Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Enskilda avlopp'
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Eriksson, Gustav. "Enskilda avlopp : Ett kommunalt ansvar?" Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-93449.
Full textSundström, Marielle. "Effektiv tillsyn av enskilda avlopp." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-122899.
Full textNieminen, Per. "Enskilda avlopp: statuskontroll samt kommuners tillsynsarbete." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-105071.
Full textAndersson, Therése. "Enskilda avlopp i Nordmalings kommun : Utvärdering av faktorer vid prioritering av inventeringsområden och krav på enskilda avlopp." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-88695.
Full textHåkansson, Anders. "Enskilda avlopp i väntan på kommunal anslutning." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-159543.
Full textLindberg, Felix. "Enskilda avlopp i Frösunda; en gemensam inverkan på åkerströmmens hälsa." Thesis, KTH, Mark- och vattenteknik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-99364.
Full textOlivebrant, Jack, and David Törngren. "Näring från enskilda avlopp i kretslopp : Hinder, möjligheter och framtidsutsikter." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-94135.
Full textEngström, Linda. "Enskilda avlopp i Nordmalings kommun : Status, skyddsnivåer och teknikval i olika jordartsområden." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-96223.
Full textHolmer, Erik. "Föroreningen av Östersjöns vatten : Enskilda avlopp och åtgärder för en långsiktig uthållig vattenanvändning." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Geography, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-11778.
Full textI denna uppsats undersöks det hur det fungerar med enskilda avlopp utanför kommunens VA-nät. Hur enskilda avlopp är uppbyggda och hur de fungerar. Varför man bör ha avloppsrening, och vilka lagar och regler som styr enskilda avlopp. Jag utreder vidare varför man ska jobba för en ökad rening av avlopp och varför man ska jobba mot att uppnå ett uthålligt samhälle.
Uppsatsen har en teoridel som handlar om hur och varför vi ska sträva efter en uthållig samhällsutveckling. En strävan som kommuner som Söderköping har när dom försöker få människor att byta till hållbara VA-system.
Med dom här funderingarna som bakgrund och ett antal frågeställningar har jag skrivit en fyllig bakgrund som går igenom Östersjöns problematik och även relevant information om enskilda avlopp. Jag går igenom varför vi behöver en bra rening och hur man kan jobba för att uppnå en bättre rening. Bakgrunden ger en grund för att jag ska kunna genomföra min undersökning på ett bra sätt.
I resultat delen undersöker jag hur Söderköpings kommun och Allren arbetar med enskilda avlopp. Jag valde Söderköpings kommun för att det är en kustnära kommun som av den anledningen alltid brottas med att inte få ut läckage av näring i Östersjön. Och det märks att dom har tagit detta ämne på allvar då dom jobbar för att skapa recirkulation av näringen genom exempelvis urinsorterande system.
I slutet av uppsatsen har jag diskussions delar där jag flätar samman uppsatsen och för en diskussion om vad jag har kommit fram till och vad jag har för åsikter om arbetet med enskilda avlopp.
Uppsatsen avslutas med att jag har med en didaktik del. En didaktisk del som gör det möjligt att lära ut de kunskaper man besitter efter en uppsats.
Calestam, Elin. "Biorening i små reningsverk vid enskilda avlopp med hög organisk belastning : Utredning och åtgärdsförslag." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-36853.
Full textClean water is essential for all life but emissions of pollutants from human activities are disturbing the balance in ecosystems leading to severe consequences. Poor treatment of domestic wastewater can cause anoxic waters and eutrophication in aquatic environments. In Swedish cities, domestic wastewater is treated in municipal wastewater treatment plants through mechanical, biological and chemical treatments. Where connection to the municipal wastewater treatment plants is not available, the wastewater from a single or a few households are treated in decentralized treatment plants. Wastewater, mainly from toilets, on gas stations is a typical example of individual sewage and decentralized treatment plants are becoming more common. The decentralized treatment plants are dimensioned based on an industry-wide definition of domestic sewage, which can differ greatly from the sewage produced in gas stations because of the lack of diluting bathing and washing water. The high concentration of organic matter and nitrogen is mainly the explanation to the differences. Regulation for emissions from domestic wastewater that has been made by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency applies to this special wastewater even though the preconditions in the wastewater are significantly different from the ones that form the basis for the requirements. This study includes three decentralized treatment plants treating domestic wastewater with a high organic load having problems to meet the requirements of the authorities. Two of the treatment plants are based on the principle of fixed biofilm and is investigated because of their inadequate reduction of nitrogen. The difference between the two plants is a reservoir and a hypothesis is that it has a positive effect of the total reduction rate by smoothing of the incoming flow. The third treatment plant is a batch reactor with activated sludge that now and then has problems with pungent odors and dead activated sludge colored black. Samples were taken and analyzed at all treatment plants. The questions posed are how the reduction of nitrogen is working in the biofilm plants and how it can be improved, as well as the question about the reasons behind the dead sludge in the batch reactor with activated sludge and how it is prevented. The effect of the reservoir on the reduction rate is also investigated. The results revealed a lack of phosphorus in the bioreactors with fixed biofilm, which inhibited the microbial activity and thus the reduction of organic matter and nitrogen. The size of the reactors was at the same time probably too small relative to the organic load. The investigation showed that the reservoir in the biofilm plant had a positive effect on the reduction rate for total nitrogen and phosphorus. The high concentration of organic matter caused poor oxygen exchange in the batch reactor with activated sludge, leading to the formation of toxic hydrogen sulfide and iron sulfide. The sulfides explained the bad odors and why the activated sludge died. The proposed action for the biofilm plant is to place the reduction of phosphorus after the biological treatment, for example filtration. In the batch reactor with activated sludge is increased oxygen exchange suggested, in combination with a new precipitation chemical that is not based on iron sulfate, but chloride, because access to sulfate enables the formation of sulfides.
Lymeus, Vendy. "Sammanställning och utvärdering av små avloppsanläggningar utifrån tillförlitligheten hos angivna reningsgrader." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Information Technology, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-116436.
Full textThe private sewage systems in Sweden releases around 600 tons of phosphorus per year, compared to about 350 tons from municipal sewage treatment plants, and they account for approximately 21% of the total anthropogenic discharge of phosphorus into Swedish waters. About 40% of Sweden's nearly 1 million private sewage systems are inferior with respect to emissions to surface and groundwater.
The technology of small sewage plants is under development and knowledge of treatment effects for different solutions is poorly consolidated. Municipal authorities lack resources to keep up with the technologic development and assess the reliability of the treatment performances that suppliers report for their products. The thesis aims to conduct a market review and evaluation of wholly or partially prefabricated small sewage plants, to make it easier for municipalities and property owners to assess different technical solutions. The goal is a compilation of the products on the market, evaluated on the basis of the reliability of specified degrees of reduction.
Information on sampling procedures and test results were collected through a questionnaire to all active suppliers and the responses were then used to classify the products. The results suggest that most products have been extensively tested and shown a good cleaning ability. Those test results should be readily available to property owners and state authorities so that they do not have to make their own inquiries to verify the functionality of each product. Tests should also be entered in the central gauge database that is being constructed on behalf of the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency.
A case study was conducted in five municipalities in order to investigate how the handling of private sewage plants can be improved. The current work situation, what improvements that are demanded and what the administrators think of various suggestions for action was identified through interviews. According to the results, all administrators use the Environmental Protection Agency's general recommendations in their work though most of them experience difficulties to interpret the recommendations, and demand clearer rules and guidance. Almost all administrators want to increase the use of digital data and collaborate more across municipal boundaries. Another interesting finding is that the strategies to define the levels of environmental protection differ widely both between the five municipalities and between administrators within the municipalities. Better coordination is needed to enhance legal certainty and predictability for property owners and contractors.
Kunskapscentrum Små Avlopp
Johansson, Fanny. "Tömning av slamavskiljare i enskilda avlopp : Jämförande studie mellan tömningsteknikerna mobil slamavvattning med polymerer och heltömning." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-160346.
Full textHoflin, Malin. "Övergödning i Stavbofjärdens tillrinningsområde : En utvärdering av genomförda insatser för minskad näringsbelastning från enskilda avlopp och jordbruk." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för livsvetenskaper, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-18045.
Full textThe purpose of this study was to evaluate and examine the first period of the unique project Enskilda avlopp i kretslopp and actions implemented in the agriculture sector to reduce nutrient loading in Stavbofjärden. The idea was to provide an overall assessment of the current situation and discuss the possible future effects of the work. Challenges of the project are also discussed to examine the possibility for other communities to follow the initiative. To achieve the purpose, a study of literature and semi-structured interviews were conducted. The work is a case study of the evaluative nature and has been implemented in Stavbofjärdens catchment area. Today several actors in Södertälje kommun are working actively to reduce nutrient loading in Stavbofjärdens catchment area. For the past three years, the project has been carried out in order to reduce eutrophication and enable recycling of nutrients to cropland. Within the project framework toilet water is collected in a closed tank separate from the bath, sink and wash water, the fraction is then processed in a facility and spread on farmland. In connection with this, the agriculture sector tries to close the cycle and reduce nutrient discharges to Stavbofjärden. Several measures have been implemented during the project's first phase, a recycling policy has been adopted, a local treatment facility has been built and nutrients have begun return to arable land. Distinct structural changes have occurred in the first years of the project, in particular, cooperation between different actors in the catchment area strengthened. The prospects for achieving improved water quality in Stavbofjärden increasing with the implemented and planned measures. The project also raises a number of challenges. Interviews and literature studies have shown that the use of sludge on farmland is not an entirely uncontroversial issue, mostly because of a concern about the possible effects of hormones and medicine which may occur in factions. Other challenges are that the replacement of sewer means a high investment cost and that people feel insecure when major changes happens. All actors involved in the project refers to the fact that human waste has to end up somewhere, and that it is much better to put the waste on soil than it leaks out in the water because there are far more degrading bacteria in the soil than in water.
Sarvien, Christian. "Kan åtgärder av bristfälliga enskilda avlopp minska fosforhalten så att gränsvärdet för flodpärlmusslan (Margaritifera margaritifera) ej överskrids?" Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för biovetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-9990.
Full textThe pearl mussel is a species that is threatened to become extinct. Today there are sustainable populations with an active recruitment in fewer than 50 flows in Canada, Northwest Russia and Northeast Scandinavia. In Skagersholmsån, Sweden, in a population of 4000 aging mussels no regeneration has been shown. In collaboration between Örebro County Board and Laxå municipality action has been taken to restore the habitats needed for the young mussels to survive and rejuvenate the population. Obstacles to migration, a major threat to the freshwater pearl mussel, need to be cleared away down to the outlet in Skagern. With the biggest threat removed, water quality has been investigated and measures to reduce phosphorus in Skagersholmsån prioritized.After the inventory and the prerequisite that property owners meet the demand for private sewers show that the effect of only addressing the individual drains in the relevant catchment area is not sufficient. The samples taken show a relationship between phosphorus and color number that both greatly exceed the limit the freshwater mussel requires for good living. This connection leads one to suspect that forestry accounts for the largest part of the current threat to the freshwater pearl mussel in the river of Skagersholm´s catchment area.
Sörelius, Kiessling Helene. "”Rätt avlopp på rätt plats” : – Livscykelanalys av tre enskildaavloppsanläggningar." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-198701.
Full text"Right sewage system in the right place" - Life cycle assessment of three on-sitewastewater treatment options The problem with eutrophication in the Baltic Sea and in Swedish lakes is serious andon-site wastewater treatment systems are considered important, especially forphosphorus emissions. There exist about one million on-site wastewater treatmentsystems in Sweden and almost half of them do not meet current legislation.Development of new technologies for on-site wastewater treatment systems has for along time been focused on reducing emissions of eutrophying substances. However,there is a risk that this reduction could be achieved at the expense of other emissions,such as greenhouse gases and acidifying substances.This master thesis has therefore by use of life cycle assessment (LCA) evaluated threeon-site wastewater treatment systems considering their total emission of greenhousegases, acidifying gases and eutrophying substances. Because local site characteristicswere thought to affect the sewage systems overall environmental impact, an interviewstudy were also carried out with a number of municipal officials. The interview studywas designed to identify the local site characteristics that influence the selection anddesign of the on-site wastewater treatment systems. The three sewage systems includedin the study were a soil treatment system with surface water discharge and a compactbiological filter in combination with either a reactive filter module with Polonite®, or incombination with chemical precipitation.The results of the study reveal that the soil treatment system had the lowest emissions ofboth greenhouse gases and acidifying gases, but the largest emissions of eutrophyingsubstances. The two phosphorus reducing systems showed significantly greaterpotential to reduce the emissions of eutrophying substances, but at the expense of largeremissions of greenhouse gases and acidifying gases, especially in the case of thereactive filter system. Local site characteristics such as the retention of nutrients, provedto play a vital role in the investigated sewage systems overall environmental impact. Inareas with high retention of phosphorus sewage systems with high emissions ofphosphorus (such as the soil treatment system) where favored. However, in areas whereeutrophication is problematic, it is justified to use phosphorus reducing systems.
Månsson, Per, and Martin Elmgren. "WCeco2008 : Extremt snålspolande toalett." Thesis, Jönköping University, JTH, Mechanical Engineering, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-1269.
Full textThis thesis is performed in cooperation with Prodelox AB and JTI (Swedish Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering). The purpose of the project is to generate and develop a WC-technique with a closet sewer that keeps a higher TS-substance than 1.5 %. The WC-technique is mainly directed towards permanent households in sparsely-populated areas and cabins. The goal is to generate concepts of toilets with an extremely low use of water in terms of flushing. The design should be appealing and touch more senses than only the visual. To meet the requirement of a TS-substance of 1.5 %, with regards to the amount of flushes per person and day, the final concept can only use a water amount of 0.3 liters per flush. The implementation begins with a market survey, which shows a lack of toilets on the market with extremely low use of water when flushing and that the competitors’ offers do not reach the customers’ requirements. The implementation continues in to an idea generating phase. The phase consists of producing ideas concerning function and performance as well as shape and experience. The developed ideas concerning function and performance results in 14 solutions. The different solutions are combined into entire concept suggestions which are sifted out to one concept. The developed ideas regarding shape and experience results in 5 design suggestions. Function and design is combined to a final concept. The concept consists of two variations, one with a cistern, were its only use is as a visual effect, and one without. The exterior of the toilet consists mainly of china. The concept uses vacuum as means of transportation and high-pressure flushing for cleaning the toilet-bowl. The toilet-bowl is treated with a low friction surface during production, which makes the cleaning process more reliable. The authors are very pleased with the developed concept since the solutions and the design of the toilet are comparable with a traditional toilet, at the same time as it solves the problem with smell and cleaning of the toilet-bowl, where today’s toilets with low use of water when flushing do not. The authors believe that the concept contains solutions which are both innovative and interesting in terms of future realization of the product. This edition is classified as secret. For a complete report, please contact Prodelox AB.
Bragesjö, Eva. "Koloniträdgårdar och näringsläckage : En studie inom Drevvikens tillrinningsområde i Stockholm." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, miljö och teknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-19739.
Full textThe purpose of this study was to investigate if allotment gardens in the Drevviken area leak nutrients into nearby lakes and streams. The basis for the study comes from a qualitative interview with three representatives from the Environmental Administration in Stockholm Municipality, as well as literature. The results show that there is a problem that the colonists use their own wastewater solutions which are not allowed under their lease agreement. Stockholm City is committed that running water still will not be allowed to occur despite efforts made by Skarpnäcks stadsdelsnämnd of designing good wastewater solutions for cottages in the allotment areas. These wastewater solutions were developed over two years within the project Ability to organize drains in parts of the Listudden allotment area. The only action that presently exists is to follow the lease agreement and problems with leaking allotment gardens would no longer be a problem. However, no efforts to combat the problem are being made. No inventories of sewage treatment at the allotments are made today, and no information is distributed to colonists on what applies. In the action programs concerning Drevviken, the basis for the study, inventory of sewage treatment at the allotment areas and information to the colonists are proposed. The results also show a difficulty to give a satisfactory answer to the question if allotment gardens leak nutrients. Probably they do leak but the amount of diffuse runoff is difficult to measure and would be very time consuming to study.
Gustafsson, Matilda, and Von Platen Hanna Nordin. "En jämförande kolonnstudie av två reaktiva dualfilters egenskaper som långvarig fosforfälla i enskilda avlopp - En jämförelse av dualfiltrena Polonite® -Sorbulite® och AOD-Hyttsand." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-211560.
Full textUggla, Annika. "Utveckling av verktyg för jämförelse av kundanpassade och platsspecifika enskilda avloppssystem : Development of a comparative tool for custom-made and site-specific on-site sewage systems." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-176142.
Full textABSTRACT Eutrophication is a serious threat to many of Sweden's lakes and streams, and in particular to the Baltic Sea. Discharge of inadequately treated waste water and leaching of nutrients from agricultural lands are problems that the countries surrounding the Baltic Sea have to find a solution to. Sweden strives both nationally and internationally towards improving the ecological status of the Baltic Sea. The government has decided upon several Environmental Quality Objectives that sets out that Sweden must reduce the emissions of nutrients to the sea, lakes and streams. This is of great importance as these are contributing factors to eutrophication. This has initiated the Swedish municipalities to investigate diffuse discharges such as small scale on-site sewage systems. An on-site sewage system is assumed to locally treat domestic waste water and is not connected to a waste water treatment plant. Domestic waste water includes greywater, which is the effluent from kitchen and bathroom, and most often also water from toilet use. The waste water contains nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen as well as organic matter and bacteria. If the waste water reaches the receiving waters without adequate treatment this is associated with a risk of eutrophication and contamination. The Swedish EPA has recommended reduction levels to be reached for organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus. The municipalities are recommended to require these levels to be met for the on-site sewage system to be approved. Sweden has approximately one million on-site sewage systems of which nearly 50% is considered substandard and in need of upgrading. It may be difficult for property owners to overview the requirements as well as the large number of products and options available to construct or modify an on-site sewage system. A program, LEA, which handles products for household sewage systems, has been developed in Microsoft Excel®. The tool generates suggestions of different sewage systems depending on customer and site-specific parameters. Comparisons are made between the proposed solutions with respect to various parameters which include reduction efficiency, effluent emissions, on-site recycling and cost. The user of LEA can update and supplement the database, which is central to the tool's continued function and reliability. LEA is expected to be used by experts and aims to enhance investigations in the choice of on-site sewage systems.
Tibbelin, Emelie. "Jämförelse mellan våtkompostering och andra VA-system i omvandlingsområden : en fallstudie i Norrtälje kommun." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Information Technology, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-123247.
Full textEutrophication of the Baltic Sea and Swedish lakes remains a major problem despite many years of effort to reduce the emissions of nutrients. One major source is waste water systems, especially private sewage systems. These sewages accounts for a very large share of nutrients per capita in comparison with citizens connected to larger sewage treatment plants. Norrtälje community has the greatest number of private sewage systems in Sweden. Discharges of nutrients, especially phosphorus, to the Baltic Sea from these sewage systems are significant. That is why Norrtälje is working actively to improve the standard of these sewage systems.
The purpose with this Master Thesis was to compare from an environmental and cost perspective, different sewage systems in an area of Norrtälje. One of these sewage systems was liquid composting. To make this easier a tool called VeVa, which is an instrument for assessment of water and sewage systems in transition areas, was used. Since liquid composting was not included in VeVa in the beginning of the study one purpose was also to implement this option in the tool. Another objective of the work was to evaluate whether liquid composting is still a good sewage options in the future. The result of this study is based on a literature review, contact with Norrtälje community and modeling in VeVa.
The four sewage systems that where included in the study where connection to a large scale waste water treatment plant, local sewage treatment plant and liquid composting. The fourth system was a new construction of the already existing private sewage system in the area. This system was a sand filter system with a phosphorus trap and a separation and collection of toilet water.
Results from the study showed that all systems, with some exceptions for local wastewater treatment plant, can meet the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency high demand of phosphorus and nitrogen reduction for small sewage systems. All systems in the study, except for sand filter with phosphorus traps, have a high reversal potential of phosphorus. However it is only the liquid compost that can recycle nitrogen back to arable land to a greater extent. A comparison between manure sludge from waste water treatment plants and liquid composts showed that the liquid composts had a much lower level of cadmium content and higher proportion of plant available nutrients. The energy use for these systems varied widely where connection to a large scale wastewater treatment plant have the highest, while the liquid compost have the lowest energy use. The cost analysis showed that a municipal sewage treatment plant is the most expensive and liquid composting system is the next most expensive system. However, the differences in cost between the studied systems are not particularly large when uncertainties in the input are accounted. The conclusions of this Master Thesis were that liquid composting is a good sewage solution, especially when recycling of nutrients is an important factor. However there are important social and economic considerations that must be taken into account when deciding which sewage system should be implemented.
Övergödning av Östersjön och andra svenska vattendrag är ett stort miljöproblem som uppkommer av antropogena utsläpp av näringsämnen. En betydande källa för dessa utsläpp härrör från avloppsrening, i synnerhet från enskilda avlopp. Enskilda avlopp utgör en oproportionerligt stor källa av främst fosforutsläpp jämfört med större reningsverk räknat per capita. Norrtälje kommun är den kommun i Sverige som har flest enskilda avlopp och detta gör att utsläppen av näringsämnen till Östersjön är betydande. Den dåliga ekologiska statusen i stora delar av kommunens vattenområden har inverkat till att kommunen arbetar aktivt med att förbättra avloppsstandarden i dessa problemområden. År 2005 byggdes en våtkompostanläggning i Norrtälje vars syfte var att producera gödsel av avloppsvatten för att på så sätt ta vara på avloppsvattnets näringsinnehåll. Denna anläggning har lett till ett ökat intresset för system som har stor återföringspotential av växtnäringsämnen och funderingar på ytterligare en våtkompostanläggning i kommunen diskuteras i dagsläget.
Syftet med detta examensarbete var att studera fyra olika avloppsalternativ, där våtkompostering var ett alternativ, för ett fallstudieområde i Norrtälje. Som hjälpmedel för att utföra miljö- och kostnadsanalyser användes VeVa-verktyget som är ett verktyg för miljö- och kostnadsbedömningar för VA-system i omvandlingsområden. Eftersom våtkompostering inte ingick i VeVa vid detta examensarbetes början var också ett syfte att implementera detta avloppssystem i verktyget. Ett annat syfte var att göra en bedömning om våtkompostering är ett bra avloppssystem även i framtiden. Resultaten i denna studie bygger på en litteraturstudie, myndighetskontakt och modellering i VeVa. De avloppssystem som jämfördes i studien var anslutning till kommunalt avloppsreningsverk (ARV), lokalt avloppsreningsverk, våtkompostering och nyanläggning av samma enskilda system som i dagsläget finns i fallstudieområdet. Det sistnämnda systemet är en kombination av markbädd med fosforfälla samt sluten tank och markbädd.
Resultatet från studien visar att alla systemen med viss reservation för lokalt avloppsreningsverk uppfyller Naturvårdsverkets höga skyddsnivå för fosfor och kväve vilket är 90 % respektive 50 %. Alla system har en hög återföringspotential av fosfor men det är endast våtkompostsystemet som kan återföra kväve i större omfattning. Jämförelsen mellan slam från avloppsreningsverk och våtkomposterat avloppsavfall visade att våtkompost har mycket lägre kadmiumhalt samt högre andel växttillgänglig näring. Energianvändningen varierar mycket mellan systemen där anslutning till kommunalt avloppsreningsverk har högst förbrukning, medan våtkompostsystemet har lägst. Kostnadsanalysen visar att anslutning till kommunalt avloppsreningsverk är dyrast och våtkompostsystemet hamnar på andra plats. Dock är skillnaden mellan de studerade systemen inte speciellt stor när osäkerheter i indata beaktats. Slutsatsen i detta arbete är att våtkompostering är en bra avloppslösning, speciellt när kretsloppsanpassning är en viktig del, dock finns det viktiga sociala och ekonomiska aspekter som måste vägas in vid beslut om avloppssystem.
Näslund, Olov. "VA-system i omvandlingsområden - vad kostar de?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-308366.
Full textMore and more people choose to live permanently in houses built as vacation houses, thereby creating transition areas. The increased occupancy in the houses tends to lead to larger water usage and often demands improved wastewater systems. There are three main ways in which this demand usually is met: each property builds an on-site system, the properties jointly build a facility through a community association, or the properties connect to the municipality’s network. The aim was to evaluate the costs of water and wastewater systems in transition areas in Sweden. This was done by studying five different improved transition areas and comparing the estimated costs with the actual cost of the systems. Both total investment costs and cost per property were calculated, as well as capital costs, and operation and maintenance costs. How the municipalities choose the sanitation system to be implemented was also a part of the study. It was much more expensive for the municipality to build pipes than for a community association. One reason for this was shallower pipe placement. Another conclusion was that if part of a sanitation system already exists and is in good shape, this will lead to lower investment costs for a new system using that part. The operation costs for on-site systems on each property will be much higher for a family living there permanently, compared to that of a family living there only part time. Municipalities in Sweden generally do not compare different types of systems before deciding on an improved water and sanitation system in a transition area. Instead they almost always build a transmission line for water and wastewater to connect the area to an already existing centralized system.
Nordenskjöld, Edvard. "Evaluation of sustainability criteria for small-scale wastewater treatment facilities." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-319359.
Full textDet finns ungefär 700,000 enskilda avlopp i Sverige, varav ca en fjärdedel endast består av trekammarbrunnar, eller liknande system, utan någon form av post-rening. Alla dessa enskilda avlopp belastar ungefär 10 % av den totala antropogena fosforn (P) från svenska kuster till Östersjön. Det sker också ett läckage av en betydande, men svår-kvantifierbar, mängd mikroföroreningar (MF). Detta är en stor, divers grupp av organiska spårföroreningar som t. ex inkluderar läkemedelsrester och tvättmedel. De övergripande intressena angående enskilda avlopp i Sverige har över tid skiftat från frågor gällande dess bortskaffande, till hälsa (avskiljning av smittämnen) och vidare till näringsläckage. Under de senaste åren har det blivit ett växande intresse för ett mer omfattande hållbarhetsperspektiv. Under det här examensarbetet bedömdes miljö-kriterier (n=5) och socio-ekonomiska kriterier (n=5) för tre teoretiska, fullskaliga enskilda avlopp. Utvärderingen baserades på avloppsreningens effektivitet från ett enskilt hushåll. Dessa avloppssystem innefattade konventionell post-rening, såväl som ytterligare förmåga att behandla P och MF. Metoden som användes för utvärderingen var en multi-kriterie analys (MKA), vars mål var att förse en konceptuell analys av de här tre avloppssystemen med syfte att tjäna som beslutsstöd på en nationell policy-nivå. Det första beslutsalternativet var en markbädd med Polonite® och granulärt aktivt kol (GAK) filter, för adsorption av P och MF. Det andra alternativet var ett referens minireningsverk (MRV) med fällningskemikalier för utfällning av P, men ingenting specifikt för avskiljning av MF från avloppsvattnet. Den tredje avloppslösningen var även den ett MRV, men med Polonite och GAK filter, som markbädden. Intressenterna som valdes i den här studien var Havs- och vattenmyndigheten (HaV), ett kommunalt miljökontor och en fastighetsbrukare. De 10 hållbarhetskriterierna fick var och en 100 viktpoäng tilldelade. De lägsta och högsta viktpoängen från de tre intressenterna skapade ett intervall för varje kriterie, vilket multiplicerades med betygen 1-5 och summerades. Det mest hållbara alternativet i den här studien befanns vara markbädden med 102-694 poäng (mittvärde 398), följt av referens MRV med 79-560 poäng (mittvärde 319.5) och MRV med filter med 82-500 poäng (mittvärde 291). Fastighetsbrukaren tilldelade högst viktpoäng till ekonomin, medan HaV gjorde detsamma till miljökriterierna och miljökontoret till de sociala kriterierna. Känslighetsanalysen indikerade möjlig påverkan av de analyserade ändringarna genom att förändra den ovanstående rankingen mellan de båda MRV. Detta bedömdes vara troligast för viktändringen av livs-cykel kostnader och betygsändringen av kriteriet som avser lättheten att efterleva nutida och framtida (lagliga) krav, men den högsta rankingen av markbädden verkade svår att ändra på.
Carlsson, Elin, and Anna Stråle. "Riktlinjer för enskilt avlopp : Underlag för bedömning av normal och hög skyddsnivå i Köpings kommun." Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-6724.
Full textIn Sweden, the eutrophication of lakes, water courses and the coastal areas is considered the major threat to aquatic ecosystems and therefore actions taken to reduce the nutrient load to aquatic system including the Baltic Sea has high priority. There are many different sources of phosphorous and nitrogen and domestic wastewater is one contributing factor to the high load. Especially waste water from households that is not connected to municipal sewage treatment or a local small scale plant with appropriate nutrient removal efficiency is considered a problem. These types of households are quite common in rural areas in Sweden and in areas where summer houses has been converted to permanent living. Swedish legislation now permit the municipalities to decide in which areas within the municipality higher demands of the local small scale treatment facility should be met by the households (i.e. high protection level) and where it is acceptable with a less efficient treatment facility (i.e. normal protection level). In this study, using the Swedish legislation, Swedish Environmental goals and simple Hazard Assessment Schemes a proposal for how these protection levels could be used in the municipal of Köping, one of the municipals with water courses entering Lake Mälaren, the 4th biggest lake in Sweden and with large problems with eutrophication will be presented.
Övergödning i hav, sjöar och vattendrag är ett stort miljöproblem världen över. Östersjön är hårt drabbad av denna problematik. Sveriges sjöar och vattendrag är även de drabbade av detta och hotas av att växa igen. En bidragande faktor till detta är de många enskilda avlopp som finns i landet. Enskilda avlopp som ej har tillfredställande rening släpper ut fosfor och kväve som medverkar till övergödning och kan vara ett hälsoproblem. De inre delarna av Mälaren är starkt påverkade av övergödning. Detta medför problem då sjön används som dricksvattentäkt till ungefär 1,5 miljoner människor. Köpings kommun ligger vid Mälarens innersta vik, Galten. Två stora vattendrag rinner genom kommunen och mynnar ut i sjön. Det är därför av vikt att Köpings kommun prioriterar arbetet med enskilda avlopp. Lagstiftning finns så att kommunerna kan bestämma om normal eller hög skyddsnivå ska råda inom ett område. För att underlätta för de berörda parterna vid bedömning av enskilda avlopp och vilken teknik som är lämplig kan normal och hög skyddsnivå bestämmas. För att god status ska uppnås och övergödningsproblematiken minska bör hög skyddsnivå gälla för hela Köpings kommun.
Pettersson, Frida, and Madelene Åsell. "Olika systemlösningar vid utbyte eller förnyelse av enskilt avlopp : En jämförelse mellan biologisk och kemisk vattenrening." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekoteknik och hållbart byggande, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-25142.
Full textIn Sweden we nowadays have rules that determine how our individual sewage must be dimensioned considering out coming emissions. Nearly half of the 700 000 existing properties using individual sewage have a system that isn’t approved. In Sweden the individual sewage systems releases as much phosphorus as the communal wastewater treatment plants according to Havs- och vattenmyndigheten (Marine and Water Authority). The communal authority in Sweden has been entrusted to carry out extended control of the private sewage system in effort to inform the problems with what the insufficient of wastewater treatment entails and in pursuit of "sustainable development". In guidance for decisions about what applies to the individual property, the communal authority in Sweden has applied the manual by Naturvårdsverkets allmänna råd (NFS 2006:7) (Environmental Protection Agency's guidelines) The purpose of this report is to study various methods of purification of individual sewer systems. A comparison between a couple of different techniques in chemical and biological treatment is going to be studied. The issue we will addressed in this report are following: Which of biological- or chemical technology water purification is from a sustainability perspective, the best solution when replacing or renovation is taken place of an individual sewer systems; - Which solution is most optimal where the normal level of protection required? - Which solution is most optimal where the high level of protection required? This study has several methods and instrument used to achieve the high reliability of the collected data. Literature studies, surveys, interviews, correspondences and analysis of these are instruments that largely have been used in the implementation. The compilation of the results from the surveys is presented in a pie chart. In normal protection level, we believe that the infiltration is the most optimal solution. At the high level, we believe that the vertical flow constructed wetland in combination with a pond is the most optimal solution.
Åsell, Madelene, and Frida Pettersson. "Olika systemlösningar vid utbyte eller förnyelse av enskilt avlopp : En jämförelse mellan biologisk och kemisk vattenrening." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekoteknik och hållbart byggande, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-25144.
Full textIn Sweden we nowadays have rules that determine how our individual sewage must be dimensioned considering out coming emissions. Nearly half of the 700 000 existing properties using individual sewage have a system that isn’t approved. In Sweden the individual sewage systems releases as much phosphorus as the communal wastewater treatment plants according to Havs- och vattenmyndigheten (Marine and Water Authority). The communal authority in Sweden has been entrusted to carry out extended control of the private sewage system in effort to inform the problems with what the insufficient of wastewater treatment entails and in pursuit of "sustainable development". In guidance for decisions about what applies to the individual property, the communal authority in Sweden has applied the manual by Naturvårdsverkets allmänna råd (NFS 2006:7) (Environmental Protection Agency's guidelines) The purpose of this report is to study various methods of purification of individual sewer systems. A comparison between a couple of different techniques in chemical and biological treatment is going to be studied. The issue we will addressed in this report are following: Which of biological- or chemical technology water purification is from a sustainability perspective, the best solution when replacing or renovation is taken place of an individual sewer systems; - Which solution is most optimal where the normal level of protection required? - Which solution is most optimal where the high level of protection required? This study has several methods and instrument used to achieve the high reliability of the collected data. Literature studies, surveys, interviews, correspondences and analysis of these are instruments that largely have been used in the implementation. The compilation of the results from the surveys is presented in a pie chart. In normal protection level, we believe that the infiltration is the most optimal solution. At the high level, we believe that the vertical flow constructed wetland in combination with a pond is the most optimal solution.
Sandberg, Johan, and Robin Axelson. "Effektiv tillsyn av små avlopp : Vad behövs för att uppnå en hållbar åtgärdstakt?" Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-31191.
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