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Journal articles on the topic 'Enteric coronaviruses'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Haake, Christine, Sarah Cook, Nicola Pusterla, and Brian Murphy. "Coronavirus Infections in Companion Animals: Virology, Epidemiology, Clinical and Pathologic Features." Viruses 12, no. 9 (September 13, 2020): 1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12091023.

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Coronaviruses are enveloped RNA viruses capable of causing respiratory, enteric, or systemic diseases in a variety of mammalian hosts that vary in clinical severity from subclinical to fatal. The host range and tissue tropism are largely determined by the coronaviral spike protein, which initiates cellular infection by promoting fusion of the viral and host cell membranes. Companion animal coronaviruses responsible for causing enteric infection include feline enteric coronavirus, ferret enteric coronavirus, canine enteric coronavirus, equine coronavirus, and alpaca enteric coronavirus, while canine respiratory coronavirus and alpaca respiratory coronavirus result in respiratory infection. Ferret systemic coronavirus and feline infectious peritonitis virus, a mutated feline enteric coronavirus, can lead to lethal immuno-inflammatory systemic disease. Recent human viral pandemics, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and most recently, COVID-19, all thought to originate from bat coronaviruses, demonstrate the zoonotic potential of coronaviruses and their potential to have devastating impacts. A better understanding of the coronaviruses of companion animals, their capacity for cross-species transmission, and the sharing of genetic information may facilitate improved prevention and control strategies for future emerging zoonotic coronaviruses. This article reviews the clinical, epidemiologic, virologic, and pathologic characteristics of nine important coronaviruses of companion animals.

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2

Eichhorn, W., and C. P. Czerny. "Enteric Coronaviruses in Primates." Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B 35, no. 1-10 (January 12, 1988): 709–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0450.1988.tb00548.x.

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3

McCluskey, Brian J., and Robert Morrison. "Another emerging disease: Swine Enteric Coronaviruses." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 123 (January 2016): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.12.001.

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4

Ambepitiya Wickramasinghe, I. N., R. P. de Vries, E. A. W. S. Weerts, S. J. van Beurden, W. Peng, R. McBride, M. Ducatez, et al. "Novel Receptor Specificity of Avian Gammacoronaviruses That Cause Enteritis." Journal of Virology 89, no. 17 (June 10, 2015): 8783–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00745-15.

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ABSTRACTViruses exploit molecules on the target membrane as receptors for attachment and entry into host cells. Thus, receptor expression patterns can define viral tissue tropism and might to some extent predict the susceptibility of a host to a particular virus. Previously, others and we have shown that respiratory pathogens of the genusGammacoronavirus, including chicken infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), require specific α2,3-linked sialylated glycans for attachment and entry. Here, we studied determinants of binding of enterotropic avian gammacoronaviruses, including turkey coronavirus (TCoV), guineafowl coronavirus (GfCoV), and quail coronavirus (QCoV), which are evolutionarily distant from respiratory avian coronaviruses based on the viral attachment protein spike (S1). We profiled the binding of recombinantly expressed S1 proteins of TCoV, GfCoV, and QCoV to tissues of their respective hosts. Protein histochemistry showed that the tissue binding specificity of S1 proteins of turkey, quail, and guineafowl CoVs was limited to intestinal tissues of each particular host, in accordance with the reported pathogenicity of these virusesin vivo. Glycan array analyses revealed that, in contrast to the S1 protein of IBV, S1 proteins of enteric gammacoronaviruses recognize a unique set of nonsialylated type 2 poly-N-acetyl-lactosamines. Lectin histochemistry as well as tissue binding patterns of TCoV S1 further indicated that these complex N-glycans are prominently expressed on the intestinal tract of various avian species. In conclusion, our data demonstrate not only that enteric gammacoronaviruses recognize a novel glycan receptor but also that enterotropism may be correlated with the high specificity of spike proteins for such glycans expressed in the intestines of the avian host.IMPORTANCEAvian coronaviruses are economically important viruses for the poultry industry. While infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a respiratory pathogen of chickens, is rather well known, other viruses of the genusGammacoronavirus, including those causing enteric disease, are hardly studied. In turkey, guineafowl, and quail, coronaviruses have been reported to be the major causative agent of enteric diseases. Specifically, turkey coronavirus outbreaks have been reported in North America, Europe, and Australia for several decades. Recently, a gammacoronavirus was isolated from guineafowl with fulminating disease. To date, it is not clear why these avian coronaviruses are enteropathogenic, whereas other closely related avian coronaviruses like IBV cause respiratory disease. A comprehensive understanding of the tropism and pathogenicity of these viruses explained by their receptor specificity and receptor expression on tissues was therefore needed. Here, we identify a novel glycan receptor for enteric avian coronaviruses, which will further support the development of vaccines.

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5

Jia, Yan, Jinshan Cao, and Zhanyong Wei. "Bioinformatics Analysis of Spike Proteins of Porcine Enteric Coronaviruses." BioMed Research International 2021 (July 1, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6689471.

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This article is aimed at analyzing the structure and function of the spike (S) proteins of porcine enteric coronaviruses, including transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) by applying bioinformatics methods. The physical and chemical properties, hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity, transmembrane region, signal peptide, phosphorylation and glycosylation sites, epitope, functional domains, and motifs of S proteins of porcine enteric coronaviruses were predicted and analyzed through online software. The results showed that S proteins of TGEV, PEDV, SADS-CoV, and PDCoV all contained transmembrane regions and signal peptide. TGEV S protein contained 139 phosphorylation sites, 24 glycosylation sites, and 53 epitopes. PEDV S protein had 143 phosphorylation sites, 22 glycosylation sites, and 51 epitopes. SADS-CoV S protein had 109 phosphorylation sites, 20 glycosylation sites, and 43 epitopes. PDCoV S protein had 124 phosphorylation sites, 18 glycosylation sites, and 52 epitopes. Moreover, TGEV, PEDV, and PDCoV S proteins all contained two functional domains and two motifs, spike_rec_binding and corona_S2. The corona_S2 consisted of S2 subunit heptad repeat 1 (HR1) and S2 subunit heptad repeat 2 (HR2) region profiles. Additionally, SADS-CoV S protein was predicted to contain only one functional domain, the corona_S2. This analysis of the biological functions of porcine enteric coronavirus spike proteins can provide a theoretical basis for the design of antiviral drugs.

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6

Le Poder, Sophie. "Feline and Canine Coronaviruses: Common Genetic and Pathobiological Features." Advances in Virology 2011 (2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/609465.

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A new human coronavirus responsible for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was identified in 2003, which raised concern about coronaviruses as agents of serious infectious disease. Nevertheless, coronaviruses have been known for about 50 years to be major agents of respiratory, enteric, or systemic infections of domestic and companion animals. Feline and canine coronaviruses are widespread among dog and cat populations, sometimes leading to the fatal diseases known as feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) and pantropic canine coronavirus infection in cats and dogs, respectively. In this paper, different aspects of the genetics, host cell tropism, and pathogenesis of the feline and canine coronaviruses (FCoV and CCoV) will be discussed, with a view to illustrating how study of FCoVs and CCoVs can improve our general understanding of the pathobiology of coronaviruses.

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7

Desmarets, Lowiese M. B., Sebastiaan Theuns, Inge D. M. Roukaerts, Delphine D. Acar, and Hans J. Nauwynck. "Role of sialic acids in feline enteric coronavirus infections." Journal of General Virology 95, no. 9 (September 1, 2014): 1911–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.064717-0.

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To initiate infections, many coronaviruses use sialic acids, either as receptor determinants or as attachment factors helping the virus find its receptor underneath the heavily glycosylated mucus layer. In the present study, the role of sialic acids in serotype I feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) infections was studied in feline intestinal epithelial cell cultures. Treatment of cells with neuraminidase (NA) enhanced infection efficiency, showing that terminal sialic acid residues on the cell surface were not receptor determinants and even hampered efficient virus–receptor engagement. Knowing that NA treatment of coronaviruses can unmask viral sialic acid binding activity, replication of untreated and NA-treated viruses was compared, showing that NA treatment of the virus enhanced infectivity in untreated cells, but was detrimental in NA-treated cells. By using sialylated compounds as competitive inhibitors, it was demonstrated that sialyllactose (2,6-α-linked over 2,3-α-linked) notably reduced infectivity of NA-treated viruses, whereas bovine submaxillary mucin inhibited both treated and untreated viruses. In desialylated cells, however, viruses were less prone to competitive inhibition with sialylated compounds. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that FECV had a sialic acid binding capacity, which was partially masked by virus-associated sialic acids, and that attachment to sialylated compounds could facilitate enterocyte infections. However, sialic acid binding was not a prerequisite for the initiation of infection and virus–receptor engagement was even more efficient after desialylation of cells, indicating that FECV requires sialidases for efficient enterocyte infections.

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8

Dea, S., A. J. Verbeek, and P. Tijssen. "Antigenic and genomic relationships among turkey and bovine enteric coronaviruses." Journal of Virology 64, no. 6 (1990): 3112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.64.6.3112-3118.1990.

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9

Battaglia, M., N. Passarani, A. D. Matteo, and G. Gerna. "Human Enteric Coronaviruses: Further Characterization and Immunoblotting of Viral Proteins." Journal of Infectious Diseases 155, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/155.1.140.

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10

Fu, Yuguang, Baoyu Li, and Guangliang Liu. "Rapid and efficient detection methods of pathogenic swine enteric coronaviruses." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 104, no. 14 (May 19, 2020): 6091–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-020-10645-5.

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11

Hasoksuz, M., S. Lathrop, M. A. Al-dubaib, P. Lewis, and L. J. Saif. "Antigenic variation among bovine enteric coronaviruses (BECV) and bovine respiratory coronaviruses (BRCV) detected using monoclonal antibodies." Archives of Virology 144, no. 12 (December 1999): 2441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007050050656.

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12

Gerna, G., N. Passarani, M. Battaglia, and E. G. Rondanelli. "Human enteric Coronaviruses: Antigenic Relatedness to Human Coronavirus OC43 and Possible Etiologic Role in Viral Gastroenteritis." Journal of Infectious Diseases 151, no. 5 (May 1, 1985): 796–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/151.5.796.

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13

Licitra, Beth, Gerald Duhamel, and Gary Whittaker. "Canine Enteric Coronaviruses: Emerging Viral Pathogens with Distinct Recombinant Spike Proteins." Viruses 6, no. 8 (August 22, 2014): 3363–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v6083363.

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14

Sungsuwan, Suttipun, Anan Jongkaewwattana, and Peera Jaru-Ampornpan. "Nucleocapsid proteins from other swine enteric coronaviruses differentially modulate PEDV replication." Virology 540 (January 2020): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2019.11.007.

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15

Cimolai, Nevio. "Features of enteric disease from human coronaviruses: Implications for COVID‐19." Journal of Medical Virology 92, no. 10 (June 5, 2020): 1834–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26066.

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16

Veiga, Esteban, Víctor de Lorenzo, and Luis Angel Fernández. "Neutralizationof Enteric Coronaviruses with Escherichia coli CellsExpressing Single-Chain Fv-AutotransporterFusions." Journal of Virology 77, no. 24 (December 15, 2003): 13396–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.24.13396-13398.2003.

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ABSTRACT We report here that fusions of single-chain antibodies (scFvs) to the autotransporter β domain of the IgA protease of Neisseria gonorrhoeae are instrumental in locating virus-neutralizing activity on the cell surface of Escherichia coli. E. coli cells displaying scFvs against the transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus on their surface blocked in vivo the access of the infectious agent to cultured epithelial cells. This result raises prospects for antiviral strategies aimed at hindering the entry into target cells by bacteria that naturally colonize the same intestinal niches.

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17

Xiao, Wenwen, Xunlei Wang, Jing Wang, Puxian Fang, Shaobo Xiao, and Liurong Fang. "Replicative capacity of four porcine enteric coronaviruses in LLC-PK1 cells." Archives of Virology 166, no. 3 (January 25, 2021): 935–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00705-020-04947-2.

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18

Mishra, Ved Prakash, Sunil Paudel, Suraj Twanabasu, Kajol Thapa, and Susan Kusma. "Ongoing COVID-19 pandemic: Current Status of Nepal." Europasian Journal of Medical Sciences 2, no. 1 (May 4, 2020): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.46405/ejms.v2i1.46.

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Dear Editor, Rising and remerging pathogens are worldwide difficulties for open health.1 Coronaviruses are wrapped RNA infections that are dispersed extensively among people, different warm-blooded creatures, and flying creatures and that cause respiratory, enteric, hepatic, and neurologic diseases.2, 3 Six coronavirus species are known to cause human illness like 229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1, SARS – CoV and MERS – CoV.4 Given the high predominance and wide circulation of coronaviruses, the huge hereditary decent variety and successive recombination of their genomes, and expanding human–creature interface exercises, novel coronaviruses are probably going to develop intermittently in people attributable to visit cross-species contaminations and incidental overflow events.5, 6 On January 30, World Health Organization (WHO) pronounced the ebb and flow flare-up that began in Wuhan, China as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, while prescribing against movement or exchange interruptions to and from China.7 The progressing pandemic of coronavirus ailment 2019 (COVID-19) is brought about by extreme intense respiratory disorder coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).8 As of 12 April 2020, in excess of 1,777,515 instances of COVID-19 have been accounted for in more than 200 nations and regions, bringing about in excess of 108,862 passings.

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19

Vennema, Harry, Amy Poland, Janet Foley, and Niels C. Pedersen. "Feline Infectious Peritonitis Viruses Arise by Mutation from Endemic Feline Enteric Coronaviruses." Virology 243, no. 1 (March 1998): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/viro.1998.9045.

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20

Liu, Qiang, and Huai-Yu Wang. "Porcine enteric coronaviruses: an updated overview of the pathogenesis, prevalence, and diagnosis." Veterinary Research Communications 45, no. 2-3 (July 12, 2021): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11259-021-09808-0.

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21

Pratelli, Annamaria. "The Evolutionary Processes of Canine Coronaviruses." Advances in Virology 2011 (2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/562831.

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Since the first identification of the virus in 1971, the disease caused by canine coronavirus (CCoV) has not been adequately investigated, and the role that the virus plays in canine enteric illness has not been well established. Only after the emergence in 2002 of SARS in human has new attention been focused on coronaviruses. As a consequence of the relatively high mutation frequency of RNA-positive stranded viruses, CCoV has evolved and, with the biomolecular techniques developed over the last two decades, new virus strains, serotypes, and subtypes have been identified in infected dogs. Considering the widespread nature of CCoV infections among dog populations, several studies have been carried out, focusing upon the epidemiological relevance of these viruses and underlining the need for further investigation into the biology of CCoVs and into the pathogenetic role of the infections. This paper reports the evolutionary processes of CCoVs with a note onto recent diagnostic methods.

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22

Pozzi, Paolo, Alessio Soggiu, Luigi Bonizzi, Nati Elkin, and Alfonso Zecconi. "Airborne Coronaviruses: Observations from Veterinary Experience." Pathogens 10, no. 5 (May 19, 2021): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10050628.

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The virus responsible for the pandemic that has affected 152 countries worldwide is a new strain of coronavirus (CoV), which belongs to a family of viruses widespread in many animal species, including birds, and mammals including humans. Indeed, CoVs are known in veterinary medicine affecting several species, and causing respiratory and/or enteric, systemic diseases and reproductive disease in poultry. Animal diseases caused by CoV may be considered from the following different perspectives: livestock and poultry CoVs cause mainly “population disease”; while in companion animals they are a source of mainly “individual/single subject disease”. Therefore, respiratory CoV diseases in high-density, large populations of livestock or poultry may be a suitable example for the current SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic. In this review we describe some strategies applied in veterinary medicine to control CoV and discuss if they may help to develop practical and useful strategies to control the SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic.

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23

Hasoksuz, Mustafa, Armando E. Hoet, Steven C. Loerch, Thomas E. Wittum, Paul R. Nielsen, and Linda J. Saif. "Detection of Respiratory and Enteric Shedding of Bovine Coronaviruses in Cattle in an Ohio Feedlot." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 14, no. 4 (July 2002): 308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870201400406.

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Recently, bovine coronavirus (BCV) has been isolated from new cattle arrivals to feedlots, but the association between respiratory and enteric infections with BCV in feedlot cattle remains uncertain. Fecal and nasal swab samples from 85 Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC) feedlot cattle averaging 7 months of age were collected at arrival (0) and at 4, 7, 14, and 21 days postarrival (DPA). An antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect concurrent shedding of BCV in fecal and nasal samples. All samples ELISA positive for BCV were matched with an equal number of BCV ELISA-negative samples and analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of the N gene. Paired sera were collected at arrival and 21 DPA and tested for antibodies to BCV using an indirect ELISA. Information on clinical signs, treatments provided, and cattle weights were collected. The overall rates of BCV nasal and fecal shedding were 48% (41/85) and 53% (45/85) by ELISA and 84% (71/85) and 96% (82/85) by RT-PCR, respectively. The peak of BCV nasal and fecal shedding occurred at 4 DPA. Thirty-two cattle (38%) showed concurrent enteric and nasal shedding detected by both tests. Eleven percent of cattle had antibody titers against BCV at 0 DPA and 91% of cattle seroconverted to BCV by 21 DPA. The BCV fecal and nasal shedding detected by ELISA and RT-PCR were statistically correlated with ELISA antibody seroconversion ( P < 0.0001); however, BCV fecal and nasal shedding were not significantly related to clinical signs. Seroconversion to BCV was inversely related to average daily weight gains ( P < 0.06). Twenty-eight respiratory and 7 enteric BCV strains were isolated from nasal and fecal samples of 32 cattle in HRT-18 cell cultures. These findings confirm the presence of enteric and respiratory BCV infections in feedlot calves. Further studies are needed to elucidate the differences between enteric and respiratory strains of BCV and their role in the bovine respiratory disease complex of feedlot cattle.

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Bidokhti, Mehdi R. M., Madeleine Tråvén, Neel K. Krishna, Muhammad Munir, Sándor Belák, Stefan Alenius, and Martí Cortey. "Evolutionary dynamics of bovine coronaviruses: natural selection pattern of the spike gene implies adaptive evolution of the strains." Journal of General Virology 94, no. 9 (September 1, 2013): 2036–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.054940-0.

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Coronaviruses demonstrate great potential for interspecies transmission, including zoonotic outbreaks. Although bovine coronavirus (BCoV) strains are frequently circulating in cattle farms worldwide, causing both enteric and respiratory disease, little is known about their genomic evolution. We sequenced and analysed the full-length spike (S) protein gene of 33 BCoV strains from dairy and feedlot farms collected during outbreaks that occurred from 2002 to 2010 in Sweden and Denmark. Amino acid identities were >97 % for the BCoV strains analysed in this work. These strains formed a clade together with Italian BCoV strains and were highly similar to human enteric coronavirus HECV-4408/US/94. A high similarity was observed between BCoV, canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) and human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43). Molecular clock analysis of the S gene sequences estimated BCoV and CRCoV diverged from a common ancestor in 1951, while the time of divergence from a common ancestor of BCoV and HCoV-OC43 was estimated to be 1899. BCoV strains showed the lowest similarity to equine coronavirus, placing the date of divergence at the end of the eighteenth century. Two strongly positive selection sites were detected along the receptor-binding subunit of the S protein gene: spanning amino acid residues 109–131 and 495–527. By contrast, the fusion subunit was observed to be under negative selection. The selection pattern along the S glycoprotein implies adaptive evolution of BCoVs, suggesting a successful mechanism for BCoV to continuously circulate among cattle and other ruminants without disappearance.

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Zhang, Qingzhan, and Dongwan Yoo. "Immune evasion of porcine enteric coronaviruses and viral modulation of antiviral innate signaling." Virus Research 226 (December 2016): 128–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2016.05.015.

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26

Dea, S., and P. Tijssen. "Antigenic and Polypeptide Structure of Turkey Enteric Coronaviruses as Defined by Monoclonal Antibodies." Journal of General Virology 70, no. 7 (July 1, 1989): 1725–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-70-7-1725.

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27

Yeo, Charleen, Sanghvi Kaushal, and Danson Yeo. "Enteric involvement of coronaviruses: is faecal–oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2 possible?" Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology 5, no. 4 (April 2020): 335–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2468-1253(20)30048-0.

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Malbec, Rémi, Kay Kimpston-Burkgren, Elisa Vandenkoornhuyse, Christophe Olivier, Vianney Souplet, Christophe Audebert, Jose Antonio Carrillo-Ávila, David Baum, and Luis Giménez-Lirola. "Agrodiag PorCoV: A multiplex immunoassay for the differential diagnosis of porcine enteric coronaviruses." Journal of Immunological Methods 483 (August 2020): 112808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jim.2020.112808.

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Barros, Iracema N., Sheila O. S. Silva, Francisco S. Nogueira Neto, Karen M. Asano, Sibele P. Souza, Leonardo J. Richtzenhain, and Paulo E. Brandao. "A Multigene Approach for Comparing Genealogy ofBetacoronavirusfrom Cattle and Horses." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/349702.

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Gastroenteritis is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among young and newborn animals and is often caused by multiple intestinal infections, with rotavirus and bovine coronavirus (BCoV) being the main viral causes in cattle. Given that BCoV is better studied than equine coronaviruses and given the possibility of interspecies transmission of these viruses, this research was designed to compare the partial sequences of the spike glycoprotein (S), hemagglutinin-esterase protein (HE), and nucleoprotein (N) genes from coronaviruses from adult cattle with winter dysentery, calves with neonatal diarrhea, and horses. To achieve this, eleven fecal samples from dairy cows with winter dysentery, three from calves, and two from horses, all from Brazil, were analysed. It could be concluded that the enteric BCoV genealogy from newborn and adult cattle is directly associated with geographic distribution patterns, when S and HE genes are taken into account. A less-resolved genealogy exists for the HE and N genes in cattle, with a trend for an age-related segregation pattern. The coronavirus strains from horses revealedBetacoronavirussequences indistinguishable from those found in cattle, a fact previously unknown.

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Wang, Xunlei, Liurong Fang, Shudan Liu, Wenting Ke, Dang Wang, Guiqing Peng, and Shaobo Xiao. "Susceptibility of porcine IPI-2I intestinal epithelial cells to infection with swine enteric coronaviruses." Veterinary Microbiology 233 (June 2019): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.04.014.

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31

Crouch, C. F. "Vaccination against enteric rota and coronaviruses in cattle and pigs: Enhancement of lactogenic immunity." Vaccine 3, no. 4 (September 1985): 284–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0264-410x(85)90056-8.

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32

Hasoksuz, M., A. Kayar, T. Dodurka, and A. Ilgaz. "Detection of respiratory and enteric shedding of bovine coronaviruses in cattle in Northwestern Turkey." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 53, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.53.2005.1.13.

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Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is an important cause of diarrhoea in calves, winter dysentery in adult cattle and respiratory tract disease in feedlot cattle. Serum, faecal and nasal swab samples were collected from a total of 96 cattle with clinical signs in 29 barns of 23 villages in Northwestern Turkey. The cattle were subdivided into 3 distinct age groups (0-30 days old, 4-12 months old and 2-7 years old). An indirect antigen-capture ELISA and an antibody-detection ELISA as well as geometric mean BCoV antibody titres were used to detect BoCV shed in the faeces and in the nasal secretions, respectively. Relationships between BCoV shedding and age group, seroconversion and clinical signs in cattle were also analysed. The rate of faecal shedding of BoCV was 37.1% (13/35) in 0-30 days old calves, 25.6% (10/39) in 4-12 months old feedlot cattle and 18.2% (4/22) in 2-7 years old cows. The overall rate of BCoV faecal shedding was 28.1% (27/96) in the cattle examined. Only one animal in the 4-12 months old age group was found to shed BoCV nasally. The analysis showed that there was a significant difference (P < 0.0001) with respect to faecal shedding between the clinical signs and the age groups. BCoV antibody titre in 50% of all cattle was ≤ 100 as detected by ELISA while 27.1% of the cattle had high titres ranging between 1,600 and 25,600. The seroconversion rate was 7.3% (7/96) in animals shedding BoCV in the faeces and 42.7% (41/96) in cattle negative for faecal shedding as detected by ELISA, and 20.8% of cattle with no seroconversion shed BCoV in the faeces. There was no statistically significant association between seroconversion and nasal or faecal BCoV shedding. These findings confirm the presence of BCoV infections in Turkey. Further studies are needed to isolate BCoV strains in Turkey and to investigate their antigenic and genetic properties.

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Trevisan, Giovani, Leticia C. M. Linhares, Kent J. Schwartz, Eric R. Burrough, Edison de S. Magalhães, Bret Crim, Poonam Dubey, et al. "Data standardization implementation and applications within and among diagnostic laboratories: integrating and monitoring enteric coronaviruses." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 33, no. 3 (March 19, 2021): 457–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10406387211002163.

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Every day, thousands of samples from diverse populations of animals are submitted to veterinary diagnostic laboratories (VDLs) for testing. Each VDL has its own laboratory information management system (LIMS), with processes and procedures to capture submission information, perform laboratory tests, define the boundaries of test results (i.e., positive or negative), and report results, in addition to internal business and accounting applications. Enormous quantities of data are accumulated and stored within VDL LIMSs. There is a need for platforms that allow VDLs to exchange and share portions of laboratory data using standardized, reliable, and sustainable information technology processes. Here we report concepts and applications for standardization and aggregation of data from swine submissions to multiple VDLs to detect and monitor porcine enteric coronaviruses by RT-PCR. Oral fluids, feces, and fecal swabs were the specimens submitted most frequently for enteric coronavirus testing. Statistical algorithms were used successfully to scan and monitor the overall and state-specific percentage of positive submissions. Major findings revealed a consistently recurrent seasonal pattern, with the highest percentage of positive submissions detected during December–February for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, porcine deltacoronavirus, and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). After 2014, very few submissions tested positive for TGEV. Monitoring VDL data proactively has the potential to signal and alert stakeholders early of significant changes from expected detection. We demonstrate the importance of, and applications for, data organized and aggregated by using LOINC and SNOMED CTs, as well as the use of customized messaging to allow inter-VDL exchange of information.

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Gimenez-Lirola, Luis Gabriel, Jianqiang Zhang, Jose Antonio Carrillo-Avila, Qi Chen, Ronaldo Magtoto, Korakrit Poonsuk, David H. Baum, Pablo Piñeyro, and Jeffrey Zimmerman. "Reactivity of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Structural Proteins to Antibodies against Porcine Enteric Coronaviruses: Diagnostic Implications." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 55, no. 5 (February 15, 2017): 1426–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.02507-16.

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ABSTRACTThe development of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) antibody-based assays is important for detecting infected animals, confirming previous virus exposure, and monitoring sow herd immunity. However, the potential cross-reactivity among porcine coronaviruses is a major concern for the development of pathogen-specific assays. In this study, we used serum samples (n= 792) from pigs of precisely known infection status and a multiplex fluorescent microbead-based immunoassay and/or enzyme-linked immunoassay platform to characterize the antibody response to PEDV whole-virus (WV) particles and recombinant polypeptides derived from the four PEDV structural proteins, i.e., spike (S), nucleocapsid (N), membrane (M), and envelope (E). Antibody assay cutoff values were selected to provide 100% diagnostic specificity for each target. The earliest IgG antibody response, mainly directed against S1 polypeptides, was observed at days 7 to 10 postinfection. With the exception of nonreactive protein E, we observed similar antibody ontogenies and patterns of seroconversion for S1, N, M, and WV antigens. Recombinant S1 provided the best diagnostic sensitivity, regardless of the PEDV strain, with no cross-reactivity detected against transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), or porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) pig antisera. The WV particles showed some cross-reactivity to TGEV Miller and TGEV Purdue antisera, while N protein presented some cross-reactivity to TGEV Miller. The M protein was highly cross-reactive to TGEV and PRCV antisera. Differences in the antibody responses to specific PEDV structural proteins have important implications in the development and performance of antibody assays for the diagnosis of PEDV enteric disease.

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Vennema, H., J. W. A. Rossen, J. Wesseling, M. C. Horzinek, and P. J. M. Rottier. "Genomic organization and expression of the 3′ end of the canine and feline enteric coronaviruses." Virology 191, no. 1 (November 1992): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-6822(92)90174-n.

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Kanno, Toru, Shinichi Hatama, Ryoko Ishihara, and Ikuo Uchida. "Molecular analysis of the S glycoprotein gene of bovine coronaviruses isolated in Japan from 1999 to 2006." Journal of General Virology 88, no. 4 (April 1, 2007): 1218–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.82635-0.

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In total, 55 isolates of Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) were collected from cases of enteric and respiratory disease occurring between 1999 and 2006 in Japan. Phylogenetic analysis of the polymorphic region of the S glycoprotein gene of these isolates, together with those of other known strains, classified the BCoV strains and isolates into four clusters. Recent field isolates display distinctive genetic divergence from the prototype enteric BCoV strains – Mebus, Quebec, Kakegawa, F15 and LY138 – and have diverged in three different aspects over 8 years. These data suggested that the genetic divergence in the polymorphic region of the S glycoprotein has progressed considerably; thus, molecular analysis of this region should be useful in investigating the molecular epidemiology of BCoV. In addition, based on the differences in amino acids among the isolates, our study did not reveal the presence of certain genetic markers of pathogenicity and clinical symptoms in this polymorphic region.

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Scarpa, Fabio, Daria Sanna, Ilenia Azzena, Piero Cossu, Marta Giovanetti, Domenico Benvenuto, Elisabetta Coradduzza, et al. "Update on the Phylodynamics of SADS-CoV." Life 11, no. 8 (August 11, 2021): 820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11080820.

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Coronaviruses are known to be harmful and heterogeneous viruses, able to infect a large number of hosts. Among them, SADS-CoV (Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome Coronavirus), also known as PEAV (Porcine Enteric Alphacoronavirus), or SeA-CoV (Swine Enteric Alphacoronavirus), is the most recent Alphacoronavirus discovered, and caused several outbreaks reported in Chinese swine herds between late 2016 and 2019. We performed an upgraded phylodinamic reconstruction of SADS-CoV based on all whole genomes available on 21 June 2021. Results showed a very close relationship between SADS-CoV and HKU2-like CoV, which may represent the evolutionary intermediate step towards the present SADS-CoV. The direct progenitor of SADS-CoV is so far unknown and, although it is well known that horseshoe bats are reservoirs for Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2-like (HKU2-like CoVs), the transmission path from bats to pigs is still unclear. The discrepancies in the phylogenetic position of rodent CoV, when different molecular markers were considered, corroborate the recombination hypothesis, suggesting that wild rats, which are frequent in farms, may have played a key role. The failure of the attempt at molecular dating, due to the lack of a clock signal, also corroborates the occurrence of a recombination event hypothesis. Zoonotic infections originating in wildlife can easily become a significant threat for human health. In such a context, due to the high recombination and cross-species capabilities of Coronavirus, SADS-CoV represents a possible high-risk pathogen for humans which needs a constant molecular monitoring.

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Mészáros, István, Ferenc Olasz, Enikő Kádár-Hürkecz, Ádám Bálint, Ákos Hornyák, Sándor Belák, and Zoltán Zádori. "Cellular localisation of the proteins of region 3 of feline enteric coronavirus." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 66, no. 3 (September 2018): 493–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/004.2018.044.

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Feline enteric coronaviruses have three open reading frames (ORFs) in region 3 (3a, 3b, and 3c). All three ORFs were expressed with C-terminal eGFP and 3xFLAG tags in different cell lines and their localisation was determined. ORF 3a is predicted to contain DNA-binding and transcription activator domains, and it is localised in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm. ORF 3b is also predicted to contain DNA-binding and activator domains, and was found to localise in the mitochondrion. Besides that, in some of the non-infected and FIPV-infected cells nucleolar, perinuclear or nuclear membrane accumulation of the eGFP-tagged 3b was observed. The exact compartmental localisation of ORF 3c is yet to be determined. However, based on our co-localisation studies 3c does not seem to be localised in the ER-Golgi network, ERGIC or peroxisomes. The expression of 3c-eGFP is clearly cell type dependent, it is more stable in MARC 145 cells than in Fcwf-4 or CrFK cells, which might reflectin vivostability differences of 3c in natural target cells (enterocytes vs. monocytes/macrophages).

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Eriksson, Klara K., Divine Makia, Reinhard Maier, Burkhard Ludewig, and Volker Thiel. "Towards a Coronavirus-Based HIV Multigene Vaccine." Clinical and Developmental Immunology 13, no. 2-4 (2006): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17402520600579168.

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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection represents one of the major health threats in the developing world. The costly treatment of infected individuals with multiple highly efficient anti-HIV drugs is only affordable in industrialized countries. Thus, an efficient vaccination strategy is required to prevent the further spread of the infection. The molecular biology of coronaviruses and particular features of the human coronavirus 229E (HCoV 229E) indicate that HCoV 229E-based vaccine vectors can become a new class of highly efficient vaccines. First, the receptor of HCoV 229E, human aminopeptidase N (hAPN or CD13) is expressed mainly on human dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages indicating that targeting of HCoV 229E-based vectors to professional antigen presenting cells can be achieved by receptor-mediated transduction. Second, HCoV 229E structural genes can be replaced by multiple transcriptional units encoding various antigens. These virus-like particles (VLPs) containing HCoV 229E-based vector RNA have the ability to transduce human DCs and to mediate heterologous gene expression in these cells. Finally, coronavirus infections are associated with mainly respiratory and enteric diseases, and natural transmission of coronaviruses occurs via mucosal surfaces. In humans, HCoV 229E causes common cold by infecting the upper respiratory tract. HCoV 229E infections are mainly encountered in children and re-infection occurs frequently in adults. It is thus most likely that pre-existing immunity against HCoV 229E will not significantly impact on the vaccination efficiency if HCoV 229E-based vectors are used in humans.

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Huang, Xin, Jianing Chen, Gang Yao, Qingyong Guo, Jinquan Wang, and Guangliang Liu. "A TaqMan-probe-based multiplex real-time RT-qPCR for simultaneous detection of porcine enteric coronaviruses." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 103, no. 12 (April 26, 2019): 4943–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-09835-7.

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Xue, Mei, Jing Zhao, Lan Ying, Fang Fu, Lin Li, Yanlong Ma, Hongyan Shi, Jiaoer Zhang, Li Feng, and Pinghuang Liu. "IL-22 suppresses the infection of porcine enteric coronaviruses and rotavirus by activating STAT3 signal pathway." Antiviral Research 142 (June 2017): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.03.006.

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Desmarets, Lowiese MB, Sebastiaan Theuns, Dominique AJ Olyslaegers, Annelike Dedeurwaerder, Ben L. Vermeulen, Inge DM Roukaerts, and Hans J. Nauwynck. "Establishment of feline intestinal epithelial cell cultures for the propagation and study of feline enteric coronaviruses." Veterinary Research 44, no. 1 (2013): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1297-9716-44-71.

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Suzuki, Tohru, Yoshihiro Otake, Satoko Uchimoto, Ayako Hasebe, and Yusuke Goto. "Genomic Characterization and Phylogenetic Classification of Bovine Coronaviruses Through Whole Genome Sequence Analysis." Viruses 12, no. 2 (February 6, 2020): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12020183.

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Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is zoonotically transmissible among species, since BCoV-like viruses have been detected in wild ruminants and humans. BCoV causing enteric and respiratory disease is widespread in cattle farms worldwide; however, limited information is available regarding the molecular characterization of BCoV because of its large genome size, despite its significant economic impact. This study aimed to better understand the genomic characterization and evolutionary dynamics of BCoV via comparative sequence and phylogenetic analyses through whole genome sequence analysis using 67 BCoV isolates collected throughout Japan from 2006 to 2017. On comparing the genomic sequences of the 67 BCoVs, genetic variations were detected in 5 of 10 open reading frames (ORFs) in the BCoV genome. Phylogenetic analysis using whole genomes from the 67 Japanese BCoV isolates in addition to those from 16 reference BCoV strains, revealed the existence of two major genotypes (classical and US wild ruminant genotypes). All Japanese BCoV isolates originated from the US wild ruminant genotype, and they tended to form the same clusters based on the year and farm of collection, not the disease type. Phylogenetic trees on hemagglutinin-esterase protein (HE), spike glycoprotein (S), nucleocapsid protein (N) genes and ORF1 revealed clusters similar to that on whole genome, suggesting that the evolution of BCoVs may be closely associated with variations in these genes. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis of BCoV S genes including those of European and Asian BCoVs and human enteric coronavirus along with the Japanese BCoVs revealed that BCoVs differentiated into two major types (European and American types). Moreover, the European and American types were divided into eleven and three genotypes, respectively. Our analysis also demonstrated that BCoVs with different genotypes periodically emerged and predominantly circulated within the country. These findings provide useful information to elucidate the detailed molecular characterization of BCoVs, which have spread worldwide. Further genomic analyses of BCoV are essential to deepen the understanding of the evolution of this virus.

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Jan, Rafi A., and Arif Rehman Sheikh. "Another coronavirus, Another challenge." JMS SKIMS 23, no. 1 (March 13, 2020): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.33883/jms.v23i1.735.

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The world is yet again challenged by the outbreak of a new coronavirus, named SARS-CoV-2; disease caused by this virus, now termed as COVID-19,was first reported in Wuhan City, Hubei Province China in the last week of December 2019. As of march 5, WHO reports a total of 80,430 cases of COVID-19 with 3013 deaths from China. The disease has been now reported in all the continents of the world except Antarctica –around 15,053 cases in 85 countries with 273 deaths. Although many cases have been reported in India, whether it going to touch this part of the country too, only time will tell. It is very likely that by the time this editorial goes in print, the numbers would have changed significantly. It is because of this developing outbreak situation that has engulfed the entire world and has the potential to turn into a pandemic, I decided to focus on this new disease than to comment on one of the many well written papers in this issue of the journal. Understanding of this novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, is evolving. This virus belongs to a large family of viruses known as coronaviridae family which are enveloped positive stranded RNA viruses causing respiratory and enteric infections affecting both animals and humans. The animal species infected by various coronaviruses include camels, cattle, cats and bats. Although very uncommon, coronaviruses of animal origin can infect humans and then spread from person to person, sometimes with devastating morbidity and mortality as is the case with MERS-CoV. The other two animal coronaviruses infecting people are SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. All these three viruses are betacoronaviruses and have their origin in bats1. Sequences from SARS-CoV-2 generated from patients outside China are similar to the original Chinese isolate suggesting a likely single emergence of SARS-CoV-2 from an animal reservoir. In the coming months we expect to learn more about the evolution and other pathogenetic aspects of the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2

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Tanner, Jerome E., and Caroline Alfieri. "The Fatty Acid Lipid Metabolism Nexus in COVID-19." Viruses 13, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13010090.

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Enteric symptomology seen in early-stage severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-2003 and COVID-19 is evidence of virus replication occurring in the intestine, liver and pancreas. Aberrant lipid metabolism in morbidly obese individuals adversely affects the COVID-19 immune response and increases disease severity. Such observations are in line with the importance of lipid metabolism in COVID-19, and point to the gut as a site for intervention as well as a therapeutic target in treating the disease. Formation of complex lipid membranes and palmitoylation of coronavirus proteins are essential during viral replication and assembly. Inhibition of fatty acid synthase (FASN) and restoration of lipid catabolism by activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) impede replication of coronaviruses closely related to SARS-coronavirus-2 (CoV-2). In vitro findings and clinical data reveal that the FASN inhibitor, orlistat, and the AMPK activator, metformin, may inhibit coronavirus replication and reduce systemic inflammation to restore immune homeostasis. Such observations, along with the known mechanisms of action for these types of drugs, suggest that targeting fatty acid lipid metabolism could directly inhibit virus replication while positively impacting the patient’s response to COVID-19.

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Tanner, Jerome E., and Caroline Alfieri. "The Fatty Acid Lipid Metabolism Nexus in COVID-19." Viruses 13, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13010090.

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Enteric symptomology seen in early-stage severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-2003 and COVID-19 is evidence of virus replication occurring in the intestine, liver and pancreas. Aberrant lipid metabolism in morbidly obese individuals adversely affects the COVID-19 immune response and increases disease severity. Such observations are in line with the importance of lipid metabolism in COVID-19, and point to the gut as a site for intervention as well as a therapeutic target in treating the disease. Formation of complex lipid membranes and palmitoylation of coronavirus proteins are essential during viral replication and assembly. Inhibition of fatty acid synthase (FASN) and restoration of lipid catabolism by activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) impede replication of coronaviruses closely related to SARS-coronavirus-2 (CoV-2). In vitro findings and clinical data reveal that the FASN inhibitor, orlistat, and the AMPK activator, metformin, may inhibit coronavirus replication and reduce systemic inflammation to restore immune homeostasis. Such observations, along with the known mechanisms of action for these types of drugs, suggest that targeting fatty acid lipid metabolism could directly inhibit virus replication while positively impacting the patient’s response to COVID-19.

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Sharif, Saeed, Siti Suri Arshad, Mohd Hair-Bejo, Abdul Rahman Omar, Nazariah Allaudin Zeenathul, and Amer Alazawy. "Diagnostic Methods for Feline Coronavirus: A Review." Veterinary Medicine International 2010 (2010): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2010/809480.

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Feline coronaviruses (FCoVs) are found throughout the world. Infection with FCoV can result in a diverse range of signs from clinically inapparent infections to a highly fatal disease called feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). FIP is one of the most serious viral diseases of cats. While there is neither an effective vaccine, nor a curative treatment for FIP, a diagnostic protocol for FCoV would greatly assist in the management and control of the virus. Clinical findings in FIP are non-specific and not helpful in making a differential diagnosis. Haematological and biochemical abnormalities in FIP cases are also non-specific. The currently available serological tests have low specificity and sensitivity for detection of active infection and cross-react with FCoV strains of low pathogenicity, the feline enteric coronaviruses (FECV). Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has been used to detect FCoV and is rapid and sensitive, but results must be interpreted in the context of clinical findings. At present, a definitive diagnosis of FIP can be established only by histopathological examination of biopsies. This paper describes and compares diagnostic methods for FCoVs and includes a brief account of the virus biology, epidemiology, and pathogenesis.

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Lin, Chao-Nan, Bi-Ling Su, Hui-Pi Huang, Jih-Jong Lee, Min-Wei Hsieh, and Ling-Ling Chueh. "Field strain feline coronaviruses with small deletions in ORF7b associated with both enteric infection and feline infectious peritonitis." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 11, no. 6 (June 2009): 413–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2008.09.004.

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Verbeek, A., S. Dea, and P. Tijssen. "Genomic relationship between turkey and bovine enteric coronaviruses identified by hybridization with BCV or TCV specific cDNA probes." Archives of Virology 121, no. 1-4 (March 1991): 199–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01316754.

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Güler, Ayhan, Ceren Başkan, and Belgin Sırıken. "Coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic Diseases." Medical Science and Discovery 7, no. 9 (September 25, 2020): 617–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36472/msd.v7i9.421.

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Coronaviruses which are a large family of viruses lead to upper-respiratory diseases in the especially respiratory system and enteric, hepatic and neurological systems with different severity in human as well as a wide variety of animals. Coronaviruses involved in four genera, and beta-CoVs are the most important group and the most highly pathogenic viruses against humans such as Severe Acute Respiratory Disease (SARS) -CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 is the third quite pathogenic human coronavirus, and can pass through animals to human or human to human due to capable of cross the species barrier into the human populations. Up to 2 July, 2020, coronavirus cases are 10,720,755 and deaths number are 517,005. Many variety mammalians groups such as pigs, cows, chicken, dogs, cats and human are harbor for CoVs. Among them, especially bats are very important for harbor and enhance the change of interspecies transmission of the viruses. According to SARS-CoV-2 symptoms, it is change to asymptomatic forms to respiratory failure and systemic manifestations such as sepsis, septic shock and multiple organ dysfunctions syndrome. For SARS-CoV-2 inactivation way is by lipid solvents including 75% of ether, 80% of ethanol, 75% of isopropanol, chlorine containing disinfectant, peroxyacetic acid, and chloroform except for chlorhexidine, alkaline (pH˃ 12) or acidic (pH ˂3) conditions, formalin and glutaraldehyde treatments. It is taken community measures against SAR-CoV-2 to control the spread of infection and diseases. To SARS CoV-2, there has been no vaccine and specific anti-viral drugs so far. Therefore, public health measures are considered as an effective tool for community. For this aim, hand hygiene, use of mask, hospital environment, droplet, airborne and contact precautions, institutional safeguard and standard measures should be used.

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