has been one of the main treatments for this disease. Recent studies have demonstrated that the short-term use of a low cost flexible shoe (Moleca®) can minimize the joint overload. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of a low cost, flexible non-heeled shoe on the clinical, functional and gait biomechanical aspects of elderly women with knee OA. A randomized, parallel and controlled clinical trial, with blind assessor was carried out. Fifty-six elderly women with knee OA graded 2 or 3 (Kellgren and Lawrence), assessed at baseline, after three and after six months, were randomly allocated into the intervention group (IG, n = 28) or the control group (CG, n = 28). The use of the Moleca® shoes for six months, for at least six hours a day, seven days a week (42 hours weekly) was adopted as intervention. For both groups, a rescue analgesic medication (acetaminophen) was allowed, only if necessary, in a maximum of 2 grams daily. We adopted the pain subscale of the WOMAC questionnaire as the primary outcome, and the stiffness, function and total score of the same questionnaire, as well as the Lequesne questionnaire score, the distance walked in six minutes, the clinical aspects (edema and joint effusion), the general health condition of the patient, the knee adduction moment and the paracetamol 500 milligrams intake as the secondary outcome. The time effects (baseline, 3 and 6 months) of group (IG and CG) and interaction (time and group) were calculated by two-way casewise ANOVA. We adopted an alfa of 5% for statistical differences and Cohen\'s d coefficient to describe the effect size of the intervention. The results, with large effect sizes for the IG, showed improvement in pain (effect size of 1.41) and function (effect size of 1.22) in WOMAC and Lequesne questionnaires. The CG (to a lesser extent) also showed pain reduction and function improvement. However, this group, unlike the IG, showed higher rescue medication intake throughout the clinical trial, which possibly has provided improvement in its pain and function. No significant difference was observed in clinical aspects, such as edema, joint effusion, or the general health condition of the patient (global assessment of physician and patient). Knee adduction moment impulse reduction was noted in the IG at the end of six months, although not significant. The results of the current study allow us to recommend the use of this low cost minimalist footwear as another conservative mechanical treatment that aims to minimize pain, improve functional aspects, reduce the rescue medication intake, and keep constant the clinical characteristics and knee joint loading in elderly women with knee OA
Rocha, Thiago André Salvitti de Sá. "Análise biomecânica de pele e jejuno de cadáveres de cães submetidos a uma nova técnica anatômica de preparo visando o ensino da técnica cirúrgica /." Jaboticabal, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/143773.
Full textBanca: Leandro Luís Martins
Banca: Gustavo Garkalns de Souza Oliveira
Resumo: É essencial e imperioso ter muito critério quanto ao uso de animais em pesquisa e atividades de ensino e, consequentemente, a busca por métodos alternativos que não tragam prejuízo acadêmico ou científico. Para que não haja deterioração dos tecidos, as peças anatômicas são fixadas. O formaldeído é o fixador e conservante mais utilizado, é prejudicial à saúde e traz sério risco ambiental. Outros agentes, como o álcool etílico, também já foram utilizados na boa fixação de músculos de aves, assim como o cloreto de sódio testado com sucesso na conservação de peças anatômicas por mais de cinco anos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade de uma nova técnica anatômica visando o ensino da técnica cirúrgica em cadáveres de cães mediante a fixação em álcool etílico (AE) e conservação em solução de cloreto de sódio a 30% (SACS 30%), e determinar qual o momento ideal de interrupção da fixação para que os tecidos apresentem características biomecânicas mais próximas do grupo controle, de animais frescos. Foram utilizados 5 grupos: grupo controle (animais frescos sem fixação ou conservação) e os outros 4 grupos diferenciaram somente quanto ao tempo de fixação em AE (30, 60, 90 e 120 dias) sendo a conservação em SACS 30% a mesma para todos os demais grupos (120 dias). Foram coletadas amostras de pele e jejuno e realizado teste biomecânico de tração em máquina universal de ensaios. A análise estatística de variância (ANOVA) revelou não haver diferença entre os tratamentos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Having a lot of criteria about animal utilization in research and teaching activities is essential and imperative and, consequently, the search for alternative methods that won't cause scientific or academic losses. In order to avoid tissues deterioration, anatomical pieces are fixed. Formaldehyde is the most used fixing and preservative substance, and it is harmful to health and cause serious environmental risks. Other agents, as ethanol, have been used as good fixing agents for bird muscles, as has the Sodium chloride been tested as conservative for anatomical pieces. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of a new anatomical technique that aims the surgical teaching in dog corpses by fixing them in ethylic alcohol (EA) and by conservation on sodium chloride aqueous solution (SCAS) 30%, looking for the ideal moment to interrupt fixation. Five groups were used: control group (fresh animals without fixation or conservation) and the other 4 groups differed only in fixation time in EA (30, 60, 90 and 120 days) and in the conservation on SCAS 30% was the same for all the groups (120 days). Samples of skin and jejunum were collected in triplicate and were submitted monthly to biomechanical traction testing in a universal testing machine. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) presented no difference between treatments and moments (P> 0.05) in the skin and presented at least one different moment (p<0.01) in the jejunum. The nonlinear modeling test marked differences on the gr... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
Rabelo, Nayra Deise dos Anjos. "Treino neuromuscular e fortalecimento muscular em pacientes com síndrome da dor femoropatelar: ensaio clínico cego e aleatorizado." Universidade Nove de Julho, 2014. http://bibliotecadigital.uninove.br/handle/tede/1343.
Full textMade available in DSpace on 2016-05-25T15:44:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nayra Deise dos Anjos Rabelo.pdf: 1274728 bytes, checksum: 2fb87109dfbed0d375542469df6e6186 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-04
Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is a common complaint, especially in women. The hip muscles strengthening is an effective technique for the treatment of this disorder. In addition, the neuromuscular training has received attention as a therapeutic tool, but results in individuals with PFPS are still very evident and inconclusive. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of a neuromuscular training program of the trunk and lower limbs associated with the hip and knee muscles strengthening in women with PFPS with a program that involves the isolated strengthening of those muscles. Thirty-four women aged 18 to 35 years with a clinical diagnosis of PFPS were randomized into two groups: Strengthening Group (SG) and Neuromuscular Group (NMG). Patients underwent 12 sessions of the strengthening (Knee extensors, hip abductor and hip external rotator) and the NMG, associated with this, received the balance, coordination and control of the lower limb training. Because of the nature of the study, we chose to report now, only the results of force and kinematics, since the clinical analysis is still in progress. Thus, the effects of treatment on muscle strength and kinematics were calculated using paired t test for parametric measures and the Friedman test with post hoc, for nonparametric measures. At the end of 4 weeks of treatment, significantly increased the strength of the hip abductor muscles (percentage of improvement from 20.7% to 19% for SG and NMG), hip external rotators (percentage of improvement of 18.2% was observed for SG and 17% for NMG) and knee extensors (percentage of improvement from 19.7% to 16.2% for SG and NMG) in both groups, and effectively reduce the range of motion of hip adduction in the voluntary NMG. We conclude that both programs proposed treatment promoted increased strength of the muscles evaluated, but only the associated neuromuscular training to strength training was able to effectively create change in kinematics, real improvement in hip adduction.
A síndrome da dor femoropatelar (SDFP) é uma queixa comum, sobretudo em mulheres. O fortalecimento dos músculos do quadril é uma técnica eficaz para o tratamento dessa disfunção. Além disso, o treino neuromuscular vem recebendo destaque como ferramenta terapeutica, porém seus resultados em indivíduos com SDFP ainda são pouco evidentes e inconclusivos. Sendo assim, o objetivo desse estudo foi comparar os efeitos de um programa de treinamento neuromuscular do tronco e membros inferiores associado ao fortalecimento dos músculos do quadril e joelho de mulheres com SDFP com um programa que envolve o fortalecimento isolado desses mesmos músculos. Trinta e quarto mulheres, entre 18 e 35 anos, com diagnóstico clínico de SDFP, foram aleatorizadas em dois grupos: Grupo Fortalecimento (GF) e Grupo Neuromuscular (GNM). As pacientes foram submetidas a 12 sessões de fortalecimento da musculatura extensora do joelho e abdutora e rotadora lateral do quadril e o GNM, associado a isso, recebeu treinamento de equilíbrio, coordenação e controle do membro inferior. Por conta da natureza do estudo, optamos por reportar, nesse momento, apenas os resultados de força e cinemática, uma vez que a análise clínica ainda está em andamento. Sendo assim, os efeitos dos tratamentos foram calculados através de test t pareado para medidas paramétricas e teste de Friedman com post hoc, para medidas não paramétricas. Ao final das 4 semanas de tratamento foi observado aumento significante de força dos músculos abdutores (porcentagem de melhora de 20,7% para GF e 19% para GNM) e rotadores laterais (porcentagem de melhora de 18,2% para GF e 17% para GNM) do quadril e extensores do joelho (porcentagem de melhora de 19,7% para GF e 16,2% para GNM), em ambos os grupos, além de redução efetiva da amplitude de movimento da adução do quadril nas voluntárias do GNM. Concluímos que ambos os programas de tratamento propostos promoveram ganho de força da musculatura avaliada, mas apenas o treinamento neuromuscular associado ao treino de força foi capaz de, efetivamente, gerar mudança na cinemática, com melhora real da adução do quadril.
Cesar, Reinaldo. "Avaliação da microarquitetura e biomecânica de ossos trabeculares normais, osteopênicos e osteoporóticos de vértebras humanas por técnicas de ensaios mecânicos, microtomografia de raios-X e homogeneização assintótica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18150/tde-09022015-113119/.
Full textEvaluation of the \"quality\" of bone microarchitecture can contribute to the prevention and risk of fractures associated with osteoporosis. Samples of trabecular bone from the vertebral regions T12, L1 and L4 from the bodies of 30 individuals (human cadavers), classified by ultrasonometry technique calcaneus as normal, osteopenic and osteoporotic were used. The histomorphometric, physical and mechanical parameters of the microarchitecture were analyzed by X-ray microtomography technique, mechanical tests of axial compression and nanoindentation. Based on these parameters, globally effective elastic constants were obtained by asymptotic homogenization technique for type-plate structure. ANOVA test showed differences that were very and extremely significant for the following: structural linear density (p = 0.017) anisotropy (p = 0.042), auto value (p = 0.045), Euler number (p = 0.016), age (p = 0.009), trabecular separation (p = 0.009), connectivity density (p = 0.006), elastic modulus (p = 0.001), maximum stress fracture strength limit (0.001), bone quality score of the calcaneus (p = 0.0001), bone volume fraction (p = 0.0001), trabecular thickness (p = 0.0002), fractal dimension (p = 0.0002), mean polar moment of inertia (p = 0.00005), eccentricity (p = 0.0002), porosity fraction (p = 0.0001) and apparent bone mineral density (p = 0.00005) between groups. The Spearman test identified moderate correlation, high and very high values of maximum stress fracture resistance limit for the following parameters: age (r = -0.684), bone volume fraction (r = 0.762), trabecular bone pattern factor (r = -0.754), trabecular thickness (r = 0.675), trabecular linear density (r = 0.622), auto value (r = -0.615), fractal dimension (r = 0.855), mean polar moment of inertia (r = 0.816), eccentricity (r = -0.569) and porosity fraction (r = -0.762). These parameters are quality indicators of the microarchitecture of trabecular bone and fracture risk associated with osteoporosis.
Mariani, Tatiana Casimiro. "Ensaios biomecânicos de placas bloqueadas: comportamento dos parafusos bloqueados em diferentes angulações submetidos ao teste de arrancamento e influência do preenchimento dos orifícios médios na resistência ao teste de flexão." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10137/tde-28022012-155958/.
Full textThe feasibility of locking plates and their biomechanical advantages in comminuted fractures are well known. The objective of this study was to evaluate different locking plate´s configurations submitted to a four point´s flexion test and pull out test. The flexion test evaluated the influence of screws in center position in bridging plate, the pull out test compared relative to pull out strength locking plates using parallel locking screws or angulated locking screws. For each biomechanical assay two groups of ten test materials were formed. The results found no statistical differences relative to flexion resistance in the groups with and without central screws. Relative to pull out test the group with angulated screws showed higher values of maximum pull out strength when compared with the perpendicular screws, the data were statistically significant. We concluded that there was no improvement in the resistance of bridging plate with the use of central screws, but the use of angulated screws showed a greater resistance to pull out when compared to parallel screws.
Stapait, Eduardo Luiz. "Efeitos imediatos do taping patelar na distribuição da pressão plantar em sujeitos com síndrome da dor patelofemoral : ensaio clínico aleatório." Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2013. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/1812.
Full textCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Knee pain is a commom complaint in practice clinical with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS) reaching 15 to 20% of general population. The patellar taping is utilized on the treatment f the PFPS, with good results on decrease of pain and improvement of function. However, the mechanisms involved on this enhancement remain uncertain. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of patellar taping in the plantar pressure distribution during squat and single leg stance on subjects with PFPS. For this, it was performed a randomized clinical trial, double blind, parallel with 3 groups. The participants were randomly divided in two groups: 10 participants with PFPS which received the patellar taping with medial traction (GPFT); 10 participants with PFPS which received the patellar taping without traction (SHAM); and a third group with 10 healthy participants wich received the patellar taping with medial traction (GC). Was measured pain, before and after the application of the taping and the functional activities by visual analogue scale; and the displacement of the center of pressure (COP), peak pressure and the area of plantar contact area with and without taping during functional activities. The taping decreases the pain on groups GPFT (36,84% decrease; p=0,017) and SHAM (54,06% decrease; p=0,008). GPFT present less displacement of COP during the squat with taping regarding GC. (p=0,038). The results of study shows that taping, with and without traction, decreased pain on participants with PFPS and modified the displacement of COP between participants with PFPS and healthy during the squat. However, this changes do not show evidence of modifications in postural control with the use of taping. Besides, the placebo effect should be considered with the use of taping, being one of the primary factors in the clinical improvement of subjects with PFPS.
A dor no joelho é uma das queixas mais comuns na prática clínica com a síndrome da dor patelofemoral (SDFP) atingindo 15% a 20% da população, gerando déficits funcionais que comprometem as atividades diárias. O taping patelar é utilizado no tratamento SDPF, com bons resultados na redução da dor e melhora da função. Entretanto, os mecanismos envolvidos nesta melhora permanecem incertos. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a influência do taping patelar nas variáveis baropodométricas durante atividades funcionais, agachamento e apoio unipodal, em sujeitos com dor patelofemoral. Para tanto, realizou-se um ensaio clínico, paralelo, randomizado, duplo cego, com 3 braços. Os participantes foram divididos aleatoriamente em 2 grupos: 10 participantes portadoras de SDPF (GPFT) que receberam o taping patelar com tracionamento medial; 10 participantes portadoras de SDPF que receberam o taping patelar sem tracionamento (SHAM); e um terceiro grupo formado por 10 participantes saudáveis que receberam o taping patelar com tracionamento medial (GC). Foi analisada a intensidade da dor, antes e após a aplicação do taping e das atividades funcional, por meio da escala visual analógica (EVA); e deslocamento do centro de pressão (COP), pico de pressão e a área de contato plantar com e sem o uso do taping durante as atividades funcionais. O taping patelar diminui a dor, nos grupos GPFT (36,84% de redução; p=0,017) e SHAM (54,06% de redução; p=0,008).O GPFT apresentou menor deslocamento do COP durante o agachamento com o uso do taping quando comparado com o GC. (p=0,038). Os resultados deste estudo indicam que o taping, tanto com tração como sem tração, reduziu a dor nos nos participantes com SDPF e modificou o comportamento do COP entre participantes com SDPF e saudáveis durante o agachamento. Entretanto, estas alterações isoladas não evidenciam modificação no controle postural do membro inferior com o uso do taping. Além disso, o efeito placebo deve ser considerado em novas pesquisas com o uso do taping, podendo ser um dos fatores primários na melhora clínica de sujeitos com SDPF.
Zero, Raphael Chiarelo. "Análise biomecânica de pele e jejuno de cadáveres de gatos fixados em álcool e conservados em solução aquosa de cloreto de sódio 30% visando ao ensino da técnica cirúrgica /." Jaboticabal, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/151305.
Full textBanca: Gilson Hélio Toniollo
Banca: Leandro Luís Martins
Resumo: É essencial e imperioso ter muito critério quanto ao uso de animais em pesquisa e atividades de ensino e, consequentemente, a busca por métodos alternativos que não tragam prejuízo acadêmico ou científico. A utilização de cadáveres frescos é limitante pois há rápida deterioração e, para a fixação e conservação de materiais biológicos, a maioria dos laboratórios de anatomia utiliza o formaldeído, apesar das diversas desvantagens deste produto. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a viabilidade de uma nova técnica anatômica visando ao ensino da técnica cirúrgica em cadáveres de gatos fixados com álcool etílico (AE) e conservados em solução aquosa de cloreto de sódio a 30% (SACS 30%) e determinar qual o melhor momento para a interrupção da fixação, devido à maior proximidade dos valores de ruptura de pele e jejuno, em relação ao grupo controle (animais frescos, sem fixação ou conservação). Além disso, objetivamos identificar microbiologicamente os principais agentes presentes nestas soluções, e avaliar a aceitabilidade dos alunos e qualidade dos cadáveres de gatos quimicamente conservados, mediante a aplicação de formulário/questionário aos alunos do curso de Medicina Veterinária. Os testes foram realizados previamente à fixação alcoólica em todos os animais para obtenção dos valores controle de cada grupo. Os cadáveres foram divididos em três grupos e mantidos por 30, 60 e 90 dias em fixação em AE, respectivamente. A conservação em SACS 30% foi de 120 para todos os grupos. Foram realiza... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Having a lot of criteria about animal utilization in research and teaching activities is essential and imperative and, consequently, the search for alternative methods that won't cause scientific or academic losses. The use of fresh cadavers is limited because there is fast rotting and in fixation and conservation of biological tissues, most of laboratories apply formaldehyde, in spite of several disadvantages of this product. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of a new anatomical technique aiming the teaching of surgical technique in cadavers of cats fixed with ethylic alcohol (AE) and preserved in 30% sodium chloride aqueous solution (30% SCAS) and to determine the best time for interrupting fixation, due the greatest proximity of skin and jejunum rupture values, in relation to the control group (fresh animals, without fixation or conservation). Besides, we aimed to microbiologically identify the main agents presented in those solutions, and evaluate the students' acceptability and quality of the chemically preserved cats corpses, by applying a form/questionnaire to the Veterinary College students. The tests were performed prior to alcoholic fixation in all corpses to obtain the control values of each group. Cats were separated into three groups and maintained for 30, 60 and 90 days in AE fixation, respectively. The conservation in 30% SCAS was for 120 days in all groups. Biomechanical traction tests were performed on skin and jejunum samples in every moment of fixation and conservation. Microbiological analysis of EA and 30% SCAS were also carried out in every moment of fixation and conservation. A form/questionnaire was applied to the Veterinary College students for acceptance evaluation and quality of chemically prepared cats corpses. Statistical analysis of the skin and jejunum strength forc... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Mestre
Xavier, Tathy Aparecida. "Comparação dos ensaios de resistência adesiva por torção e por cisalhamento com fio." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23140/tde-22052010-101723/.
Full textObjective: verify, by finite element analysis (FEA) and laboratorial tests, if the torsion bond strength test is able to lead adhesive interface to fracture under shear stress and if it would be more advantageous than wire-loop shear test. Material and method: for stress analysis by finite element method, the 3D models of both tests consisted of a resin composite cylinder, an adhesive layer and a dentin cylinder with a larger diameter. The specimens were simulated with both conventional and micro sizes, in a 5:1 ratio, except for the adhesive layer, kept in a constant thickness. Two values of elastic modulus were simulated for the composite cylinder (hybrid and flowable). For the shear models, different distances were simulated between the load point and the adhesive interface. The values of maximum principal and maximum shear stresses and the ratio between both types were analyzed along the adhesive interface, as well as the maximum principal vectors direction and the local of stress peaks. For the laboratorial tests, cylinders of hybrid and flowable resin composite, in both micro and conventional sizes, were adhered onto dentin surfaces by means of 3 adhesive systems. The shear load was applied with a metallic wire-loop at distances from the interface based on literature and, for the torsion test, the torque was applied by specific apparatus developed for that. The values of bond strength were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukeys test. Fracture surfaces were analyzed by scan electron microscopy. The frequencies of fracture types were compared by Fishers test and its relationship with bond strength values were verified, as well as the relationship between fracture features and stresses results obtained by FEA. The experimental parameters for comparison between both tests were: ability for detecting significant differences among the 3 adhesives, change of adhesives ranking while varying the test configuration and frequency of fracture types. Results: both tests showed non-uniform stress distribution. It was not noticed a lower sensibility of torsion test results to changes of the test configurations, nor a major ability for detecting significant differences among the adhesive systems than showed the shear test. The torsion test showed to be more difficult to execute and exhibited a higher frequency of cohesive fracture, however, that occurred most of the time in the composite cylinder, while it occurred mainly in dentin in shear test. There was no certainty about the kind of stress that lead to specimen fracture in both tests. Conclusions: although there was no certainty about the kind of stress that lead to specimen fracture and the major difficulty of execution of torsion test, this test exhibited a feature that suggests future studies: the occurrence of cohesive fracture mainly in the composite cylinder, which could be solved, maybe, by reinforcing the cylinder material.
Guzman, Ana Isabel Arroyave. "Metodologia para caracterização mecânica de tecido biológico mole." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3152/tde-23102015-152809/.
Full textSeveral methods and types of mechanical tests have been used to study the mechanical properties of soft biological tissues such as arteries. The load environment that an artery is subjected can be simulated in vitro through biaxial tensile tests. A biaxial tensile machine is currently being built at the Laboratory of Biomedical and Environmental Engineering at the Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo. To conduct further research on this kind of machine, a methodology for performing the test and data processing was proposed and tested. The biaxial tensile tests on aortas and subclavian porcine arteries were done to evaluate the methodology. The samples were tested up to the rupture. Stress-strain curves were obtained. The limit to rupture and the elastic limit were estimated. The two-dimensional model of strain energy function for hyperelastic materials proposed by Fung and the bilayer model proposed by Holzapfel were used to perform an adjustment of the experimental data. A computer program was implemented for data processing and to estimate the constants of the mathematical models. Histological analyses of the samples were performed in order to estimate the average content of collagen and elastin in the tissue. A description of the methodology for soft biological tissue characterization results from the present work.
Wiedenhoft, Aldoni Gabriel. "Desenvolvimento de uma bancada de teste para torque de parafusos para implantes." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/13666.
Full textHuman orthotic device components must be comfortable, able to execute the expected functions and, most of everything reliable. The focus of this work is the development and application of a surgical screw resistance analysis methodology. For this, a mechanical apparatus, consisting of a torque actuator and a data acquisition system was developed. The actuator, composed by an electric engine and reducer, applied torque on the tested screw, who transfers it to a load cell, especially developed, and thus to the data acquisition system. Cortical titanium and cannulated stainless steel bone screws were tested, from different manufacturers, for insertion and removal torque, maximum torque and rupture angle. The results showed that, despite that all cannulated screws had followed the recommended standards, it was found significant dispersion among the results for titanium cortical screws, which indicates manufacturing or material defects. Results also showed that removal torque was always higher than insertion torque. This is an undesirable, yet expected, effect, once fractures may come to happen after the healing of the patient, or even on the occasion of a substitution. The analysis showed the efficiency of the methodology developed, and opens a point of discussion on orthotic reliability.
Rocha, Salomão. "Pilares protéticos de dimensão horizontal discrepante: biomecânica e desempenho clínico." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/26703.
Full textIntrodução A utilização de pilares de cicatrização ou componentes protéticos de diâmetro inferior ao da plataforma do implante, conceito conhecido como platform switching (PS), tem sido associado a uma menor remodelação óssea marginal. Ainda que existam vários trabalhos publicados que sustentam esta teoria, todas as revisões sistemáticas são unânimes em considerar a necessidade de mais estudos clínicos prospetivos controlados e randomizados, com condições comparáveis entre os grupos teste e controlo e com períodos de seguimento de pelo menos 5 anos. O trabalho apresentado nesta tese teve duas linhas de investigação: uma foi a realização de um estudo numérico pelo método dos elementos finitos (MEF), para simular o comportamento dinâmico e estático de um implante osteointegrado na região posterior mandibular e reabilitado com pilares convencionais e pilares de plataforma horizontal discrepante, e a segunda, um estudo clínico prospetivo randomizado, cujo objetivo foi avaliar a eficácia de implantes reabilitados com coroas unitárias cimentadas sobre pilares protéticos coincidentes (PM) ou sobre pilares protéticos com platform switching, no sector posterior mandibular. Materiais e métodos No estudo numérico avaliou-se o comportamento biomecânico de um implante Camlog® Screw-Line 4.3x13 mm, reabilitado com um pilar protético PS ou PM. Nesta análise, a carga aplicada aos implantes foi simulada com forças de 17.1 N, 114.6 N e 23.4 N nas direções vestíbulo-lingual, axial e disto-mesial, respetivamente, atuando sobre o plano oclusal de um pilar protético. Este sistema de forças corresponde a uma força oclusal mastigatória média de 118.3 N e um ângulo 75º com o plano oclusal. Foi criado um modelo de um implante parcialmente osteointegrado, colocado em osso tipo II e III, na região molar mandibular. Nas mandíbulas do tipo II o osso esponjoso é envolto por uma camada de osso cortical com 2 mm de espessura, enquanto nas mandíbulas do tipo III a camada de osso cortical é mais fina, com apenas 1 mm de espessura. O programa de elementos finitos utilizado foi o ADINA® e todos os corpos foram discretizados com elementos tetraédricos, com 0.2 mm, isoparamétricos, de quatro nós com três graus de liberdade, correspondentes às 3 translações por nó. Neste estudo, todos os materiais foram considerados homogéneos, isotrópicos e com um comportamento elástico linear, com exceção do osso cortical que foi considerado transversalmente isotrópico. Para verificar se o modelo numérico adotado simularia, em termos gerais, as condições clínicas verificadas no estudo clínico, foi feito uma análise dinâmica através da AFR com o sistema Osstell™ Mentor. Assim, criou-se no modelo virtual da arcada inferior uma zona de transição osso/implante, de secção transversal circular com 1 mm de espessura, a envolver o implante. Nesta região foram atribuídas propriedades mecânicas diferentes: na interface osso-implante do tipo f, as propriedades do osso cortical e esponjoso estão tipicamente associadas com uma interface ainda não osteointegrada (no estudo clínico corresponde ao dia da colocação dos implantes); a interface do tipo d já apresenta algum grau de osteointegração (no estudo clínico corresponde ao dia da colocação das coroas). O estudo clínico foi aprovado pela comissão de ética do CHUC, seguindo os parâmetros definidos pela declaração de “Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials” (CONSORT ). Neste estudo cada paciente poderia receber entre 2 a 4 implantes Camlog® Screw-Line colocados no setor posterior mandíbular (posições 34 a 37 e 44 a 47). Se após a cirurgia os implantes tivessem estabilidade primária, ou seja, um ISQ igual ou superior a 50, o paciente era randomizado e alocado a um dos dois grupos: o PS, com pilares platform switching; e o grupo PM, com pilares coincidentes ou platform matching (PM). As radiografias foram padronizadas através de um posicionador individualizado para cada paciente, permitindo a sua reprodutibilidade ao longo do estudo. Após um período de cicatrização de 6 a 8 semanas (implantes em osso tipo I a III), ou de 12 a 14 semanas (osso tipo IV), foram feitas as impressões definitivas e, 2 a 4 semanas depois, foram colocados os pilares protéticos correspondentes e cimentadas as coroas metalocerâmicas. Foram efetuadas radiografias padronizadas para documentar os níveis ósseos proximais logo após a cirurgia (já com os pilares de cicatrização), antes e após a colocação da reabilitação, após 12, 24 36 e 48 meses de seguimento. O dia da colocação das coroas foi considerado o baseline do estudo. Em cada visita de controlo, além das radiografias, foram também avaliados os seguintes parâmetros clínicos: mobilidade do implante, hemorragia à sondagem, profundidade de sondagem, índice de placa e satisfação do paciente. Resultados A análise do comportamento dinâmico no estudo pelo MEF permitiu concluir que a frequência de ressonância aumenta com a melhoria da osteointegração e decresce com a diminuição da espessura de osso compacto. Além disso, foi possível verificar que o valor da frequência de ressonância é mais sensível à qualidade do osso peri-implantar do que à espessura do osso cortical. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo numérico foram validados pelo estudo clínico. Assim, os valores de ISQ obtidos no dia da colocação dos implantes de diâmetro 4.3 mm, e que no MEF correspondeu à interface implante/osso tipo f, foram de 78.1e 78.5 para os implantes colocados em osso tipo II no ensaio clínico e no MEF, respetivamente. Para o osso tipo III, esses valores foram de 77.3 e 77.5, no ensaio clínico e no MEF, respetivamente. No dia da colocação das coroas, e que correspondeu à interface tipo d, os valores de ISQ no ensaio clínico foram de 79.8 e 80.5, para os implantes com um diâmetro de 4.3 mm colocados em osso tipo II e III, respetivamente, e de 80.7 e 80.5 no modelo tipo II e tipo III de elementos finitos, respetivamente. Na análise do comportamento estático assumiu-se para todas as simulações a interface osso/implante do tipo d. Para a mandíbula tipo II, a concentração de tensões, quer no modelo convencional quer no modelo PS, é observada na face mesial, próximo da face lingual. No osso compacto, a tensão máxima de von Mises no modelo PM é de 33.3MPa e no modelo PS é de 29MPa. No modelo PS a tensão máxima encontra-se adjacente à primeira espira do implante, próxima da junção entre osso compacto e esponjoso enquanto no modelo PM se encontra no osso compacto junto à plataforma do implante. No osso esponjoso, a tensão máxima de von Mises é semelhante em ambos os modelos (e menor que no osso cortical) e situa-se na porção mais coronal do osso esponjoso. Para a mandíbula tipo III, a tensão máxima em ambos os modelos encontra-se na região da crista óssea, sendo de 33.7 MPa no modelo convencional e de 25.4 MPa no modelo PS. No osso esponjoso, a tensão máxima de von Mises no modelo convencional é de 28.9 MPa e no modelo com plataforma discrepante de 31.2 MPa. Para o modelo PS a região peri-implantar cortical apresenta um menor nível de tensão que o modelo convencional. Contudo, o osso peri-implantar esponjoso apresenta níveis semelhantes de tensões de compressão e tração em ambos os modelos. No ensaio clínico foram incluídos 35 pacientes, dos quais 5 são split-mouth, com um total de 86 implantes colocados. Em junho de 2014, todos os implantes tinham completado os 2 anos de seguimento e, os 20 primeiros pacientes, correspondendo a 51 implantes (22 do grupo PS e 29 do grupo PM), completaram o controlo dos 48 meses. Assim, obtiveram-se 20 quadrantes em cada grupo, com um total de 42 implantes reabilitados com pilares PS e 44 implantes com pilares PM. Todos os implantes alcançaram estabilidade primária, com um valor médio do ISQ de 76.8 ± 4.29 no dia da cirurgia. Após o período de cicatrização, o valor médio do ISQ subiu para os 80 ± 2.81. O tipo de plataforma não influenciou a variação do ISQ. A profundidade de inserção dos implantes no dia da cirurgia foi muito semelhante entre os dois grupos, ficando a 0.03 mm, em média, da crista óssea. Dentro de cada grupo, não existiram diferenças significativas entre a distância da plataforma à crista óssea em mesial e distal. Também não se verificaram diferenças entre os grupos para as faces mesial e distal. Desde a cirurgia até à colocação das coroas a perda óssea média foi de -0.5 ± 0.37 mm para o grupo PS e de -0.4 ± 0.39 mm para o grupo PM, sem diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos. Entre a carga e os 12 meses, os implantes do grupo PS ganharam osso (0.13 ± 0.34 mm) enquanto os do grupo PM continuaram a perder osso (-0.21 ± 0.49 mm), sendo esta diferença significativa para o teste t para amostras independentes entre os grupos PS e PM. Dos 12 meses aos 48 meses, a variação média dentro de cada grupo é muito pequena, sendo de 0.12 mm para os implantes com pilares PS e 0.11 mm para os pilares PM. Todavia, apesar de pequena, os implantes do grupo PS mostram uma tendência para ganhar osso e os do grupo PM para perder osso. Após 24 meses, 77% dos implantes do grupo PS e 35.7% do grupo PM ganharam osso. Aos 4 anos de seguimento podemos constatar que 83% dos implantes do grupo PS e apenas 29.6% do grupo PM ganharam osso. No grupo PM, mais de 40% dos implantes perderam mais de 0.4 mm ao fim de 4 anos em função. Considerando os critérios de sucesso definidos por Buser et al. (1999), e uma perda óssea média inferior a 1.5 mm ao fim de um ano em função e de 0.2 mm em cada ano subsequente, apenas foram registados 2 casos de insucesso, ambos alocados ao grupo PM. Assim, a probabilidade cumulativa de sucesso foi de 94.2% para o grupo PM e de 100% no grupo PS. Contudo, não foram detetadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas no sucesso dos grupos PS e PM. Durante o estudo não foi perdido nenhum implante tendo sido alcançado uma taxa de sobrevivência de 100% para ambos os grupos. Conclusões Os resultados do estudo numérico pelo MEF permitiram concluir que: – A configuração PS teve a vantagem biomecânica de diminuir a tensão de von Mises na região peri-implantar. – Não foi claro que a configuração PS desloque a concentração de tensão para o osso esponjoso peri-implantar. O presente estudo mostrou que este comportamento aparece apenas para osso tipo III, onde as maiores tensões de von Mises apareceram no osso esponjoso peri-implantar. Os resultados do estudo clínico prospetivo randomizado permitiram concluir que: – Após um período de 24 meses em função, a utilização de pilares PS mostrou ter um efeito positivo na manutenção ou até na melhoria dos níveis ósseos peri-implantares quando comparado com a utilização de pilares convencionais. A diferença na remodelação óssea marginal após 2 anos foi de 0.38 mm, em média, sendo favorável ao grupo PS. – - Os implantes colocados com a plataforma infraóssea perderam mais osso, entre a cirurgia e a carga, que os implantes colocados justa e supraósseos, independentemente do tipo de pilar. – - Apesar da diferença verificada entre os dois grupos, esta não é suficiente para comprometer o sucesso nem a sobrevivência dos implantes.
Introduction Platform switching is based on assumption that moving implant-abutment connection away from bone crest by connecting prosthetic abutment of narrower diameter will reduce crestal bone loss. Even though there are some published works that support this concept, all systematic revisions are unanimous in emphasising the need of prospective randomized controlled clinical studies with a follow-up of at least 5 years. This thesis embraces two lines of research: the first research line is a numerical simulation, using the finite elements method (FEM), of the dynamic and static behaviour of an osseointegrated implant in the posterior region of the mandible, restored either with platform matching (PM) or with platform switching (PS) abutments; the second research line aims to evaluate in a randomized controlled clinical trial the performance of single crowns cemented in the posterior mandible over implants with either PM or PS prosthetic abutments. Materials and methods In the numerical study the biomechanical behaviour of a Camlog® Screw-Line 4.3x13 mm implant restored either with a PM or a PS prosthetic abutment was analysed. Loading was simulated by 17.1 N, 114.6 N and 23.4 N in the bucco-lingual, axial and disto-mesial directions, respectively. This load was applied on the occlusal surface of the prosthetic abutment and corresponds to an equivalent occlusal masticatory force of 118.3 N in an angle of about 75° with the occlusal surface. A model of a partially osseointegrated implant, placed in bone type II and III (according to the Lekholm & Zarb Classification) in the mandibular molar region, was created. In a type II bone mandible, the cancellous bone is surrounded by a cortical bone layer of 2mm, whereas in a type III bone mandible, this layer is thinner and only of 1mm. The 3D FEM software used was the ADINA® and all the bodies were discretized with tetrahedral isoparametric elements, with 0.2 mm, four nodes and three degrees of freedom, corresponding to the 3 translations per node. In this study, it was considered that all materials were homogeneous, isotropic and had an elastic linear behaviour, with exception of the cortical bone which was considered to be transversally isotropic. In order to validate whether the adopted numeric model simulated the conditions verified in the clinical study, a dynamic analysis through AFR with the Osstell™ Mentor system was performed. Then, in the mandibular virtual model a bone/implant transition region was simulated, having a transversal circular section of 1 mm surrounding the implant. In this region, different mechanical properties were considered: in the bone/implant interface of type f the properties of the cortical and cancellous bone are typically associated with a non-osseointegrated interface (in the clinical study this corresponds to the day of implant placement); the type d interface already presents some degree of osteointegration (in the clinical study this corresponds to the day of prosthesis delivery). The prospective randomized clinical study was approved by the Ethics Committees of the CHUC and followed the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement. In each patient that met the inclusion criteria, 2 - 4 adjacent Camlog® Screw-Line implants were placed in the posterior mandible (positions 34 to 37 and 44 to 47). If the implants achieved primary stability they were then randomized and assigned to one of the two groups: PS abutments; or PM abutments. The peri-apical radiographs were standardised using a customized holder. After a healing period of 6 to 8 weeks (in type I to III bone) or 12 to 14 weeks (in type IV bone), final impressions were taken and 2 to 4 weeks later the corresponding prosthetic abutments were inserted and the ceramo-metal crowns were cemented. Bone level changes were evaluated on standardised peri-apical radiographs, which were taken immediately post-surgery with healing abutments, at loading, after 12, 24, 36 and 48 months post-loading. The baseline of the study was the day of prosthesis placement. In each follow-up visit, besides the radiographs the following clinical parameters were also assessed: implant mobility, sulcus bleeding index, probing deep, plaque index and patient satisfaction. Results The dynamic behaviour analysis in the FEM study allowed to conclude showed that the resonance frequency increases with a better osseointegration of the implant and decreases when the thickness of cortical bone diminishes Moreover, it was possible to verify that the value of the resonance frequency is more sensitive to the peri-implant bone quality than to the thickness of the cortical bone. For the type II bone, the ISQ values obtained on the day of placement of a 4.3mm diameter implants, corresponding to the type f interface in the FE model, were 78.1 in the clinical study and 78.5 in the FE model, respectively. For type III bone, these values were 77.3 and 77.5, respectively. On the day of loading (type d interface in the FE model), the ISQ values in the clinical study were 79.8 and 80.5, placed in type II and III bone, respectively. On the FE model these values were 80.7 and 80.5, respectively. Thus, the numerical model was validated by the clinical trial. In the static behaviour analysis a type d bone/implant interface was assumed. For the type II mandible, the stress concentration, on both the conventional and the PS model, is observed in the mesial face closer to the lingual face. In the compact bone, the maximum von Mises stress was of 33.3MPa and 29MPa in the conventional and in the PS model, respectively. In the PS model the maximum stress was found adjacent to the first thread of the implant, close to the junction between the compact and cancellous bone, while in the conventional model it is located in the compact bone, close to the implants platform. In the cancellous bone, the maximum von Mises stress in both models was similar (and lower than in the cortical bone), being located in the coronal region of the cancellous bone. In the mandible type III, for both models the maximum stress was located in the bone crest region, being of 33.7MPa and 25.4MPa for the conventional and PS models, respectively. In the cancellous bone, the maximum von Mises stress is 28.9MP and 31.2MPa in the conventional model and platform switching, respectively. In the PS model the peri-implant cortical region presented a lower stress level than in the conventional model. Nevertheless, the cancellous peri-implant bone showed similar levels of compression and tensile stresses for both models. In the prospective randomized clinical trial, 35 patients were included, 5 of them were split-mouth, with a total of 86 implants placed, 42 restored with PS abutments and 44 with PM abutments. In June of 2014, all implants had completed the 2 year follow-up and, the 20 first patients, corresponding to 51 implants (22 of the PS group and 29 of the PM group), had completed the 48 months follow-up. All implants reached primary stability with a mean ISQ value of 76.8 ± 4.29. After the healing period, the mean ISQ value raised up to 80 ± 2.81. The type of platform did not influence the variability of the ISQ. At the implant placement, the insertion depth was very similar for both groups, being located at a mean value of 0.03 mm above the crestal bone. Also, no significant differences were found between the implant platform and bone at mesial and distal surfaces in each group neither between the groups. From the surgery to loading the mean bone loss was of -0.5 ± 0.37mm and -0.4 ± 0.39mm for the PS and the PM groups, respectively, with no statistically differences between both groups. Between loading and 12 months, the implants of the PS group gained bone (0.13 ± 0.34mm) while those from the PM group continued losing bone (-0.21 ± 0.49 mm), being this difference statistically significant in the t test for independent samples between both groups. From the 12 to the 48 months, the variance in each group was very small (0.12 mm in the PS group and 0.11 mm in the PM group). However, the PS group showed a trend to gain bone while the PM group for losing it. After 24 months, 77% of the implants of the PS group and 35.7% of the PM group gained bone. At 4 years of follow-up, 83% of the implants of the PS and only 29.6% of the PM groups gained bone. In the PM group, more than 40% of the implants lost more than 0.4 mm after 4 years after loading. The success of each implant was based on the criteria defined by Buser et al. (1999) and considering a mean bone loss lower to 1.5 mm after one year post-loading and of 0.2 mm in each subsequent year, thus only two cases of failure were reported, both from the PM group. Then, the cumulative probability of success for the PM group was of 94.2% and of 100% for the PS group. Nevertheless, no statistically significant differences were noticed in the success of both the PS and PM groups. Moreover, since no implants were lost during the study a survival rate of 100% for both groups were achieved. Conclusions The results of the numerical study showed that: – The PS configuration presented a biomechanical advantage of diminishing the von Mises stress in the peri-implant region. – It could not be clarified whether the PS configuration shifted the stress concentration to the cancellous peri-implant bone or not. This study showed that this only occurs for type III bone, where the higher von Mises stresses appeared in the cancellous peri-implant bone. From the prospective randomized clinical study, the following conclusions can be drawn: – After a period of 24 months in loading, the use of platform switching abutments presented a positive effect in the preservation or even in the gain of the peri-implant bone levels as when compared to the conventional abutments. The difference in the marginal bone remodelling after 2 years was of around 0.38 mm, in favour of the PS group. – Implants placed with a subcrestal platform position, lost more bone, between surgery and load, than the crestal and supracrestal, regardless of the type of abutment. – Although the difference obtained between both groups, this was not enough to jeopardize the success or the survival rates of the implants.
Órfão, Eládio César Gonçalves. "Estudo numérico e experimental do comportamento biomecânico do aneurisma quando sujeito a pressão interna." Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10198/11604.
Full textAn aneurysm is a localized weak area in the wall of a blood vessel that can ballooning or increase in size. In extreme situations, this weakening can lead to the rupture of the vessel. The purpose of the present study was to understand how the deformation of the aneurysm occurs when subjected to an internal pressure similar to arterial blood pressure. The deformation of the aneurysm, allowed to define which regions are subjected to higher deformations and can give an indication of potential rupture. To conduct this study there were two distinct approaches, a numerical and experimental. The commercial finite element program Ansys® was used in the numerical study. The program was used to calculate the pressure caused by the fluid, using known parameters through the experimental measurement of pressure. It was possible to define a velocity profile for the fluid and characterize its flow along the model. The aneurysm was subjected to the fluid pressure already calculated, simulating the pressure at which the channel is subjected by the bloodstream, these studies considered that blood vessels have a hyperelastic behavior, defined in this study through the stress/strain curves. For the experimental analysis, an in vitro model of the aneurysm was developed, a rapid prototyping system, Solidoodle® 3D printer, was used for the model creation. The material that was used on the model creation has a elastic behavior close to those of the arterial walls and is called polydimethylsiloxane. The technique of Digital Image Correlation was used to perform high resolution measurements of the model displacement and proceeded to the compare the results obtained in the tests. The analysis of the results, confirms the potential of this type of test for measurements on hyperelastic materials.
Brito, Mário Rui Nunes de. "Affordances em crianças do 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico: julgamentos de ação na passagem por aberturas estreitas tendo em conta o género, a idade e a prevalência de obesidade." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10348/5246.
Full textAs possibilidades de ação, denominadas por Gibson (1979) de affordances, dependem do ajuste entre as características corporais do indivíduo e as características do ambiente, utilizando o conhecimento das suas próprias dimensões corporais para executar todo o tipo de ações do dia-a-dia, como subir escadas, atravessar barreiras, agarrar objetos etc. A passagem por aberturas estreitas (portas) é um exemplo de affordance. A passagem é propiciada quando as aberturas são mais largas que a maior dimensão corporal horizontal (largura dos ombros), e quando a abertura é mais pequena, para evitar a colisão, verifica-se uma rotação dos ombros. Nos adultos, o ponto crítico (< 1.3) estimado por Warren e Whang (1987) na passagem pelas aberturas, resulta do rácio largura ombros/abertura, indicando que este é maior que um para deixar uma margem de segurança que permita as variações laterais na trajetória do tronco que estão presentes durante a marcha. Com base nestes pressupostos, esta investigação teve como objetivo geral: estimar as variáveis preditoras do rácio crítico de transição para uma nova categoria de ação na passagem de aberturas estreitas em crianças com idades compreendidas entre os 6.5 e os 10.5 anos. Como objetivos específicos foram definidos: (i) - estimar o rácio crítico de rotação dos ombros em crianças com idades compreendidas entre os 6.5 e os 10.5 anos na passagem de uma abertura; (ii) - comparar o rácio crítico de rotação dos ombros, na passagem de uma abertura, em função da idade, do género e da prevalência de obesidade. A amostra foi constituída por 91 crianças (54 rapazes e 37 raparigas) com uma idade média de 8.51 ( 1.16) anos, de uma escola do 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico. Os alunos foram medidos (altura e largura de ombros) e pesados, calculado o IMC e estimada a prevalência de obesidade, de acordo com os valores de corte de Cole et al., (2000). Os alunos passaram por uma série de cinco aberturas com 0.9, 1.1, 1.3, 1.5 e 1.7 vezes a sua largura de ombros tendo sido anotada a medida em que ocorria a rotação dos ombros e calculado o rácio crítico da largura ombros/abertura. Para o tratamento estatístico dos dados foi utilizado o programa SPSS 20 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) realizando-se a análise exploratória dos dados, o teste qui-quadrado, a correlação de Spearman, a correlação de Pearson e por fim a regressão linear. Relativamente à prevalência de obesidade, 65.9% dos alunos eram normoponderais e 34.1% obesos (obesidade/excesso de peso). Em termos de julgamentos de ação, os nossos resultados sugerem que a decisão de rodar os ombros das crianças se situa em média a um rácio crítico de 1.19 0.16), inferior ao dos adultos (< 1.3). Quando se comparou o rácio crítico de acordo com o género e a prevalência de obesidade, não se verificaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas ( = 0.366; = 0.882, respetivamente). Quando foram comparados tendo em conta a idade, os mais velhos apresentaram valores de rácio mais baixos e significativamente diferentes dos mais novos ( = 0.038). Os resultados da regressão linear identificam a idade como a variável preditora nos julgamentos de ação por passagens de aberturas estreitas em crianças do primeiro ciclo do ensino básico. Estes resultados demonstram que, nas crianças, o ponto crítico de transição para uma nova categoria de ação na passagem de aberturas estreitas não se baseia unicamente na escala corporal, o que nos permite concluir que a experiência e a aprendizagem também desempenham um papel decisivo nos seus julgamentos de ação.
Possibilities for action, which Gibson (1979) called affordances, depend on the adjustment between the individual body characteristics and the environment characteristics, using the knowledge of their own body dimensions to execute all sort of everyday actions, like climbing stairs, cross barriers, grab objects, etc. The passage through narrow openings (doors) is an example of affordance. The passage is afforded when the openings are wider than the largest horizontal body dimension (shoulder width), and when the opening is smaller to avoid collision, a rotation of the shoulders occurs. In adults, the critical point (< 1.3) estimated by Warren e Wang (1987) in the passage through narrow openings, results from the ratio shoulder width/opening, indicating that it is greater than one to leave a safety margin that allows the lateral variations in the trunk trajectory that are present during gait. Based on these assumptions, this research investigation aimed to: estimate the predictors of the critical ratio of transition to a new category of action in the passage of narrow openings in children aged 6.5 to 10.5 years. Specific objectives were: (i) - estimate the critical ratio of rotation of the shoulders, in children aged 6.5 to 10.5 years, while passing through an opening, (ii) - compare the critical ratio of shoulder rotation in the passage of an opening, depending on age, sex and prevalence of obesity. The sample consisted of 91 children (54 boys and 37 girls) with a mean age of 8.51 ( 1.16) years, from a school of the first cycle of basic education. Students were measured (height and shoulder width) and weighted, their BMI was calculated, and the prevalence of obesity was estimated according to the cutoff values of Cole et al. (2000). The students passed through a series of five openings of 0.9, 1.1, 1.3, 1.5 and 1.7 times their shoulder width having being annotated the measure at which occurred the shoulder rotation and calculated the shoulder/opening critical ratio. For statistical treatment of the data the program SPSS 20 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) was used, by performing exploratory data analysis, the chi-square test, Spearman´s correlation, Pearson´s correlation and finally linear regression. Regarding the prevalence of obesity, 65.9% of students were normal weight and 34.1% obese (obesity/overweight). In terms of action judgments, our results suggest that the children´s decision to rotate the shoulders lies on average at a critical ratio of 1.19 0.16), lower than that of adults (< 1.3). When we compared the critical ratio according to gender and prevalence of obesity there were no statistically significant differences ( = 0.366; = 0.882). When compared according to age, older children presented significantly lower and different ratio values than the younger ones ( = 0.038). The linear regression results identified age as the predictor variable in the action judgments of passing through narrow openings in children of the first cycle of basic education. These results show that in children, the critical point of transition to a new category of action in the passage of narrow openings is not based solely on body scale, allowing us to conclude that the experience and learning also play a decisive role in their action judgments.