Academic literature on the topic 'Entomophagie'

Dans l'ancienne egypte, le scarabee portait le meme nom que le dieu du soleil levant : khepri. Il etait de ce fait symbole de (re)naissance, et aussi simplement d'existence, de cette vie par excellence qui est celle du soleil (et du dieu re) ou du pharaon (et des dieux osiris et horus). Mais l'egypte n'a pas invente le scarabee : elle n'a fait que reprendre un symbole deja connu depuis l'epoque magdalenienne, et qu'on retrouve en outre chez de nombreux peuples <<primitifs>> qui n'ont jamais subi l'influence de l'egypte. En occident, en partie sous l'influence de l'egypte, le scarabee s'est trouve associe, voire identifie, a un certain nombre de dieux - de dieux et non pas de deesses, car il a toujours garde le caractere male du soleil qui feconde la terre et du ciel qui la fertilise. Mais sa petite taille et ses moeurs coprophages ont detourne de lui les regions officielles, tandis qu'on lui attribuait parfois une connotation negative ou diabolique. Cette ambiguite a confirme son caractere sacre, c'est-a-dire <<consacre aux dieux et charge d'une souillure ineffacable, auguste et maudit, digne de veneration et suscitant l'horreur>>. Eloigne des autels, le scarabee s'est refugie dans l'esoterisme, qui recherche en lui un peu de la sagesse transcendante reputee avoir ete celles des egyptiens : <<parile perdue>> mais qu'il serait peutetre possible de retrouver, comme l'ont ete les hieroglyphes.

This study is an introduction of the learning of key aspects affecting Swedish people’s acceptance of edible insects, in Växjö and Gothenburg. The study aims to assess the attitudes of people towards edible insects. Public general knowledge about edible insects as well as their perception about benefits that comes with insects is explored. This study tries to contribute to the introduction of edible insects and to get a deeper understanding of how you can influence people’s attitude toward insects. To understand the Swedish acceptance of edible insects this study makes use of the Theory of Planned Behaviour, which is a theory that tries to predict behaviour based on attitude, social pressure, and perceived control over the action. By studying these three categories and the addition if it is morally right or wrong to consume insects, the paper tries to identify what influences the perception to improve it long-term. To get an in-depth understanding of the categories affecting behaviour and perception, this study will make use of semi-instructed interviews. The study will establish three criteria for sampling, gender, age, and education and aims to collect adequate information by using snowball sampling.

Inventaire faunistique des coccinelles dans la plaine de la mitidja. Des especes aphidiphages, coccidiphages, mycophages, aleurodiphages et une acariphage ont ete recensees. Les observations effectuees ont permis d'etudier la specificite alimentaire, le micro-climat, les plantes hotes, les plantes hotes, les periodes d'activite et de presence du predateur, le voltinisme et le parasitisme. Ainsi les especes les plus susceptibles d'etre efficaces pour la lutte biologique ont ete selectionnees

Thesis (PhD. (Zoology)) --University of Limpopo, 2013<br>Edible insects have been used as a nutritious food source by mankind for millennia, but in the modern era their use in more industrialised and western countries has dwindled. In the face of concern over the global food security crisis, scientists are urging investigation into edible insects as an alternate food. This study contributes to this global initiative by investigating entomophagy in the Blouberg area of the Limpopo Province, South Africa. The research develops a database of Blouberg edible insects, documents the importance of entomophagy to the people of Blouberg and for the wider community, and investigates aspects of the biology, ecology, socio-economics and nutritional value of a key species harvested in the area. Semi-structured questionnaires were carried out between 2007 and 2008 amongst households in the vicinity of Blouberg Mountain. Nearly 91% of the households in the Blouberg area consume insects. The most important reasons cited for consuming insects are that they are a traditional food, that they taste good and that they are a free food resource. Twenty eight species of edible insects were identified to at least genus level. Education was more important than income in influencing whether or not insects were consumed in a household. Households with lower education scores were more likely to consume insects than those with mid-level education scores. However, those with low income scores consumed a greater quantity of insects than those with higher scores. Similarly, those with low education scores consumed more insects than those with higher education scores. Pasture land was the area most preferred for collecting insects, with crop lands second in importance. Natural vegetation was not a preferred collecting habitat. Most households (78.57%) believe there has been a decline in edible insect consumption in recent years. According to the Blouberg insect collectors, edible insects are also on the decline in Blouberg and most households are unhappy about this. The lepidopteran, Hemijana variegata (bophetha), which was targeted for more in depth research, was found to be univoltine in the field, with caterpillars emerging in early November. The caterpillars feed predominantly on Canthium armatum and to a lesser extent on Pyrostria hystrix. They take four weeks to develop, burrowing into the soil to overwinter as pupae to emerge as adults in late spring. The development of the moth is profoundly influenced by temperature at all life stages and ceased below 17ºC and above 35ºC. Temperatures between 23ºC and 29ºC were most favourable for growth. The food value of the bophetha caterpillars was found to be high. The protein value of traditionally prepared caterpillars is 45.5%, with carbohydrates at 11.86 mg/100 g and fat at 19.75%. The caterpillars are not as rich in vitamins as fruit or vegetables, but compare favourably with beef. Traditionally prepared bophetha were found to be contaminated by two bacteria and one fungus, none of which are dangerously pathogenic to humans. Bophetha are traded between Blouberg villages at costs equivalent to other edible insects in South Africa (R10.19 per cup). Almost one third of Blouberg inhabitants sell bophetha, with this percentage decreasing to about 10% in poor seasons. Households collect between 3 and 3.5 litres of bophetha per season. Blouberg households are of the opinion that knowledge about edible insects is important enough that it should be included in formal education as a way of ensuring that the younger generation assimilates aspects of this knowledge despite cultural changes. The results of the study emphasise the importance of natural resource use with respect to edible insects in a marginalised community.

Diglyphus isaea walker est un hymenoptere entomophage utilise en lutte biologique contre liriomyza trifolii burgess. Nous avons etudie les mediateurs chimiques qui interviennent a differents niveaux du cycle du parasitoide et nous avons souleve les questions suivantes: quelle est la strategie d'accouplement du diglyphus? des signaux chimiques interviennent-ils dans la recherche de l'hote? peut-on modifier le comportement de recherche de l'hote grace a un apprentissage? en etudiant le comportement sexuel du parasitoide, nous avons montre que la reconnaissance de la femelle par le male repose sur des signaux chimiques intervenant a courte distance. Un bouquet pheromonal sexuel de contact a ete mis en evidence. Par ailleurs, nous avons etudie le comportement de recherche du diglyphus en olfactometrie. Les observations demontrent que celui-ci localise les larves du diptere grace a l'emission de signaux volatils provenant du complexe plante-hote. L'agression du vegetal induit la liberation en quantite plus importante de composes qui guideraient le parasitoide jusqu'a son hote, agissant ainsi comme des synomones. Le parasitoide presente une preference accrue pour l'odeur du vegetal sur lequel il a ete eleve. Cette affinite est renforcee par une experience de ponte. Conditionnees a une autre odeur vegetale, les femelles modifient leur comportement

The aim of this study was to investigate the dependence of selected antagonists to the abundance of Lymantria dispar. The aim of the study was to determine whether these natural enemies can affect the abundance of L. dispar. I have focused on South Moravia, where L. dispar occurs. In 2015 the Turček method reviewed a total of 3,600 trees in seven locations with the historical appearance of outbreaks of gypsy moth. Density egg clutches were extremely low, about 0.019 for each new clutch per tree, which corresponds to the latent state. On the studied locations egg clutches was collected, measured and recorded in notebooks. A load with at least one egg in each area was removed with the top 5 cm of litter and a top layer of mineral soil. The removed soil was put into pots in which were stored late instar caterpillars for the detection of E. maimaiga. The cups were inserted along with the caterpillars in the refrigerator for three days at 15°C without food. Aafter three days the caterpillars were taken away individually and placed on an artificial diet. An inspection was performed and a their mortality was monitored. The presence of E. maimaiga was examined microscopically for 325 dead caterpillars, but no pathogen was detected. In the laboratory, the individual egg clutches were placed upon a Petri dishes with filter paper and the number of eggs counted with a stereo microscope. Subsequently, the eggs were left to hatch and were analyzed for the presence of parasitoids. A total of 1 246 species of egg parasitoids Anastatus japonicus was found in six locations, taking in donations females predominated. Egg parasitism was on average around 5%. Flight activity A. japonicus was quite long and covered the period 24 May 2015 to 28 July 2015. In the absence of E. maimaiga and low egg parasitism at the studied locations we do not expect any strong influence of the studied antagonists on population density and outbreak cycle L. dispar in South Moravia.

Studien utforskar ett arbetsperspektiv för produktdesigners i användningen av prototyper, och bidrar därmed till efterfrågan av mer kunskap kring prototypen som verktyg eller metod inom designområdet. Baserat på en hypotes kring appliceringen av externa teorier i utvecklingen och användningen av prototyper, utforskar studien detta genom temat entomofagi som är praktiken av att äta insekter. Studiens övergripande metodik är av kvalitativ karaktär, förstudien använder sig av desktop research, en intervju och ett studiebesök. Det efterföljande designarbetet består av två designexperiment, det första som en intervention tillsammans med en observation och det andra som en digital probe. Designexperimenten utfördes iterativt och den insamlade datan analyserades tematiskt. Insikter från dessa experiment sammanställdes och analyserades mot huvudfrågan, som lyder hur kan produktdesignerns förståelse om prototypen breddas genom ett prototyparbete grundat i provokation? Studien resulterade i en arbetsmodell för produktdesigners som arbetar med designprocesser inom området kritisk och spekulativ design. Arbetsmodellen kallas Tubkikaren, den hjälper designpraktiker att definiera utgångspunkten och avsikten bakom valet och utvecklingen av prototyper i designprocesser. Modellen bär potentialen att underlätta designprocessen och utvecklingen av prototyper på en individuell nivå, samt utgör en möjlig grund för vidare utforskning av prototyper och designmetodik.<br>The study explores a possibility of how product designers can work with the method prototype, and thus make a contribution to the request for more knowledge about the prototype as a tool or method within the design field. Based on a hypothesis around the application of external theories in the developement and use of prototypes, the study explores this possibility through the theme of enthomophagy which is the practice of eating insects. The overall methodology of the study is qualitative, the pilot study conducts desktop research, an interview and a study visit. The following design work consists of two designexperiments, the first one as a public intervention paired with an observation and the second as a digital probe. The designexperiments were conducted iteratively and the data collected from the these is analyzed thematically. Finally, the insights collected from the designexperiments are gathered and analyzed against the main question, which is how can designers understanding of prototypes be broadened through design work based in provocation? The study resulted in a work modell for product designers that work with design processes within the area of critical and speculative design. The work model is called the Spotting Scope, and is inspired by its namesake. It helps design practitioners to define the starting point and intention behind the choice and developement of prototypes in design processes. This model carries the potential to alliviate the design process and development of prototypes on a individual level. It also carries the potential for creating a base for further exploration of prototypes and design methodology.

Une étude de la répartition des espèces de nématodes présentes actuellement sur canne à sucre a révélé que cinq espèces ou genres étaient dominants: Helicotylenchus dihystera, Meloidogyne javanica, Pratylenchus zaea, Paratrichodorus spp. Et Xiphinema spp. . Les proportions relatives des espèces qui constituent cette communauté déterminent l’importance des dégâts. En pot, l’inoculation de Helicotylenchus dihystera a été suivie d’une augmentation de la biomasse aérienne de la canne. Dans un essai au champ, la reproduction des pratiques culturales de récolte employée au Burkina Faso a été suivie d’un accroissement de la proportion relative de Helicotylenchus dihystera et une diminution de celle de Xiphinema elongatum. Mais, l’augmentation du rendement n’a pas été significative. Quant à la technique de récolte employée en Australie, elle conduit aussi à un léger accroissement du rendement, mais qui ne peut pas être expliqué par un impact sur les nématodes. Des techniques moléculaires ont été employées pour identifier les nématodes. Les quantités d’acide nucléiques extraits des espèces de nématodes se sont révélées significativement différentes. L’utilisation de différences dans la taille du ADN résultant de l’amplification de la région ITS1 pour l’identification des espèces n’a pas donné les résultats escomptés et ne peut être utilisé que pour un diagnostique grossier. L’étude de la diversité génétique de cette région a permis d’appréhender les relations phylogénétiques entre espèces. Des différences dans la composition en nucléotides peuvent être exploitées pour développer des amorces spécifiques des différentes espèces utilisables pour des diagnostiques en PCR classique ou quantitative<br>A study of the diversity of the species of nematodes associated with sugarcane showed that five species or genera are dominant: Helicotylenchus dihystera, Meloidogyne javanica, Pratylenchus zeae, Paratrichodorus spp. And Xiphinema spp. . The relative proportions of the species constituting the community determine the extent of damage to the crop. In pots, inoculation with Helicotylenchus dihystera resulted in an increase in the aboveground biomass of the cane. In a field trial, the reproduction of cultural practices as used in Burkina Faso was accompanied with an increase in the relative proportion of Helicotylenchus dihystera and a decrease in the proportion of Xiphinema elongatum. But the associated increase in yield was not significant. Mimicking the cultural techniques employed in Australia also led to a slight increase in yield but this was not as a result of the change in nematode communities. For studying diverse communities, newer molecular biological methods were employed. Significant differences in the amount of nucleic acid extracted from different species were found. Using differences in ITS1 amplification product size for identifying and discriminating between species was successful to a point, however only as a crude diagnostic method. Examining the genetic diversity of this gene region within sugarcane nematode specimens enabled phylogenetic relationships between species, and genera, to be investigated. Differences in nucleotide composition could be utilized to develop species-specific diagnostic primers for use in conventional and real-time, quantitative PCR testing

Deux approches experimentales ont ete abordees. L'analyse des determinismes de l'adequation de l'hote a deux parasites a d'abord ete etudiee. Elle a mis en evidence une influence du patrimoine genetique de l'hote sur le potentiel de reussite de l'infestation des deux parasites. La seconde approche plus globale a mis en oeuvre des populations experimentales, genetiquement polymorphes a differents loci, soumises ou non a une pression parasitaire controlee. Ces populations ont ete caracterisees par l'evolution de leur profil genetique et demographique (12 mois). Il existe une influence du parasite sur l'evolution des structures des populations hotes