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Journal articles on the topic 'Entrepreneurship in Poland'
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1
Stasiak, Jacek. "ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION IN POLAND." Globalization, the State and the Individual 26, no. 2 (2020): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.8287.
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entrepreneurship is the development of skills such as taking initiatives, project planning, implementation, self-realisation, risk taking, team work, the ability to cope with countermeasures and constructive.
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CZEMIEL-GRZYBOWSKA, Wioletta, and Anna SKOWRONEK-MIELCZAREK. "ENTREPRENEURSHIP RESEARCH IN THE POLAND." Technological and Economic Development of Economy 23, no. 3 (2015): 504–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20294913.2015.1070770.
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Access to financing plays an eminent role for a small enterprise sector in any economy. Research usually finds a positive size efficiency relationship, but few studies focus on sectors dominated by small and medium-sized firms (SMEs). This paper fills this gap by analyzing this relationship in the Polish industry sector, which is both successful and increasingly dominated by SMEs. It is envisaged that this study will contribute to the existing literature on small enterprise financing, with an emphasis on financial constraints in the Polish small enterprise industry sector. The paper presents only part of research. Analysis of the data will present an insight into the actual barriers for small enterprises constraints associated with debt financing arrangements.
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Glinka, Beata, and Eszter Megyeri. "TRANSNATIONAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP: THE CASE OF POLAND." Journal of Positive Management 10, no. 4 (2019): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jpm.2019.017.
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Waligora, Anna, and Alona Revko. "SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AS A DETERMINANT FOR THE LOCAL COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT: EXPERIENCE OF POLISH AND UKRAINIAN REGIONS." SCIENTIFIC BULLETIN OF POLISSIA, no. 2(18) (2019): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.25140/2410-9576-2019-2(18)-132-138.
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Urgency of the research. Social entrepreneurship covers a wide range of tasks from area of social policy that should ensure the normal living conditions of the local community. From this point of view, the main task of social entrepreneurship is to improve the well-being of local community and meet its needs by the implementation of social infrastructure services. Target setting. In the paper the hypothesis is formulated that Ukraine has worse conditions for the formation and development of social entrepreneurship than Poland. The study is proved that development of social entrepreneurship in Poland in the light of EU regional policy consists in the support of social enterprises by the state in accordance with the National Program for Social Economy Development, the European Union. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Some aspects of social entrepreneurship and community development are covered by the studies of such scientists as J. Defourny, J. Hausner, Jan-U. Sandal, A. Nicholls, G. Keohane, J. Kerlin, O. Pankiv and others. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. It should be admitted that there is a problem of state support for social enterprises at the appropriate level in Ukraine. This only deepens the differences between the social enterprises in Ukraine and Poland. It is worth noting that as a consequence of this, social entrepreneurship of Ukraine is more business-oriented than in Poland. The research objective. The study on the social entrepreneurship and its impact on the local community development undertaken at national and regional levels, i.e. on statistical material concerning 22 regions of Ukraine and 16 voivodships of Poland. The study used a comparative method of developing social entrepreneurship in Poland and Ukraine. In addition, the study carried out in the paper was enriched with drawings made on the basis of graphic and cartographic data presentation methods. The statement of basic materials. As part of the research, the concept of social entrepreneurship (prosocial business) was defined, the features of the social entrepreneurship in Poland and Ukraine were analysed, and the ways of the social entrepreneurship development in Ukraine were presented. Conclusions. Based on the results obtained, recommendations were presented to strengthen and develop social entrepreneurship in Ukraine.
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Jabłońska, Małgorzata, Radosław Dziuba, and Ihor Hurak. "Factors of entrepreneurship development in Eastern Poland." Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 63, no. 10 (2018): 56–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0704.
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The aim of the article is to identify factors influencing the formation of new enterprises, with particular emphasis on the border regions of Eastern Poland, which are among the least developed ones in terms of entrepreneurship. The analysis of enterprises functioning in Eastern Poland in the years 2007—2017 was performed using log-linear (power) model, estimated on the basis of data from the Local Data Bank of Statistics Poland. The results of the conducted research showed that the development of entrepreneurship in border regions of Eastern Poland is conditioned by different factors than in voivodships with a higher level of entrepreneurship.
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Sikora, J., and A. Wartecka-Ważyńska. "Development of agritourism in Poland." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography 1, no. 43 (2013): 365–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2013.43.1632.
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Rural areas in Poland are developing according to the strategy of multifunctional development in rural areas. Socio-economic growth of rural areas in Poland matches the assumptions of the multifunctional strategy of rural development. One of the forms of non-agricultural entrepreneurship in rural areas is agritourism. The aim of the paper is to present the beginnings of agritourism in Poland and stages in its development in Poland. The current status of this type of entrepreneurship was also indicated, with consideration of its qualitative and quantitative aspects. The paper was written based on the analysis of the literature of the subject and statistical sources. It was found that agritourism brings measurable economic and social benefits to farmers, inhabitants of rural areas, and agritourists. The structural and functional potential of rural areas in Poland represents a significant source for the development of this form of entrepreneurship in the future. Keywords: agritourism, rural areas, agritourist farms, development, Poland.
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Siemieniuk, Łukasz. "Academic Business Incubators as an institutional form of academic entrepreneurship development in Poland." Oeconomia Copernicana 7, no. 1 (2016): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/oec.2016.010.
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The Academic Business Incubators are a significant investment in the development of academic entrepreneurship in Poland. They put the emphasis especially on local development. They are the driving force and a source of motivation to take up new challenges for young people. They allow ambitious people to combine their theoretical knowledge acquired during their studies with practical knowledge. Thanks to the Academic Entrepreneurship Incubators, young people become professionals in their actions. Their acquired skills, knowledge, physical, moral and mental characteristics are an excellent basis for the development of their business. The aim of the paper is to discuss the essence of academic entrepreneurship and present issues of the Academic Business Incubators functioning as an institutional form of academic entrepreneurship development in Poland. The research methodology is an analysis of the literature of the subject within the scope of academic entrepreneurship and analysis of documentation on the practical aspects of the Academic Business Incubators in Poland.
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Ubrežiová, I., K. Wach, and J. Horváthová. "Entrepreneurship in small and medium-sized enterprises: Comparative study between Slovakia and Poland for the years 2001–2007." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 54, No. 8 (2008): 358–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/299-agricecon.
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The main attention of the submitted paper is devoted to the comparison of development of entrepreneurship in Slovak and Polish small and medium-sized he enterprise sector. The conditions for blooming entrepreneurship are created in the national economy. Especially the role of SMEs in the transition economy, both in Slovakia and Poland, has the impact on SMEs. The entrepreneurship of small and medium-sized enterprises is extended in the whole Slovakia. From the viewpoint of the regional structure, most enterprises are located in the Bratislavský region (30.4%), Košický region (11.8%), Žilinský region (10.1%) and Trenčianský region (10.1%). On the other hand, the least of enterprises were registered in the Nitrianský region (8.9%), Trnavský region (9.2%) and Banskobystrický region (9.6%). Small and medium entrepreneurship is diversed throughout Poland. The average small and medium entreprenership ratio is 44.5, while the highest is in the Mazowieckie region – 55.2% and the lowest in the Podkarpackie region – 30 %. The supporting system for private entrepreneurship in both countries, Slovakia and Poland, is very similar and the entrepreneurs are satisfied with its offer and help.
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Pawlik, Andrzej, and Paweł Dziekański. "ENTREPRENEURSHIP AS THE BASIS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL COMMUNES IN EASTERN POLAND." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 7, no. 2 (2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2021-7-2-1-11.
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Reducing development disparities between municipalities requires the development of entrepreneurship, which is an organized process of actions. Entrepreneurship is an interdisciplinary concept that is important for social and economic development. The aim of the article is to assess the entrepreneurship in the aspect of rural communes’ development using a synthetic measure. The assessments were carried out in a system of 484 rural communes of voivodships of eastern Poland. Data from the Local Data Bank of the Central Statistical Office of 2009 and 2018 were used as source material. In 2018, the TOPSIS method for measuring entrepreneurship ranged from 0.07 to 0.63 and the development measure from 0.23 to 0.62. This confirmed the smaller diversity of rural communes in eastern Poland in the aspect of development, and greater in the aspect of entrepreneurship. The synthetic measure of entrepreneurship was correlated with the measure of development.
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Młokosiewicz, Marta, and Sandra Misiak-Kwit. "The Impact of Trust on Entrepreneurship in Poland." Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Innovation 13, no. 2017 (2017): 79–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.7341/20171345.
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Janson, Marius A., and Stanislaw Wrycza. "Information technology and entrepreneurship: three cases from Poland." International Journal of Information Management 19, no. 5 (1999): 351–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0268-4012(99)00032-8.
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Kierulff, Herbert E. "Entrepreneurship education in Poland: Findings from the field." Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing 15, no. 1 (2004): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hfm.20015.
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Zygmunt, Justyna. "The effect of changes in the economic structure on entrepreneurial activity in a transition economy: the case of Poland." Equilibrium 15, no. 1 (2020): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/eq.2020.003.
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Research background: While entrepreneurship in transition economies is the subject of a growing body of literature, the debate on factors influencing entrepreneurial activity in such economies is still incomplete. This paper extends this de-bate by focusing on the effect of changes in the economy structure on entrepreneurship in Poland. The findings might be supportive for policymakers in pursuing policy aimed at boosting entrepreneurship in a transition economy.
 Purpose of the article: The aim of the paper is to investigate the extent to which changes in the economic structure impact entrepreneurial activity in Poland. The paper contributes to the literature by providing empirical support to the pending research efforts to recognize entrepreneurship dimensions in a transition economy.
 Methods: The hypothesis was tested with fixed effects panel regression with robust standard errors. Data were sourced from the Statistics Poland for all Polish NUTS-2 regions for the period 2003–2017. Panel data are balanced and include 3 600 observations.
 Findings & Value added: This paper extends previous research on factors affect-ing entrepreneurial activity in a transition economy by focusing on the importance of changes in the economy structure for new firm creation. The findings provide evidence of the significant value of the service sector in boosting entrepreneurial activity in Poland. The findings might attract attention of policymakers. Fostering structural change towards smart specialization in services should be regarded when constituting programmes supporting entrepreneurship.
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Jedik, Andrej, Aldona Stalgienė, Marju Aamisepp, Valda Bratka, and Marcin Zekalo. "The comparison of entrepreneurship ability of dairy farms in Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Poland." Management Theory and Studies for Rural Business and Infrastructure Development 36, no. 3 (2014): 516–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/mts.2014.048.
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According to the agricultural Census data, dairy farms with less than 20 cows (small-scale dairy farms) have the biggest share of dairy farms structure in Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Poland. It leads to the importance of entrepreneurship ability evaluation in small-scale farms among these countries. However, there are no researches about comparison of entrepreneurship ability of small-scale farms among mentioned countries. The article investigates a comparison of the farmers’ entrepreneurship ability in small-scale dairy farms in mentioned countries by using distribution terms. The aim of the article is to perform calculations of small-scale dairy farms’ entrepreneurship ability for each country, give comparison analysis of the data among countries and estimate fitted distributions of entrepreneurship ability for further modelling purposes. The entrepreneurship ability and fitted distributions are evaluated by using optimization methods. The complex comparison method is also provided to show the general situation of the dairy farms in the selected countries. The results of the investigation show that Poland takes relatively the best position in the dairy farms’ economy. Latvia and Estonia take up relatively weaker positions. The calculation of the entrepreneurship indicators for each country shows that Estonian farmers have the highest entrepreneurship ability level. Two third of Estonian small-scale dairy farms’ correspond the entrepreneurship of 0.8 and a higher level. Latvian, Lithuanian and Polish dairy farms’ owners have similar average entrepreneurship ability (0.6–0.7) with different standard deviations. The best fitted distributions for all countries are normal and truncated normal distributions.
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Hoang Tien, Nguyen. "Conditions for the development of Vietnamese business and entrepreneurship in Poland." Science & Technology Development Journal - Economics - Law and Management 3, no. 1 (2019): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjelm.v3i1.538.
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This paper outlines the history of the development of Vietnamese business and Vietnamese businessmen and entrepreneurs community in Poland. This special period of history of development was to be divided into two main phases. In addition, this article has analyzed the factors affecting international entrepreneurship spirit and international entrepreneurship capacity of this Vietnamese business community here in Poland. These factors are well identified in the overview part of international startups and international entrepreneurship study. The study showed that these factors include: foreign market appeal, government policies, compatibility of business practices, and adaptability to foreign markets. In the research part of this article, these factors were taken to be reanalyzed for the Vietnamese business community in Poland and showed why Vietnamese people choose Poland to be a good place for family settlement and for doing long-term business. Moreover, the success factors and success barriers behind their business development compared to the community of Chinese businessmen and entrepreneurs who came to Poland just only several years later have also been clearly identified. The research results show that, to strengthen the position and to raise the business awareness of Vietnamese business community in Poland, to strengthen it into a more developed and unified community for the purpose of future sustainable development, Vietnamese embassy in Poland with all of its networks of partnership, Vietnam's foreign trade promotion and trade representative agencies, and the diverse Vietnamese associations in Poland, both for profit and non-profit, need to play an interactive role to support Vietnamese businessmen and entrepreneurs to understand indigenous business practices, to overcome language and culture barriers in a bid to better integrate with the Polish business and social environment.
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Fazlagić, Jan, Aleksandra Szulczewska-Remi, and Windham Loopesko. "City policies to promote entrepreneurship: A cross-country comparison of Poland and Germany." Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Innovation 17, no. 2 (2021): 159–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.7341/202117226.
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Purpose: The policy to promote entrepreneurship plays a central role in the strategic management of cities. Therefore, the research question asks how urban policies in Poland support knowledge spillovers and entrepreneurship in comparison to German cities’ policies. Also investigated is how do Polish and German cities support entrepreneurship in different forms (including social entrepreneurship, youth entrepreneurship, and creative industries). Methodology: To answer this question, we have adopted a multiple-case study methodology relying on multiple sources of evidence, primarily strategic documents of the biggest Polish cities in the context of cross-country comparison with selected large cities in Germany, and semi-structured interviews with decision-makers representing municipalities from the analyzed cities in Poland. Building on the concept of the knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship, we refer to the approach in which spillovers of knowledge are a strategic lever through which firms distribute innovation and have profound implications for the region’s entrepreneurial activities development. Findings/research and practical implications: The research enriches our understanding of urban policies in Poland that support knowledge spillovers and entrepreneurship, and discovers the possible relationship between factors determining entrepreneurship in Polish and German cities. In all Polish and German cities, entrepreneurship was an important component of economic development strategy. However, Polish cities depend on EU funding to a much greater extent than German cities in implementing their economic development strategies. Cluster strategies in the framework of key cities’ industries were embedded in most urban policies, but a majority of Polish respondents believed that their cities should place greater emphasis on this policy. The main challenge for policy-makers is that current entrepreneurial polices should be more effective and oriented towards reinforcing the social perception of entrepreneurship, especially among young inhabitants. Originality/value: The research allowed enough data to be gathered to answer the research questions. However, future research validating the results in quantitative study is suggested. Also, some limitations in the research process were highlighted, such as a lack of personal contact with the respondents or different levels of economic development among Polish and German cities. Our research demonstrates the opportunities for knowledge spillover and sharing of good practices between the two countries.
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Fazlagić, Jan, Aleksandra Szulczewska-Remi, and Windham Loopesko. "City policies to promote entrepreneurship: A cross-country comparison of Poland and Germany." Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Innovation 17, no. 2 (2021): 159–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.7341/20211726.
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Purpose: The policy to promote entrepreneurship plays a central role in the strategic management of cities. Therefore, the research question asks how urban policies in Poland support knowledge spillovers and entrepreneurship in comparison to German cities’ policies. Also investigated is how do Polish and German cities support entrepreneurship in different forms (including social entrepreneurship, youth entrepreneurship, and creative industries). Methodology: To answer this question, we have adopted a multiple-case study methodology relying on multiple sources of evidence, primarily strategic documents of the biggest Polish cities in the context of cross-country comparison with selected large cities in Germany, and semi-structured interviews with decision-makers representing municipalities from the analyzed cities in Poland. Building on the concept of the knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship, we refer to the approach in which spillovers of knowledge are a strategic lever through which firms distribute innovation and have profound implications for the region’s entrepreneurial activities development. Findings/research and practical implications: The research enriches our understanding of urban policies in Poland that support knowledge spillovers and entrepreneurship, and discovers the possible relationship between factors determining entrepreneurship in Polish and German cities. In all Polish and German cities, entrepreneurship was an important component of economic development strategy. However, Polish cities depend on EU funding to a much greater extent than German cities in implementing their economic development strategies. Cluster strategies in the framework of key cities’ industries were embedded in most urban policies, but a majority of Polish respondents believed that their cities should place greater emphasis on this policy. The main challenge for policy-makers is that current entrepreneurial polices should be more effective and oriented towards reinforcing the social perception of entrepreneurship, especially among young inhabitants. Originality/value: The research allowed enough data to be gathered to answer the research questions. However, future research validating the results in quantitative study is suggested. Also, some limitations in the research process were highlighted, such as a lack of personal contact with the respondents or different levels of economic development among Polish and German cities. Our research demonstrates the opportunities for knowledge spillover and sharing of good practices between the two countries.
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Sułkowski, Łukasz, Grzegorz Ignatowski, Bartłomiej Stopczyński, and Joanna Sułkowska. "International differences in patriotic entrepreneurship – the case of Poland and Ukraine." Economics & Sociology 15, no. 1 (2022): 297–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-789x.2022/15-1/19.
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Objective: The aim of the paper is to examine whether the impact of patriotic entrepreneurship may differ from the perspective of buyers depending on the country in question and how it affects entrepreneurial behaviour. Methods: The method are semi-structured interviews with entrepreneurs and management and economics students from two countries who were introduced to the main elements that make up the concept of patriotic entrepreneurship and an online survey conducted among students coming from the two countries using questionnaire data will be mentioned. Results: Both quantitative and qualitative research indicated that most respondents understand and are willing to be guided by principles that take it into account. At the same time, the differences in the behaviour of entrepreneurs and buyers in Poland and Ukraine show that the very concept of this entrepreneurship, not supported by a strong economy and an attractive offer of domestic enterprises, will remain only a theoretical concept, not implemented in practice. Conclusions: Patriotic entrepreneurship can be one of the important motivations for consumer, managerial and employee actions. The research should be continued in the future. Other countries should be selected to see if there is a correlation that the intensity of patriotic entrepreneurship increases as the economic level rises. It would also be useful to investigate whether the attachment to local brands increases as the competitiveness of their offer improves.
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Małecka, Joanna, and Teresa Łuczka. "Women’s Entrepreneurship: Selected Aspects." Proceedings 2, no. 24 (2018): 1491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2241491.
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In a situation where only one in three companies in the world is founded and run by women, there is a need to look for determinants, as well as for ways of solving specific problems. The aim of the article is to define the characteristics of female entrepreneurship and its role in creating and developing enterprises, in juxtaposition with male entrepreneurship. The article presents the results of the authors’ own research on selected problems of female entrepreneurship in Poland. They are based on surveys conducted among 200 people: female and male university students and identify the main problems of female entrepreneurship.
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Pawel, Zasadzki, Lukasz Markowski, and Damian Opalach. "The level of entrepreneurship and the business cycle: A case study of Poland at the national and regional level." Global Journal of Business, Economics and Management: Current Issues 11, no. 3 (2021): 274–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjbem.v11i3.5433.
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At present, more attention is paid to the relationship between entrepreneurship and the phase of the business cycle. As there is a certain gap in the knowledge of this problem in Poland, it seemed important to verify the above relationship. The main purpose of this research was to diagnose dependences between the level of entrepreneurship and the business cycle phases on both the national and regional levels (NUTS 2). A correlation analysis was carried out using the entrepreneurship rate and the cyclical component of the real gross domestic product growth rate. The study covered the years 2005–2018. The results of the analysis did not provide the ground for drawing unambiguous conclusions about the relationships between the analysed variables. However, there is a weak positive correlation on the national level and certain positive relationships also appear on the regional level. Keywords: Business cycle, entrepreneurship, push and pull, Poland, self-employment;
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Rogalska, Elżbieta. "Multiple-criteria analysis of regional entrepreneurship conditions in Poland." Equilibrium 13, no. 4 (2018): 707–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/eq.2018.034.
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Research background: Building effective conditions for doing business and sup-porting entrepreneurs is currently considered as a basic growth determinant. It is a policy objective not only at the national level, but also an important factor influencing the competitive potential of regions and local communities. It is especially important in the case of Central European countries and regions that face the problem of closing development gap. Therefore, comparative research with regard to entrepreneurship conditions, especially at spatially lower aggregation level, can provide important background for proposing policy guidelines. 
 Purpose of the article: The main objective of the article is to analyse changes in disparities in regard to entrepreneurship conditions in Poland at NUTS 3 level in the years 2010 and 2015.
 Methods: The entrepreneurship conditions are analysed based on 5 criteria. As a result, they are considered as a multiple-criteria phenomenon. Therefore, in the article the dynamic analysis was implemented, where taxonomic measure of development was assessed with TOPSIS method based on median vector Weber. The obtained taxonomic measure allowed to rank the NUTS 3 regions starting with the ones characterised with the best conditions for entrepreneurs to the ones with the worst conditions, to group then into relatively homogenous subsets, and finally to verify the changes in the disparities between the regions in the analysed period.
 Findings & Value added: The research confirms that in spite of visible improvements significant disparities at the regional level in regard to entrepreneurial conditions should be considered as an actual and important problem for regional policy in Poland. This factor can negatively affect the possibilities of reaching spatially sustainable growth objectives. From the long-term perspective, the disparities can still negatively affects social and political growth environment in Poland.
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Wasilczuk, Julita, and Krzysztof Zieba. "Female Entrepreneurship in Transitional Economies: The Case of Poland." Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship 21, no. 2 (2008): 153–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2008.10593419.
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Andrejuk, Katarzyna. "Vietnamese in Poland: How does ethnicity affect immigrant entrepreneurship?" Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 25, no. 4 (2016): 379–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0117196816673843.
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The article examines the business activities of Vietnamese immigrants in Poland. Against the backdrop of a highly differentiated Vietnamese population in Poland, this study found that the ethnicity of immigrants can serve as a resource (especially as a source of values, such as diligence and intra-group solidarity) and as a strategy for promoting success in business activities. However, negative stereotypes and state policies toward immigrant self-employment can limit the market access of certain groups. Findings from the study demonstrate that ethnic entrepreneurship in a post-communist country may be subject to the same processes as in other European states and the US.
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Andrzejczyk, Angelika. "The state of entrepreneurship in Poland: an empirical analysis." Marketing i Rynek 09, no. 2021 (2021): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33226/1231-7853.2021.8.3.
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Ruminski, Robert. "Recent Developments of Entrepreneurship in Poland: The Country Entrepreneurial Profile." Journal of Enterprising Culture 23, no. 02 (2015): 237–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495815500089.
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This paper is concerned with entrepreneurship and its development in Poland - one of the fastest growing EU economies and the key market player in Central and Eastern Europe. The issues of growth and development perspectives of enterprises as well as their role in growth creation are investigated. Special emphasis is put on measures of entrepreneurship, determinants of its development, the country’s competitive position and the conditions for the development of entrepreneurship. Moreover, the perception of business by society is discussed. The support of the Special Economic Zones, the cluster initiatives and the state policy are important for entrepreneurs and they contribute to further business development. Poland is seeing positive rates of development despite the recent economic downturn. Its high level of competitiveness, strong economic fundamentals and high flexibility will allow to benefit from the global recovery over the next few years. In order to evaluate the development potential of enterprises and the business environment, a SWOT analysis of the Polish SMEs was conducted.
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Meyer, Natanya, and Włodzimierz Sroka. "A theoretical analysis of social entrepreneurship: The case of Poland and South Africa." Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research (JEECAR) 8, no. 1 (2021): 133–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v8i1.596.
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As global trends are moving more towards social inclusion and green entrepreneurship many countries are changing the way they do business. This has sparked an interest in social entrepreneurship. Although much research has been conducted on this issue, fewer country comparisons are available and these could lead to an improved understanding of the topic. Therefore, the aim of this study was to provide a theoretical analysis of social entrepreneurship comparing Poland and South Africa specifically focusing on the history, challenges, policy, and government support initiatives. The study followed a qualitative approach using document analysis by way of an intensive literature study. Findings indicated that social entrepreneurship is a global phenomenon and although it is of imperative importance as a means to improved social conditions, several barriers and challenges are prevalent. As with traditional for-profit businesses, social enterprises’ main barrier is access to finance.
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Gaweł, Aleksandra. "Innovation and Entrepreneurship in a Space-time Framework Based on the Case of Poland." Przedsiębiorczość - Edukacja 15, no. 2 (2019): 24–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20833296.152.2.
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Although innovation and entrepreneurship have been subjects of researchers’ interests for years, nevertheless both the concepts and the relationships between them remain controversial. Since different indices are accepted for the measurement of these categories, the question is whether the relationship between them depends on the choice of measures. The aim of the paper is to indicate the innovation impact on the entrepreneurial process with regard to different measures of these concepts. The research was conducted with the use of regression analyses as a method and yearly data for Polish regions in the period 2003–2018. At the initial stage of the research as many measures of innovation and entrepreneurship as possible were introduced into the estimation of regression function parameters. Statistically insignificant variables were deleted at later stages of research. This research confirms that innovativeness and entrepreneurship are broad concepts and the relationship between them depends on the choice of measures. Saturation with enterprises and saturation with start-ups seem to be more sensitive to innovation than other measures of entrepreneurship. Innovation seen as input, measured by spending on research and development (R&D) has a bigger influence on entrepreneurship than the output innovation measured by revenues from innovative activities. Considering a relatively low level of explanatory power of innovations, it seems they are not the only factor influencing entrepreneurship.
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Lewandowska, Lucyna. "Franchising as a Way of Creating Entrepreneurship and Innovation." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 17, no. 3 (2014): 163–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cer-2014-0028.
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The article analyses franchising as a business model based on an economic relationship between the parties. The discussion of the early forms of franchising and of factors stimulating its development in Poland and the world is followed by the presentation of data showing franchise growth trends in Poland for, respectively, domestic and foreign brands. The article highlights the advantages of franchising, which allow it to resist economic crises, stimulate entrepreneurship and innovativeness, and minimise business risks. It also offers a number of comments, observations and conclusions on the synergies that both firms and the Polish economy as a whole can derive from franchising.
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Sieczko, Leszek, Anna Justyna Parzonko, and Anna Sieczko. "Trust in Collective Entrepreneurship in the Context of the Development of Rural Areas in Poland." Agriculture 11, no. 11 (2021): 1151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11111151.
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The aim of this research was to examine whether trust influences the functioning of various forms of collective entrepreneurship in rural areas. The study focused on organizations which are most common in rural Poland: agricultural producer organizations, rural women’s circles, and local action groups. Hence, the survey sample included people engaged in these types of collective entrepreneurship. Data collection was based on a standardized questionnaire distributed online utilizing the computer-assisted web interviewing method. The statistical analysis of the empirical material obtained from 132 respondents involved Pearson and Spearman correlation and principal component analysis. The conducted research shows (1) the superior role of personal trust over institutional trust in the emergence and functioning of the studied forms of collective entrepreneurship in rural areas, (2) the greater importance of social than economic factors determining the functioning of rural collective entrepreneurship, (3) the positive impact of generalized trust on trust placed in the forms of entrepreneurship covered by the analysis, (4) the increase in trust over time of cooperation, and (5) the impact of trust on the functioning of collective entrepreneurship, in both the economic and the social dimensions, with a slight advantage of the latter. By focusing on trust, this article contributes to the literature on the role of trust in developing collective entrepreneurship in rural areas. The authors point out that this article only opens the space for a discussion on trust in the concept of the economics of trust.
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Marks-Bielska, Renata, and Damian Opalach. "DIFFERENCES IN THE LEVEL OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP AMONG MUNICIPALITIES OF THE WARMIŃSKO-MAZURSKIE PROVINCE IN POLAND." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia 18, no. 1 (2019): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/aspe.2019.18.1.6.
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The objective of this study has been to diagnose differences in the level of entrepreneurship in municipalities of the Warmińsko-Mazurskie Province in 2010–2017. Among the 116 municipalities in this province, the highest average entrepreneurship rate was observed in the municipalities of Olsztyn, Stawiguda and Dywity; the lowest one was in Górowo Iławeckie, Kalinowo and Lelkowo. In the municipalities with the highest level of entrepreneurship, the diagnosed rates were as much as four-fold higher than the lowest ones. Compared with the average entrepreneurship rate among all Polish municipalities, as many as 93.10% of the municipalities in the Warmińsko-Mazurskie Province scored lower. The authors have also made an attempt to verify if there is any dependence between the level of investment expenses incurred by a municipality and its level of entrepreneurship. A moderate relationship has been identified, and it was stronger in the distinguished group of 15 municipalities with the lowest and 15 with the highest investment outlays.
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Girling, Richard Andrew. "Privileged core-state migrant entrepreneurs in Poland: an ethnic economy in reverse?" International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 28, no. 9 (2022): 31–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-07-2021-0561.
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PurposeThe study aims to explore migrant entrepreneurship in a hitherto overlooked demographic, namely, migrants who have moved away from core-states and towards an economically less developed area. In particular, the study aims to critically evaluate to what extent mainstream theories and findings regarding migrants' ethnic division of labour are applicable in such an “upside down” migratory context.Design/methodology/approachThe study qualitatively analyses 41 privileged core-state (UK, USA and Germany, among others) migrant entrepreneurs who have migrated to Wroclaw, Poland, and positions these findings against a second subject group of 24 migrant entrepreneurs from periphery-states (namely, Ukraine and Belarus).FindingsThe study finds that, while the situations of the periphery-state subject group largely lend support to the mainstream literature of migrant entrepreneurship, for those from the core-states subject group it is an altogether different story, whereby these migrants were found to be less likely to employ co-ethnic labour and, instead, were more likely to opt for native, Polish labour.Research limitations/implicationsThe study's findings begin to question the universality of migrant entrepreneurship theories which have been formulated within mainstream (semi-)periphery-to-core dominant-subordinate contexts. This, in turn, carries implications for policymakers outside of core-states who may need to carefully consider if such theories are applicable to their specific contexts.Originality/valueThis study not only helps to address a gap in the literature surrounding migrant entrepreneurship within Poland but also a gap within the wider literature in terms of migrant entrepreneurship outside of core-state contexts.
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Dvorský, Ján, Zora Petráková, Gentjan Çera, and Andrea Folvarčna. "Important factors for the entrepreneurship in Central Europe." Innovative Marketing 15, no. 2 (2019): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/im.15(2).2019.06.
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The aim of this article is to define and quantify the significant factors (social environment, access to the financial resources and macroeconomic environment), which determine the perception of the entrepreneurial propensity of students for starting a new business in the Czech Republic, the Slovak Republic and Poland in academic year 2016/2017. Empirical research was realized through questionnaire on the basis of 1,352 students (more than 1%level of significance) of the economic universities in the last year of their study in the Czech Republic, Slovak Republic and Poland. The statistical hypotheses were verified using multiple linear regression modelling. The results showed that the entrepreneurial propensity of students in all countries is mostly affected by the social environment. Czech students gave the social environment higher impact on the entrepreneurial propensity for starting a new business than Polish and Slovak students. The results indicate that access to the financial resources is also important for the entrepreneurial propensity of students in the Czech Republic. As for Polish and Slovak students, the access to the financial resources is not a significant factor to the entrepreneurial propensity in their countries. The results having been processed are the basic information for the academic community, public sector, ministry of education in the country, and other organizations whose effort is to help the students to start a new business in her/his country.
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Gruszewska, Ewa. "Entrepreneurship of Poles in the light of changes in value systems." Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym 20, no. 8 (2017): 101–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1899-2226.20.8.09.
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Poland’s transformation is occurring in individuals’ attitudes and behaviour. Several years ago, the entrepreneur was associated in Poland with corruption and borderline legal activities. Today, many entrepreneurs are looked upon as positive role models. Social acceptance of entrepreneurial attitudes in Poland is growing. Increased susceptibility to entrepreneurial behaviour in society will increase the rate at which new businesses are established, enhancing market dynamics and accelerating innovative changes. In Poland, however, entrepreneurs are not seen as a positive example, unlike in the United States. Willingness to take risks, selfexpression and independence are not met with social acceptance, especially if rewarded with high incomes. The research undertaken by the author is aimed at analysing the essence of entrepreneurial attitudes and changes in the social acceptance of entrepreneurial behaviour.
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Multan, Ewa, and Marzena Wójcik‐Augustyniak. "Research Methodology of Entrepreneurship and Innovativeness of Higher Education Institutions." Kwartalnik Ekonomistów i Menedżerów 42, no. 4 (2016): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0009.5493.
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The article presents the issues of entrepreneurship and innovativeness of universities in the context of the analysis of the European Union guidelines and determining the competitive position of the university with the use of the strategic group maps. The aim of the article is to present different variants of strategic group maps, called by the authors 1D, 2D and 3D maps, which enable the identification of the competitive situation in the sector of higher education in Poland. The study focused on two sets of criteria of differentiation of the universities’ strategies, which are entrepreneurship and innovativeness. The research problem was formulated in the form of the following questions: whether the described methods of 1D, 2D and 3D maps may be applied to the analysis of competition in the sector of higher education institutions in Poland, in relation to entrepreneurship and innovativeness.
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PalimĄka, Karolina. "Financial and Non-Financial Aspects of Entrepreneurship - the Polish Perspective." Financial Internet Quarterly 17, no. 4 (2021): 105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fiqf-2021-0030.
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Abstract The phenomenon of entrepreneurship has various perspectives – economic, financial, social, and psychological. The aim of this paper is to present entrepreneurship from a perspective merging both financial and non-financial aspects of this phenomenon. The article presents two (complementary) aspects related to the phenomenon of entrepreneurship. One of the aspects described by author is the availability of financing for businesses in Poland (showing the issue in response to the most important obstacle to running a business), the other is shaping entrepreneurial attitudes. The section on sources of financing give an answer to the question of whether (and if so - to what extent) the problem of access to financing is a real barrier to starting a business in Poland. Presenting the perspective of students gives a new view on the subject and enables us to recognize factors that determine the decision to start a business among young people, knowledge of which may contribute to a change in attitudes towards setting up a business in Poland. Among the conclusions, the author mentions, inter alia, the need to strengthen entrepreneurial attitudes among students, especially due to the growing number of companies operating in Poland for reasons of positive motivation (such as improvement of the standard of living or independence). Moreover, the conducted analyses lead to the conclusion that new companies are financed primarily from their own resources, which discourages many from starting their own business.
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Давронов, Бобиржон, Bobirzhon Davronov, Ольга Чикова, and Olga Chikova. "Social Entrepreneurship Development: International Practices and Russian Pattern." Servis Plus 8, no. 1 (2014): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2793.
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The article considers the high variability of the international social-entrepreneurship conceptual framework and reviews the experience of social entrepreneurship development as conditioned by the modern economic environment (case study 1: America; case study 2: Poland). The article sets Great Britain as an example of a state which demonstrates exemplary practice in social entrepreneurship and legal support for social entrepreneurship as a tertiary sector of economy. The authors provide supporting data, such as the most remarkable examples of social entrepreneurship practices in the focus-countries. The authors also identify Russian social entrepreneurship development trends, which they see as having shown an increasingly upward direction locally over the past few years.
 
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Wach, Krzysztof, and Agnieszka Głodowska. "How do demographics and basic traits of an entrepreneur impact the internationalization of firms?" Oeconomia Copernicana 12, no. 2 (2021): 399–424. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/oc.2021.014.
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Research background: The theoretical basis of the study derives from the assumptions of international entrepreneurship combining theories of entrepreneurship and theories of international business. The identification of entrepreneurship determinants and attributes was based on the economic, socio ? cultural, as well as psychological approach to entrepreneurship.
 Purpose of the article: The aim of the article is to verify how demographic and basic traits of an entrepreneur affect the pace of the internationalization of firms from Poland.
 Methods: The study was based on CATI method. The article uses data collected on the basis of a study conducted on a sample of 355 companies from Poland. The research methods applied are a critical analysis of prior research, which allowed to identify the research gap and develop research hypotheses. In the empirical part, statistical methods were applied, including descriptive statistics and multidimensional regression.
 Findings & value added: The logistic regression estimation allows to confirm three hypotheses. With the age of the entrepreneur, the pace of internationalization of the firm increases. The pace of internationalization of the firm increases with the level of education of the entrepreneur. The fact that an entrepreneur belongs to a national minority increases the pace of the internationalization of the firm. Results of two-sample t-test confirm that firms whose entrepreneurs have higher entrepreneurial competences internationalize faster and earlier. The added value of the article is the combination of socio-demographic and psycho-cognitive characteristics of the entrepreneur with internationalisation. Applying this approach to a sample of firms from Poland (CEE market) contributes to research on international entrepreneurship in a thematic and geographical sense. The results of the study are of an applied nature. They can be addressed to many recipients: entrepreneurs, policymakers, educators, entities responsible for shaping and promoting entrepreneurship on both the micro and macro levels.
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Mularczyk, Mirosław. "Changes in the Administrative Hierarchy of Cities and Entrepreneurship in Suburban Areas (The Cases of Kielce and Radom)." Miscellanea Geographica 14, no. 1 (2010): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2010-0024.
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Abstract The systemic transformation of Poland after 1989 led to an acceleration of restructuring processes both in the national economy and in individual regions. The dynamics of changes was exceptionally high in rural areas. The most rapid changes occurred in areas which are situated within the range of the direct influence of bigger cities. This paper strives to compare the changes in entrepreneurship which took place in the suburban areas of Kielce and Radom during the transformation period, before and after the introduction of the administrative reform in Poland. We sought answers to the following questions: – What differences occur in the dynamics of changes of the entrepreneurship indicator in sub-urban areas in case of two cities of a similar size, of which only Kielce has remained the regional (voivodship) capital? – What differences occur in the dynamics of changes of the entrepreneurship indicator in relation to the distance from the central city? In order to answer the above questions, the entrepreneurship indicators for agriculture, industry and service sectors were calculated for the analysed areas between 1995 and 2005.
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Wosiek, Małgorzata. "Unemployment as a determinant of local service-oriented entrepreneurship: a case study of Poland." Ekonomia i Prawo 20, no. 3 (2021): 693–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/eip.2021.041.
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Motivation: Unemployment is an important entrepreneurship determinant which is captured by the unemployment push/pull hypotheses. Those issues remain underexplored, with only few studies investigating the relationship between unemployment and the sector structure of entrepreneurship, while considering the specificity of the local economy.
 Aim: The main goal of the study is to assess the impact of local unemployment rate on the number of newly registered service businesses in Poland, taking into account both the heterogeneity of that sector and the specificities of local economies in 2003–2018.
 Results: The research results show that in Poland growing unemployment contributed to the increasing registration of new service businesses, which empirically supports the unemployment-push hypothesis. Both the occurrence and the intensity of the unemployment-push effect were conditioned by territorial factors, with the higher elasticity of entrepreneurship in relation to unemployment changes in lagged local units.
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Ziemianski, Pawel, and Jakub Golik. "Including the Dark Side of Entrepreneurship in the Entrepreneurship Education." Education Sciences 10, no. 8 (2020): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci10080211.
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Pursuing an entrepreneurial career is often rewarding in terms of both economic and psychological outcomes. However, becoming an entrepreneur also has its darker side that affects professional and personal life. Meanwhile, the positivity bias is prevalent in entrepreneurial education and research. It is recognized as emphasizing the advantages of becoming an entrepreneur and giving considerably less attention to potential downsides. Based on the theoretical model of met expectations, it is proposed that building an accurate and balanced image of the entrepreneurial career is crucial to help students prepare to pursue it successfully. Using data from SEAS (Survey on Entrepreneurial Attitudes of Students) Project, authors quantitatively test the perception of the severity of negative aspects of entrepreneurship among 513 business students from northern Poland. Further, the results of 16 semi-structured qualitative interviews conducted with mature and experienced entrepreneurs from the same region are presented. They are focused on the entrepreneurs’ perspective on the experienced dark sides and reveal employed coping strategies. A call is made to include these findings in designing university entrepreneurship programs by eliciting the awareness of the existence of the dark sides and indicating the means of their attenuation.
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Ławicka, Magdalena. "Academic entrepreneurship – the role of academic business incubators in Poland." European Journal of Service Management 27 (2018): 253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/ejsm.2018.27/2-31.
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Kogut-Jaworska, Magdalena. "Supporting entrepreneurship based on the state aid system in Poland." Ekonomiczne Problemy Usług 125 (2016): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/epu.2016.125-17.
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Kobus-Ostrowska, Dorota. "Entrepreneurship in Poland in Times of Crisis and Economic Slowdown." Optimum. Studia Ekonomiczne, no. 5(65) (2013): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/ose.2013.05.65.06.
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Curtis, Timothy, Jan Herbst, and Marta Gumkovska. "The social economy of trust: social entrepreneurship experiences in Poland." Social Enterprise Journal 6, no. 3 (2010): 194–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17508611011088805.
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Prusak, Anna, Tadeusz Sikora, and Magdalena Niewczas - Dobrowolska. "ACADEMIC ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND THE EU FUNDS IN POLAND 2014-2020." Proceedings on Engineering Sciences 1, no. 2 (2019): 901–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24874/pes01.02.095.
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Staniszewski, Robert. "Przedsiębiorczy „cwaniacy”? – przedsiębiorczość w Polsce i społeczna percepcja przedsiębiorców w trakcie pandemii COVID-19 oraz okresie bezpośrednio ją poprzedzającym." Studia Politologiczne, no. 62/2021 (December 18, 2021): 143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33896/spolit.2021.62.10.
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In this article, the author conducted an analysis of entrepreneurship in Poland and the social perception of entrepreneurs during the COVID-19 pandemic and the period immediately preceding it. In the analytical part, indicators on the most important rankings related to entrepreneurship were used, which take into account the position of Poland compared to other countries. The article also uses selected reports and studies on economic, financial and social issues, including the results of public opinion polls. The inspiration for writing the article was the statement of Jarosław Kaczyński, who being asked about the Polish Order and tax changes, stated that “Those who live … out of cunning, they can actually lose out on it…”.
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Szubert, Magdalena. "Kształtowanie postaw przedsiębiorczych i promocja jakości pracy szkoły na przykładzie programu Certyfikat Jakości „Szkoła Przedsiębiorczości”." Przedsiębiorczość - Edukacja 4 (January 1, 2008): 370–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20833296.4.38.
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Te following paper presents one of the initiatives of the Junior Achievement Foundation in Poland the School of Entrepreneurship program.The Foundation works within the framework of the Junior Achievement Worldwide theoldest and fastest developing organization in the world, engaged in youth economic educationin over a hundred countries.This project is as an example of shaping entrepreneurship attitudes and promotion of the bestschools. It proposes a new complex view of realistic activities at school and encourages to newactions in the field of entrepreneurship education. The core of the project is receiving a qualitymark Entrepreneurship School Certificate. The project is addressed to the lower and uppersecondary schools.
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Nowakowska, Aleksandra Ewa. "The engagement of universities in entrepreneurship and innovation infrastructure in Poland." Optimum Economic Studies, no. 2(104) (2021): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/oes.2021.02.104.03.
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Purpose – The paper is intended to identify the role and activity of universities in building up business environment infrastructure in Poland. It analyses centres that support innovation processes and entrepreneurship co-established by higher education institutions, such as technology and academic incubators, technology transfer centres, and science and technology parks. Research method – The research methods include: a critical analysis of subject-matter literature, the analysis of the existing data (reports and expert opinions), and three casual interviews with leaders of innovation and entrepreneurship centres in Poland. Results – After a period of dynamic development (which ended in 2012), the number of business support institutions is declining. The trend is observed, in particular, amongst technology parks and incubators. On the other hand, the engagement of universities in the development of technology transfer centres is growing while the population of university start-up incubators remains stable. The number and power of entrepreneurship and innovation support centres are strongly correlated with the economic strength of regions and their position as academic centres. University and business collaboration has been expanding together with the density of regional relationships. Originality / value – The article assesses the state and quality of operation of the academic business environment and its transformation in the last decade.
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JAŚKOWIAK, Jan. "Involvement of public authority in the development of entrepreneurship and nurturing a business-friendly environment." Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series 2021, no. 154 (2021): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.29119/1641-3466.2021.154.5.
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Purpose: The development of entrepreneurship is associated with both the activity of entrepreneurs and with the involvement of public authorities. Through its decisions the public administration can influence the building of a business-friendly environment. The aim of this research paper is to present the competences of public authorities in the field of entrepreneurship development and the business environment, as well as to indicate the most important factors related to running a business from the perspective of entrepreneurs. Design/methodology/approach: The main method used in the writing of this article is the analysis of source materials. It covers the achievements of public authorities in the field of entrepreneurship development in Poland since 1989. The criteria related to the appropriate conditions for running a business are also considered. Findings: The research examines reports and rankings run by editorial staff of prestigious business magazines and international organizations in terms of criteria as well as actions of countries for the development of entrepreneurship. The tools and methods of public administration that influence the economy through the development of entrepreneurship were also analysed. Originality/value: The article demonstrates the instruments of public authority in Poland, both at the national and regional level, in terms of their potential to nurture a business-friendly environment. The paper can be valuable both for managers and investors, as well as for managers at various levels of public administration.
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Kozak, Sylwester, and Etleva Muça. "CHANGES IN THE LEVEL OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF ALBANIA AND VOIVODSHIPS IN POLAND IN 2010-2017." Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczo-Humanistycznego w Siedlcach. Seria: Administracja i Zarządzanie 50, no. 50 (2020): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.34739/zn.2019.50.05.
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The article presents the results of research on changes in the level of regional development in Albania and in all voivodships (regions) in Poland in 2010-2017. Annual data comes from national statistical offices. The level of regional development was determined by the multi-criteria decision analysis method - SAW (the Simple Additive Weighting) and includes two social and six economic criteria. The obtained results indicate that in the whole analyzed period the level of regional development in Albania was lower than in all regions in Poland. However, it achieved the highest increase in the studied group, among others thanks to improving the demographic situation, increasing entrepreneurship and improving the quality of the market. The Mazowieckie, Pomorskie and Wielkopolskie voivodships were characterized by the highest level of development throughout the entire period as a consequence of a good demographic situation, increased entrepreneurship and high GDP dynamics. Negative population growth and an increase in unemployment meant that the Lubelskie and Warmińsko-Mazurskie voivodships are characterized by the lowest level of regional development in Poland. Faster improvement of the situation in more developed regions contributed to the increase of disparity in the socio-economic development of regions in Poland.