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Andersson, Carl-Philip. "What influences the Swedish opinions on entomophagy." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-97144.
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This study is an introduction of the learning of key aspects affecting Swedish people’s acceptance of edible insects, in Växjö and Gothenburg. The study aims to assess the attitudes of people towards edible insects. Public general knowledge about edible insects as well as their perception about benefits that comes with insects is explored. This study tries to contribute to the introduction of edible insects and to get a deeper understanding of how you can influence people’s attitude toward insects. To understand the Swedish acceptance of edible insects this study makes use of the Theory of Planned Behaviour, which is a theory that tries to predict behaviour based on attitude, social pressure, and perceived control over the action. By studying these three categories and the addition if it is morally right or wrong to consume insects, the paper tries to identify what influences the perception to improve it long-term. To get an in-depth understanding of the categories affecting behaviour and perception, this study will make use of semi-instructed interviews. The study will establish three criteria for sampling, gender, age, and education and aims to collect adequate information by using snowball sampling.
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Lamine, Khalid. "Deraeocoris lutescens schiling (Heteroptera : Miridae) : un auxiliaire potentiel?" Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30244.
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Parmi les insectes utiles présents dans les noiseraies françaises figure Deraeocoris lutescens (Heteroptera : Miridae). Des aspects de son écologie, de sa biologie et de son comportement ont été étudiés afin de préjuger de ses potentialités biotiques. Les échantillonnages de ce Miride en noiseraie complétés par des observations au laboratoire nous ont permis de déterminer son cycle biologique. Le rôle de l’accouplement et de la photopériode dans le fonctionnement ovarien de cet insecte ont été étudiés au laboratoire. Son type de diapause, sa photopériode seuil et son stade sensible sont déterminés. L’ultrastructure de ses pièces buccales confirme sa zoophagie, son caractère généraliste en situation de choix de la proie ainsi que sa voracité sont désormais avérés. Enfin, l’effet de la durée de jeûne sur le comportement de recherche de ce Miride a été étudié au moyen de la trajectometrie. Les résultats de ce travail plaident pour essayer ce prédateur en tant qu'agent de lutte biologiqueDeraeocoris lutescens (Heteroptera : Miridae) is a predator commonly found in the French hazelnut orchards. We have studied some aspects of ecology, biology and behaviour of this insect to estimate its biotic potential. Investigations under natural and artificial environmental conditions (i. E. Orchard sampling, laboratory observations, ect. ) were conducted to determine its life history. The effects of the copulation and photoperiod on ovarian activity of this mirid were evaluated in the laboratory. Its diapause pattern, its critical photoperiod and sensitive stages were determined. The mouthparts' ultrastructure show the adaptation of D. Lutescens for zoophagy. Morever, the voracity and feeding preferences of this generalist predator were evaluated and the effect of fast on its searching path was investigated by means a trajectometric method. The results of this study suggest that D. Lutescens can be considered as a promising biological pest control agent
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Egan, Bronwyn Ann. "Culturally and economically significant insects in the Blouberg Region, Limpopo Province, South Africa." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1002.
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Thesis (PhD. (Zoology)) --University of Limpopo, 2013Edible insects have been used as a nutritious food source by mankind for millennia, but in the modern era their use in more industrialised and western countries has dwindled. In the face of concern over the global food security crisis, scientists are urging investigation into edible insects as an alternate food. This study contributes to this global initiative by investigating entomophagy in the Blouberg area of the Limpopo Province, South Africa. The research develops a database of Blouberg edible insects, documents the importance of entomophagy to the people of Blouberg and for the wider community, and investigates aspects of the biology, ecology, socio-economics and nutritional value of a key species harvested in the area. Semi-structured questionnaires were carried out between 2007 and 2008 amongst households in the vicinity of Blouberg Mountain. Nearly 91% of the households in the Blouberg area consume insects. The most important reasons cited for consuming insects are that they are a traditional food, that they taste good and that they are a free food resource. Twenty eight species of edible insects were identified to at least genus level. Education was more important than income in influencing whether or not insects were consumed in a household. Households with lower education scores were more likely to consume insects than those with mid-level education scores. However, those with low income scores consumed a greater quantity of insects than those with higher scores. Similarly, those with low education scores consumed more insects than those with higher education scores. Pasture land was the area most preferred for collecting insects, with crop lands second in importance. Natural vegetation was not a preferred collecting habitat. Most households (78.57%) believe there has been a decline in edible insect consumption in recent years. According to the Blouberg insect collectors, edible insects are also on the decline in Blouberg and most households are unhappy about this. The lepidopteran, Hemijana variegata (bophetha), which was targeted for more in depth research, was found to be univoltine in the field, with caterpillars emerging in early November. The caterpillars feed predominantly on Canthium armatum and to a lesser extent on Pyrostria hystrix. They take four weeks to develop, burrowing into the soil to overwinter as pupae to emerge as adults in late spring. The development of the moth is profoundly influenced by temperature at all life stages and ceased below 17ºC and above 35ºC. Temperatures between 23ºC and 29ºC were most favourable for growth. The food value of the bophetha caterpillars was found to be high. The protein value of traditionally prepared caterpillars is 45.5%, with carbohydrates at 11.86 mg/100 g and fat at 19.75%. The caterpillars are not as rich in vitamins as fruit or vegetables, but compare favourably with beef. Traditionally prepared bophetha were found to be contaminated by two bacteria and one fungus, none of which are dangerously pathogenic to humans. Bophetha are traded between Blouberg villages at costs equivalent to other edible insects in South Africa (R10.19 per cup). Almost one third of Blouberg inhabitants sell bophetha, with this percentage decreasing to about 10% in poor seasons. Households collect between 3 and 3.5 litres of bophetha per season. Blouberg households are of the opinion that knowledge about edible insects is important enough that it should be included in formal education as a way of ensuring that the younger generation assimilates aspects of this knowledge despite cultural changes. The results of the study emphasise the importance of natural resource use with respect to edible insects in a marginalised community.
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Saharaoui, Lounes. "Inventaire des coccinelles entomophages (coleoptera-coccinellidae) dans la plaine de la mitidja (algerie) et apercu bioecologique des principales especes." Nice, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NICE4252.
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Inventaire faunistique des coccinelles dans la plaine de la mitidja. Des especes aphidiphages, coccidiphages, mycophages, aleurodiphages et une acariphage ont ete recensees. Les observations effectuees ont permis d'etudier la specificite alimentaire, le micro-climat, les plantes hotes, les plantes hotes, les periodes d'activite et de presence du predateur, le voltinisme et le parasitisme. Ainsi les especes les plus susceptibles d'etre efficaces pour la lutte biologique ont ete selectionnees
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Jelínková, Zuzana. "Závislost vybraných antagonistů na početnosti Lymantria dispar." Master's thesis, Česká zemědělská univerzita v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-257391.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the dependence of selected antagonists to the abundance of Lymantria dispar. The aim of the study was to determine whether these natural enemies can affect the abundance of L. dispar. I have focused on South Moravia, where L. dispar occurs. In 2015 the Turček method reviewed a total of 3,600 trees in seven locations with the historical appearance of outbreaks of gypsy moth. Density egg clutches were extremely low, about 0.019 for each new clutch per tree, which corresponds to the latent state.
On the studied locations egg clutches was collected, measured and recorded in notebooks. A load with at least one egg in each area was removed with the top 5 cm of litter and a top layer of mineral soil. The removed soil was put into pots in which were stored late instar caterpillars for the detection of E. maimaiga. The cups were inserted along with the caterpillars in the refrigerator for three days at 15°C without food. Aafter three days the caterpillars were taken away individually and placed on an artificial diet. An inspection was performed and a their mortality was monitored. The presence of E. maimaiga was examined microscopically for 325 dead caterpillars, but no pathogen was detected.
In the laboratory, the individual egg clutches were placed upon a Petri dishes with filter paper and the number of eggs counted with a stereo microscope. Subsequently, the eggs were left to hatch and were analyzed for the presence of parasitoids. A total of 1 246 species of egg parasitoids Anastatus japonicus was found in six locations, taking in donations females predominated. Egg parasitism was on average around 5%. Flight activity A. japonicus was quite long and covered the period 24 May 2015 to 28 July 2015.
In the absence of E. maimaiga and low egg parasitism at the studied locations we do not expect any strong influence of the studied antagonists on population density and outbreak cycle L. dispar in South Moravia.
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Finidori-Logli, Valérie. "Ecologie chimique de Diglyphus isaea Walker (Hyménoptera Eulophidae)." Aix-Marseille 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX11009.
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Diglyphus isaea walker est un hymenoptere entomophage utilise en lutte biologique contre liriomyza trifolii burgess. Nous avons etudie les mediateurs chimiques qui interviennent a differents niveaux du cycle du parasitoide et nous avons souleve les questions suivantes: quelle est la strategie d'accouplement du diglyphus? des signaux chimiques interviennent-ils dans la recherche de l'hote? peut-on modifier le comportement de recherche de l'hote grace a un apprentissage? en etudiant le comportement sexuel du parasitoide, nous avons montre que la reconnaissance de la femelle par le male repose sur des signaux chimiques intervenant a courte distance. Un bouquet pheromonal sexuel de contact a ete mis en evidence. Par ailleurs, nous avons etudie le comportement de recherche du diglyphus en olfactometrie. Les observations demontrent que celui-ci localise les larves du diptere grace a l'emission de signaux volatils provenant du complexe plante-hote. L'agression du vegetal induit la liberation en quantite plus importante de composes qui guideraient le parasitoide jusqu'a son hote, agissant ainsi comme des synomones. Le parasitoide presente une preference accrue pour l'odeur du vegetal sur lequel il a ete eleve. Cette affinite est renforcee par une experience de ponte. Conditionnees a une autre odeur vegetale, les femelles modifient leur comportement
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Goulnik, Jérémie. "Étude fonctionnelle de la fonction de pollinisation entomophile en prairie permanente sous l'effet d'un gradient d'intensification agricole." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0297.
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Le déclin de la biodiversité et son impact sur le fonctionnement des écosystèmes sont un enjeu majeur du XXIème siècle. L’agriculture intensive est aujourd’hui considérée comme l’un des facteurs responsables de ce déclin, suscitant une volonté sociétale pour une transition vers l’agroécologie. Celle-ci vise à intégrer les fonctions écologiques dans la production des biens agricoles. Les prairies permanentes sont au cœur de ces enjeux, étant à la fois essentielles pour l’alimentation du bétail, tout en pouvant abriter une forte biodiversité. L'intensification des pratiques agricoles peut modifier les communautés de plantes et de pollinisateurs et leurs interactions plantes-pollinisateurs. Actuellement, les mécanismes expliquant ces changements sont peu étudiés, encore moins avec une approche utilisant les traits fonctionnels comme celle que nous proposons dans cette thèse. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont : 1) d’étudier l’effet de l’intensification agricole locale sur la diversité fonctionnelle des traits floraux et les conséquences sur la fonction de pollinisation ; 2) d’étudier les relations entre diversité des traits floraux et diversités taxonomique et fonctionnelle des pollinisateurs ; 3) de déterminer si la pilosité et la surface de la face des pollinisateurs sont des bons prédicteurs de la quantité de pollen transporté. Afin d’atteindre ces objectifs, nous avons sélectionné en Moselle 16 prairies permanentes appartenant à un gradient d’intensification agricole. Nous avons mesuré cinq traits floraux appartenant à trois catégories (signal, barrière à l’exploitation, récompense) sur les espèces de plantes de nos communautés. Nous avons constitué des réseaux visuels d’interactions plantes-pollinisateurs en capturant les insectes butineurs le long de transects. Enfin, nous avons mesuré la masse de ces insectes ainsi que la surface et la pilosité de leur face que nous avons relié à la quantité de pollen qu’ils transportaient. Tout d’abord, nous avons montré que la fertilité du sol a une influence significative sur la diversité fonctionnelle des traits floraux mais pas l’intensification agricole. Alors que la fertilité du sol est connue pour influencer la diversité fonctionnelle des traits végétatifs, ces résultats sont les premiers à montrer un effet du sol sur la diversité fonctionnelle des traits floraux, et pourraient avoir comme origine un phénomène d’exclusion compétitive. L’augmentation de la diversité fonctionnelle des traits floraux augmente significativement la fréquence des interactions plantes-pollinisateurs, proxy de la fonction de pollinisation. Ces résultats sont en concordance avec les relations positives attendues entre biodiversité et fonctionnement des écosystèmes. L’augmentation de la diversité fonctionnelle de la production de sucre augmente significativement la richesse taxonomique des pollinisateurs mais pas la diversité fonctionnelle de leur masse corporelle, suggérant l’importance de maximiser la diversité fonctionnelle de la production de sucre pour maintenir une forte diversité taxonomique de pollinisateurs à l’heure où cette dernière connaît un déclin. Enfin, nous avons montré que la quantité de pollen transporté sur la face des pollinisateurs augmente significativement avec la surface et la pilosité de cette partie de leur corps. Ce résultat est une validation de ces deux traits d’effet pour la pollinisation à un ensemble d’espèces de plantes sauvages, là où ils n’étaient partiellement validés que pour quelques espèces de plantes cultivées. Cette thèse apporte donc une perspective unique sur les effets en cascade des facteurs locaux jusqu’à la fonction de pollinisation en prairie permanenteDecline in biodiversity and its impacts on ecosystem functioning are critical issues we are facing in the 21st century. Intensive agriculture is nowadays considered as one of the factors behind this decline, sparking off a societal desire toward an agroecological transition. Agroecology aims at integrating ecological functions into food production processes. Permanent grasslands are at the core of these issues, because of their essential roles in livestock feeding, but also because of their ability to harbor a rich biodiversity. Intensification of agricultural practices can modify plant and pollinator communities, but also interactions between these two trophic levels. Presently, the mechanisms behind these modifications are little studied, and even less with a functional trait-based approach as we propose in this PhD thesis. The goals of this PhD thesis are: 1) to study the effects of local land-use intensification on functional diversity of floral traits and their consequences on pollination function; 2) to study the relationships between functional diversity of floral traits and both taxonomic and functional diversities of pollinators; 3) to determine if hairiness and surface of pollinator face are good predictors of face pollen load. To do so, we selected 16 permanent grasslands belonging to a land-use intensification gradient in Moselle, France. We measured five floral traits belonging to three categories (cue/signal, exploitation barrier, reward) from plant species in the communities we followed. We established visual plant-pollinator interaction networks by catching foraging insects along transects. Finally, we measured insect body mass, as well as the surface and the hairiness of their face which were related to their face pollen load. Firstly, we found a significant effect of soil fertility on functional diversity of floral traits, but no effect of land-use intensification. While soil fertility is already known to influence functional diversity of vegetative traits, our results show for the first time an effect of soil characteristics on functional diversity of floral traits, that could be caused by exclusive competition. Moreover, an increase in functional diversity of floral traits results in an increase in plant-pollinator interaction frequency, a proxy of pollination function. This result is in congruence with the expected positive relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. We also found that an increase in functional diversity of nectar sugar production increases pollinator taxonomic richness but not functional diversity of their body mass. This result suggests the importance to maximize functional diversity of sugar production to maintain a high taxonomic diversity of pollinators, while pollinators face currently a global decline. Lastly, we showed an increase in face pollen load of pollinators with hairiness as well as surface of this body part, validating these two pollination effect traits for a set of wild plant species, while until now it was only done for a few cultivated plant species. This PhD thesis thus brings a unique perspective of cascading effects from local factors to pollination function in permanent grasslands
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Musa, Enes. "Prototypen och Tubkikaren." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23849.
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Studien utforskar ett arbetsperspektiv för produktdesigners i användningen av prototyper, och bidrar därmed till efterfrågan av mer kunskap kring prototypen som verktyg eller metod inom designområdet. Baserat på en hypotes kring appliceringen av externa teorier i utvecklingen och användningen av prototyper, utforskar studien detta genom temat entomofagi som är praktiken av att äta insekter. Studiens övergripande metodik är av kvalitativ karaktär, förstudien använder sig av desktop research, en intervju och ett studiebesök. Det efterföljande designarbetet består av två designexperiment, det första som en intervention tillsammans med en observation och det andra som en digital probe. Designexperimenten utfördes iterativt och den insamlade datan analyserades tematiskt. Insikter från dessa experiment sammanställdes och analyserades mot huvudfrågan, som lyder hur kan produktdesignerns förståelse om prototypen breddas genom ett prototyparbete grundat i provokation? Studien resulterade i en arbetsmodell för produktdesigners som arbetar med designprocesser inom området kritisk och spekulativ design. Arbetsmodellen kallas Tubkikaren, den hjälper designpraktiker att definiera utgångspunkten och avsikten bakom valet och utvecklingen av prototyper i designprocesser. Modellen bär potentialen att underlätta designprocessen och utvecklingen av prototyper på en individuell nivå, samt utgör en möjlig grund för vidare utforskning av prototyper och designmetodik.The study explores a possibility of how product designers can work with the method prototype, and thus make a contribution to the request for more knowledge about the prototype as a tool or method within the design field. Based on a hypothesis around the application of external theories in the developement and use of prototypes, the study explores this possibility through the theme of enthomophagy which is the practice of eating insects. The overall methodology of the study is qualitative, the pilot study conducts desktop research, an interview and a study visit. The following design work consists of two designexperiments, the first one as a public intervention paired with an observation and the second as a digital probe. The designexperiments were conducted iteratively and the data collected from the these is analyzed thematically. Finally, the insights collected from the designexperiments are gathered and analyzed against the main question, which is how can designers understanding of prototypes be broadened through design work based in provocation? The study resulted in a work modell for product designers that work with design processes within the area of critical and speculative design. The work model is called the Spotting Scope, and is inspired by its namesake. It helps design practitioners to define the starting point and intention behind the choice and developement of prototypes in design processes. This model carries the potential to alliviate the design process and development of prototypes on a individual level. It also carries the potential for creating a base for further exploration of prototypes and design methodology.
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Berry, Shaun David. "Diversité et dynamique des communautés de nématodes phytoparasites en culture de canne à sucre en Afrique du Sud : répercussion sur la plante." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20221.
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Une étude de la répartition des espèces de nématodes présentes actuellement sur canne à sucre a révélé que cinq espèces ou genres étaient dominants: Helicotylenchus dihystera, Meloidogyne javanica, Pratylenchus zaea, Paratrichodorus spp. Et Xiphinema spp. . Les proportions relatives des espèces qui constituent cette communauté déterminent l’importance des dégâts. En pot, l’inoculation de Helicotylenchus dihystera a été suivie d’une augmentation de la biomasse aérienne de la canne. Dans un essai au champ, la reproduction des pratiques culturales de récolte employée au Burkina Faso a été suivie d’un accroissement de la proportion relative de Helicotylenchus dihystera et une diminution de celle de Xiphinema elongatum. Mais, l’augmentation du rendement n’a pas été significative. Quant à la technique de récolte employée en Australie, elle conduit aussi à un léger accroissement du rendement, mais qui ne peut pas être expliqué par un impact sur les nématodes. Des techniques moléculaires ont été employées pour identifier les nématodes. Les quantités d’acide nucléiques extraits des espèces de nématodes se sont révélées significativement différentes. L’utilisation de différences dans la taille du ADN résultant de l’amplification de la région ITS1 pour l’identification des espèces n’a pas donné les résultats escomptés et ne peut être utilisé que pour un diagnostique grossier. L’étude de la diversité génétique de cette région a permis d’appréhender les relations phylogénétiques entre espèces. Des différences dans la composition en nucléotides peuvent être exploitées pour développer des amorces spécifiques des différentes espèces utilisables pour des diagnostiques en PCR classique ou quantitativeA study of the diversity of the species of nematodes associated with sugarcane showed that five species or genera are dominant: Helicotylenchus dihystera, Meloidogyne javanica, Pratylenchus zeae, Paratrichodorus spp. And Xiphinema spp. . The relative proportions of the species constituting the community determine the extent of damage to the crop. In pots, inoculation with Helicotylenchus dihystera resulted in an increase in the aboveground biomass of the cane. In a field trial, the reproduction of cultural practices as used in Burkina Faso was accompanied with an increase in the relative proportion of Helicotylenchus dihystera and a decrease in the proportion of Xiphinema elongatum. But the associated increase in yield was not significant. Mimicking the cultural techniques employed in Australia also led to a slight increase in yield but this was not as a result of the change in nematode communities. For studying diverse communities, newer molecular biological methods were employed. Significant differences in the amount of nucleic acid extracted from different species were found. Using differences in ITS1 amplification product size for identifying and discriminating between species was successful to a point, however only as a crude diagnostic method. Examining the genetic diversity of this gene region within sugarcane nematode specimens enabled phylogenetic relationships between species, and genera, to be investigated. Differences in nucleotide composition could be utilized to develop species-specific diagnostic primers for use in conventional and real-time, quantitative PCR testing
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Sicard, Mathieu. "Modalités écologiques et évolutives des interactions entre les nématodes entomopathogènes Steinernema et leurs symbiotes bactériens Xenorhabdus." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20193.
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Wajnberg, Éric. "Interactions démographiques et génétiques entre la drosophile (Drosophila melanogaster Meigen) et ses parasites larvaires hyménoptères." Lyon 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LYO19031.
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Deux approches experimentales ont ete abordees. L'analyse des determinismes de l'adequation de l'hote a deux parasites a d'abord ete etudiee. Elle a mis en evidence une influence du patrimoine genetique de l'hote sur le potentiel de reussite de l'infestation des deux parasites. La seconde approche plus globale a mis en oeuvre des populations experimentales, genetiquement polymorphes a differents loci, soumises ou non a une pression parasitaire controlee. Ces populations ont ete caracterisees par l'evolution de leur profil genetique et demographique (12 mois). Il existe une influence du parasite sur l'evolution des structures des populations hotes
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Ingvarsson, Josef. "Towards a Zero Waste Vision using Insects – Urban Farming producing New Values in a Swedish Supermarket." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-351355.
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The premise of the thesis is that current food systems are unsustainable. In fact, as the global population continues to rise, food systems are under greater strain to deliver quality output in a sustainable way. In sustainable food systems, effective use of agricultural land and reducing food waste are central, as stipulated by Agenda 2030 target to reduce food waste by 50 % to 2030. Insects have gained attention for their ability to effectively convert feed, including feed from food waste, to edible products. Framed by a literature review and an analysis of food waste data from a Swedish supermarket, the ability to rear three insect species, House Cricket (Acheta Domesticus), Yellow Mealworm (Tenebrio Molitor) and Black Soldier fly (Hermetia Illucens) on food waste is examined. The three insect species with the addition of laying hens are also the grounding for evidence-based scenarios. The results indicate that the Black Solider Fly can be reared on unprocessed food waste while the House Cricket requires food waste treated for higher levels of protein and phosphorus and the Yellow Mealworm food waste supplemented by external products such as yeast, carrots or wheat bran. The result from the scenarios shows that substantial amounts of edible output can be produced by providing the insects and laying hens vegetable food waste from the supermarket. The conclusion of this thesis highlights the potential of using insects and laying hens as feed converters in integrated production systems to recover energy and nutrients from food waste and thereby contribute to a food system that produces more output using less land and with less negative environmental impact.
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Jakobs, Moniek, and der Meij Theresia Maria van. "The role of consumers' environment-friendly lifestyle in relation to the acceptability of processed insect-based products." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-39463.
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Rochat, Jacques. "Modélisation d'un système hôte-parasitoïde en lâcher inoculatif : application au couple Aphis gossypii - Lysiphlebus testaceipes en serre de concombre." Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO10196.
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La lutte biologique par lacher inoculatif vise a maintenir un ravageur a un niveau de population suffisamment bas pendant toute la duree d'une culture. L'auxiliaire utilise doit etre capable de persister dans le milieu pendant quelques generations successives et avoir une action limitante rapide sur le ravageur. Nous recherchons dans ce contexte les facteurs determinant l'efficacite du controle biologique et sur lesquels nous pourrions agir. Pour cela, nous construisons un modele pour simuler l'ensemble des strategies possibles de lutte biologique. L'objectif est de construire un modele le plus simple et le plus precis possible. Ce compromis est obtenu sous la forme de deux modeles structures en classes, bases sur des equations differentielles ordinaires ou a retard. Ces modeles sont appliques a un systeme biologique d'interet agronomique : le puceron aphis gossypii et l'un de ses parasitoides lysiphlebus testaceipes, en serre de concombre. Les modeles presentent une bonne adequation aux donnees de terrain et permettent de definir des strategies efficaces d'utilisation des parasitoides en serre.
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Rovai, Dominic. "Insects as a Sustainable Food Ingredient – Utilization of Carrot Pomace, Identification of Early Adopters, and Evaluation of Mealworm Acceptability." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2021. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2316.
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Insects have been proposed as a sustainable alternative to livestock to help feed the growing population. Edible insects such as mealworms require less land and resources and can utilize food by-products to grow. While insects are consumed by over 2 billion people worldwide, they are not widely accepted in developed countries like the United States because of their unfamiliarity and the perception of disgust associated with entomophagy. The objectives of this research are to 1) grow mealworms using carrot pomace and determine an optimum diet for growth and nutritional composition, 2) identify and classify early adopters of insects, and propose a product form, and 3) assess the acceptability of frozen, ready-to-cook mealworms with early adopters.
A response surface design was used to evaluate the use of carrot pomace in various percentages in the substrate and as the moisture source in a mealworm growing system. Mealworms were grown under controlled conditions in a climate chamber until they began to pupate, and statistical models were fitted to predict mealworm mortality, weight, days to pupation, protein content, fat content, and moisture content. An algorithm in Design Expert was used to optimize mealworm growth based on maximizing mealworm weight and minimizing mortality and days to pupation, and the optimum diet was found to be 36% carrot pomace in the substrate with carrot pomace as the moisture source.
Early adopters of insects were identified through a survey using Red Jade Sensory Software. Participants were segmented using partitioning around medoids clustering algorithm based on responses to questions on willingness to consume insects in a variety of forms. Four segments were identified: No-thank-you’s, Hideaways, Daredevils, and Peekaboo’s. Daredevils, Peekaboo’s, and Hideaways are early adopters of insects in the nonvisible form, and Daredevils and Peekaboo’s are also early adopters of insects in the visible form.
Based on these insights, frozen, ready-to-cook mealworms were selected to target Daredevils and Peekaboo’s as a product to serve as a sustainable alternative to traditional livestock protein. Participants from each of the four segments were shown a video of mealworm cooking and asked their willingness to buy the product and the motivation behind their response. The majority of respondents were unwilling to buy this product, driven by unfamiliarity and the perception of disgust. However, over half of Daredevils were willing to buy the product, driven by the novelty and ease of preparation. Marketing a product towards this group may be a feasible route for entry into the market and increase the familiarity of edible insects, thereby contributing to long-term acceptability.
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Cambefort, Yves. "Le scarabée et les dieux : contribution à l'étude des coléoptères dans les mythes et symboles." Caen, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996CAEN1192.
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Dans l'ancienne egypte, le scarabee portait le meme nom que le dieu du soleil levant : khepri. Il etait de ce fait symbole de (re)naissance, et aussi simplement d'existence, de cette vie par excellence qui est celle du soleil (et du dieu re) ou du pharaon (et des dieux osiris et horus). Mais l'egypte n'a pas invente le scarabee : elle n'a fait que reprendre un symbole deja connu depuis l'epoque magdalenienne, et qu'on retrouve en outre chez de nombreux peuples <
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Stoeckel, Solenn. "Impact de la propagation asexuée et du système d'auto-incompatibilité gamétophytique sur la structuration et l'évolution de la diversité génétique d'une essence forestière entomophile et disséminée, Prunus avium L." Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002599.
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Les systèmes de reproduction jouent un rôle fondamental dans la structuration spatio-temporelle de la diversité génétique des espèces. Cette thèse, portant sur l'étude de trois populations de merisiers, a pour but de mieux comprendre les implications évolutives d'un système de reproduction mixte chez les plantes combinant à la fois une propagation asexuée et une reproduction sexuée contrôlée par un système d'auto-incompatibilité gamétophytique (GSI).Nous avons étudié les influences de la propagation asexuée et du GSI sur (1) la structuration diversité génétique intra et inter populations et sur (2) l'efficacité de sa transmission d'une génération à l'autre.Confrontant des modèles et concepts théoriques aux réalités biologiques, nos résultats démontrent à la fois un effet de l'asexualité et du GSI sur l'évolution de la diversité génétique de notre espèce. Ces effets sont plus complexes voire contraires à ce que prédisent les modèles ou les concepts actuellement admis.
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Okutani, Daiki, and Dairong Wu. "How can insect-based food appeal to consumers in the Swedish market? : A qualitative study on identifying major factors that impact purchasing insect-based food and examining how novel companies can penetrate the Swedish market." Thesis, Jönköping University, IHH, Redovisning, Marknadsföring, SCM, Informatik och Rättsvetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-52841.
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The main purpose of this study was to examine the main factors that both positively and negatively influence consumers purchasing behavior in terms of insect-based food. By investigating the factors, the study aimed to shed light on how insect-based food can seamlessly penetrate the Swedish market with the use of marketing strategies. In order to further facilitate the study, a qualitative research with an inductive approach was selected. With the foundation of formulated questions, the semi-structured interviews were conducted to gain deeper insights in relation to the study. The interviewees included Swedish residents in the age range of 20-40 and 13 individual interviews were carried out to ensure the quality of data. The study identified some major contributing factors: sustainability, product quality and availability. These major factors, therefore, created a need for potential marketing strategies, which primarily focuses on extensive information sharing and green labelling.
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Andersson, Fredrik, and Mattias Hansson. "Expansionsmöjligheter hos Acheta domesticus : En studie om syrsmjölets påverkan på färg,textur, gillande och expansion i extruderadmajskrok." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Fakulteten för naturvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-20826.
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I takt med en ökande världspopulation ställs allt hårdare krav på primärproducenter att tillgodose råvaror i adekvata mängder. Forskning inom området är av stor vikt för att hitta nya hållbara källor för näringsämnen som exempelvis protein, eftersom produktionen i dagsläget för med sig många miljömässiga nackdelar. I samband med att EU godkänner insekter som livsmedel får fler upp ögonen för eventuella fördelar som de kan bidra med som råvara. Syftet med denna studien är att undersöka vilken påverkan tillsats av syrsmjöl har på färg, textur, gillande och expansion hos extruderad majskrok. Detta är ett steg i riktningen mot implementering av insekter i västerländsk kost. Genom att analysera vatten och proteinhalt i den extruderade produkten, samt mäta dess färg, textur, radiella expansion och gillande hos konsument kan insamlad data ställas mot varandra och eventuella korrelationer belysas. Resultatet från studien visar att vid högre andel syrsmjöl blir texturen kompaktare, expansionen mindre och en färgförändring sker åt det mörkare hållet. De prov med lägre andel tillsatt syrsmjöl, och därmed en bättre expansion, fick högst gillandepoäng på alla frågeställningar i ett konsumenttest.In line with a growing world population, higher demands are put on primary producers to supply raw materials in adequate quantities. Research in the area is of great importance in finding new sustainable sources of nutrients such as protein, which presently brings with it many environmental disadvantages. As the EU approves insects as food, more people are becoming aware of potential benefits they can provide. The purpose of this report is to investigate the effect of the addition of cricket flour on the color, texture, liking and expansion of an extruded corn puff. This is a step towards the implementation of insects in the Western diet. By analyzing the water and protein content of the extruded product, as well as measuring its color, texture, radial expansion and consumer appreciation, collected data can be compared and any correlations can be shown. The results of the study show that with a higher proportion of cricket flour the texture becomes more compact, shows less expansion and a color change toward a darker tone. The samples with a lower proportion of added cricket flour, and thus a better expansion, received the highest points of liking on all the questions in the consumer test.
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Hallin, Fredrik. "Consumer associations and preferences surrounding insects as food : a descriptive study of South Africa and Sweden." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Fakulteten för naturvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-21298.
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Insects as food is a subject that has gained a lot of attention in recent time. In order for insect-food to become popular in the west, where insects are currently not consumed, research has to be done on how consumers perceive insect-food, and which consumer groups that eat insects in other countries. This will give a picture of how insects can and should be used on the Swedish market. The purpose of the thesis is to research consumer associations and preferences of insect consumption in Sweden and South Africa. The study examines the question of which consumer groups that eat insects in either country, what associations and preferences consumers have of insect-eating, and how insects can be used in food in the future. An online questionnaire concerning associations, preferences and experiences of insect consumption was distributed in both countries, and was answered by 73 participants. Three producers of insects were interviewed in Sweden and South Africa to get an understanding of the production stage of insects and their experiences of the industry and the consumers, now and in the future. Entomophagy was not found to be more prevalent in any group in neither Sweden nor South Africa. When used in food, consumers prefer insects to be ground into a powder. The South African respondents who had previously eaten insects mainly as an everyday meal preferred the insects to be served whole while the others preferred the insects to be ground into a powder. Insects are often associated with being nutritious, cheap, and being environmentally friendly, as well as with unfamiliarity and disgust.Insekter som mat är ett ämne som fått mycket uppmärksamhet på senare tid. För att insektsmat ska kunna slå igenom i västvärlden, där insekter i nuläget inte konsumeras, måste man ta reda på hur insektsmat uppfattas av konsumenter, och vilka konsumentgrupper som äter insekter i andra länder. Detta ger en bild av hur insekter kan och bör användas på den svenska marknaden. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka associationer och preferenser rörande insektsmat i Sverige och Sydafrika. Studien undersöker vilka konsumentgrupper som äter insekter i de två länderna, vad konsumenterna har för associationer och preferenser för insektsätande, och hur insekter kan användas i mat i framtiden. En webbaserad enkät skickades ut till konsumenter i vardera land, och besvarades av totalt 73 deltagare. Frågorna handlade om associationer, preferenser och erfarenhet i förhållande till insektsätande. Tre insektsproducenter intervjuades i Sverige och Sydafrika för att ge en förståelse för produktionen samt deras tankar och erfarenheter av branschen och konsumenterna, nu och i framtiden. Oberoende av i vilket land undersökningen genomfördes var det inte möjligt att karaktärisera några konsumentgrupper där entomofagi var mer vanligt förekommande. När insekter används i mat föredrar konsumenter att dessa mals ned till ett pulver. Insekter associeras ofta med att vara näringsrikt, billigt och miljövänligt, samt med ovana och äckel.
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Ravallec, Marc. "Recherches sur le potentiel larvicide d'hyphomycetes entomopathogenes a l'egard des dipteres aedes albopictus skuse 1891 et toxorhynchites amboinensis doleschall 1857." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066080.
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A l'aide d'essais de contamination menes dans les conditions controlees du laboraoire, le potentiel larvicide des hyphomycetes metarhizium anisopliae et tolypocladium cylindrosporum est eprouve sur le moustique aedes albopictus, un important vecteur de la dengue. Le role de l'age larvaire et de la mue comme facteurs de resistance aux infections est discute. Le spectre d'hote de la souche ma 139 est etudie sur les larves culiciphages du moustique toxorhyncites amboinensis. Des larves proies prealablement infectees par cette souche representent un inoculum potentiel pour ce predateur. Le mode d'action de ces germes est approfondi par des etudes histologiques et ultrastructurales qui ont notamment permis de suivre le comportement de leurs spores dans le mesenteron des larves et la penetration cuticulaire de t. Cylindrosporum. Le determinisme des processus toxemiques impliques dans la pathogenie de m. Anisopliae est precise par l'evaluation du nombre de spores ingerees par les larves
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Ziehensack, Jonas, and Tommila Stina. "Bug Appétit! : A qualitative research of purchase intentions towards insect-based products." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Företagsekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-39689.
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Background: A significant increase in the global food demand is expected to occur in the near future. Since the currently implied food system will not be able to meet this demand without impacting the environment negatively, it is crucial to consider alternative ways of producing food. Entomophagy thereby presents an approach that could be deployed to meet the future demand in an environmental and sustainable way. However, whereas multiple studies investigate consumers’ acceptance of insect-based products, little is known about their purchase intentions. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore the underlying factors affecting Swedish university-attending Generation Y consumers’ purchase intentions towards insect-based products. In order to fulfill the purpose of this study, two research questions have been developed. Thereby, the Theory of Planned Behavior was chosen as a theoretical framework. Method: The research philosophy of this study adopted elements of both constructionism and interpretivism. Further, this study applied an abductive approach and a qualitative research design with an exploratory purpose. A total of three focus groups were conducted in order to explore purchase intentions towards insect-based products. In addition, a taste test was incorporated in each focus group to explore the participants’ reactions when given the opportunity to try an insect-based product. To adequately reach the selected target population, a combination of a self-selection sampling technique and a convenience sampling technique was employed. Lastly, a content analysis following a directed approach was applied in order to properly analyze the collected data. Conclusion: The empirical findings of this study suggest that eleven factors are contributing to the target populations’ purchase intentions towards insect-based products. Thereby, ten of these factors are connected to the components of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control of the theoretical framework whereas the remaining factor was not categorized within these components. Regarding the conducted taste test, it was found that the large majority of the participants were willing to try. Further, the taste test showed that all participants followed their initial intentions.
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Bassett, Fred Stephen. "Comparison of Functional, Nutritional, and Sensory Properties of Spray-Dried and Oven-Dried Cricket (Acheta domesticus) Powder." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2018. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6790.
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Three dried cricket products – Oven-roasted Cricket Meal (ORCM), Oven-roasted Cricket Powder (ORCP), and Spray-dried Cricket Powder (SDCP) – were prepared and compared to assess their relative nutritional, functional, and sensory properties. The range of particle sizes in SDCP was wider than that of ORCP; while SDCP had more particles in the 7.78-22.0 µm range, it also had more particles in the 176-498 µm range, which contributed to differences in functional and sensory properties. ORCM and SDCP meet the FDA definition of an "excellent source" of vitamin B2, ORCP is a "good source" of vitamin B2, and all three products are an "excellent source" of vitamin B12 and vitamin E at a serving size of 100 g. The addition of ORCP to a protein drink at 30% did not significantly affect its sensory acceptance, while the drink prepared with SDCP was rated significantly worse in every attribute, and the drink prepared with ORCM had varied effects on the different sensory attributes.
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Masár, Martin. "Zpracování vybraných druhů jedlého hmyzu pro potravinářské účely." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-449738.
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Táto diplomová práca je zameraná na nutričné zhodnotenie vybraných práškov hmyzu zo svrčkov domových, z lariev múčiara obyčajného a potemníka stajňového a jedného potravinového produktu na báze hmyzu, ktorý bol tiež vyvinutý ako jeden z cieľov tejto práce. Okrem základných nutričných analýz boli použité aj ICP-OES pre zistenie obsahu minerálov a GC-FID pre zistenie zloženia mastných kyselín. Tiež bol stanovený obsah hrubej bielkoviny pomocou CHNSO analyzátora a stanovený obsah EAA. Pomocou PCA analýzy sa úspešne podarilo rozlíšiť vzorky jednotlivých hmyzích práškov, ktoré potvrdili rozmanitosť jednotlivých druhov hmyzu a vďaka projekcii do roviny hlavných komponent je možné vidieť, v ktorých nutričných parametroch sa najviac líšia. Bola tiež vykonaná senzorická analýza novo vyvinutého produktu na báze hmyzu s prídavkom prášku z potemníka stajňového v porovnaní s konkurenčnými produktmu. Súčasťou práce je aj rozsiahly spotrebiteľský prieskum na vzorke 2 019 účastníkov, týkajúci sa vnímania entomofágie v Českej republike a na Slovensku, ktorý sa uskutočnil online.
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Simard, Louis. "Distribution, abondance et écologie saisonnière des principaux insectes ravageurs du gazon sur les terrains de golf du Québec et évaluation du potentiel de contrôle des nématodes entomopathogènes indigènes." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/24118/24118.pdf.
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Coutinho, José Maria Pimenta de Castro de Souza. "Insects as a legitimate food ingredient : barriers & strategies." Master's thesis, reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/26191.
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Só a simples ideia de comer insectos já é suficiente para impulsionar repulsa em relação à entomofagia. Uma categorização cultural inadequada deste hábito alimentar tem vindo a ser cultivada pelas sociedades ocidentais. As diversas abordagens sobre a divulgação de invertebrados como um legítimo hábito alimentar têm sido mal aplicadas. Os esforços educacionais não alcançaram nenhum êxito. Com o fim de enfrentar esta aversão cognitiva relativamente aos insectos é imprescindível uma mudança radical no plano estratégico. Esta pesquisa qualitativa explicativa tem como objectivo uma plena compreensão teórica, e metodologicamente sustentada, dos impulsionadores psicológicos e culturais que levam às suposições negativas da população. Ao desmistificar os preconceitos e as falsas premissas através da normalização da entomofagia eliminar-se-á a imagem nociva e incoerente de repulsa que se posiciona na mente dos ocidentais. Estratégias psico-culturais juntamente com a ciência gastronómica devem ser levadas a cabo quando este produto é introduzido num mercado onde o insecto é considerado um alimento culturalmente inaceitável.
The very idea of eating insects is the greatest booster of the revulsion feeling towards entomophagy. An inappropriate cultural categorisation of this eating habit has been cultivated by Western societies. The various approaches on promoting invertebrates as a legitimate food habit have been misapplied. Educational efforts have been made unsuccessfully. To address cognitive aversion toward insects, a complete change in the strategic plan must be established. This qualitative explanatory research aims at a full theoretical, and methodologically sustained, understanding of the psychological and cultural drivers that lead to the negative assumptions of the population. The demystification of prejudices and imaginations by promoting normalcy of entomophagy it will stamp the harmful and incoherent disgust image out of the Westerners’ psyche. This study underpins the psycho-cultural strategies along with gastronomic science that must be carried out when this product is introduced in a market where the insect is a culturally unacceptable food.
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Noujeim, Abi Nader Elise. "Biodiversité et biogéographie des nématodes entomopathogènes au Liban : étude phylogénique et valorisation des potentiels en lutte biologique." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20013/document.
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Les Nématodes Entomopathogènes (NEP) de la famille des Steinernematidae et Heterorhabditidae sont des parasites pour les insectes. Ils hébergent dans leur intestin un symbiote bactérien (genres Xenorhabdus et Photorhabdus) essentiel au succès parasitaire. Les NEP sont présents dans les sols des cinq continents de la planète. Leur diversité génétique et leurs propriétés biologiques constituent une intéressante ressource biologique. Grâce à leur entomotoxicité, les NEP sont de bons outils de lutte biologique en agriculture et en culture ornementale un peu partout dans le monde. La diversité et la biogéographie des NEP dans les cinq continents de la Terre (à l'exception de l'Antarctique) ont été étudiées partout dans le monde mais le Liban est parmi les rares pays du moyen orient où aucune prospection de ces nématodes n'a été réalisée alors que des NEP en Turquie, Syrie, Jordanie, Palestine et Egypte ont déjà été trouvés et caractérisés. L'objet de la thèse est de procéder à une étude biogéographique dans le but de connaître la diversité des NEP au Liban. L'enjeu scientifique est donc de combler un « vide » dans la connaissance de la répartition et de la biodiversité mondiale des NEP. Pour cela, un échantillonnage à l'échelle des étages de végétation est mené au Liban. Des échantillons de sol sont ainsi prélevés, mis en contact avec des larves de Galleria mellonella pour isoler les nématodes entomopathogènes et leurs symbiotes. Les nématodes et leurs symbiotes sont par la suite identifiés morphologiquement et moléculairement. Par la suite, une approche à l'échelle de l'habitat fait l'objet de cette thèse également pour étudier les interactions biotiques et abiotiques influençant la présence des nématodes entomopathogènes dans le sol. Les enjeux technologiques, exposés au second volet de la thèse, sont liés aux propriétés biologiques des nématodes et de leurs symbiotes afin de valoriser leur entomotoxicité en lutte biologique. Dans ce cadre, la sensibilité des Cephalcia tannourinensis, ravageur des cédraies au Liban, par rapport aux nématodes entomopathogènes est exploitée in vitro ; différentes espèces de nématodes entomopathogènes sont testées pour suivre leur cycle à l'intérieur des CephalciaEntomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are parasites of soil-dwelling insects that occur in natural and agricultural soils around the world. Thanks to their entomotoxicity, EPNs are good tools for biological control in agriculture almost everywhere in the world. They are ubiquitous, having been isolated from every inhabited continent (except Antartica) from a wide range of ecologically diverse soil habitats including cultivated fields, forests, grasslands, deserts, and even ocean beaches. Biogeographic assessments of EPNs in the Eastern Mediterranean basin have been conducted in several countries such as Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine and Egypt. Lebanon is among the few countries of the Middle East for which no survey of EPNs has been done. The scientific stake is thus to fill a gap in our knowledge of EPNs distribution in the Mediterranean basin. Survey of EPNs was conducted in this framework to cover the different vegetation levels defined in Lebanon. Soil samples were removed placed in contact with Galleria mellonella to isolate entomopathogenic nematode and their symbiotic bacteria. EPNs and their bacteria were then identified morphologically and molecularly. On the other hand, despite the different national surveys conducted on EPNs distribution around the world, habitat preferences remain inadequately known for entomopathogenic nematodes. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of their distribution and the various biotic and abiotic factors influencing their presence is also a second object of our work. Beside a technological approach related to the biological properties of the nematodes and their symbiotics: valorisation of the entomotoxicity in biological control will be part of the third shutter of the thesis. In this framework, the sensibility of cedar pests, Cephalcia tannourinensis against entomopathogenic nematodes is exploited in vitro; different EPNs species were tested to study their life cycle inside Cephalcia larvae
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Coutinho, José Maria Pimenta de Castro de Souza. "Insects as a legitimate food ingredient : barriers & strategies." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/18720.
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Só a simples ideia de comer insectos já é suficiente para impulsionar repulsa em relação à entomofagia. Uma categorização cultural inadequada deste hábito alimentar tem vindo a ser cultivada pelas sociedades ocidentais. As diversas abordagens sobre a divulgação de invertebrados como um legítimo hábito alimentar têm sido mal aplicadas. Os esforços educacionais não alcançaram nenhum êxito. Com o fim de enfrentar esta aversão cognitiva relativamente aos insectos é imprescindível uma mudança radical no plano estratégico. Esta pesquisa qualitativa explicativa tem como objectivo uma plena compreensão teórica, e metodologicamente sustentada, dos impulsionadores psicológicos e culturais que levam às suposições negativas da população. Ao desmistificar os preconceitos e as falsas premissas através da normalização da entomofagia eliminar-se-á a imagem nociva e incoerente de repulsa que se posiciona na mente dos ocidentais. Estratégias psico-culturais juntamente com a ciência gastronómica devem ser levadas a cabo quando este produto é introduzido num mercado onde o insecto é considerado um alimento culturalmente inaceitável.
The very idea of eating insects is the greatest booster of the revulsion feeling towards entomophagy. An inappropriate cultural categorisation of this eating habit has been cultivated by Western societies. The various approaches on promoting invertebrates as a legitimate food habit have been misapplied. Educational efforts have been made unsuccessfully. To address cognitive aversion toward insects, a complete change in the strategic plan must be established. This qualitative explanatory research aims at a full theoretical, and methodologically sustained, understanding of the psychological and cultural drivers that lead to the negative assumptions of the population. The demystification of prejudices and imaginations by promoting normalcy of entomophagy it will stamp the harmful and incoherent disgust image out of the Westerners’ psyche. This study underpins the psycho-cultural strategies along with gastronomic science that must be carried out when this product is introduced in a market where the insect is a culturally unacceptable food.
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Jühling, Tina. "ARNt "manchots" : structure, fonctionnalité et évolution." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ119/document.
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Les ARNt sont des molécules adaptatrices reliant l'information génétique de l’ARN messagers à la séquence d'acides aminés primaire des protéines. Les ARNt ont une structure typique, appelée "feuille de trèfle". Certains ARNt mitochondriaux montrent une forte dérivation de cette structure. Un cas extrême peut être observé dans les mitochondries du nématode R. culicivorax. Cette étude vise la caractérisation fonctionnelle de ces ARNt «bizarres» et de définir leurs propriétés structurales et leur fonctionnalité avec des protéines partenaires telles que les CCAses et les aminoacyl-ARNt synthetases. Ce travail révèle que les ARNt sans bras forment une structure secondaire en forme d'épingle à cheveux et que leurs structures 3D présentent une grande flexibilité intrinsèque. Les tests initiaux n’ont pas démontré l'activité d'aminoacylation. Cependant, les ARNt sans bras représentent des molécules fonctionnelles pour le CCAse, indiquant des adaptations de l’enzyme aux ARNt sans brasTRNAs are adapter molecules linking the genetic information of messenger RNAs with the primary amino acid sequence of proteins. tRNAs have a typical cloverleaf-like secondary structure. Some mitochondrial tRNAs show a high derivation from this canonical tRNA structure. An extreme case of structural truncations can be observed in mitochondria of the nematode R. culicivorax. This study aims the functional characterization of such “bizarre” tRNAs in defining their structural properties and their functionality with interacting partner proteins such as CCA-adding enzymes and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. This work reveals that armless tRNAs form a hairpin-shaped secondary structure. 3D structures exhibit a high intrinsic flexibility. Initial tests could not demonstrate aminoacylation activity. However, armless tRNAs represent functional molecules for CCA-incorporation, indicating adaptations of CCA-adding enzymes to armless tRNAs
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Escaravage, Nathalie. "Système de reproduction et stratégie de colonisation de Rhododendron ferrugineum L. (ericaceae) (étage subalpin, Alpes du Nord)." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10277.
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Pour survivre aux conditions climatiques difficiles de l'environnement montagnard, les plantes ont du developper un certain nombre d'adaptations, aussi bien morphologiques, physiologiques que reproductives. Rhododendron ferrugineum (ericacee), comme la majorite des plantes de milieu alpin, se reproduit a la fois par reproduction sexuee et par propagation vegetative. L'etude de la biologie de la pollinisation de cette espece a revele qu'elle est capable de se reproduire aussi bien par auto que par allogamie (systeme mixte de reproduction sexuee). Les pollinisateurs les plus abondants sont les dipteres, suivi des hymenopteres, principalement les abeilles. D'autres insectes tels que les coleopteres et les fourmis, sont presents en grand nombre, cependant leur role dans l'allopollinisation est limite. La morphologie particuliere de l'androcee est un avantage qui, lors d'un deficit de pollinisateurs, favorise l'assurance reproductive, par l'intermediaire des etamines de petites tailles de meme longueur que le style. La propagation vegetative permet a l'arbuste de monopoliser l'espace et d'atteindre presque 100% de recouvrement. A ce stade de developpement, l'individualisation visuelle des differents genotypes est impossible. Dans une telle population, une etude genetique, utilisant les marqueurs aflp (amplified fragment length polymorphism), a revele une diversite genotypique importante (32 genotypes sur une surface de 200 m#2), l'age estime du plus vieux clone est de 350 ans au minimum. Les resultats indiquent une installation probable des individus sur une periode de 100 ans, par recrutement de plantules puis par marcottage des plus ages, jusqu'a une fermeture complete du milieu et maintien d'une diversite genotypique avec coexistence des clones.
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Li, Bing. "A preliminary report on an integrin-like protein in protoplasts of the entomopathogenic fungus Entomophaga aulicae /." 2002.
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Funk, Cornelius Joel. "Protoplast development and histopathology of Entomophaga grylli (Fresenius) Batko pathotype 2 infections in Melanoplus differentialis (Thomas)." 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/22473.
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Tillotson, Dwight Keith. "Abiotic and pathogen factors of Entomophaga grylli (Fresenius) Batko pathotype 2 infections in Melanoplus differentialis (Thomas)." 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/22477.
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Malakar, Raksha Devi. "Interactions between two gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) pathogens: Nuclear polyhedrosis virus and Entomophaga maimaiga (Entomophthorales: Zygomycetes)." 1997. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI9809364.
Full textAbstract:
The gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L., is one of the most damaging pests of the deciduous forests in the United States. It was accidentally introduced from Europe in 1868 by an amateur naturalist in eastern Massachusetts. High density gypsy moth populations are regulated primarily by a nuclear polyhedrosis virus (LdNPV). LdNPV is transmitted by feeding the LdNPV contaminated foliage or the contaminated egg chorion on the way out from the egg by a larva. In 1989, an entomophthoralean fungus, Entomophaga maimaiga Humber, Shimazu et Soper was discovered in the northeastern United States, which caused massive epizootic in both low and high density gypsy moth populations. My study focused on the interactions between E. maimaiga and LdNPV. Laboratory bioassays in which I inoculated gypsy moth larvae with LdNPV and E. maimaiga at the same time indicated that the majority of dually inoculated larvae die from E. maimaiga because of the shorter incubation period of E. maimaiga (5-7 days) compared to LdNPV (14 days) at 20$\sp\circ$C. When the larvae were inoculated with E. maimaiga, 10 days after LdNPV inoculation, there was an apparent synergistic effect of E. maimaiga with LdNPV. Dually inoculated larvae died producing LdNPV propagules, 1-2 days earlier than the larvae inoculated with LdNPV alone. Small-scale field experiments conducted in mesh-bags showed that artificial rainfall increases the E. maimaiga transmission. In a naturally occurring, moderate density gypsy moth population, I found that the LdNPV infection level was little affected by the presence of E. maimaiga. Host heterogeneity is suspected as one of the factors leading non-linear LdNPV transmissions. I showed that the host heterogeneity cannot explain the E. maimaiga epizootic observed in low density populations. I experimentally demonstrated this by comparing the E. maimaiga infection rates in feral (experienced the E. maimaiga/LdNPV epizootic in their parental generations) and laboratory reared (with no epizootic experience) larvae. This is probably due to the short period to which the North American gypsy moths have been exposed to E. maimaiga, so these gypsy moths have not had chance to develop resistance against E. maimaiga.
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Bourgault, Camille. "L’attitude des mangeurs à l’égard de l’entomophagie." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22184.
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Santos, Pedro Manuel Pereira dos. "Entomofagia como fonte de proteínas naturais : estudo de caso para a região da Bairrada, Portugal e cidade de Maputo, Moçambique." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.2/5852.
Full textAbstract:
Hoje em dia os alimentos escasseiam em várias partes do mundo e o aumento do custo de produção devido aos mais variados fatores originam preços elevados de venda ao público. Estes fatores promovem atenção para a entomofagia, dado os valores nutricionais dos insetos, ao nível do seu teor proteico e lipídico, tornando-os um dos grandes temas da atualidade, apesar de os insetos não serem correntemente consumidos nas sociedades ocidentais.
O presente trabalho visa avaliar a perceção dos Portugueses residentes na região da Bairrada e dos Moçambicanos da cidade de Maputo, em relação à possibilidade dos insetos serem utilizados na alimentação humana e na alimentação para animais.
O trabalho, também, fará uma análise sobre os resultados do estudo efetuado para assim concluir que as populações da região da Bairrada, Portugal e da cidade de Maputo, Moçambique não são entomofágicas.Nowadays, Food Scarce occurs in many parts of the world and the rising cost of production due to various factors originates higher selling prices to the public. These factors have become of world-wide attention to the Entomophagy and the creation of insects, making it one of the greatest subjects of our time. Although insects are not commonly consumed in Western societies, their nutritional, make them as viable alternatives to meat consumption, with good implications for socialand environmental level. This study aims to evaluate the perception of Portuguese inhabitants from “Bairrada” region and from Maputo, the capital city of Mozambique relating the entry of insects in animal feeding. The work will make an analysis of the results obtained concluding that the cultures of the “Bairrada” region, Portugal and the capital city of Maputo, Mozambique are not entomophagic.
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Vally, Rishaad Ismail. "Ento.morph - A food culture intervention in Marabastad." Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/32805.
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This dissertation will investigate the role that architecture can play in the influencing of an existing food culture through the introduction of insect consumption (entomophagy).
This alternative food source will be used to illustrate a more sustainable agricultural
practice.Dissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2014
Architecture
MArch(Prof)
Unrestricted
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Thomas, Stephen R. "Pathogenicity and virulence of Entomophaga maimaiga Humber, Shimazu, Soper and Hajek (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae), a fungal pathogen of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)." 2005. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3193947.
Full textAbstract:
Invertebrate pathologists have multiple definitions for the terms pathogenicity and virulence, and these definitions vary across disciplines that focus on host/pathogen interactions. We surveyed various literatures and found most define pathogenicity as the broader term, which incorporates virulence. Virulence is seen as the severity of disease manifestation that can only be measured in infected individuals. The effectiveness of pathogens as biological control agents is thought to be related to their virulence. E. maimaiga, a fungal pathogen of gypsy moths, has had variable success as a biological control agent in North America. I compared the pathogenicity and virulence of American isolates of E. maimaiga to Japanese isolates with injection and dipping bioassays and found no consistent difference in LD50 and LT50 between the isolates from each country, when tested on a laboratory colony. I also found contrary to some reports, the Michigan isolate was the fastest killing and had the lowest LD50 of any isolate that I tested. I then compared the virulence of a Japanese and a North American isolate of E. maimaiga on gypsy moths from Japan, and North America as well as the standard laboratory strain (New Jersey strain) from North America. I found that North American gypsy moths were the most susceptible for both isolates in terms of median number dying and time till death of infected larvae. We also found that the fungal isolates produced more spores when they infected hosts on which they were naturally found. When I examined the within host dynamics of E. maimaiga, I found hyphal bodies seen as early as 4 days after infection which corresponded with the within host time needed to survive the premature death of the host. After four rounds of selection for increased growth within the host, I saw a decline in replication rate of the pathogen; however, both median number killed and time to kill increased as measured with injection bioassays. These results were also compared to theoretical predictions made by Ebert and Weisser's (1997) model for optimal virulence.
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Moore, Alexander Jackson. "African fungus-growing termites and other insects for human and poultry nutrition." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4531.
Full textAbstract:
Food insecurity can contribute to the advancement of diseases such as
growth stunting and HIV/AIDS. A holistic approach to addressing food
insecurity includes reviewing local resources; including indigenous food
stuffs. Six studies investigate the potential of insect nutrition to meet
dietary needs in rural South Africa. A novel trapping method for
Trinervitermes sp. is examined by parameters of time, sustainability and bait
used. Local grass (Themeda triandra Forssk.) seemed to be the most
effective bait, being significantly more attractive than loose mound soil
(p=0.01), wet maize stalks (p=0.01) or cardboard (p=0.05). The trapping
device was demonstrated as an effective tool in assessing the feeding
preferences of Trinervitermes sp., which compete directly with cattle for
grazing food resources.
The chemical composition of Macrotermes natalensis alates (winged,
wingless and fried), soldiers, and Odontotermes sp. alates (wingless) was
determined. Alates were rich in fat, ranging between 49.2-60.6% (dry
matter basis). The protein content ofM natalensis and Odontotermes sp.
alates compared favourably to pork and chicken. Alates were high in
glutamic, aspartic and alanine amino acids and low in methionine, serine
and threonine. Amino acid digestion for broiler chickens was high, ranging
between 87.6-96.1%.
In an era where rural and urban cultures are rapidly merging, entomophagy
may be discarded as an embarrassment or nonsensical practice. The high
nutritional content of M natalensis and Odontotermes sp. should be
publicised both to increase the awareness of their high quality as a food
source for both poultry and human consumption and to avoid the
abandonment of cultural practices that make sense.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2004.
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Neves, Ana Sofia Figueiredo. "Impact of insects in the formulation of new products : characterization, consumer awareness and acceptance." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/32936.
Full textAbstract:
O crescimento rápido da população humana nas últimas décadas e o aumento da produção de alimentos tem contribuído para a insustentabilidade alimentar. Devido a esta problemática a Food and Agricultured Organization (FAO) tem promovido a ingestão de insetos para o consumo humano. A prática do consumo de insetos é designada como entomofagia e remonta a antiguidade sendo atualmente muito comum no médio oriente como integrante da gastronomia local. A degradação ambiental e as alterações climáticas afetam a agricultura e por isso a produção de alimentos. Os insetos são sustentáveis na medida em que consomem poucos recursos sendo também do ponto de vista nutricional, nutritivos. Uma das barreiras para o consumo de insetos é a atualmente a aceitação do consumidor. Pretendeu-se com este trabalho desenvolver um produto alimentar com insetos para consumo e verificar a aceitação do consumidor. Assim, ao longo desta tese encontra-se descrito o processo de desenvolvimento de um produto alimentar -um biscoito- contendo farinha de grilo (Acheta Domesticus). Após o desenvolvimento das formulações, os biscoitos foram avaliados por um painel de provadores não treinados, numa avaliação sensorial organizada, onde foi pedido aos participantes para provarem e avaliarem 3 formulações de biscoitos (uma com farinha de trigo, outra com farinha integral e outra com farinha de grilo). Os provadores não tinham conhecimento das percentagens e farinhas utilizadas na preparação de cada biscoito, nem muito menos qual ou quais os biscoitos com farinha de grilo. Posteriormente foi efetuada uma segunda avaliação do biscoito com a formulação contendo farinha de inseto aos clientes de um restaurante da Eurest Portugal. Desta avaliação, num universo de 97 inquiridos, 68% demonstraram interesse em provar e avaliar os biscoitos. Destes, 37,9% revelaram que “aceita fortemente” e 48,5% que “aceita” a afirmação “Voltaria a consumir estas bolachas?”. Quando questionados sobre se substituiriam pelos biscoitos de inseto por biscoitos convencionais e se aceitaria o preço proposto a percentagem de “aceita fortemente” e “aceita” baixou. Com este estudo revelou-se uma opinião do consumidor e demonstra a necessidade de mais estudos na continuação do desenvolvimento deste produto. Espera-se que de alguma forma este estudo contribua para o desenvolvimento científico de produtos alimentares contendo insetos e na procura de alternativas alimentares que contribuam tanto para a sustentabilidade como para a nutrição.The fast growth of the human population in recent decades and the increased food production have contributed to the unsustainability of the food resources. With that in mind, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) is promoting the ingestion of edible insects. The practice of eating insects is known as entomophagy, dates to antiquity and is currently common in the Middle East as part of local gastronomy. Environmental degradation and climate change is affecting agriculture. Therefore, insects are sustainable, they required fewer resources and they are nutritional as well. One of the barriers to eating insects is the current consumer acceptance. It is intended, with this thesis, the development of a food product with insects for human consumption and evaluate consumer acceptance. For this reason, it’s described the process of the development of a food product - a biscuit - containing cricket flour (Acheta Domesticus). Subsequently, the development of the formulations, the cookies were evaluated by a panel of untrained tasters, in an organized sensory evaluation, where participants were asked to taste and evaluate 3 biscuit formulations (one with wheat flour, one with whole flour and one with cricket flour). The tasters were unaware of the percentages and flours used in the preparation of each cookie, neither which one or which biscuits contained the cricket flour. In a second evaluation, the biscuit with the formulation containing insect flour was tasted by the customers of a Eurest Portugal restaurant. In this assessment, in a universe of 97 respondents, 66% showed interest in tasting and evaluating the biscuits. Of these, 37.9% “strongly accept” and 48.5% “accept” the statement “Would you consume these cookies again?”. When asked if they would replace the conventional biscuits with the insect flour and if they would accept the proposed price, the percentage of “strongly accepted” and “accepted” dropped. This study revealed the consumer's opinion and the need for further studies in the development of this product. It is hoped that in some way this study will contribute to the scientific development of food products containing insects and in the search for food alternatives that contribute to both sustainability and nutrition.
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Nethanani, Zwannda. "Understanding spatial structuring and the role of domestication in the development of sustainable harvest techniques of Mopane worms (Gonimbrasia belina)." Diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1447.
Full textAbstract:
MSc (Zoology)Department of Zoology
Mopane worm (Gonimbrasia belina Westwood) is an indigenous edible insect that periodically has population eruptions in Mopane tree (Colosphermum mopane) dominated vegetation. This insect is a valuable source of food and has become an economic commodity for commercial harvesters. Despite its importance, little is known of the population dynamics of mopane worm. Considerable attention has been paid to the nutritional and social dimensions of mopane worm consumption. However, anecdotal evidence suggests there is a decline in the spatial extent of their distribution due to unsustainable utilization, land transformation, and commercialization. This is paralleled with a decrease of harvest yield, thereby affecting local communities, commercial harvesting operations, and market product availability. Partial domestication of this species may be a way of ensuring sustainable and reliable utilization of this edible insect because it improves natural survival rates. Here I explore mopane worm ecology by mainly focusing on understanding spatial structuring and the role of domestication in the development of sustainable harvest techniques of Mopane worms (G. belina). Spatial structuring of mopane worms was investigated at both a fine (10m x 10m) and medium-scale (1 km2) at sites with and without commercial harvesting. Mopane worm populations were experimentally treated through transplant experiments and manipulating access of predators to 1st – 3rd instar larvae. The role of tree characteristics (height, canopy volume and number of stems) on both spatial and experimental treatments were explored using generalized linear mixed models. Moran’s Eigenvector Maps (MEM’s) were used to represent spatial structures at various scales and the role of soil. Relative to control, seeding of worms was successful in establishing new populations in unoccupied areas while transplant and application of sleeve nets had no significant effect on larval survival. Populations at sites where no harvesting takes place were spatially structured, while this was not true where commercial harvesting takes place. Canopy volume also accounted for egg packets distribution although the relationship was ambiguous. The density of larvae increased with an increase in sodium concentration in soil. Seeding of the population provides a viable option for the sustainable utilization of mopane worms and educating people on how to domesticate mopane worms. This study also highlights that populations of mopane worms are not only clumped in time but also in space and at various spatial scales.
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