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1
MENC, the National Association for Music Education (U.S.), ed. The jazz ensemble companion: A guide to outstanding big band arrangements selected by some of the foremost jazz educators. Lanham, [Md.]: Rowman & Littlefield Education, 2009.
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2
Ferrari, Patrik L., and Herbert Spohn. Random matrices and Laplacian growth. Edited by Gernot Akemann, Jinho Baik, and Philippe Di Francesco. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744191.013.39.
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This article reviews the theory of random matrices with eigenvalues distributed in the complex plane and more general ‘beta ensembles’ (logarithmic gases in 2D). It first considers two ensembles of random matrices with complex eigenvalues: ensemble C of general complex matrices and ensemble N of normal matrices. In particular, it describes the Dyson gas picture for ensembles of matrices with general complex eigenvalues distributed on the plane. It then presents some general exact relations for correlation functions valid for any values of N and β before analysing the distribution and correlations of the eigenvalues in the large N limit. Using the technique of boundary value problems in two dimensions and elements of the potential theory, the article demonstrates that the finite-time blow-up (a cusp–like singularity) of the Laplacian growth with zero surface tension is a critical point of the normal and complex matrix models.
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Keating, Jon, and Nina Snaith. Random permutations and related topics. Edited by Gernot Akemann, Jinho Baik, and Philippe Di Francesco. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744191.013.25.
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This article considers some topics in random permutations and random partitions highlighting analogies with random matrix theory (RMT). An ensemble of random permutations is determined by a probability distribution on Sn, the set of permutations of [n] := {1, 2, . . . , n}. In many ways, the symmetric group Sn is linked to classical matrix groups. Ensembles of random permutations should be given the same treatment as random matrix ensembles, such as the ensembles of classical compact groups and symmetric spaces of compact type with normalized invariant measure. The article first describes the Ewens measures, virtual permutations, and the Poisson-Dirichlet distributions before discussing results related to the Plancherel measure on the set of equivalence classes of irreducible representations of Sn and its consecutive generalizations: the z-measures and the Schur measures.
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Coolen, A. C. C., A. Annibale, and E. S. Roberts. Random graph ensembles. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198709893.003.0003.
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This chapter presents some theoretical tools for defining random graph ensembles systematically via soft or hard topological constraints including working through some properties of the Erdös-Rényi random graph ensemble, which is the simplest non-trivial random graph ensemble where links appear between two nodes with a fixed probability p. The chapter sets out the central representation of graph generation as the result of a discrete-time Markovian stochastic process. This unites the two flavours of graph generation approaches – because they can be viewed as simply moving forwards or backwards through this representation. It is possible to define a random graph by an algorithm, and then calculate the associated stationary probability. The alternative approach is to specify sampling weights and then to construct an algorithm that will have these weights as the stationary probabilities upon convergence.
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Dyson, Freeman. Spectral statistics of unitary ensembles. Edited by Gernot Akemann, Jinho Baik, and Philippe Di Francesco. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744191.013.4.
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This article focuses on the use of the orthogonal polynomial method for computing correlation functions, cluster functions, gap probability, Janossy density, and spacing distributions for the eigenvalues of matrix ensembles with unitary-invariant probability law. It first considers the classical families of orthogonal polynomials (Hermite, Laguerre, and Jacobi) and some corresponding unitary ensembles before discussing the statistical properties of N-tuples of real numbers. It then reviews the definitions of basic statistical quantities and demonstrates how their distributions can be made explicit in terms of orthogonal polynomials. It also describes the k-point correlation function, Fredholm determinants of finite-rank kernels, and resolvent kernels.
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Sanderson, Benjamin Mark. Uncertainty Quantification in Multi-Model Ensembles. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.707.
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Long-term planning for many sectors of society—including infrastructure, human health, agriculture, food security, water supply, insurance, conflict, and migration—requires an assessment of the range of possible futures which the planet might experience. Unlike short-term forecasts for which validation data exists for comparing forecast to observation, long-term forecasts have almost no validation data. As a result, researchers must rely on supporting evidence to make their projections. A review of methods for quantifying the uncertainty of climate predictions is given. The primary tool for quantifying these uncertainties are climate models, which attempt to model all the relevant processes that are important in climate change. However, neither the construction nor calibration of climate models is perfect, and therefore the uncertainties due to model errors must also be taken into account in the uncertainty quantification.Typically, prediction uncertainty is quantified by generating ensembles of solutions from climate models to span possible futures. For instance, initial condition uncertainty is quantified by generating an ensemble of initial states that are consistent with available observations and then integrating the climate model starting from each initial condition. A climate model is itself subject to uncertain choices in modeling certain physical processes. Some of these choices can be sampled using so-called perturbed physics ensembles, whereby uncertain parameters or structural switches are perturbed within a single climate model framework. For a variety of reasons, there is a strong reliance on so-called ensembles of opportunity, which are multi-model ensembles (MMEs) formed by collecting predictions from different climate modeling centers, each using a potentially different framework to represent relevant processes for climate change. The most extensive collection of these MMEs is associated with the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). However, the component models have biases, simplifications, and interdependencies that must be taken into account when making formal risk assessments. Techniques and concepts for integrating model projections in MMEs are reviewed, including differing paradigms of ensembles and how they relate to observations and reality. Aspects of these conceptual issues then inform the more practical matters of how to combine and weight model projections to best represent the uncertainties associated with projected climate change.
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Hagberg, Garry L. The ensemble as plural subject. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199355914.003.0025.
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Group jazz improvisation at the highest levels can achieve a kind of cooperative creativity that rises above the sum total of the contributions of the individuals. This phenomenon is widely recognized, but has resisted description beyond metaphors that refer to ‘special chemistry’ and the like. Some recent work in the philosophy of social action, on collective intention and group cognition, and on what has been helpfully called a ‘plural subject’, is brought together in this chapter with a close listening to the Stan Getz Quartet’s performance of the classic standard ‘On Green Dolphin Street’. As with discussions of group action in recent philosophical writings, here it emerges that qualities of the improvised performance are not reducible to individuated intentional content, and the notion of the plural subject provides both an analysis of it and the language for it.
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Speicher, Roland. Random banded and sparse matrices. Edited by Gernot Akemann, Jinho Baik, and Philippe Di Francesco. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744191.013.23.
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This article discusses some mathematical results and conjectures about random band matrix ensembles (RBM) and sparse matrix ensembles. Spectral problems of RBM and sparse matrices can be expressed in terms of supersymmetric (SUSY) statistical mechanics that provides a dual representation for disordered quantum systems. This representation offers important insights into nonperturbative aspects of the spectrum and eigenfunctions of RBM. The article first presents the definition of RBM ensembles before considering the density of states, the behaviour of eigenvectors, and eigenvalue statistics for RBM and sparse random matrices. In particular, it highlights the relations with random Schrödinger (RS) and the role of the dimension of the lattice. It also describes the connection between RBM and statistical mechanics, the spectral theory of large random sparse matrices, conjectures and theorems about eigenvectors and local spacing statistics, and the RS operator on the Cayley tree or Bethe lattice.
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Henley, Jennie. The Musical Lives of Self-Confessed Nonmusicians. Edited by Roger Mantie and Gareth Dylan Smith. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190244705.013.14.
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This chapter explores the musical lives of adults who do not class themselves as musicians. A U.K. research study investigating the learning processes within an ensemble found that many adults who learned to play an instrument in an ensemble not only did not class themselves as musicians, but they actively used nonmusical identities to continue and deepen their engagement in adult music making. The chapter looks at the stories of some of the study’s participants. Musical opportunities in adulthood are considered and the socio-cultural environment of an ensemble is discussed through the lens of Cultural Historical Activity Theory (CHAT). The concept of possible selves as a motivator in learning is considered in relation to theoretical perspectives of musical identity. Then, the music lives of different adults are viewed through a framework of being a musician. Finally, ways are considered in which different possible selves and nonmusical identities drive music making.
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Eynard, Bertrand. Random matrices and loop equations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797319.003.0007.
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This chapter is an introduction to algebraic methods in random matrix theory (RMT). In the first section, the random matrix ensembles are introduced and it is shown that going beyond the usual Wigner ensembles can be very useful, in particular by allowing eigenvalues to lie on some paths in the complex plane rather than on the real axis. As a detailed example, the Plancherel model is considered from the point of RMT. The second section is devoted to the saddle-point approximation, also called the Coulomb gas method. This leads to a system of algebraic equations, the solution of which leads to an algebraic curve called the ‘spectral curve’ which determines the large N expansion of all observables in a geometric way. Finally, the third section introduces the ‘loop equations’ (i.e., Schwinger–Dyson equations associated with matrix models), which can be solved recursively (i.e., order by order in a semi-classical expansion) by a universal recursion: the ‘topological recursion’.
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Lott, Marie Sumner. “Domesticating” the Foreign in Arrangements of Operas, Folk Songs, and Other Works for Chamber Ensembles. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039225.003.0002.
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This chapter looks at string quartet transcriptions and arrangements. These arrangements differ from their piano-oriented counterparts in significant ways, and they reflect the changing role of chamber music—and that of opera and folk song—in musical life over the course of the nineteenth century. In translating an opera or other work for string quartet, arrangers combined seemingly opposed genres and social settings, bringing the opera house into the parlor in some cases and the countryside into the city in others. The chapter then focuses on Berlin-based publisher Adolph Martin Schlesinger. His firm produced dozens of opera transcriptions, collections of folk songs, and arrangements of Classical works for amateur chamber musicians between 1800 and 1900.
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Et c'est la fin pour quoy sommes ensemble: Hommage à Jean Dufournet : littérature, histoire et langue du Moyen Âge. Paris: Champion, 1993.
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13
Jean, Dufournet, and Aubailly Jean-Claude, eds. Et c'est la fin pour quoi sommes ensemble: Hommage à Jean Dufournet : littérature, histoire et langue du Moyen Age. Paris: Champion, 1993.
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14
Fyodorov, Yan, and Dmitry Savin. Condensed matter physics. Edited by Gernot Akemann, Jinho Baik, and Philippe Di Francesco. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744191.013.35.
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This article discusses some applications of concepts from random matrix theory (RMT) to condensed matter physics, with emphasis on phenomena, predicted or explained by RMT, that have actually been observed in experiments on quantum wires and quantum dots. These observations range from universal conductance fluctuations (UCF) to weak localization, non-Gaussian thermopower distributions, and sub-Poissonian shot noise. The article first considers the UCF phenomenon, nonlogarithmic eigenvalue repulsion, and sub-Poissonian shot noise in quantum wires before analysing level and wave function statistics, scattering matrix ensembles, conductance distribution, and thermopower distribution in quantum dots. It also examines the effects (not yet observed) of superconductors on the statistics of the Hamiltonian and scattering matrix.
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Kartomi, Margaret. The Minangkabau South Coast. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036712.003.0003.
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This chapter explores the traditional pre-Muslim music, dance, and legend of the Minangkabau south coast, where descendants of local royalty claim descent from the luhak nan tiga heartland. Yet the style of their key songs and dances is quite different, based on locally told legends such as the pan-Sumatran west-coastal Sikambang legend about a mermaid (Sikambang) and the Earth Goddess Legend. The chapter first describes the music-related history of the former palaces and the common people on the south coast before discussing the shamanic rituals and dances; the bardic art of kaba (epic) performance. It then considers the songs and song-dances attached to three main legends: “Sikambang,” Bundo Kanduang (Earth Goddess), and the Seven Angels/Sisters legend. It also examines some other dances as well as the south coast's main musical instruments and ensembles.
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Beal, Amy C. Walking Woman. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036361.003.0002.
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This chapter looks at Bley's first few years in New York. She was most likely eighteen years old when she arrived in the city but it is not clear exactly when Bley first got there. New to the city, she slept temporarily in Grand Central Station and then paid for an inexpensive hotel room near Times Square. She then began working at the jazz clubs Basin Street and Birdland. Shortly after turning twenty-one, during the summer of 1957, she officially changed her name to Carla Borg and started composing regularly. Carla Bley was further encouraged by musicians in Los Angeles. But perhaps most important, her encounter with Charlie Haden marked the start of a lifelong friendship, one that has resulted in some of the most innovative recordings ever made by large jazz ensembles, namely, the Liberation Music Orchestra projects beginning in 1969.
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Ramnarine, Tina K. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199352227.003.0001.
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This Introduction outlines various examples of ensemble performance to highlight diverse practices in the world of orchestras. It poses a fundamental question: What is an orchestra? It raises issues around collective creativity and social agency, which provide thematic foci in relation to a diversity of orchestral practices. Discussion on the conceptual aspects of adopting global perspectives on orchestras highlights comparison as a mode of theorization. The relevance of a comparative approach lies in its capacity to draw together diverse ethnographic case-studies. The Introduction thus provides a framework for reading this volume and it points out some of the conceptual connections between its chapters.
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Schiff, David. Carter vs. Poets (Round 2). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190259150.003.0012.
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Alongside the lucid, transparent instrumental works of his last years, Carter composed seven works for voice and ensemble that set poetry by the founding generation of American literary modernism: William Carlos Williams, Wallace Stevens, Marianne Moore, Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot and e.e. cummings. Though contemporaries, these poets differed widely in their aesthetic and political stances. Carter’s settings connect with each of them in different ways. Some of these works revive the darker, more troubling explorations of Carter’s middle years. Taken as a whole though, they can be heard as a legacy project, a monument to and critique of the aesthetic ideas Carter first encountered in his teens.
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Baker, David, and Lucy Green. Disability Arts and Visually Impaired Musicians in the Community. Edited by Brydie-Leigh Bartleet and Lee Higgins. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219505.013.1.
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This chapter reports on a multifaceted ‘disability arts scene’ in music worldwide that comprises visually impaired (i.e., blind and partially sighted) instrumentalists, singers, composers, producers, and others across a range of musical styles and genres. Some such musicians work alone but are usually deeply involved in networks. Others join community music ensembles that can be made up of musicians with a range of disabilities including visual impairments, or that consist entirely of visually impaired people. When promoting their community music participation, some visually impaired musicians draw on the history and traditions of the blind in music across the world, and thus exists the lore concerning special dispensations in the absence of sight. Yet there are also visually impaired musicians who distance themselves from that self-identity. The chapter explores how members of this unique socio-musical group consider the aforesaid ‘scene’ and its integral community music, and how their interpretations correspond or clash; it introduces key matters of accessibility, independent mobility, identity, musical approach and media, notions of discrimination, and social inclusion.
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Burda, Zdzislaw, and Jerzy Jurkiewicz. Phase transitions. Edited by Gernot Akemann, Jinho Baik, and Philippe Di Francesco. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744191.013.14.
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This article considers phase transitions in matrix models that are invariant under a symmetry group as well as those that occur in some matrix ensembles with preferred basis, like the Anderson transition. It first reviews the results for the simplest model with a nontrivial set of phases, the one-matrix Hermitian model with polynomial potential. It then presents a view of the several solutions of the saddle point equation. It also describes circular models and their Cayley transform to Hermitian models, along with fixed trace models. A brief overview of models with normal, chiral, Wishart, and rectangular matrices is provided. The article concludes with a discussion of the curious single-ring theorem, the successful use of multi-matrix models in describing phase transitions of classical statistical models on fluctuating two-dimensional surfaces, and the delocalization transition for the Anderson, Hatano-Nelson, and Euclidean random matrix models.
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Akemann, Gernot. Random matrix theory and quantum chromodynamics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797319.003.0005.
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This chapter was originally presented to a mixed audience of physicists and mathematicians with some basic working knowledge of random matrix theory. The first part is devoted to the solution of the chiral Gaussian unitary ensemble in the presence of characteristic polynomials, using orthogonal polynomial techniques. This includes all eigenvalue density correlation functions, smallest eigenvalue distributions, and their microscopic limit at the origin. These quantities are relevant for the description of the Dirac operator spectrum in quantum chromodynamics with three colors in four Euclidean space-time dimensions. In the second part these two theories are related based on symmetries, and the random matrix approximation is explained. In the last part recent developments are covered, including the effect of finite chemical potential and finite space-time lattice spacing, and their corresponding orthogonal polynomials. This chapter also provides some open random matrix problems.
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Akemann, Gernot, Jinho Baik, and Philippe Di Francesco, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Random Matrix Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744191.001.0001.
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This handbook showcases the major aspects and modern applications of random matrix theory (RMT). It examines the mathematical properties and applications of random matrices and some of the reasons why RMT has been very successful and continues to enjoy great interest among physicists, mathematicians and other scientists. It also discusses methods of solving RMT, basic properties and fundamental objects in RMT, and different models and symmetry classes in RMT. Topics include the use of classical orthogonal polynomials (OP) and skew-OP to solve exactly RMT ensembles with unitary, and orthogonal or symplectic invariance respectively, all at finite matrix size; the supersymmetric and replica methods; determinantal point processes; Painlevé transcendents; the fundamental property of RMT known as universality; RNA folding; two-dimensional quantum gravity; string theory; and the mathematical concept of free random variables. In addition to applications to mathematics and physics, the book considers broader applications to other sciences, including economics, engineering, biology, and complex networks.
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Kartomi, Margaret. Connections across Sumatra. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036712.003.0014.
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This concluding chapter highlights some of the connections between the traditional styles and genres of the performing arts across Sumatra, paying attention to the impact of indigenous religions and Islam as well as classification of the musical instruments and ensembles. It also considers how the musical arts are linked to myths and legends, and how myths and art forms are related to indigenous religious beliefs. Finally, it discusses Hindu myths and art forms; Muslim-associated myths and legends and art forms; Chinese myths and art forms; dances and music-dance relationships; connections between the performing arts in Sumatra's Malay subgroups and social classes; gender factors; signal items of Sumatran identity and local uniqueness; and major changes in the performing arts since around 1900. The chapter suggests that more research into the whole of greater Sumatra is needed in order to elucidate the extent to which an understanding of these connections can contribute to a concept of Sumatra's performing arts as a unified whole.
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Smart, Paul R. Mandevillian Intelligence. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801764.003.0013.
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Mandevillian intelligence is a specific form of collective intelligence in which individual cognitive shortcomings, limitations, and biases play a positive functional role in yielding various forms of collective cognitive success. When this idea is transposed to the epistemological domain, mandevillian intelligence emerges as the idea that individual forms of intellectual vice may, on occasion, support the epistemic performance of some form of multi-agent ensemble, such as a socio-epistemic system, a collective doxastic agent, or an epistemic group agent. As a specific form of collective intelligence, mandevillian intelligence is relevant to a number of debates in social epistemology, especially those that seek to understand how group (or collective) knowledge arises from the interactions between a collection of individual epistemic agents.
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Isett, Philip. The Euler-Reynolds System. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691174822.003.0001.
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This chapter provides a background on the Euler-Reynolds system, starting with some of the underlying philosophy behind the argument. It describes low frequency parts and ensemble averages of Euler flows and shows that the average of any family of solutions to Euler will be a solution of the Euler-Reynolds equations. It explains how the most relevant type of averaging to convex integration arises during the operation of taking weak limits, which can be regarded as an averaging process. The chapter proceeds by focusing on weak limits of Euler flows and the hierarchy of frequencies, concluding with a discussion of the method of convex integration and the h-principle for weak limits. The method inherently proves that weak solutions to Euler may fail to be solutions.
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Parr, Connal. Loyal Women? Marie Jones and Christina Reid. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791591.003.0008.
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Marie Jones and Christina Reid earned critical and commercial success, with the former breaking through with the Charabanc Theatre Company ensemble in 1983 and Reid emerging via the Lyric Theatre contemporaneously. The latter’s plays reveal a far closer affinity with the traditions of her Orange-supporting family than she conveyed in interviews and has been reflected in scholarly literature. While both writers profess Irish identifications, both tend to emphasize and explore social class along with gender in their lives and work. Being from different but strongly Protestant backgrounds, both were also proximate with Loyalist paramilitaries, writing and interacting with them in some personal or critical capacity. Interviews with Reid, Jones, and the Charabanc women supplement the testimony and insights of female representatives and activists.
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Akemann, Gernot, Jinho Baik, and Philippe Di Francesco. Introduction and guide to the handbook. Edited by Gernot Akemann, Jinho Baik, and Philippe Di Francesco. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744191.013.1.
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This article discusses random matrix theory (RMT) in a nutshell — what it is about, what its main features are, and why it is so successful in applications. It first considers the simplest and maybe most frequently used standard example, the Gaussian Unitary Ensemble (GUE) of random matrices, before looking at several types of applications of RMT, focusing on random operators, counting devices, and RMT without matrices. It then provides a guide to the handbook, explaining how the other forty-two articles on mathematical properties and applications of random matrices are related and built one upon the other. It also lists some topics that are not covered in detail in the book and reviews recent new developments since the first edition of this handbook before concluding with a brief survey of the existing introductory literature.
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Bakan, Michael B. Zena Hamelson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190855833.003.0002.
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When we first meet ten-year-old Zena Hamelson, she is sitting in a chair staring blankly at the wall, flapping her hands, repeatedly straightening and bending her legs, compulsively twisting and pulling on her fingers as her Artism Ensemble bandmates make joyful music all around her. Zena is stimming, that is, she is practicing a personal repertoire of self-stimulatory behaviors that align precisely with the symptomatic profile of her diagnosed autism spectrum disorder: Asperger’s syndrome. Stimming, autism researchers tell us, is associated with some dysfunctional system in the brain; its reduction or elimination is a target goal of many therapeutic interventions and autism studies. Yet as the chapter unfolds, Zena’s stimming is revealed as something else entirely: a meaningful mode of music-making, creative expression, and social experience unto itself.
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Bakan, Michael B. Toward an Ethnographic Model of Disability in the Ethnomusicology of Autism. Edited by Blake Howe, Stephanie Jensen-Moulton, Neil Lerner, and Joseph Straus. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199331444.013.2.
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This essay proposes an ethnographic model of disability in contradistinction to existing social and medical models. Building from an ethnomusicological study of the Artism Ensemble, a neurodiverse music performance collective comprising children on the autism spectrum, their coparticipating parents, and professional musicians of diverse musicultural lineage, it discusses issues of autistic self-advocacy, Disability Studies and rights, the anthropology of autism, and epistemological and pragmatic debates and consequences of competing autism discourses and philosophies. The essay argues that musical projects like Artism hold the capacity to contribute productively and meaningfully to the causes of autistic self-advocacy and quality of life, transforming public perceptions of autism from the customary tropes of deficit and disorder to alternate visions of wholeness, ability, and acceptance. Artism is also addressed from a critical vantage point that demonstrates its partial entrenchment in some of the very same negating constructs it ostensibly resists and defies.
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Congendo, Marco, and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Event-Related Potentials. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0039.
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Event-related potentials (ERPs) can be elicited by a variety of stimuli and events in diverse conditions. This chapter covers the methodology of analyzing and quantifying ERPs in general. Basic models (additive, phase modulation and resetting, potential asymmetry) that account for the generation of ERPs are discussed. The principles and requirements of ensemble time averaging are presented, along with several univariate and multivariate methods that have been proposed to improve the averaging procedure: wavelet decomposition and denoising, spatial, temporal and spatio-temporal filtering. We emphasize basic concepts of principal component analysis, common spatial pattern, and blind source separation, including independent component analysis. We cover practical questions related to the averaging procedure: overlapping ERPs, correcting inter-sweep latency and amplitude variability, alternative averaging methods (e.g., median), and estimation of ERP onset. Some specific aspects of ERP analysis in the frequency domain are surveyed, along with topographic analysis, statistical testing, and classification methods.
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Olsen, Dale A. The Aesthetics and Power of Flute Sounds, Timbres, and Sonic Textures. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037887.003.0014.
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This chapter discusses flute timbres and sonic textures. Flute timbres or tone colors, especially, are what characterize the flute and make it such a unique musical instrument. Small flutes are noted for their shrill and piercing tone colors, and in many cultures, the sounds of small flutes pierce the hearts, souls, and perhaps other areas of the human body of many listeners because of the high pitches. In some situations, the sound of the flute is like the wind, or is sad, lonely, and pensive. Like the Japanese shakuhachi and the Persian nay, most flutes are capable of a great variety of timbres that can imitate sounds of nature or evoke many emotions. The term “sonic texture,” refers to the “simultaneous sounding” of two or more instruments or voices. Throughout the stories presented in this book, flutes have mostly been played as solo instruments in a single-part texture. In many regions of the world, however, especially in the South American rainforest and Andes mountains, Africa, New Guinea, Japan, and Java, just to name a few, flutes are played in ensembles that create multipart textures.
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Singleton, Brian. Irish Theatre Devised. Edited by Nicholas Grene and Chris Morash. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198706137.013.36.
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Since the early 1980s, a considerable debate has grown up around the centrality of the written script in Irish theatre. While the major artist in many other European theatre cultures was the director or the scenographer, Irish theatre remained dominated by the writer. However, with an expansion in the number of theatre companies, an increasingly globalized culture, and new forms of Irish actor training, companies began to emerge whose work did not begin with a playwright. In some companies, such as Corn Exchange, work is devised with the collaboration of writer, director, and the ensemble. In other cases, companies such as Pan Pan have used classic texts as the basis for director-driven post-dramatic works, while other companies such as ANU have moved further into forms of devised work. By the end of the first decade of the twenty-first century, the writer was no longer necessarily the key figure in Irish theatre .
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de Miranda, Luis. Ensemblance. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474454193.001.0001.
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This book provides the first ever transnational and longue-durée intellectual history of a highly influential but largely understudied modern phrase: esprit de corps. A strong attachment and dedication among the members of a community of practice or a body politic, esprit de corps can be perceived as beneficial (collective élan) or detrimental (groupthink). As a polemical argumentative signifier, esprit de corps has played a significant role in the cultural and political history of the last 300 years: the idea was influential and debated during the European secularisation of education in the eighteenth-century, during the French Revolution, during the United States process of Independence, and the French Empire. It was praised by British colonialists, French sociologists, and during the World Wars. It was instrumental during the rise of administrative nation-states and the triumph of corporate capitalism. ‘Esprit de corps’ is today a keyword in nationalist and managerial discourses. Born in eighteenth-century France in military as well as political discourse, the phrase and its implications were over the centuries an important matter of debate for major thinkers and politicians: d’Alembert, Voltaire, Rousseau, Lord Chesterfield, Bentham, the Founding Fathers, Sieyès, Mirabeau, British MPs, Napoleon, Hegel, Tocqueville, Durkheim, Waldeck-Rousseau, de Gaulle, Orwell, Bourdieu, Deleuze & Guattari, etc. For some of them, esprit de corps is the very engine of History. In the end, this book a cautionary analysis of past and current ideologies of ultra-unified human ensembles, a recurrent historical and theoretical fabulation the author calls ensemblance.
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Claussen, Martin, Anne Dallmeyer, and Jürgen Bader. Theory and Modeling of the African Humid Period and the Green Sahara. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.532.
Full textAbstract:
There is ample evidence from palaeobotanic and palaeoclimatic reconstructions that during early and mid-Holocene between some 11,700 years (in some regions, a few thousand years earlier) and some 4200 years ago, subtropical North Africa was much more humid and greener than today. This African Humid Period (AHP) was triggered by changes in the orbital forcing, with the climatic precession as the dominant pacemaker. Climate system modeling in the 1990s revealed that orbital forcing alone cannot explain the large changes in the North African summer monsoon and subsequent ecosystem changes in the Sahara. Feedbacks between atmosphere, land surface, and ocean were shown to strongly amplify monsoon and vegetation changes. Forcing and feedbacks have caused changes far larger in amplitude and extent than experienced today in the Sahara and Sahel. Most, if not all, climate system models, however, tend to underestimate the amplitude of past African monsoon changes and the extent of the land-surface changes in the Sahara. Hence, it seems plausible that some feedback processes are not properly described, or are even missing, in the climate system models.Perhaps even more challenging than explaining the existence of the AHP and the Green Sahara is the interpretation of data that reveal an abrupt termination of the last AHP. Based on climate system modeling and theoretical considerations in the late 1990s, it was proposed that the AHP could have ended, and the Sahara could have expanded, within just a few centuries—that is, much faster than orbital forcing. In 2000, paleo records of terrestrial dust deposition off Mauritania seemingly corroborated the prediction of an abrupt termination. However, with the uncovering of more paleo data, considerable controversy has arisen over the geological evidence of abrupt climate and ecosystem changes. Some records clearly show abrupt changes in some climate and terrestrial parameters, while others do not. Also, climate system modeling provides an ambiguous picture.The prediction of abrupt climate and ecosystem changes at the end of the AHP is hampered by limitations implicit in the climate system. Because of the ubiquitous climate variability, it is extremely unlikely that individual paleo records and model simulations completely match. They could do so in a statistical sense, that is, if the statistics of a large ensemble of paleo data and of model simulations converge. Likewise, the interpretation regarding the strength of terrestrial feedback from individual records is elusive. Plant diversity, rarely captured in climate system models, can obliterate any abrupt shift between green and desert state. Hence, the strength of climate—vegetation feedback is probably not a universal property of a certain region but depends on the vegetation composition, which can change with time. Because of spatial heterogeneity of the African landscape and the African monsoon circulation, abrupt changes can occur in several, but not all, regions at different times during the transition from the humid mid-Holocene climate to the present-day more arid climate. Abrupt changes in one region can be induced by abrupt changes in other regions, a process sometimes referred to as “induced tipping.” The African monsoon system seems to be prone to fast and potentially abrupt changes, which to understand and to predict remains one of the grand challenges in African climate science.