Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Entrepreneurship in humanities and social sciences'

The dissertation examines the entrepreneurial process in the soft sciences field. Since the main difference between hard and soft sciences is in the codification of knowledge, the understanding of why and how a soft science finding can be traded might open the doors to new kinds of entrepreneurship. After the global crisis of the last decade, many disequilibrium situations have arisen. In particular, in the Western World, it has involved the personal and societal spheres where iniquity and injustice conditions have spread. An increasing attention to ethical themes, joint with environmental problems, led to a diffusion of social entrepreneurship in all its facets. So, after framing cultural and educational entrepreneurship inside commercial and social entrepreneurial concepts, the dissertation shows the main frameworks developed by academics and scholars on these specific fields. Two cases of academic entrepreneurship in humanities and social sciences are presented to support these theoretical frameworks. By a side they emphasize the differences between academic startups and spin-offs, while on the other hand they provide cues for an examination of the commercialization of products developed starting from low-codified knowledge.

Network approach is more appropriate measure to describe the early internationalization of born global firms. The focus of our research is to investigate the origin, structure and role of social networks in the early internationalization of born global firms. We intend to investigate the structure of networks which is considered pre-requisite to study the other dimensions of network ties. Many researchers directly jump to study the role networks play without paying any attention from where these ties originate. Furthermore, much of the literature has connected the born global firms with high technology sector however, there are many examples of born global firms in traditional sectors. Similarly, very little is known about how various national context influence the internationalization process of firms. Therefore, we also intend to investigate network ties in the context of different industrial sectors and different level of country's institutional development by comparing born global firms from France and Pakistan.Our results reveal that these small born global firms use their networks to overcome the constraints to rapid internationalization which has been supported by previous empirical findings. The results also reveal that origin of ties is in both business-social or non-business social settings. Both weak and strong ties are found to have positive impact on the early internationalization; however composition of ties is different in low-tech and high-tech firms. We also argue that instead of country's level of institutional development, composition of ties is moderated by the industrial sector in which firm is operating.

Le sujet de cette thèse est une étude des leaders d'un groupe d'organisations considérées comme exceptionnels dans leur domaine: les chefs de restaurants gastronomiques. L'objet de la recherche était de décrire la façon dont ces chefs de cuisine ont construit leur restaurant et l'influence des activités et actions du chef: en tant que leader, sur le fonctionnement quotidien de ces établissements qui atteignent et maintiennent des positions du premier rang dans un environnement extrêmement compétitif. Le sujet de cette recherche concernant le leadership de restaurants exemplaires est un petit groupe d'environ 20 restaurants, sélectionnés par les deux guides principaux, le Guide Rouge Michelin et le Gault Millau, comme étant les restaurants les meilleurs du monde. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'identifier les processus organisationnels et la dynamique commune aux entreprises du premier rang dans l'industrie de la restauration, ainsi que le rôle joué par le style de leadership individuel de l'entrepreneur/fondateur dans l'élévation de ces organisations à une telle position. Il est proposé que le rôle du leader (c'est-à-dire le chef), son style de leadership, et les aspects de sa personnalité qu'il ou elle dévoile jouent un rôle crucial pour atteindre une performance exceptionnelle. Le leader établit la culture de l'organisation et joue un rôle important dans la mise en place d'une équipe d'encadrement et d'une main d'oeuvre investie dans l'entreprise, capable dans ses compétences et ses fonctions, et de haute qualité. La thèse étudie aussi d'autres conditions qui règnent dans ces restaurants considérés comme exemplaires et essaye de démontrer comment leur succès est en grande partie déterminé par la personnalité et le comportement du chef mais aussi par d'autres facteurs qui peuvent jouer un rôle dans cette quête d'un classement exemplaire qu'occupent ces établissements dans leur domaine.

La formation professionnelle à l'Entrepreneuriat (création d'entreprise, conseil en entreprise, intrapreneuriat) procède de trois dimensions indissociables : structurale, cognitive et praxéologique. Les interactions entre ces trois dimensions en font des facteurs clés de réussite du projet entrepreneurial : le facteur structural renvoie à la problématique de la mise en place de l'entreprise, le facteur cognitif renvoie aux contenus de la formation comme ressources stratégiques ouvrant sur le monde de l'entreprise dans toutes ses dimensions et le facteur praxéologique renvoie à la démarche de projet en formation. Dans le contexte de l'Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie (OIF), la formation professionnelle à l'entrepreneuriat dispensée par l'Institut de la Francophonie pour l'Entrepreneuriat (IFE), situé à l'université de Réduit, à l'île Maurice, s'inscrit dans un vaste réseau de partenaires, administré par l'Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie (AUF). L'émergence de l'entrepreneur francophone passe par son entrée en formation professionnelle auprès de formateurs francophones internationaux, par la prise de risque au retour dans son pays et par l'appui d'un réseau de partenaires financiers et commerciaux francophones. L'intérêt de la thèse réside dans la capacité à en faire émerger les aspects fondamentaux par la recherche sur la formation professionnelle à l'Entrepreneuriat, et, à partir des aspects appliqués, à développer les singularités propres au contexte de la francophonie et à l'expérience de l'IFE.

The purpose of this thesis is to mobilise the concept of network sociality (Wittel 2001) as a framework for exploring how social entrepreneurs enact social entrepreneurship. Specifically, this thesis questions the tendency to interpret social entrepreneurs and their ability to achieve their altruistic aim of solving social problems only in terms of the successful application of business practices such as financial control, marketing, and strategising. Instead it is argued that critically deploying the concept of network sociality does two things. Firstly, it highlights the importance of also depicting and understanding the nature of the social processes (i.e., interactions with other stakeholders) which play a crucial role in the success of social entrepreneurial activity. Network sociality therefore helps to conceptualise the under researched activities which precede social change. Secondly, this thesis facilitates a move away from the dominant stance in the literature where the social entrepreneur is conceptualised in terms of either an individualist 'solitary hero' operating alone without the assistance of others (Nicholls 2010), or alternatively as a communally embedded actor operating in the context of strong ties of solidarity (Hjorth and Bjerke 2006; Hjorth 2013; Steyaert and Hjorth 2007). The aim of this thesis is to shed light on the social processes inherent in doing business in a social entrepreneurship context, by drawing on data derived from 33 semi-structured interviews with social entrepreneurs located in the south east of England. An abductive analysis (Van Maanen, Sørensen and Mitchell 2007; Tavory and Timmermans 2014) whereby the interview data is read through the five dimensions of the concept of network sociality - individualisation, ephemeral relations, information exchange, assimilation of play and work, and use of technology - facilitates a critique of the literature privileging outcomes at the expense of conceptualising the social actions that precede and facilitate these outcomes (826 Seymour, Richard 2012), as well as the prevailing dichotomy in the social entrepreneurship literature where the 'social' element is conceptualised largely in collectivist (Hjorth 2013; Steyaert and Hjorth 2007), philanthropic (Tan, Williams and Tan 2003; Tan, Williams and Tan 2005) terms while the 'entrepreneurship' element is conceptualised in largely individualist business terms (Dees, Emerson and Economy 2002). The analysis sheds light on social entrepreneurship beyond the distinction of collective versus individual (Nicholls 2010). Through the use of the concept of network sociality, the thesis rather makes visible how the social entrepreneur engages in several social activities while operating in an individualistic manner to achieve social/business aims within the context of impermanent relationships (113 Wittel, Andreas 2001). The thesis concludes that it is in researching and conceptualising what social entrepreneurs do, that we can better understand who social entrepreneurs are, in their missions to secure positive solutions to social problems.

Social entrepreneurs utilize the traits of commercial entrepreneurs; organizational abilities, opportunity identification, combining resources in novel ways, willingness to accept and manage risk and explosive growth or returns, to create enterprises that return high social value. As educators, we see opportunities where entrepreneurial skills can be applied to education, not-for-profit organizations, government offices and programs and philanthropic concerns and create service learning opportunities for students beyond the boundaries of the university. Many of us involved in higher education are frustrated with students who do not attend class, turn in assignments late or exhibit a lack of effort in classes where they pay tuition and receive a grade. It is a challenge, therefore, to gain the involvement of students in social entrepreneurship efforts where the reward (grade, pay or recognition) is not immediate or minimal and the trade-off (time management for their schedule) may be more fun or financially rewarding. This paper discusses the evolution for the process of enlisting student involvement in two distinct social entrepreneurship programs at our university. The first program involves linking university skill sets in the arts, digital media, technology and project management to the planning, implementation and evaluation of a regional arts and music festival held in the city where our university operates. Students involved in this social entrepreneurial venture work with community volunteers, city government officials and local business owners for a period of nine to ten months. In the first two years of sponsoring this program the strategy has evolved from enlisting the help of a student technology club (Edge Club, Digital Media) to working with a small volunteer student team (3 to 4 students). In each case, the organization or student team that worked on the project received no academic credit for the work involved beyond enhancement of their resume. Initial enthusiasm was high but tended to decline as the time horizon for finishing the project extended beyond the current semester and other activities or demands competed for the students’ participation. The second program also utilizes a student organization (Students In Free Enterprise, SIFE) to work on social entrepreneurship projects. In SIFE we have found that the students prefer projects that entail an afternoon of preparation for a short presentation, or service within a 3-4 day period. In that this group is involved in a “competition” with SIFE teams from other institutions at the end of the year, it is important that they seek projects that will differentiate themselves. The short-term projects that they prefer do little to accomplish this differentiation. The projects that truly differentiate are those that require a high degree of preparation for an event that culminates at the end of the semester, or even the following year. To that end, all students of this select team are required to create a long-term project that they will spearhead throughout the year. This leads to an escalation of commitment due to their “ownership” of that project. They are also required to assist another team member on their long-term project. Their efforts on these projects tend to be greater in that they realize that the other members will be assisting them on their project and they want to receive a conscientious effort from their teammates. This synergistic performance enhances both the number and quality of the projects. Using this method, we typically create 5 to 6 viable projects each year. Most teams that we compete with tend to have one major project per year. Using this system our university team has completed an average of 10 projects per year for presentation, of which 2 to 3 have been major projects.

Purpose - to investigate the phenomenon of sustainable social (enterprise) entrepreneurship from both organisational and individual/personal identity perspectives. Two research questions ask: (RQ1) what are the key organisational identity (OI) and governance issues associated with sustainable social enterprises (SEs) and social entrepreneurship?, and; (RQ2) who are the social enterprise (SE) leaders/entrepreneurs (and why are they important from an identity perspective)? Design/methodology/approach – A stage 1 interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) employed 30 semi-structured interviews of social entrepreneurs in the (UK) South East; a macro-level conceptualisation of social enterprise (organisational) identity, sustainability and governance issues being the key deliverable. This was followed by a stage 2 social constructionist and social entrepreneurial identity study; whereby, 16 in-depth interviews, with 3 case study social enterprise leaders were conducted over a period of three years. Stage 3 involved 2 employee and volunteer focus groups to help triangulate data from the previous stages. Finally, stage 4 follow-up interviews with 4 selected informants helped evaluate the impact of the Brexit vote on my thesis arguments. Various third sector and government policy documents were consulted throughout the study. Findings – Firstly, I argue that understanding who organisations are, as well as, what they do, are important for understanding the sustainability of social enterprises, and the third sector. A new conceptual social enterprise grid (SEG) is developed to distinguish who social enterprises are; relative to other third and public-sector organisations. Secondly, a Ricoeurian narrative analysis helps demonstrate the agentic role of social entrepreneurs; how social enterprise sustainability is motivated by personal beliefs, social values and an idem (i.e. almost permanent) sense of identity. Similarly, results demonstrate how social enterprise sustainability could be at least part-attributed, to the lifetime agentic function of social entrepreneurs. Originality/value – This PhD thesis addresses fundamental definitional and theory gaps in the social enterprise and third sector identity literatures. It contributes by offering fresh perspectives on the complex and inter-related issues of (organisational and socio-entrepreneurial) identity, governance and sustainability.

A capitalist world system is dictating how the global economy is organised, and entrepreneurship is suggested as a global solution for economic development. In development practices bottom up approaches such as social entrepreneurship are challenging the traditional donor-based model. The Global Entrepreneurship Summit (GES) is a United States lead initiative to promote entrepreneurship and economic ties with the Western world. This study analyses the online media discussion around the GES 2015 held in Nairobi, with focus on answering how sampled Kenyan blog and online news articles construct and contribute to Kenyan entrepreneurship discourse with their reporting around the GES, whether they reflect a more global or local capitalist narrative, and finally what kind of development thinking the entrepreneurship discourse reflects. A literature review builds context by describing the development of the Kenyan capitalist narrative. The empirical part applies a mixed method approach, with elements from content as well as discourse analysis in studying a sample of 120 Kenyan blog and online news articles. The analysis reveals that the local online reporting around the GES reflects a global capitalist narrative with a highly optimistic attitude towards entrepreneurship as a means to create economic growth as well as social change.

AbstractTitel: Entreprenörskap i fritidshem.Författare: Damian, Anca & Falih, Fatma (2014). Syftet med vår studie var att öka förståelsen för ett diffust begrepp som entreprenörskap i fritidshemmet. Detta gjorde vi genom att undersöka fritidspedagogers tolkningar av vad entreprenörskap innebär för deras arbete och för elevers lärande och utveckling i fritidshemmet. Vårt arbete utgår från tre frågeställningar: Hur tolkar fritidspedagoger uppdraget kring entreprenörskap i fritidshemmet som införts i Läroplanen 2011? Hur talar fritidspedagoger om att de implementerar entreprenörskap i fritidshemmets verksamhet för att lyckas med detta uppdrag? Vilka fördelar respektive nackdelar ser fritidspedagoger med detta arbetssätt? För att besvara dessa frågor har vi valt att utföra kvalitativa intervjuer som metod för vår undersökning. Vår undersökningsgrupp omfattas av 11 verksamma fritidspedagoger i fem olika fritidshem i Malmö stad. Undersökningsresultatet visar att begreppet entreprenörskap enbart är ett nytt begrepp som formulerats i samband med Läroplanen, Lgr 11 och att det inte är ett nytt fenomen i fritidspedagogernas uppdrag. Samtidigt associeras begreppet framförallt med företagsamhet men ändrar betydelse i utbildningssyfte. Med andra ord är begreppet tolkat av de flesta fritidspedagogerna som ett förhållningssätt som bidrar till att de arbetar problembaserat för att öka barns delaktighet och inflytande. Ansvar och kreativitet har lyfts upp som centrala begrepp för det entreprenöriella lärandet som förväntas kunna öka barns framtida möjligheter till självförsörjning och självständighet. Slutligen har en del fritidspedagoger ställt sig kritiska gentemot vinstdrivande aktiviteter, samtidigt som en del ansett att vinstdrivande aktiviteter som görs i gott syfte kan vara givande för barns fortsatta kreativitet och nyfikenhet.Nyckelord: Entreprenörskap, fritidshem, lärande.

Scholarly publications and discussions provide differing views on what Social Entrepreneurship is (or is not) that result to a knowledge gap wherefrom this study’s departure point is drawn. Such gap allows interpretation that the adoption of business model can not be fully disregarded as part and parcel of social entrepreneurship (SE). Moreover, entrepreneurial activities within SE is seen by some as a possible source of self-sustenance. Therefore, this research explores and seeks to provide an understanding of the role of business model for social entrepreneurship from a sustainability perspective. Practical examples of social entrepreneurship in the Philippines are used where the context of the practitioners themselves are taken into account. Qualitative research with semi-structured interview that is compatible with social constructionism approach are employed to obtain contextual understanding of the role of business model for SE that this study aims to achieve. The findings indicate, among others, that the organisations studied are Social Enterprises precisely because they are able to apply business principles while doing social mission, and business model is a necessary sustainability ingredient for SE.

At the start of the twentieth century, Schumpeter (1908; 1912) postulated the basis for a potential revolution in economics by arguing that the entrepreneur acts as the underlying force of economic growth. Despite Schumpeter’s contribution, the central role of entrepreneurship has only been systematically recognised in the literature in the past few years (Santarelli & Vivarelli, 2007). Santarelli and Vivarelli (2007) contended that the most common way to measure entrepreneurship was to focus on entrepreneurial start-up rates. Shane (2009) suggested that achieving job creation and economic growth from entrepreneurship is not a numbers game and entrepreneurship policy should encourage the formation of high quality, high growth companies. Furthermore, DeTienne (2010) stated that the entrepreneurial process does not end with the creation of a new business, but instead with entrepreneurial exit. Considering the crucial role of entrepreneurship, this thesis will look at these issues through three independent but interrelated studies: The first study introduces and assesses a set of measures of the quality of government that has both theoretical and empirical importance. The results confirm that the quality of government demonstrates varying moderating effects on the relationship between institutions and entrepreneurial start-ups. Drawing on the theory of planned behaviour and the entrepreneurial ecosystem approach, the second study looks at entrepreneurs’ growth aspirations in China. The results suggest that there is a positive relationship between attitude and growth aspirations and that people who perceive a greater sense of control over the outcomes of their actions are more likely to possess growth aspirations. The results also confirm the positive moderating effects of entrepreneurial ecosystems on the relationship between individual motivational aspects and growth aspirations. The third study first assesses how individual cognitive aspects can contribute to distinctions in exit motives. Second, by adopting resource dependence theory, and institutional theory, this study argues that environmental dynamism and institutional ambiguity exert direct and indirect effects on entrepreneurial exit patterns in China.

Inequality is a complex issue and an integral part of the sustainability challenge. This research examines how social entrepreneurs (SE) can be catalysts to increase equality in South Africa. In order to navigate through the complexity of inequality within this context, the authors designed a conceptual model. The Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development (FSSD), based on Strategic Sustainable Development (SSD) concepts, such as backcasting and systems thinking, was incorporated into the research to ensure a systematic and comprehensive link to sustainability. The FSSD and the conceptual model assisted in exploring how social entrepreneurship could be a strategic approach to increase equality in South Africa, and in turn, help to open the social trap and contribute towards creating a more sustainable society. During the research process, the researchers identified nine high impact areas that could be addressed by SE and other stakeholders. These include: awareness; attitude and mind-set; a shared understanding; government support; education and training; economic environment; financial sustainability; social and physical infrastructure; and collaboration and asset sharing. The aim of these high impact areas is to help foster social entrepreneurial development and guide SE in strategically increasing equality in South Africa.

Today’s the concept of social entrepreneurship; social capital and venture capital are defined by several experts. This case study sets out to gain an understanding of the relation between social capital and venture capital in Uppstart Malmö, a new social entrepreneurial organization which focuses on creating job opportunities in the city of Malmö, where unemployment rate is comparatively high. Analyzing empirical data from interview and other documentation, the results show that Uppstart Malmö is concentrating in the social dimension of enterprise and emphasizing on social capital more than venture capital. While by some means, the foundation is going toward achieving social goal. Uppstart Malmö is not yet an ideal model for completely social organization and commercial signs can be seen in their plans.

This dissertation deals with the rise of new industries through entrepreneurial activities. The aim is to investigate how differences in contexts might encourage or discourage entrepreneurial activities. This contextualization of entrepreneurship enhanced our understanding of when, how and why entrepreneurial activities happen. Entrepreneurship is recognized to be a spatially uneven process and, in addition to previous research that has examined the actions of individual entrepreneurs, we also need to understand the context in which entrepreneurship occurs. We have a good understanding of how structural conditions like industry structure, organization structure and agglomeration effects influence the context, but we know little about how the social dimension of the context is the transmitting medium between structural conditions for entrepreneurship and the decision to act upon identified entrepreneurial opportunities. Following this line of argument, this dissertation is built on the assumption that entrepreneurship is a social phenomenon which gives strong arguments for including local culture in entrepreneurship research. The temporal persistence and the pronounced differences of culture and structural conditions between places reflect path-dependent processes. I therefore use regional path dependence as an interpretative lens to study the contextualization of entrepreneurship in two Swedish cities. Although each context is unique, some generalizations can be drawn from the four individual papers in this dissertation. The first is that industrial legacy leads to the formation of a distinct local culture and that the persistency of this culture influences the subsequent entrepreneurial activities in new local industries. The second is that this persistency of culture suggests that entrepreneurs who are outsiders, geographically or socially, are the driving forces for the emergence of new local industries. Finally, new industry emergence is a result of a combination of exogenous forces and initial local conditions, but it is the entrepreneurial individuals who translate these forces and conditions into entrepreneurial activities.

Le constat est que de plus en plus, le nombre d'étudiants entrant dans l'enseignement supérieur croît d'année en année et par la suite fait croître le nombre de diplômés de l'enseignement supérieur. Cependant, le rythme d'insertion professionnelle de ces diplômés demeure timide. Ce qui du coup accroît d'année en année le taux de chômage des diplômés du supérieur. Selon les enquêtes nationales, en 2004, le taux de chômage des diplômés du supérieur était d'environ 19% et dépasse celui au niveau national qui était de 9%. En 2010, ce taux est passé à 25%. Cela suppose qu'il faudrait accorder une attention particulière pour leur insertion. C'est pourquoi, nous avons posé la question de savoir : quelles stratégies faudrait-il mettre en place pour favoriser l'insertion des diplômés du supérieur ? Une analyse a été faite des circuits classiques d'insertion notamment la fonction publique et le secteur privé malien. D'après les statistiques, ces 2 circuits présentent des rigidités quant à l'embauche de milliers de diplômés qui sortent du système d'enseignement supérieur malien. Ainsi, nous nous sommes orientés vers l'entrepreneuriat en estimant qu'il pourrait être un vecteur de création d'emploi pour eux et qui serait appuyé par la politique d'aide à l'entrepreneuriat inscrite dans un programme dit " Programme Emploi Jeunes ". Pour cela, nous avons retenu deux hypothèses : (1) : l'entrepreneuriat est un facteur de création d'emploi pour les diplômés de l'enseignement supérieur, (2) : la politique d'aide à l'entrepreneuriat permet de favoriser ce processus. Après une analyse descriptive du fonctionnement du marché du travail au Mali et après l'étude de plusieurs théories et travaux de recherches liés au capital humain et au rôle des compétences dans le domaine de l'entrepreneuriat, nous sommes parvenus aux résultats suivants en lien avec nos hypothèses de base : 1-Oui, l'entrepreneuriat est un facteur de création d'emploi pour les diplômés du supérieur. 2-Non, la politique d'aide à l'entrepreneuriat ne favorise pas ce processus.

Narratives in corporate storytelling is a powerful and persuasive tool for validation of Corporate Social Responsibility. To further their social mission, IKEA partner with social entrepreneurs, a collaboration which produce products or services for IKEA while creating incomes for the social entrepreneurs, claimed by IKEA as a win-win. In this thesis, the win-win narrative is analysed with a management theory applied in a critical perspective in conjunction with a narrative method. The aim is to investigate the validity of the win-win narrative produced by IKEA in this partnership to identify to what extent this narrative meets the reality of IKEAs CSR and human rights commitments. Issues investigated are to what end this narrative is produced, what is the dominant narrative, what is not presented and how are the social entrepreneurs represented in the IKEA narrative.

Entrepreneurship today is an attractive option for future graduates due to various perks and benefits. However, there are also challenges and disadvantages that come with being an entrepreneur. This study is aimed at investigating the motivating factors and challenges that student entrepreneurs are facing when starting their own business in Sweden. For this study, a qualitative approach is chosen, and semi-structured interviews are used on six student entrepreneurs that live in Sweden. The results are analyzed by using thematic analysis and the study concluded that student entrepreneurs are motivated by the desire of independence, flexible schedules, following family traditions or parental self-employment, the desire to turn their hobby into a money-making enterprise, creativity, the fear of unemployment, social status, motivating others, personal skills and entrepreneurial capabilities. Moreover, the study also discovered three new motivational factors such as support from their previous employer, influence from friends and other people on the internet and the desire to experience new and exciting things. When it comes to challenges, student entrepreneurs are facing difficulties such as lack of resources, being a student while running a business, lack of networks, lack of knowledge, lack of entrepreneurial and administrative skills, lack of support from family/ business partner, lack of legal/formal help, negative personality traits and dealing with tax systems. Furthermore, two new challenges are also identified in the study that are the lack of credibility and the cultural differences and language barriers.

This thesis explores emergent knowledge dynamics in innovation in the context of ebusiness entrepreneurship. Based on a critique of the dialectic interpretation of knowledge dynamics, it forwards a perspective that stresses the creative force of emergence that disrupts existent meanings and produces new potentialities for innovation. It suggests ways of using such a perspective in policy-targeted research. The first part elaborates on the traditional uses of concepts of knowledge in explanations of entrepreneurial innovation and on the need to account for a dynamic perspective on emergent knowledge. The thesis employs work by Deleuze and Guattari as meta-theoretical vehicle to expand the conceptual potential of social representations theory beyond its traditional focus on a dialectic ontology of becoming. It highlights a dynamic which does not exclusively assume conceptual difference as the source of the novel and which allows for patterns of becoming other than the triadic continuity of dialectics. Together, this provides new possibilities for an understanding of knowledge dynamics taking into account both adaptive and creative dynamics of emergence. The empirical part combines thematic analysis of interviews and a focus group with Deleuzian analysis of participant observation to facilitate an exploration of emergent conditions for innovation in a particular milieu of e-business entrepreneurship. The exploration shows how changes in shared evaluative dimensions guided – and constrained – the creation of new concepts. Simultaneously, distinct assemblages arising from novel connections of affect and technology in networks created the conditions of fluidity and ambiguity required for new knowledge: in the aftermath of the dotcom crash, new concepts of network leadership and trust in business interaction were emerging. This study forwards new insights on the study of emergent knowledge dynamics as oscillating between rhizomic opening and dialectic closure. It is in the disruptive encounters between the two that new conditions for innovation can assemble.

Entrepreneurship has during the last decades gained an immense interest in academia, politics and practice. It is argued from politics that more entrepreneurs are necessary for the economic development. In addition, nowadays entrepreneurship is also perceived as a solution to social and societal challenges. This drives a need for entrepreneurial people everywhere in society who can cope with the inconstant and uncertain world of today. As a consequence, there are around the world numerous educational initiatives trying to inspire and fuel an entrepreneurial mind-set. Here, educations of all kind become relevant contexts since they provide an opportunity to affect children, youth’s and adult’s interest and attitudes towards entrepreneurship, and as such give a possibility to reach a vast number of people. Sweden is no exception, and in 2009 the Swedish Government launched a ‘Strategy for entrepreneurship in the field of education’ in which entrepreneurship is said to run like a common thread throughout education. The main focus is that self-employment is to become as natural as being an employee. As such the Government took an active stand for implementing entrepreneurship in the school setting on a broad front, from preschool to adult education. This development can be seen as part of New Public Management; a development where concepts from the private sector are lent and transferred to the public sector. Thus, when introducing entrepreneurship in the Swedish educational system, this at the same time means introducing a traditional business concept in a public setting. Therefore, the overall aim of this thesis is to increase knowledge of and insights on how a business concept – entrepreneurship – is operationalised and constructed in a public setting. When placing entrepreneurship in new societal contexts other questions arise and complexity intensifies. In this qualitative research, the empirical context in focus are schools. It investigates how entrepreneurship is constructed among teachers in their work. But also how this business concept is included in a non-business setting by studying how the entrepreneurship strategy is operationalised in educational practice. As such the thesis and its findings contribute to the scientific discussions on societal entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship education, as well as on strategy and strategising in a public context. The research also aspire to serve inspiration, insights and food for thoughts on discussions and reflections on entrepreneurship within the school practice.  This compilation thesis include five papers. To be able to fulfil the aim this research use a broad theoretical base and multiple qualitative research methods. The combination of methods include semi-structured interviews, in-depth interview using the stimulated recall method, focus group interviews, participative meetings, observations, document studies, digital questionnaires, written inquiries, analysing texts and critical incidents questionnaires.

The dissertation research is an examination of the social and cultural dynamics of the Atlanta Life Insurance Company (ALIC) in Atlanta, GA. During the Jim Crow era (and post Jim Crow era), the ALIC provided economic mobility through employment, home loans, life insurance, and community solidarity. The company was one of the largest and most successful African-American financial institution in the country during the 20th century. It was founded in 1905 by Alonzo F. Herndon, a prosperous black barber and entrepreneur who rose from enslavement to become by 1927 the wealthiest African American in Atlanta. Renamed as the Atlanta Life Financial Group (ALFG), today the insurance company remains the leading African American stock-owned insurance company in the nation. I examine how Atlanta Life employees conceptualized their relationships within the company (past and present) and the larger African American community of Atlanta, along with the role the institution played as a shared space for producing cultural identities through social interactions. I explore the multiple roles of the company that impacted the community in the past and current roles within the African American community. I also explore what the possible closing of the Herndon Home Museum mean for memories and heritage, and the Herndon family's accomplishments if the home were torn down.

This dissertation presents a new tool for exploratory text analysis that attempts to improve the experience of navigating and exploring text and its metadata. The design of the tool was motivated by the unmet need for text analysis tools in the humanities and social sciences. In these fields, it is common for scholars to have hundreds or thousands of text-based source documents of interest from which they extract evidence for complex arguments about society and culture. These collections are difficult to make sense of and navigate. Unlike numerical data, text cannot be condensed, overviewed, and summarized in an automated fashion without losing significant information. And the metadata that accompanies the documents – often from library records – does not capture the varied content of the text within.

Furthermore, adoption of computational tools remains low among these scholars despite such tools having existed for decades. A recent study found that the main culprits were poor user interfaces and lack of communication between tool builders and tool users. We therefore took an iterative, user-centered approach to the development of the tool. From reports of classroom usage, and interviews with scholars, we developed a descriptive model of the text analysis process, and extracted design guidelines for text analysis systems. These guidelines recommend showing overviews of both the content and metadata of a collection, allowing users to separate and compare subsets of data according to combinations of searches and metadata filters, allowing users to collect phrases, sentences, and documents into custom groups for analysis, making the usage context of words easy to see without interrupting the current activity, and making it easy to switch between different visualizations of the same data.

WordSeer, the system we implemented, supports highly flexible slicing and dicing, as well as easier transitions than in other tool between visual analyses, drill-downs, lateral explorations and overviews of slices in a text collection. The tool uses techniques from computational linguistics, information retrieval and data visualization.

The contributions of this dissertation are the following. First, the design and source code of WordSeer Version 3, an exploratory text analysis system. Unlike other current systems for this audience, WordSeer 3 supports collecting evidence, isolating and analyzing sub-sets of a collection, making comparisons based on collected items, and exploring a new idea without interrupting the current task. Second, we give a descriptive model of how humanities and social science scholars undertake exploratory text analysis during the course of their work. We also identify pain points in their current workflows and give suggestions on how systems can address these problems. Third, we describe a set of design principles for text analysis systems aimed at addressing these pain points. For validation, we contribute a set of three real-world examples of scholars using WordSeer 3, which was designed according to those principles. As a measure of success, we show how the scholars were able to conduct analyses yielding otherwise inaccessible results useful to their research.

Funding strategy has often been the determinant factor in the level of success for social entrepreneurships. The strategy could be a preference for internally generated revenue, externally generated revenue or a combination of the two. Interestingly, scarcity of resources has always been ‘a clog in the wheel’ of meaningful execution of projects irrespective of the funding model a social entrepreneur chooses. Through a review of existing literatures, this paper weighs the implications of choosing either externally generated revenue or internally generated revenue; specifically contextualizing the study to US. More so, it attempts to find out which of the two models would ensure optimum productivity, given that scarcity of resources would hamper the chances of effectively running the two models simultaneously. To arrive at a ‘plausible’ response, principles of resource valuation become vital in determining the costs and benefits associated with each model of funding. Consequently, the findings show that though both internally and externally generated revenue are sine qua non to an effective and efficient production of social values, internally generated revenue ensures better optimum production than externally generated revenue.

Title: Immigrant Entrepreneurship - Case studies of challenges faced by immigrant entrepreneurs in a large and small Swedish city. Purpose: The purpose is to investigate if the challenges faced by immigrant entrepreneurs in Sweden differ between large and small cities. Method: Eight case studies, four in Jönköping and four in Stockholm of seven Asian and one Eastern Europe immigrant entrepreneurs in the restaurant business. Results: The typical Jönköping case and the typical Stockholm case are similar with respect to some challenges faced: a lack of finance, marketing and sales skills are key challenges, and language is not a strong challenge in either city. The typical cases are different with respect to whether or not working longer hours, high rent and administrative and regulatory requirement are challenges. Keywords: Challenges, Entrepreneur, Entrepreneurship, Immigrant Entrepreneurs, Immigrants, Jönköping and Stockholm

This research is to give a contribution to  international business and start-ups by showing which keyele ments are essential in establishing a new business and make itsustainable, in our case a golf business.

The concept of social entrepreneurship continues to be vague and lacked a clear understanding of what the concept really is. One problem identified with the concept is the adoption of capitalism as a means of sustaining the intervention. The adoption of profits and how they are used created a very big problem in both theory and practice. This study therefore tried to explore how donors perceived the use of profits from these interventions for the entrepreneurial self. This was done through a qualitative research. The findings showed that the profits from social interventions could not be used for purposes beneficial to the individual entrepreneur but only the project. The social entrepreneur could receive salaries, pensions and other personal emoluments but cannot use the profits for his or her own benefit. All profits must remain in the intervention for sustainability.

This thesis aims at investigating women’s force in development through engagement in informal, small-scale entrepreneurship. During fieldwork in Babati, Tanzania, network analyses and semi-structured interviews have been conducted, capturing responsibilities, challenges and opportunities of informal women entrepreneurs. The theoretical framework centres socio-economic analyses, through development and feminist economics. Two theories, about development through capital accumulation and cumulative processes, are compared and supplemented with a gender and empowerment perspective. The results are presented through narratives, complemented with a general picture. It is concluded that informal female entrepreneurs are important in development of Babati. They face challenges due to economic, social and gender-related conditions such as lack of capital, high interest rates, poverty, lack of education, malfunctioning government, discouraging men, and increased workload from domestic responsibilities. Their complex, informal networks, based on cooperation and solidarity, are seen as a driver in development. Top-down policies that fight gender norms, empower women, and identify informal workers can improve their situation, but for these to trickle down, a bottom-up approach is required. This thesis pushes for recognising that people living in poverty contribute to economic growth and development, and that empowerment of informal women entrepreneurs is essential for a profound, pro-poor development that trickles up.

The purpose of this thesis is to explore implications of a necessary presupposition of a theory of the person in the aims of Personal and Social Education (PSE), with the aim of furnishing a conception of the person which retains a significant concept of personal agency in light of constraints on action. From the position that the concept of the person as agent is central to the aims of PSE, it is argued that given the tension between the conception of the person as autonomous and recognition of the plasticity of persons, the justification of the unity of persons suggests itself as a relevant and useful approach. This is held to provide a means of approaching issues of personhood which are central to the concerns of PSE and which also provides important insights into the some issues of agency. It is argued in the second chapter that the relation between a theory of personal identity and the aims of PSE which presuppose such a theory is best understood as one of interdependence. From this position, it is argued that the conception of the person as potentially autonomous does not necessitate acceptance of a strict identity or non-reductionist theory of personal identity. It is argued, on the grounds of internal coherence and the ideals evident in discussions of PSE, that the alternative, a continuity theory is preferable. In the fourth chapter the issue of constraints on the concept of the person and their effect on the acceptability of theories of personal identity is addressed. It is argued that certain constraints lead to the rejection of reductionism with respect to persons but do not affect the acceptability of a continuity theory or its importance. The argument supports the view that the concept of personal identity and the concept of the person are indeterminate and allow a qualified form of social ascriptivism. Implications of the conception of the person which has been argued for, are illustrated and explored in the fmal two chapters, where the discussion focuses on the use of students' autobiographical writing in PSE. The argument is made that the conception of the person argued for in the previous chapters has advantages over that contained in the traditional understanding of autobiography. Consideration of narrative and its role in making sense of experience leads to supplementation and refinement of the conceptualisation of the person advocated.

The main concern of this research is to study the influence of class power, culture and ideologies on educational policies, access and practices in the context of the changing political, economic and social policies of Egypt during the modern period. In order to study that, the thesis works on two levels, theoretical and empirical. The theoretical level presents the historical, methodological and theoretical broad context for the empirical study. This includes the study of the following: 1.- The economic and political situation in Egypt, 2.- State power and social class formation, and 3.- The system and policies of education in Egypt. The empirical study is concerned with study of the following subjects: 1.- Cultural and ideological perspectives of members from different class positions, 2.- Class perspectives on general educational issues, 3.- The ways in which 1 and 2 influence the distribution of educational opportunities for members from different class positions, and 4.- Differences between and within social classes concerning the above points.

The ultimate goal of the thesis is the construction of a text, appropriate for student use, on South Africa's social and spatial formation. The first part of the thesis is the most lengthy. It is a sophisticated account of South Africa's historical geography since 1652. This is written in an academic style, not for students, but for a learned readership, and contains some original insights. In itself, it represents an innovative contribution to the literature on South Africa's social development. The second part is a review of existing texts on South Africa's history and geography, written purposefully for students. These texts are subjected to a critique with content and coverage being the main criteria. The third part is an investigation of theoretical issues concerning the relationship between readers, particularly student readers, and texts. It seeks to formulate guidelines for the writing of a student text and the devising of learning activities which are appropriate for learners. In a brief conclusion, attention is paid to the ways in which the original aims have been manifested in a student text, included in the thesis as an appendix. Although this text is another lengthy treatment of South Africa's social and spatial formation, this time it is written for an intended student readership. It draws on the content deemed appropriate in the sophisticated text of Part One, seeks to overcome the weaknesses identified in current student texts in Part Two, and is written in a style, appropriate for students, suggested by Part Three. It also contains student activities devised in the theoretical context introduced in Part Three. The text is deemed to be a significant advance on previously published History and Geography educational materials.

The purpose of this study is to analyse the problem that the companies do not use the potential of their employees on innovations and intrapreneurial processes.

The source of innovation is usually the entrepreneur. These are individuals that come up with new ideas of what the market is likely to want or desire. These people have usually gathered this knowledge through interaction with consumers. Sometimes it is the imaginative impulsive desire on their part to offer something new or different, at other times it is an improvement on previous knowledge. However in a corporate or large organisation environment it is often the employees who come up with innovative ideas because of their close contacts with consumers of the product or service of the company. They are very close to the ground realities and can be a great source of finding out the consumer desires or preferences. Although they are employees, they have the entrepreneurial spirit to understand the need of urge to meet the expectations. This gives them the same satisfaction an entrepreneur would feel on the success and acceptance of his innovative idea.

Therefore being innovative is not the sole domain of the leaders, corporate or individual. The potential of the workers and employees remains unexploited in this direction.

This study will try to find out the importance of the mental force of the employee on the survival of the company in this competitive world, from the perspective of innovation and intrapreneurship.

QC 20100708

This thesis explores the relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Entrepreneurial Passion. It specifically does this by attempting to find a correlation between the varying competencies of Emotional Intelligence and the consciously accessible, Intense positive feelings for Entrepreneurial Passion for Developing, Founding and Inventing. In this study, survey data was used to investigate the above correlation among a group of 66 entrepreneurs in a Stockholm tech-based start-up/co-working hub setting. This was completed through the quantitative analytical statistical method of Spearman correlation and other methods. Through a theoretical framework utilizing self-regulation theory, the author found that there is a positive, statistically significant correlation between Emotional Intelligence and the consciously accessible, Intense positive feelings of Entrepreneurial Passion and their three domains (Founding, Developing and Inventing). Theoretical and entrepreneurial implications and further suggestions for future research conclude the thesis.
Denna uppsats undersöker förhållandet mellan Känslans intelligens och entreprenörspassion. Den gör det specifikt genom att försöka hitta en korrelation mellan de olika kompetenserna i Känslans intelligens och de medvetet tillgängliga, intensiva positiva känslorna för entreprenörspassion för att utveckla, grunda och uppfinna. I denna studie användes undersökningsdata för att undersöka ovanstående korrelation mellan en grupp av 66 företagare i en Stockholm-baserad teknik för start-up / co-working hub. Detta genomfördes med en kvantitativt statistisk analys och applikation av metoden för Spearman-korrelation och andra metoder. Genom ett teoretiskt ramverk som använder självregleringsteori fann författaren att det fanns en positiv, statistiskt signifikant korrelation mellan Känslans intelligens och de medvetet tillgängliga, intensiva positiva känslorna av entreprenörspassion och deras tre domäner (grunda, utveckla och uppfinna). Avhandlingen avslutas med entreprenörs implikationer såväl som teoretiska sådana samt ytterligare förslag för framtida forskning.
Tässä opinnäytetyössä tutkitaan tunneälyn ja yrittäjän intohimon suhdetta. Erityisesti pyritään löytämään korrelaatio vaihtelevien tunneälytaitojen ja tietoisesti saavutettavien intensiivisten positiivisten tunteiden välillä, yrittäjän intohimon suuntautuessa kehittämiseen, yrityksen perustamiseen tai keksimiseen. Tässä tutkimuksessa kyselydataa käytettiin selvittämään em. korrelaatiota 66 tukholmalaisen tekniikkapohjaisen start-up/alan keskittymän asetelmassa. Tämä tehtiin valmiiksi Spearmanin korrelaation kvantitatiivisen analyyttisen tilastollisen menetelmän ja muiden menetelmien avulla. Itsesäätelyteoriaa hyödyntävän teoreettisen viitekehyksen avulla tekijä löysi positiivisen, tilastollisesti merkittävän korrelaation tunneälyn ja tietoisesti saavutettavien intensiivisten positiivisten yrittäjän intohimon tunteiden ja niiden kolmen lajin (yrityksen perustaminen, kehittäminen ja keksiminen) välillä. Opinnäytetyön päättävät teoreettiset ja yrittäjyydelliset päätelmät ja edelleen ehdotukset tulevaisuuden tutkimukselle.
Esta tesis analiza la relación entre la inteligencia emocional y la pasión emprendedora. Concretamente, lo hace al intentar encontrar una correlación entre las diversas competencias de la inteligencia emocional y los sentimientos positivos intensos y accesibles conscientemente de la pasión empresarial para desarrollar, crear e inventar. En este estudio, los datos de la encuesta se han utilizado para investigar la correlación anterior en un grupo de 66 emprendedores en un entorno de centro de trabajo cooperativo o de ''start-up'' basado en tecnología de Estocolmo. Este estudio se finalizó a través del método estadístico analítico cuantitativo de correlación de Spearman y otros métodos. A través de un marco teórico que utiliza la teoría de la autorregulación, el autor halló una correlación positiva y estadísticamente significativa entre la Inteligencia Emocional y los sentimientos intensos positivos y accesibles conscientemente de la Pasión Empresarial y sus tres ámbitos (Fundar, Desarrollar e Inventar). La tesis concluye con las implicaciones teóricas y de emprendedores y otras sugerencias para futuras investigaciones.

In the late 1970s the culture of hip hop emerged from the streets of New York. It was an outlet for identity, expression and boasting among communities of young people who were raised in disadvantaged circumstances. Hip hop allowed for creative innovators to form a niche within the entertainment industry that has generated billions of dollars. The purpose of our study is to investigate how hip hop artists utilize entrepreneurial methods in their ventures. Specifically, we explore how these entrepreneurs build empires from storytelling and narrative creation. Entrepreneurial research has found storytelling as an increasingly validated method towards success. Much has been written about how entrepreneurs frame their ideas, how they have to be raconteurial in the early stages of their ventures in order to access resources, and how a “great” pitch is invaluable in capital raising. Hip hop artists rely on stories and storytelling, and the listeners response to the pitch dictates its value.  The primary methods used in our study were theoretical and text analysis. We relied on content analysis, discourse analysis and critical discourse studies to analyze our data. We compared literature from various research disciplines including cultural studies, business studies, entrepreneurial research, post structuralism and philosophy.  Our results indicate that hip hop artists negotiate experiences and create narratives that are then commodified.  Our conclusions indicate that narratives that provide consumers a glimpse into communities of “others” while keeping listeners at a safe distance, sell. Furthermore, we find that rappers who exploit vulgarity and glamorize violence, misogyny and aggression are time and again rewarded with fame and fiscal success.

Bibliography: p. 109-112.
The field of coastal management in South Africa, and the discourses which construct and are constructed by it, are in transition. Emerging front a history of a narrow scientific approach with goals related mainly to environmental conservation, coastal management has in the 1990s become far broader and more orientated towards socio- economic development. This forms part of a wider transition in the social practice of environmental management under South Africa’s new democratic government, in which environmental goals have begun to be pursued in the context of broader social and economic aims. This mini-thesis explores the shift which has occurred in coastal management policy and practice over the past decade, analysing representative samples of the discourse of coastal management policy. The use of a critical approach to discourse analysis enables an understanding of the power relations and ideological forces at play, both within the policy discourses and in the broader social practices of coastal management and policy formulation of which they are a part.

This thesis argues that since the current global economic system contributes to the degradation of local economies and communities, alternative economic models based on multiple self-reliant economies led by community-based entrepreneurs could create a basis for a more sustainable global society. The research questions work to clarify how this vision of an alternate economic structure could become reality, and identify a gap in the skills base of current progressive entrepreneurs. Employing the method of backcasting and using an iterative research dynamic between the current reality of progressive entrepreneurs, as understood through case study interviews in four countries, and a vision of entrepreneurs as community-based change leaders, a new concept of entrepreneurship emerges in community sustainability entrepreneurship. The results point to four interactive skills for entrepreneurs, specifically that entrepreneurs a) hold and realize a vision of sustainable enterprise within sustainable community, b) support community needs through an ability to capitalize on community assets, c) develop competency in sustainable development and d) participate effectively in networks. Conclusions detail specific steps that can be taken by entrepreneurs, community development professionals and academics to realize the vision of entrepreneurs as community-based change leaders.

Background:  Over the years, traditional entrepreneurs started businesses due to either pull or push factors within their environments. Research has been carried out in profiling different types of entrepreneurs and their characteristics. The social media influencers are new forms of entrepreneurs who recently appeared due to changes in the technological environments. The existence of social media platforms has enhanced the possibility of entrepreneurial activities online. The platforms are available for everyone, but some have more entrepreneurial orientation or characteristics than others.  Purpose: The aim of this research is to measure the entrepreneurial orientation and the characteristics of social media users, compare social media influencers with other social media users, to determine if differences exist. Methods:       This research uses the Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation scale (Bolton & Lane, 2012) and the Individual Personality Traits measuring scale (Al Mamun, Bin Yusoff, & Ibrahim, 2018). This is a deductive study, testing the above-mentioned theories on social media users, and a quantitative study aided using data collected from online survey. Conclusion:   The results of this study show that Social Media Influencer have higher entrepreneurial traits than non-Social Media Influencers.  The result also supports the three-factor structure and satisfactory reliability of the IEO scales and subscales. Subsequently, I found out that non-SMIs do create online contents and carry out entrepreneurial activities online too.

Data from various sources indicate that the world’s population is aging and doing so at an unprecedented way. Global population figure of people aged 60 years and over have doubled since the 1980s. While these figures are indications of reduced fertility rate, improved life style, advanced medical technologies, there is also the school of thought that aging population pose as a challenge to the fiscal and macroeconomic stability of many countries. There is also another school of thought that argues that aged population also constitute an important part of the labour force or the labour market that have not been given much attention. Because people are living longer, older people are postponing retirement, hence, transitioning into bridge employment or grey entrepreneurship. Therefore, this study aims to develop understanding of how aging health workers transition to post-retirement work, in a comparative study. To answer this aim, a qualitative study was designed with the intention of developing a great understanding of the intensions and aspirations of health workers on their post-retirement career. Participants in this study were aging doctors and nurses in Sweden and Ghana. Data collection was done through the use of semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions with ten doctors and nurses each in Ghana and Sweden. The results show that almost all the respondents expressed the desire for a post-retirement career. We found that while every doctor in Sweden has the chance to participate in career bridge employment, it was only the specialized doctors that are more likely to have the chance to participate in career bridge employment in Ghana. However, almost all the respondents, except doctors in Sweden, expressed the desire for grey entrepreneurship, some have actually started their small businesses, for instance, one doctor owns and runs a non-governmental health delivery organization that delivers free health services to people in rural areas and in his community. To conclude, this study has shown that the desire and willingness of a post-retirement career especially in Ghana is influenced mostly by familial and economic factors, while personal factors explain that for Swedish doctors and nurses.

Over the past 14 years, working independently and with other original thinkers, I have produced works that have on two fronts contributed to the evolving understanding of ethnic relations in contemporary Britain. The first is around social/community cohesion, media and representation as well as counter-terrorism policy as explored through the social sciences. The second domain covering the same themes is couched within the humanities, in particular, the production of literary fiction.

Ce rapport d'Habilitation à diriger des recherches (HDR), qui comporte un volume de texte et un volume d'annexes, s'énonce dans un champ le champ pluridisciplinaire, d'où l'obtention d'un double diplôme (HDR : Sciences du langage & Sciences de l'éducation). Il est centré sur l'étude du langage humain et traite en synergie des données de la linguistique générale, de la psychologie et de la neuropsychologie cognitive, des sciences de l'éducation, de la didactique des langues en particulier. Ces domaines sont abordés d'un point de vue théorique, descriptif et pédagogique. Au plan scientifique, ce rapport rend compte de notre expérience professionnelle, de nos publications et de nos travaux de recherche, dans une construction structurée en un document unitaire. La première partie, théorique, brosse en trois chapitres, un tableau général de ce que peut être le langage et la communication, en reliant les plans strictement linguistique et neuropsychologique. Afin de rendre compte de la complexité de cette faculté spécifiquement humaine et classée parmi les fonctions cognitives d'ordre supérieur, nous avons dû aborder la question des émotions, de l'attention et de la mémoire. Un large recours aux illustrations facilite la lecture de ce développement. La seconde concerne les grandes caractéristiques du langage normal et pathologique - dans une orientation plutôt historique et descriptive -, puis la rééducation. Les trois premiers chapitres sont centrés sur deux grandes pathologies de la communication ; Le premier, plutôt historique, évoque les premières rencontres des linguistes et des psychologues ou neuropsychologues, autour de l'aphasie. Ensuite, nous présentons l'aphasie et l'autisme, dans les chapitres 2 et 3. La problématique générale de la réadaptation, dans le premier cas, et de la médiation, dans le second, nous amène à la question fondamentale d'une didactique adaptée que nous traitons dans les deux chapitres suivants. Au chapitre 4, nous proposons une corrélation forte entre pathologie du langage et didactique des langues - que nous abordons d'abord d'un point de vue historique, elle est six fois millénaire - et son utilisation pour la réadaptation du langage. Le dernier chapitre de cette seconde partie en découle directement : nous y posons le problème de l'erreur et de l'évaluation, dans ce contexte. La troisième partie comporte trois études de cas. L'aphasie mixte de Marie, trouble du langage acquis à la suite d'un accident vasculaire cérébral (AVC), est caractéristique et complexe car il s'agit d'une atteinte comportant des traits de l'aphasie de Wernicke et de l'aphasie de Broca : types pathologiques aujourd'hui bien décrits d'un point de vue linguistique. La seconde étude de cas concerne Kayle, un enfant de cinq ans porteur de troubles envahissants du développement, avec des traits autistiques et une régression mentale. Par opposition au cas précédent, le sujet, un enfant, se situe dans le cadre d'une ontogenèse pathologique du langage. En outre, nous évoquons une atteinte plus globale, psychiatrique, avec retard mental. Le dernier cas étudié est celui d'Éléonore, adolescente infirme motrice cérébrale (IMC), mais d'intelligence normale, qui élabore son projet de vie. Très intéressée par les langues - l'espagnol en particulier -, elle veut devenir traductrice. Nous avons mis en place un préceptorat, en concertation avec ses enseignants de langues (d'anglais et d'espagnol) et de français. La DISCUSSION-SYNTHESE nous ramène à une problématique linguistique plus générale sur le langage, issue de notre expérience de l'étude et de l'analyse de corpus, et qui concerne les universaux fonctionnels langagiers, en relation avec la logique. Quel substrat structurel sous-jacent au langage, dans la communication ? Dans ce développement, nous abordons la problématique d'une logique binaire et d'une logique des prédicats à un ou plusieurs arguments, présentes conjointement dans le langage, et l'hypothèse de leur lien ontogénétique. Cette Discussion-synthèse débouche sur une brève conclusion et ouverture.

Företagande och entreprenörskap har under 2000-talet fått allt större genomslagskraft isamhällsdebatterna och antalet nystartade företag inom tjänstesektorn har ökat markant. Denökade globaliseringen har bidragit till att fler aktörer väljer att etablera sina verksamheter påinternationella marknader och bidrar därigenom till en ökad konkurrens.Syftet med uppsatsen är att ur ett företagsekonomiskt perspektiv. Utifrån ämnenaentreprenörskap och entreprenöriellt agerande har vi undersökt bakomliggande motiv tillvarför entreprenörer väljer att etablera affärsverksamheter på marknader med hög konkurrens.För att besvara vår forskningsfråga, varför väljer man att starta affärsverksamheter på enmarknad med hög konkurrens, har vi utgått ifrån en kvalitativ ansats och använt oss av trefallföretag i form av språkskolor i Alicante, Spanien. Vi har intervjuat de entreprenörer somhar varit med och grundat språkskolorna samt genomfört observationer på entreprenörernabakom en av skolorna. Vidare har vi studerat relevant litteratur och forskningsartiklar inomämnet för att skapa oss en större kunskap och förståelse för studieämnet.Vi kan av studien dra slutsatser att entreprenörerna på fallföretagen inte upplevde den högakonkurrensen som ett hot. Den sågs snarare som någonting positivt och nyttig för marknadensom helhet. Något som utmärkte entreprenörerna i studien var att de angav destinationen somen stark drivkraft. De tog även upp behovet av självstyre som ett starkt motiv till att startaaffärsverksamhet.

Background: While entrepreneurship is now seen as an important focus in Egypt to elevatepoverty and improve the economic status, a strong and coherent entrepreneurialecosystem is necessary to achieve this. The Egyptian ecosystem is lacking a lotof principal elements such as access to finance, proper entrepreneurialeducation, and a culture that supports entrepreneurship. Developmentorganizations, whose aim is to sustainably develop the society, have recentlyjoined the Egyptian entrepreneurial ecosystem, equipped with funding,knowledge, and capacity. They aim to contribute to the Egyptian entrepreneurialecosystem and support entrepreneurship as a mean for sustainable development. Purpose: Despite their promising role, development organizations have not beenemphasized in the literature on entrepreneurial ecosystems. This could bereturned to the fact that most of the research on ecosystems is done in the contextof developed countries. Our aim is to shed light on the new role of developmentorganizations in the Egyptian ecosystem, explore what they offer toentrepreneurs, understand their impact, and analyze how they can improve theecosystem further. Method: The study is conducted through a multiple case study approach. Data is collectedthrough in-depth interviews with 21 employees and entrepreneurs from 3different development organizations in Egypt Conclusion: The results show that development organizations have a massive impact on theentrepreneurial ecosystem in Egypt. On the Isenberg model, developmentorganizations have the highest impact on market, support, and finance. Whilethey already impact culture and human capital, more emphasis needs to be puton these two domains to improve the mindset of entrepreneurs and the differentplayers in the ecosystem. Development organizations do not contribute to thepolicy domain since its mostly dominated by the government.

Les organismes vivants utilisent des ressources pour vivre, croître et se reproduire.Derrière ce lieu commun se cache une théorie importante en Ecologie : la théorie desTraits d'Histoire de Vie (voir Stearns 1992, par exemple). Selon cette théorie, lesindividus optimisent l'utilisation de ressources limitées (ressources alimentaires,habitat, mais aussi partenaire sexuel entre autres) afin de maximiser des traits telsque la croissance, la survie ou la reproduction. Dans le cadre de la théorie de lasélection naturelle, les individus favorisés sont ceux qui adoptent les stratégiesd'acquisition des ressources les plus efficaces dans un environnement donné. Ceconcept très simple est extrêmement puissant pour comprendre l'écologie et lavariété des stratégies adoptées par les espèces, les populations ou les individus.Cette théorie est d'ailleurs centrale en Ecologie Evolutive (Stearns 1992).

L'analyse économique forestière repose sur des modèles d'ordres biologique, économique et social, et, en particulier, sur des modèles de dynamique de peuplement, de prix et de décision. Le couplage de ces modèles entre eux permet d'apporter des réponses à des questions économiques variées sur la gestion des peuplements forestiers. Cependant, cette démarche n'est généralement appliquée qu'à une seule structure de peuplement forestier (équienne ou inéquienne) et plus souvent à la structure équienne. Cette thèse a pour objectif de construire et de coupler des modèles intégrant ces trois aspects, de manière à simuler et optimiser la gestion des peuplements forestiers en présence de risque catastrophique, quelle que soit la structure de peuplement (équienne, inéquienne ou en transition). Cette thèse étudie successivement les modèles de dynamique d'arbres et de peuplement, de prix et de décision en situation risquée et structure équienne ou inéquienne. Elle les articule ensuite pour constituer un modèle théorique d'ensemble susceptible de s'appliquer, moyennant une calibration appropriée, à différentes essences dans différentes régions. Un exemple de fonctionnement vient illustrer les analyses théoriques dans le cas du hêtre dans le Nord-Est de la France et donner une idée des résultats potentiels à l'échelle du peuplement et de l'arbre. Les illustrations à l'échelle du peuplement consistent à étudier le cas des peuplements régulier et irrégulier, et le cas de conversion de l'un à l'autre, en présence ou en absence de risque.

La théorie économique aborde généralement le brevet comme un droit exclusif temporaire portant sur un produit ou un procédé, et conférant de ce fait un profit de monopole à l'innovateur. Cette approche permet notamment de mettre en évidence le rôle incitatif du brevet, qui permet de rentabiliser à posteriori les investissements nécessaires à l'innovation. Elle ne permet cependant pas de rendre compte correctement de la réalité des brevets dans de nombreux secteurs, où : - un produit donné peut être couverts par un grands nombre de brevets (c'est le cas d'un microprocesseur, d'un téléphone portable ou d'un kit de diagnostic génétique) - les différents brevets couvrant ce produit peuvent appartenir à différents innovateurs, ayant chacun créé ou amélioré des composants du produit. Ce cas de figure est de plus en plus fréquent dans la plupart des industries contemporaines, et constitue notamment la norme dans des industries très innovantes comme les semi-conducteurs, les équipements de télécommunication, l'informatique ou les biotechnologies. Un rapport de la Federal Trade Commission américaine publié en 2003 rappelait par exemple que plus de 90 000 brevets américains liés aux microprocesseurs étaient alors détenus par plus de 10 000 entités, tandis qu'environ 420 000 brevets liés aux semi-conducteurs étaient détenus par environ 40 000 entités . Les économistes ont jusqu'ici principalement mis l'accent sur les coûts statiques (de recherche d'antériorité, de négociation, de licences, de litige) induits par la fragmentation et la dispersion des brevets. La thèse vise à dépasser cette analyse en éclairant la façon dont les entreprises instrumentalisent le brevet dans un contexte de fragmentation de la propriété industrielle, et en montrant comment ces stratégies fondées sur les brevets affectent in fine la dynamique de la concurrence et de l'innovation dans les industries concernées. L'approche adoptée est théorique, et consiste à utiliser les outils analytiques de la théorie des jeux pour étudier des situations d'interactions entre détenteurs de brevets dans un secteur donné. Les méthodes de modélisation utilisées permettent à la fois d'expliquer les comportements observés dans la vie des entreprises, et de tirer des conclusions quant-à leur impact positif ou négatif sur la concurrence et l'innovation. La thèse est structurée en trois parties et cinq chapitres. Partie 1: L'économie du droit des brevets La première partie est consacrée à l'analyse économique du système de brevets, c'est-à-dire l'ensemble des règles et institutions qui constituent le droit des brevets. Le premier chapitre s'appuie sur la littérature économique pour passer en revue l'ensemble de ces règles et leurs fonctions économiques respectives. Il met en évidence les variables de commandes accessibles au régulateur soucieux de promouvoir l'innovation, ainsi que les prescriptions qui s'y attachent. Est notamment discutée la capacité des règles uniformes qui forment le droit des brevets à s'adapter de façon efficace à des contextes d'innovation différents. Cette démarche est appliquée successivement à des innovations de coûts et de valeurs différents, à des innovations cumulatives (développées les unes à partie des autres), et au problème de la défense des brevets devant les tribunaux. Dans tous les cas, il est montré que la protection conférée par le brevet n'est pas définie directement en termes économiques, ce qui confère au système une plus grande souplesse d'adaptation à différents contextes d'innovation. Le second chapitre porte sur une loi spécifique de la législation du brevet, à savoir le test de "non évidence" qu'une invention doit satisfaire pour justifier l'octroi d'un brevet. Cette règle a une influence importante sur le degré de fragmentation des brevets, et in fine sur l'efficacité des investissements en R&D. Un modèle théorique est présenté pour démontrer qu'une application sévère du test permet de limiter des effets négatifs d'une fragmentation excessive de la propriété industrielle. Le modèle décrit les stratégies d'investissement de deux entreprises cherchant à développer un produit commercialisable composé de deux innovations complémentaires. Dans ce cadre le test de "non évidence" est considéré comme sévère si seul le produit final est brevetable, tandis que chaque élément complémentaire serait brevetable séparément en cas d'application moins sévère du test. L'application d'un test sévère permet de limiter les coûts induits par la fragmentation des brevets, mais elle réduit par ailleurs le bénéfice lié à la publication du brevet, qui consiste à éviter la duplication des coûts de R&D en révélant au concurrent qu'un élément a déjà été développé et protégé. Bien qu'une exigence sévère de non évidence puisse occasionner des coûts de duplication, car les petites innovations ne sont ni brevetées, ni rendues publiques, le modèle montre que le fait de déterminer un seuil minimum de non évidence est un moyen efficace de limiter les coûts associés à la fragmentation des droits. Partie 2. Brevets et persistance des entreprises dominantes La seconde partie s'inscrit dans le débat classique en économie sur le lien entre innovation et structure de marché - la question étant de savoir si l'innovation facilite la persistance des entreprises en place ou si elle favorise au contraire l'émergence de nouveaux concurrents. Dans le cadre de la thèse, la question posée consiste à savoir si l'instrumentalisation des brevets profite plutôt aux entreprises dominantes déjà en place ou bien à l'entrée de nouveaux concurrents sur le marché. Cette question est traitée à travers deux chapitres: le chapitre 3 est une revue de la littérature, le chapitre 4 présente un modèle théorique. La revue de la littérature est menée dans un cadre théorique unifié, dérivé du modèle fondateur développé par Arrow (1962) pour étudier comment l'innovation affecte la structure du marché. Les brevets et les stratégies fondées sur les brevets sont introduits dans ce cadre afin d'observer comment ils influencent la capacité des entreprises dominantes à renforcer et préserver leur position face à de nouveaux entrants. Cette approche révèle que l'introduction des brevets et des stratégies d'obtention de licences dans la théorie traditionnelle de l'innovation tend à inverser le résultat standard selon lequel l'innovation favorise l'émergence de nouveaux compétiteurs plutôt que la pérennité des entreprises dominantes. Le résultat standard repose sur le fait qu'un nouvel entrant a plus à gagner en innovant, car il pourra ainsi récupérer une partie du chiffre d'affaire de l'entreprise en place qui, elle, ne profite de l'innovation qu'à la marge. Dans ce contexte, les brevets permettent néanmoins à l'entreprise à place de préserver sa position en rachetant à l'entrant potentiel son innovation (brevetée) à un prix supérieur à ce que l'innovateur aurait pu en tirer en l'exploitant lui-même. En effet une telle opération permet d'éviter la dissipation des profits à l'échelle du secteur suite à l'entrée d'un nouveau concurrent. De plus un leader technologique peut préserver son avance en accordant des licences à ses concurrents, qui auront dès lors moins d'incitation à investir en R&D pour rattraper ou dépasser le leader. La revue de la littérature montre enfin que ces résultats sont renforcés lorsque la propriété intellectuelle des innovations est fragmentée. Le modèle présenté dans le chapitre 4 approfondit la question de la persistance des entreprises dominantes grâce aux brevets lorsque la protection des innovations est fragmentée. Il montre que lorsque l'innovation est cumulative, une entreprise dominante est en mesure de préempter un brevet susceptible de permettre le développement d'une innovation drastique (qui rend économiquement obsolètes toutes les autres technologies du marché) également brevetable. Si un brevet "amont" donnant un droit sur l'innovation "aval" est mis aux enchères (par exemple par un laboratoire de recherche), l'entreprise dominante en place proposera un montant supérieur à ce qu'un nouvel entrant serait prêt à payer. En effet le modèle montre que le montant que les firmes peuvent proposer pour le brevet "amont" dépend de leur pouvoir respectif de négociation, dans le cas ou le brevet "amont" appartiendrait à une entreprise et le brevet "aval" à une autre. Comme la firme en place réalise un profit même si l'innovation n'est pas commercialisée, elle a un pouvoir de négociation plus grand et peut ainsi préempter des brevets de base qui pourraient déboucher ultérieurement sur des innovations capitales. Le modèle montre par ailleurs que dans certains l'entreprise dominante n'aura pas intérêt à exploiter les brevets ainsi acquis. Partie 3. Les brevets bloquants et les investissements en R&D La troisième partie est constituée d'un unique chapitre. Un modèle théorique y est développé pour étudier les incitations qu'ont des firmes concurrentes à utiliser leurs brevets respectifs pour se bloquer mutuellement. Le modèle permet également d'examiner l'opportunité pour les entreprises de signer des accords de licences croisés avant d'investir, et d'évaluer l'impact de tels accords sur l'efficacité de la R&D. Le modèle décrit deux entreprises symétriques qui investissent en R&D pour développer de nouveaux produits. Les entreprises opèrent indépendamment l'une de l'autre, de sorte que leurs produits, bien que parfaitement substituables, sont différents et protégés par des brevets différents. Le modèle tient cependant compte du fait que les revendications des brevets peuvent déborder les limites des innovations concernées, de sorte que les entreprises peuvent s'en servir opportunément pour bloquer le produit développé par leur concurrent. Ce modèle met en lumière le comportement de "passager clandestin" des détenteurs de brevets, qui tendent à réduire leurs propres investissements en R&D en espérant pouvoir s'approprier les profits de leur concurrent. Dans un tel contexte où le pouvoir bloquant des brevets induit une diminution des investissements, les accords de licence signés avant de développer de nouveaux produits peuvent favoriser la concurrence. Lorsque les brevets ont un faible pouvoir de blocage, le modèle permet de conclure que ces accords de licences freinent néanmoins la concurrence car elles permettent aux entreprises de s'entendre sur le niveau de leurs investissements de manière à réduire le risque d'une confrontation sur le marché du produit. Le modèle montre également qu'il peut être dommageable pour le progrès social que les tribunaux diminuent l'étendue des droits conférés des brevets. En effet cela incite les entreprises à établir des accords ex ante, qu'ils soient favorables ou non à la concurrence. Le modèle permet enfin de saisir comment les entreprises sont incitées à accroître leur pouvoir de blocage en ajoutant de nouveaux brevets à leur portefeuille. Il prédit notamment que les entreprises vont utiliser cette stratégie dans des domaines où le développement de nouveaux produits est relativement aisé, afin de réduire l'intensité de la concurrence de la R&D. Dans ce cas, les stratégies d'équilibre des brevets nuisent au profit si le coût de dépôt de nouveaux brevets est peu élevé. Au contraire, les entreprises ne sont pas incitées à se lancer dans de telles stratégies si la R&D est déjà coûteuse et incertaine, Ce qui explique par exemple pourquoi les entreprises sont -relativement- moins portées à accumuler de vastes portefeuilles de brevets dans des industries pharmaceutiques ou chimiques.

In the 1980's a dramatic increase in graduate and school leaver unemployment in Morocco, raised the question of the relevance of education. Education was often blamed by policy-makers and employers for graduate unemployment and for the mismatch between supply and demand observed in the labour market. In this context, the state launched a reform of vocational training aimed at developing the vocational and practical training supposedly needed by the private sector and the economy. But the reform has failed to meet its objectives. Why ? This general problem is explored through three broad research questions: 1. To what extent does vocational training policy address 1-ne problem of youth unemployment in Morocco? 2. What are the socio-economic factors which affect and determine employment/unemployment of vocationally trained graduates in Morocco? 3. To what extent does evidence from the Moroccan labour market confirm or modify a segmented approach to vocational training and labour market recruitment? The field work for this research consisted mainly of an extensive documentary search on the educational and vocational training systems and the Moroccan labour market, and two case studies using primary data on training systems and recruitment in two contrasting segments of the labour market. These were agricultural schools and employment in large-scale private sector farming and a training centre for educational planners and school advisors and civil service employment. Chapter 1 presents the problem and a literature review of the relationship between education and work. Chapter 2 proposes a segmented framework to the Moroccan Labour market. At this stage of building knowledge on the Moroccan labour market, the segmented framework suggested in this thesis appeared relevant to the employment of vocationally trained graduates. Chapter 2 also presents the rationale and working propositions for the research. Chapters 3 and 4 describe the educational and vocational training systems, and the labour market and employment in Morocco respectively. Chapter 5 presents the method and techniques used in the field work. Chapters 6 and 7 present case studies of graduates from agricultural schools and the agricultural segment of employment: and educational planners and school advisors and their related employment. Chapter 8 supplements the two case studies with a survey of recruitment agencies and newspaper announcements. Chapter 9 synthesises the findings of the research, and draws some theoretical implications. Overall the thesis suggests that job prospects are limited and that an adequate understanding of relations between education, training and the labour market requires an appreciation of the context within which those relations occur. Three aspects of that context are highlighted: (i) general economic trends affecting job creation; (ii) attitude of employers; (iii) variations between segments of employment in (i) and (ii).

The CFHSS delegate's guide features local/UBC events and exhibits; panel discussions; association keynotes, joint sessions, and events; book fair and exhibitors' information; and, some of the many faces of Congress including those shown on page 46.

This thesis describes, analyses, and explains the problems of equality of access to, and provision of formal education, particularly higher education, in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region of China between 1949 and 1987. It contrasts the central governmenes constitutional assurances of equality in education for all ethnic groups, both the non-Han indigenous majority and the rapidly increasing immigrant Han-Chinese minority, with the reality of their implementation. This contrast and the inequalities in education resulting from it constitute the central theme of the thesis. The concepts of equality and inequality, ethnicity, assimilation and cultural diversity in education are first considered. The question as to where the root of the problem of access to higher education lies, whether in the outcome of higher education admission practices, or in the shortage of supply from lower down the system, is then examined closely. The question is addressed through the use of indicators of equal access to education; equal provision of educational facilities; equal prospects of survival; and success in progression from one level to another. These in turn are analyzed in terms of several dimensions including culture, religion, demography and geography. The investigative method followed is essentially a historical analysis of statistical data, supplemented by an analysis of policy documents, political statements, and literature, and informal interviews. The findings of the thesis are that, in spite of a nationally declared policy of equal access to education for all its ethnic groups, Xinjiang belies its official title of being Uighur and autonomous; and that attempts at assimilation to the Han through local language reforms, a nation-wide unified curriculum, political education, and the imposition of Standard Chinese have been to the detriment of the non-Han and have caused grave inequalities. The thesis concludes with suggestions on how these inequalities can be reduced and the interests and identities of the non-Han protected.

This thesis is concerned with post-primary education in West Ham 1918-39, with particular reference to secondary education. The realities of local educational experience are set against a background of educational acts an economies. The economic difficulties of the 1920s and the Depression of the 1930s were keenly felt in West Ham despite the efforts of the predominantly Labour council to mitigate poverty. A gap sometimes existed between the educational opportunities Labour councillors wished to provide and those they were able to provide. Generally a pragmatic approach was taken and certainly a secondary education was not seen as essential for all. Chapter One outlines West Ham's pre-1918 history and growth with reference to local politics and immigrant and religious groupings. West Ham's interwar history is told in greater detail. Chapter Two relates the difficulties encountered by the West Ham Education Committee in its decision to establish compulsory continuation schools, not least from the parents of West Ham. West Ham was one of the few areas in the country which succeeded in implementing compulsory continuation education albeit for a limited period. A section on technical education is also included in this chapter, although detailed treatment is hampered by a scarcity of records. Chapter Three examines West Ham's secondary school scholarships in the context of the national situation. West Ham's higher elementary/central school scholarships are subjected to the same scrutiny. Each of West Ham's secondary schools shared a broadly similar curriculum and ethos. Chapter Four highlights these similarities but also points out differences. Of the five interwar secondary schools, two catered for girls, one for boys and two were mixed. Two of the secondary schools were Catholic institutions, although both accepted non-Catholic pupils. Three of the schools were aided and two municipal. A section is included on West Ham's higher elementary/central schools but records are less full than those for the secondary schools. Chapter Five compares and contrasts West Ham's interwar secondary school system with that in East Ham, its sister borough. Chapter Six discusses both the economic and cultural factors underlying local attitudes to post-compulsory schooling. The main conclusions drawn relate to these attitudes which militated against any easy acceptance of such education as necessarily beneficial.

The 1829 Act of Emancipation was designed to return to Catholics the full rights of citizenship which had been denied them for over two hundred years. In practice, Protestant mistrust and Establishment fears of a revival of popery continued unabated. Yet thirty years earlier, in Regency Brighton, the Catholic community although small seemed to have enjoyed an unprecedented degree of tolerance and acceptance. This thesis questions this apparent anomaly and asks whether in the century that followed, Catholics managed to unite across class and nationality divides and establish their own identity, or if they too were subsumed into the culture of the time, subject to the strict social and hierarchical ethos of the Victorian age. It explores the inevitable tension between 'principle' and 'pragmatism' in a town so heavily dependent upon preserving an image of relaxed and welcoming populism. This is a study of the changing demography of Brighton as the Catholic population expanded and schools and churches were built to meet their needs, mirroring the situation in the country as a whole. It explains the responsibilities of Catholics to themselves and to the wider community. It offers an in-depth analysis of educational provision in terms of the structure, administration and curriculum in the schools, as provided both by the growing number of religious orders and lay teachers engaged in the care and education of both the wealthy and the poor. The evidence for this is based on evidence drawn from on a wide range of primary sources material relating to Catholic education in the nineteenth century. It shows, too, how this disparate Catholic body, both religious and secular, was subject to a number of significant ii national and international influences which had a profound effect in formulating a distinctive Catholic presence.