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Journal articles on the topic 'Entoprocta'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 June 2025

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1

DE FIGUEROA, J. MANUEL TIERNO, and LUIS SÁNCHEZ-TOCINO. "Loxosomella almugnecarensis n. sp. (Entoprocta: Loxosomatidae)a new sponge epizoite from the Iberian Mediterranean Sea." Zootaxa 2236, no. 1 (2009): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2236.1.5.

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The Loxosomatidae is the most species-rich of the four families belonging to the phylum Entoprocta, comprising more than two-thirds of the total number of entoprocts worldwide (Iseto et al. 2008). It comprises solitary forms, usually commensal, whereas the species of the other three families are colonial (Nielsen 2001). Members of this family and of the colonial family Loxokalypodidae can be distinguished from other entoprocts because they lack a star-cell complex at the transition between stalk and body (Nielsen 1989). Although loxosomatids can be found on a range of living and non-living substrata, sponges are common hosts for these animals and 17 entoproct species have been found inhabiting them (Iseto et al. 2008; Sánchez-Tocino & Tierno de Figueroa 2009b). Until now, only five valid species have been reported from sponges from the Mediterranean Sea: Loxosomella raja (Schmidt), L. cochlear (Schmidt), L. tethyae (Salensky), L. pes (Schmidt) and L. ameliae Sánchez-Tocino & Tierno de Figueroa (Prenant and Bobin 1956; Nielsen 2008; Sánchez-Tocino & Tierno de Figueroa 2009b). In the present paper, we describe a new Loxosomella species that lives on the sponge Hyrtios collectrix (Schulze) in the Alboran Sea (West Mediterranean Sea), where L. tethyae, L. pes and L. ameliae have been reported (Sánchez-Tocino & Tierno de Figueroa 2009a, b).

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2

VARELA, CARLOS, J. MANUEL TIERNO DE FIGUEROA, and LUIS SÁNCHEZ-TOCINO. "A new species of Loxosomatidae (Entoprocta) from the Atlantic Ocean: Loxosomella cubana n. sp." Zootaxa 3051, no. 1 (2011): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3051.1.4.

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A new species of Entoprocta belonging to the genus Loxosomella is described: L. cubana n. sp. It has been found on the coast of Cuba living as an epizoite on the sponge Aiolochroia crassa. It is one of the largest Loxosomatidae described up to now and the first record of an entoproct for Cuba.

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3

Vieira, Leandro Manzoni, and Alvaro Esteves Migotto. "Checklist dos Entoprocta do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil." Biota Neotropica 11, suppl 1 (2011): 497–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032011000500018.

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O Filo Entoprocta compreende cerca de 180 espécies de metazoários aquáticos e sésseis, na grande maioria marinho. Esses animais são encontrados em substratos diversos, incluindo seixos, algas, conchas e outros animais. Apesar da semelhança com outros organismos coloniais, como hidrozoários e briozoários, os entoproctos são distintos pelo corpo constituído por um cálice distal com tentáculos ciliados, sustentado por um pedúnculo fixo no substrato através do pé ou estolão. A relação do grupo é bastante obscura, e estudos taxonômicos e morfológicos são escassos em todo mundo. Devido sobretudo ao trabalho de Ernest Marcus e Eveline Du Bois-Reymond-Marcus, realizado entre as décadas de 1930 e 1970, são conhecidas 18 espécies na costa brasileira, 16 das quais relatadas para o estado de São Paulo. Infelizmente, grande parte do material tipo descrito por eles está provavelmente perdido, sendo localizados apenas alguns nas coleções do Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP) e Natural History Museum em Londres (NHMUK). Assim, o conhecimento sobre a taxonomia, biologia e ecologia é restrito a algumas espécies e localidades. A ausência de levantamentos faunísticos e monitoramentos dificulta uma avaliação detalhada da composição e alteração da fauna em regiões impactadas. Atualmente, não existem especialistas em Entoprocta em São Paulo ou no Brasil, e devido à baixa diversidade do filo, só se justifica a capacitação de especialistas que se dediquem também a outros grupos, como Ectoprocta (Bryozoa). A formação de coleções científicas, como a do MZUSP, pode atrair o interesse de pesquisadores para estudo taxonômicos e de outros aspectos dos espécimes brasileiros, até agora pouco conhecidos.

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4

Kajihara, Hiroshi, Shinri Tomioka, Keiichi Kakui, and Tohru Iseto. "Phylogenetic Position of the Queer, Backward-bent Entoproct Loxosoma axisadversum (Entoprocta: Solitaria: Loxosomatidae)." Species Diversity 20, no. 1 (2015): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.12782/sd.20.1.083.

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5

Canning, Martha Hill, and James T. Carlton. "Predation on kamptozoans (Entoprocta)." Invertebrate Biology 119, no. 4 (2005): 386–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7410.2000.tb00107.x.

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6

Giorgi, Aurora, Matteo Monti, Paolo Galli, and Simone Montano. "Entoprocta–sponge associations in the Indian Ocean." Coral Reefs 35, no. 2 (2016): 611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-016-1418-z.

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7

Borisanova, A. O. "A new species of solitary Entoprocta (Loxosomatidae) from the Laptev Sea with notes on entoproct epibionts of polychaetes." Invertebrate Zoology 15, no. 1 (2018): 373–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15298/invertzool.15.4.06.

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8

Arroyo, N. L., and J. Benito. "New observations on Loxosomella tonsoria, with notes on distribution and host specificity of the genus." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 80, no. 3 (2000): 561–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400002332.

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Loxosomella tonsoria (Entoprocta: Loxosomatidae) was found associated with the polynoid polychaete Lepidonotus clava collected among the algae and debris scraped from the intertidal level at the rocky shore of Limens (Pontevedra, Spain). New features are added to the original description, together with the first description of its buds. Host specificity of the genus and distribution of this species are discussed.

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9

ROLDÁN, CARMEN, ANTONIO VILLALBA, and JOSÉ M. VIÉITEZ. "A new solitary, interstitial species of Loxosomatidae (Entoprocta) from the coast of Galicia (NW Spain), Loxosoma discoides n. sp." Zootaxa 4604, no. 2 (2019): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4604.2.11.

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A new solitary species of Loxosomatidae (Entoprocta), Loxosoma discoides n. sp., is described. The specimens were found in the intertidal level of two locations in the Galician (NW Spain) coast. This new species, with “table-tennis bat” appearance, is characterised by showing large lateral wings in the calyx, which confer the singular aspect. It is the first record of this genus at the coast of the Iberian Peninsula.

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10

Nielsen, C. "The Phylogenetic Position of Entoprocta, Ectoprocta, Phoronida, and Brachiopoda." Integrative and Comparative Biology 42, no. 3 (2002): 685–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/42.3.685.

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11

FRANZÉN, ÅKE. "Spermiogenesis, sperm ultrastructure and sperm transport inLoxosoma pectinaricola(Entoprocta)." Invertebrate Reproduction & Development 37, no. 2 (2000): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2000.9652411.

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12

Sensenbaugh, Terry. "Ultrastructural Observations on the Larva ofLoxosoma pectinaricolaFranzén (Entoprocta, Loxosomatidae)." Acta Zoologica 68, no. 3 (1987): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6395.1987.tb00884.x.

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13

Mackey, L. Y., B. Winnepenninckx, R. De Wachter, T. Backeljau, P. Emschermann, and J. R. Garey. "18S rRNA suggests that Entoprocta are protostomes, unrelated to Ectoprocta." Journal of Molecular Evolution 42, no. 5 (1996): 552–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02352285.

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14

Wood, Timothy S. "Loxosomatoides sirindhornae, new species, a freshwater kamptozoan from Thailand (Entoprocta)." Hydrobiologia 544, no. 1 (2005): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-004-7909-x.

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15

Fuchs, Judith, Tohru Iseto, Mamiko Hirose, Per Sundberg, and Matthias Obst. "The first internal molecular phylogeny of the animal phylum Entoprocta (Kamptozoa)." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 56, no. 1 (2010): 370–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2010.04.009.

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16

Funch, Peter, and Reinhardt Møbjerg Kristensen. "Cycliophora is a new phylum with affinities to Entoprocta and Ectoprocta." Nature 378, no. 6558 (1995): 711–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/378711a0.

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17

Hausdorf, B., M. Helmkampf, A. Meyer, et al. "Spiralian Phylogenomics Supports the Resurrection of Bryozoa Comprising Ectoprocta and Entoprocta." Molecular Biology and Evolution 24, no. 12 (2007): 2723–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msm214.

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18

Denis, Vianney, Yu Ting Vicky Lin, and Ming Jay Ho. "A new association between goblet worms (Entoprocta) and xeniid corals (Cnidaria)." Marine Biodiversity 49, no. 1 (2017): 487–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12526-017-0766-4.

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19

Fuchs, Judith, Monika Bright, Peter Funch, and Andreas Wanninger. "Immunocytochemistry of the neuromuscular systems ofLoxosomella vivipara andL. parguerensis (Entoprocta: Loxosomatidae)." Journal of Morphology 267, no. 7 (2006): 866–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10446.

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20

Taylor, Paul D., and Jonathan A. Todd. "Bioimmuration: exceptional fossil preservation made routine." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200008479.

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Bioimmuration, broadly defined as fossilization by virtue of organic overgrowth, allows preservation of soft-bodied organisms and soft parts of organisms with mineralized skeletons. Sessile organisms attached to hard or firm substrates are routinely overgrown by other organisms competing for living space. If the overgrowing organism has a mineralized skeleton which is likely to be fossilized, then it may carry a high fidelity (sub-micron scale) impression of the overgrown organism on its underside. This is a mould bioimmuration, the simplest mode of preservation. A diagenetic infilling of the mould, commonly by calcite, produces a cast bioimmuration. In addition, the protected microenvironment between the overgrowing organism and the substratum favours early diagenetic permineralization of the soft tissues of the bioimmured organism and the development of more complex preservational styles.In spite of its potential for soft part fossilization, very little research has been undertaken on bioimmuration, with the notable exception of the work of Ehrhard Voigt principally on Maastrichtian sea-grass communities. Research in progress is revealing a great abundance of bioimmured fossils in Mesozoic shallow marine deposits of NW Europe where oysters and serpulids overgrew a variety of other organisms.Bioimmured soft-bodied bryozoans belonging to the Order Ctenostomata are very common and display a range of preservational styles. Minute spines and pores ornamenting the cuticular zooidal walls are sometimes present, as are permineralized pore chambers. The high diversity of stoloniferan and carnosan ctenostomes encrusting hard substrates in the Oxfordian and Kimmeridgian is striking and contrasts with the depauperate fauna of calcified cyclostome bryozoans.Oyster shells in the Kimmeridge Clay are often encrusted by myriads of tiny individuals of the inarticulate brachiopod Discinisca, previously known from comparatively few specimens of this age. Emerging from the fragile commissures are setae several times the length of the delicate phosphatic shells. Setae of neighbouring individuals may be aligned in parallel facing away from the direction of approach of the overgrowing organism.The hemichordate Rhabdopleura is common as a bioimmured fossil in the Oxford Clay. Overgrowth protects the periderm and the black stolons, and colonies are much more intact than previously described examples of this genus from the Jurassic.The Phylum Entoprocta had no unequivocal fossil record before the recent discovery of bioimmured entoprocts in the Kimmeridge Clay. Colonies comprise stolons linking erect zooids which have been pushed flat against the substratum during overgrowth. The existence of thickened sockets at the base of the zooids permits assignment of the fossils to the extant genus Barentsia. Permineralization of the entoproct cuticle has occurred, leaving minute pores apparently once occupied by epithelial microvilli.Pedunculate barnacles are commonly found bioimmured by oysters in the mid-Cretaceous Cambridge Greensand. Normally the cirri are retracted but in one exceptional example their outlines are clearly visible as moulds on the attachment area of an oyster.

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21

Sánchez-Tocino, L., and J. M. Tierno de Figueroa. "Contribution to the knowledge of Loxosomatidae (Entoprocta) from the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, Western Mediterranean)." Graellsia 65, no. 1 (2009): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/graellsia.2009.v65.i1.138.

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22

Borisanova, A. O. "A new species of solitary Entoprocta, Loxosomella angusta sp.n., from the White Sea." Invertebrate Zoology 13, no. 1 (2016): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15298/invertzool.13.1.03.

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23

Iseto, Tohru. "Three New Loxosomella (Entoprocta: Loxosomatidae) from Coral Reef Shore in Okinawa, Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan." Zoological Science 18, no. 6 (2001): 879–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2108/zsj.18.879.

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24

Hamelin, Kayla M., Rowshyra A. Castañeda, and Anthony Ricciardi. "Cryptic invaders: nonindigenous and cryptogenic freshwater Bryozoa and Entoprocta in the St. Lawrence River." Biological Invasions 18, no. 6 (2016): 1737–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-016-1116-3.

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25

Iseto, Tohru. "Two New Non-commensal Loxosomatids (Entoprocta: Loxosomatidae) from Okinawa and Sesoko Islands, Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan." Species Diversity 11, no. 1 (2006): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12782/specdiv.11.33.

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26

NIELSEN, CLAUS. "Three new species of Loxosoma (Entoprocta) from Phuket, Thailand, with a review of the genus." Zoologica Scripta 25, no. 1 (1996): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1996.tb00152.x.

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27

Borisanova, A. O. "Two types of the tentacle structure of Entoprocta and the fine structure of the vestibular groove." Zoomorphology 139, no. 4 (2020): 433–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00435-020-00497-y.

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28

Iseto, Tohru, Nagisa Sugiyama, and Euichi Hirose. "A New Sponge-Inhabiting Loxosomella (Entoprocta: Loxosomatidae) from Okinawa Island, Japan, with Special Focus on Foot Structure." Zoological Science 25, no. 11 (2008): 1171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2108/zsj.25.1171.

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29

Williams, J. B. "Descriptions of two loxosomatids (Entoprocta), with emphasis on a relationship between symbiont attachment structures and host cuticle." Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, no. 1 (2000): 110–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z99-193.

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Information is provided on a new species of Loxosomella, L. diopatricola, with unusual characteristics that is symbiotic with tubicolous polychaetes of the genus Diopatra. Plasticity is displayed in the morphology of the attachment organ: the new loxosomatid possesses a stalk terminating in either a persistent pedal gland or an enlarged adhesive disc. An individual animal develops one or other of the two stalk morphologies according to its exact location on the host and the thickness of the underlying cuticle. The host epidermis underlying individuals with an adhesive disc is, in turn, modified, suggesting that these symbionts may negatively affect their hosts. Females possessed a single ovary, nearly always on the left side. The larva lacks eyespots. Buds were borne only by males. A minute species of Loxosomella commensal on polychaetes of the genus Eunice, characterised by 6 tentacles and a very short stalk, is also described. A grooved foot is present in the bud and a pedal gland is retained in the adult. The larva apparently undergoes metamorphosis.

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30

King, Donna Kay, Robert H. King, and Andrew C. Miller. "Morphology and Ecology ofUrnatella gracilisLeidy, (Entoprocta), a Freshwater Macroinvertebrate from Artificial Riffles of the Tombigbee River, Mississippi." Journal of Freshwater Ecology 4, no. 3 (1988): 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02705060.1988.9665184.

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31

Iseto, Tohru, and Euichi Hirose. "Comparative morphology of the foot structure of four genera of Loxosomatidae (Entoprocta): Implications for foot functions and taxonomy." Journal of Morphology 271, no. 10 (2010): 1185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10863.

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32

Wanninger, Andreas. "Myo-anatomy of juvenile and adult loxosomatid Entoprocta and the use of muscular body plans for phylogenetic inferences." Journal of Morphology 261, no. 2 (2004): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10247.

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33

Emschermann, P. "On Antarcrtic Entoprocta: Nematocyst-like Organs in a Loxosomatid, Adaptive Developmental Strategies, Host Specificity, and Bipolar Occurrence of Species." Biological Bulletin 184, no. 2 (1993): 153–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1542225.

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34

BORISANOVA, ANASTASIA O., and DARYA M. POTANINA. "A new species of Coriella, Coriella chernyshevi n. sp. (Entoprocta, Barentsiidae), with comments on the genera Coriella and Pedicellinopsis." Zootaxa 4184, no. 2 (2016): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4184.2.9.

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35

BORISANOVA, ANASTASIYA O., and ELENA M. KRYLOVA. "A new species of Loxosomatidae (Entoprocta, Solitaria) from the White Sea: Loxosomella unicornis sp. nov." Zootaxa 3861, no. 3 (2014): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3861.3.6.

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36

Liu, Yueteng, Hui He, Liang Fu, Qian Liu, Zuosheng Yang, and Yu Zhen. "Environmental DNA Sequencing Reveals a Highly Complex Eukaryote Community in Sansha Yongle Blue Hole, Xisha, South China Sea." Microorganisms 7, no. 12 (2019): 624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7120624.

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We report an Illumina high-throughput sequencing protocol of eukaryotic microbes in the world’s deepest marine blue hole, Sansha Yongle Blue Hole, Xisha, South China Sea. The variable V9 region of small subunit (SSU) rDNA, was sequenced using this approach from the waters of blue hole and outer reef slope. 917,771 unique eukaryotic 18S rRNA gene sequences and 6093 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified. Significant differences in the eukaryotic composition were observed between the blue hole and outer reef slope, and the richness in the blue hole was much higher than that in the outer reef slope. The richness and diversity of eukaryotes in the blue hole were both lowest at 60 m and highest at 100 m depth. Eukaryotic microalgae assemblages dominated by Dinophyceae were the most abundant in the 10–20 m water column in the hole. Fauna was the main group at and below a depth of 60 m, where Araneae and Cyclopoida were dominant in the 60 m and 80 m water layer, respectively. There was a large number of Entoprocta at a depth of 180 m in the hole, where little oxygen was detected. Turbidity and nitrite concentration had a significant effect on the eukaryote community structure (p < 0.01).

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37

Laumer, Christopher E., Rosa Fernández, Sarah Lemer, et al. "Revisiting metazoan phylogeny with genomic sampling of all phyla." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1906 (2019): 20190831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0831.

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Proper biological interpretation of a phylogeny can sometimes hinge on the placement of key taxa—or fail when such key taxa are not sampled. In this light, we here present the first attempt to investigate (though not conclusively resolve) animal relationships using genome-scale data from all phyla. Results from the site-heterogeneous CAT + GTR model recapitulate many established major clades, and strongly confirm some recent discoveries, such as a monophyletic Lophophorata, and a sister group relationship between Gnathifera and Chaetognatha, raising continued questions on the nature of the spiralian ancestor. We also explore matrix construction with an eye towards testing specific relationships; this approach uniquely recovers support for Panarthropoda, and shows that Lophotrochozoa (a subclade of Spiralia) can be constructed in strongly conflicting ways using different taxon- and/or orthologue sets. Dayhoff-6 recoding sacrifices information, but can also reveal surprising outcomes, e.g. full support for a clade of Lophophorata and Entoprocta + Cycliophora, a clade of Placozoa + Cnidaria, and raising support for Ctenophora as sister group to the remaining Metazoa, in a manner dependent on the gene and/or taxon sampling of the matrix in question. Future work should test the hypothesis that the few remaining uncertainties in animal phylogeny might reflect violations of the various stationarity assumptions used in contemporary inference methods.

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Borisanova, Anastasia O., and Alexei V. Chernyshev. "A new loxosomatid species from the Kuril-Kamchatka trench area: Loxosomella marcusorum sp. n., the first record of hadal Entoprocta." Progress in Oceanography 178 (November 2019): 102146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2019.102146.

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39

Haszprunar, Gerhard, and Andreas Wanninger. "On the fine structure of the creeping larva of Loxosomella murmanica: additional evidence for a clade of Kamptozoa (Entoprocta) and Mollusca." Acta Zoologica 89, no. 2 (2007): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6395.2007.00301.x.

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40

FUCHS, J., and A. WANNINGER. "Reconstruction of the neuromuscular system of the swimming-type larva of Loxosomella atkinsae (Entoprocta) as inferred by fluorescence labelling and confocal microscopy." Organisms Diversity & Evolution 8, no. 4 (2008): 325–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ode.2008.05.002.

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41

Sánchez-Tocino, Luís, and J. Manuel Tierno de Figueroa. "Contribution to the knowledge of the genusLoxosomella(Entoprocta) from the Spanish Mediterranean Sea, with the description of a new species,Loxosomella ameliaesp. nov." Marine Biology Research 5, no. 4 (2009): 404–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17451000802534899.

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42

Borisanova, Anastasia O., Alexei V. Chernyshev, and Irina A. Ekimova. "Deep-sea Entoprocta from the Sea of Okhotsk and the adjacent open Pacific abyssal area: New species and new taxa of host animals." Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 154 (August 2018): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.11.010.

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43

Marques, Antonio C., Aline Dos Santos Klôh, Alvaro Esteves Migotto, et al. "Rapid assessment survey for exotic benthic species in the São Sebastião Channel, Brazil." Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 41, no. 2 (2017): 265–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3856/vol41-issue2-fulltext-6.

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The study of biological invasions can be roughly divided into three parts: detection, monitoring, mitigation. Here, our objectives were to describe the marine fauna of the area of the port of São Sebastião (on the northern coast of the state of São Paulo, in the São Sebastião Channel, SSC) to detect introduced species. Descriptions of the faunal community of the SSC with respect to native and allochthonous (invasive or potentially so) diversity are lacking for all invertebrate groups. Sampling was carried out by specialists within each taxonomic group, in December 2009, following the protocol of the Rapid Assessment Survey (RAS) in three areas with artificial structures as substrates. A total of 142 species were identified (61 native, 15 introduced, 62 cryptogenic, 4 not classified), of which 17 were Polychaeta (12, 1, 1, 3), 24 Ascidiacea (3, 6, 15, 0), 36 Bryozoa (17, 0, 18, 1), 27 Cnidaria (2, 1, 24, 0), 20 Crustacea (11, 4, 5, 0), 2 Entoprocta (native), 16 Mollusca (13, 3, 0, 0). Twelve species are new occurrences for the SSC. Among the introduced taxa, two are new for coastal Brazil. Estimates of introduced taxa are conservative as the results of molecular studies suggest that some species previously considered cryptogenic are indeed introduced. We emphasize that the large number of cryptogenic species illustrates the need for a long-term monitoring program, especially in areas most susceptible to bioinvasion. We conclude that rapid assessment studies, even in relatively wellknown regions, can be very useful for the detection of introduced species and we recommend that they be carried out on a larger scale in all ports with heavy ship traffic.

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Iseto, Tohru. "Loxocorone, a New Genus of the Family Loxosomatidae (Entoprocta: Solitaria), with Descriptions of Two New Loxomitra (sensu stricto) and a New Loxocorone from Okinawa, the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan." Zoological Science 19, no. 3 (2002): 359–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2108/zsj.19.359.

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45

Todd, J. A., and P. D. Taylor. "The first fossil entoproct." Naturwissenschaften 79, no. 7 (1992): 311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01138708.

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Palissa, A. "Lehrbuch der Speziellen Zoologie (begründet von A. KAESTNER). Band I: Wirbellose Tiere (herausgegeben von H.-E. GRUNER). 2. Teil: Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Mesozoa, Plathelminthes, Nemertini, Entoprocta, Nemathelminthes, Priapulida. 4., völlig neu bearbeitete." Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin. Zoologisches Museum und Institut für Spezielle Zoologie (Berlin) 61, no. 1 (1985): 165–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mmnz.19850610113.

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NIELSEN, CLAUS. "Loxosomella decorata n. sp., a new solitary entoproct from San Juan Island, WA, USA." Zootaxa 4238, no. 4 (2017): 594. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4238.4.8.

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Abstract:

Several species of solitary entoprocts of the genera Loxosoma and Loxosomella occur on maldanid polychaetes or in their tubes (Nielsen 1964). New species turn up almost every time maldanids from new localities are studied, and the species described below has been the subject of a study of spiral cleavage (Merkel et al. 2012). This paper describes a new species of Loxosomella from tubes of the maldanid polychaete Axiothella rubrocincta (Johnson, 1901) from False Bay, San Juan Island, WA, USA.

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Backus, Byron T. "Karyotype of the Fresh-Water Entoproct Urnatella gracilis." Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 105, no. 1 (1986): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3226553.

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Scholz, N. "Barentsia matsushimana, a marine entoproct suitable for bioassays." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 38, no. 4 (1987): 634–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01608596.

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NIELSEN, CLAUS. "A review of the taxa of solitary entoprocts (Loxosomatidae)." Zootaxa 2395, no. 1 (2010): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2395.1.4.

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All taxa of solitary entoprocts (Loxosomatidae) are listed, along with information concerning the original description and also the type material for species where the depositories are mentioned in the descriptions or where type material has been found in various museums. The species belonging to Loxosoma (with 25 described species) are illustrated. It is recommended that the genus Loxosomella (with 118 described species) should be used in its wide sense to include Loxocorone, Loxomitra and Loxomespilon as subgenera. This move will make it possible to refer species to the correct genus even when the diagnostic details of the attachment organ are undescribed.

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