Academic literature on the topic 'Entry into parenthood'

This study investigated the impact of gender, the gender-related self-concept (agency and communion), and the timing of parenthood on objective career success of 1,015 highly educated professionals. Hypotheses derived from a dual-impact model of gender and career-related processes were tested in a 5-wave longitudinal study over a time span of 10 years starting with participants’ career entry. In line with our hypotheses we found that the communal component of the gender self-concept had an impact on parenthood, and the agentic component influenced work hours and objective career success (salary, status) of both women and men. Parenthood had a negative direct influence on women’s work hours and a negative indirect influence on women’s objective career success. Women who had their first child around career entry were relatively least successful over the observation period. Men’s career success was independent of parenthood. Sixty-five percent of variance in women’s career success and 33% of variance in men’s career success was explained by the factors analyzed here. Mothers with partners working full time reduced their work hours more than mothers with partners not working full time. A test for a possible reverse influence of career success on the decision to become a parent revealed no effect for men and equivocal effects for women. We conclude that the transition to parenthood still is a crucial factor for women’s career development both from an external gender perspective (expectations, gender roles) and from an internal perspective (gender-related self-concept).

Abstract The growing economic similarity of spouses has contributed to rising income inequality across households. Explanations have typically centered on assortative mating, but recent work has argued that changes in women's employment and spouses' division of paid work have played a more important role. We expand this work to consider the critical turning point of parenthood in shaping couples' division of employment and earnings. Drawing on three U.S. nationally representative surveys, we examine the role of parenthood in spouses' earnings correlations between 1968 and 2015. We examine the extent to which changes in spouses' earnings correlations are due to (1) changes upon entry into marriage (assortative mating), (2) changes between marriage and parenthood, (3) changes following parenthood, and (4) changes in women's employment. Our findings show that increases in the correlation between spouses' earnings prior to 1990 came largely from changes between marriage and first birth, but increases after 1990 came almost entirely from changes following parenthood. In both instances, changes in women's employment are key to increasing earnings correlations. Changes in assortative mating played little role in either period. An assessment of the aggregate-level implications points to the growing significance of earnings similarity after parenthood for rising income inequality across families.

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to analyse the impact of certain factors (such as working mothers’ attitudes towards career role salience, notion of career success, work-life balance and the impact of organisational support systems available for childcare) on career persistence, despite parenthood, and career re-entry after parenthood. It is conducted in relation to new age, young working mothers of the booming IT sector in India. Design/methodology/approachA survey questionnaire was administered to 138 working mothers in the IT sector to analyse the impact of working mothers’ career role salience, notion of career success, work-life balance and the impact of organisational support systems available for childcare on career persistence, despite parenthood. FindingsThe findings state that re-entry is also a growing phenomenon, in as much as career breaks are an accepted reality. Career role salience and notions of career success are important predictors of career re-entry of young mothers. Most importantly, this study highlights the significant role of the trusted, extended family support system, that is characteristically unique to Indian social fabric, in enabling women’s career persistence and career re-entry after motherhood. Research limitations/implicationsLike most survey research, this study’s validity is also limited to the findings on the self-reported responses. Nevertheless, the study points to new areas to be researched, such as the possibility of the same findings with older mothers who have spent considerable years in their careers, or whether the same sample would answer differently after a few years. Practical implicationsThe paper includes implications for society and organisations, concerning opting out, and for undertaking genuine initiatives to enable and support women to re-enter their careers after breaks, so that the decision to persist, exit or re-enter their careers remains the privileged choice of women employees. Originality/valueThe paper fulfils an identified need to study how parenthood affects women’s careers in the IT sector and need for organisations in India to understand the practicality of women employees’ needs to integrate work and life.

This article investigates the transition tempo and life course orientation of Taiwanese young adults in their early 20s. The results indicate that Taiwanese young adults experience a prolonged transition tempo and delay their entry into adult roles. The rate of transitioning to family roles is low for young adults at this stage. There are significant gender differences in life course orientation toward marriage, parenthood, and employment, with young women having a clearer picture in mind than do young men. Age 30 appears to have become the new threshold when young adults schedule their marriage plans, with parenthood significantly later in life. Multivariate analyses suggest that young adults who hold more traditional attitudes about gender roles are more likely to start parenthood before age 30. However, when the tempo of education completion and initiation of employment is controlled for, the effect of gender role attitudes becomes nonsignificant.

SummaryIn countries where age at parenthood has shifted to older ages, a necessary precondition for fertility recuperation is that women having their first child later in life (after age 30) will also eventually achieve a higher completed fertility, compared with the previous cohorts. This study analysed the changes in age-at-first-child-conditional fertility rates in Western Europe through three birth cohorts (1936–1940, 1946–1950 and 1956–1960). It was found that generations where recuperation is first evident (1956–1960 cohort) are characterized by comparatively higher fertility of late age-at-first-child women. This characteristic is not found in Eastern Europe, where ages at first birth and cohort fertility remained fairly constant across the cohorts analysed.

In a contemporary Europe symptomized by concurrent trends of economic and demographic transformation it is increasingly important to trace how individuals are navigate their everyday contexts when making major life course decisions.  Placed within an emerging tradition of sub-national demographic research, this study focuses on how municipal economic conditions affect entry into parenthood throughout Sweden.   Employing event-history analysis using individual and multi-level regression models on Swedish register data for the period 2000 to 2007 the study seek answers to whether growing regional economic disparities are conducive to a fault line between contexts in terms of how individuals enter parenthood.    Further it problematizes the measures traditionally used to model contextual economic conditions by introducing a measure of vulnerability as a covariate alongside traditional unemployment rates. The findings reveal that poor economic conditions, in combination with individual characteristics, distinctly affect entry into parenthood and are mostly composed of a timing-effect.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Psicologia Clínica, apresentada ao ISPA - Instituto Universitário
O presente estudo centra-se na atual importância que a figura paterna tem nos cuidados e na educação dos filhos. Assim, este estudo teve como principal objetivo explorar a relação entre envolvimento paterno e os estilos parentais com crianças em idade pré escolar. Procurou-se também comparar o envolvimento paterno entre os estilos parentais: “autoritativo”, “autoritário” e “permissivo”. Pretendeu-se ainda compreender a existência de diferenças entre sexo, relativamente ao envolvimento paterno e aos estilos parentais separadamente. Fizeram parte do estudo 656 famílias biparentais, casadas ou em união de facto (328 mães e 328 pais). As crianças tinham idades compreendidas entre 31 e 78 meses (M=56.21, DP=10.32). Os instrumentos utilizados foram Escala de Envolvimento Parental: Participação em Atividades de Cuidados e de Socialização (Monteiro, Veríssimo, Pessoa & Costa, 2008) e o Escala de Estilos e Dimensões Parentais (Ferreira, Veríssimo, Santos et. al., 2008). Os resultados obtidos revelaram a inexistente relação significativa do envolvimento paterno face ao estilo “autoritário” e estilo “permissivo” paterno, mas a existência de uma relação significativa entre o envolvimento paterno e o estilo “autoritativo”. Verificou-se a inexistência de diferenças significativas entre sexo e entre o envolvimento paterno. No que toca aos estilos parentais, as diferenças em função do sexo são observadas apenas quando a prática é “autoritária”.
The present study focuses on the current importance that the paternal figure has in the education and care of their children. Thus, this study has as its main objective, the exploring of the relationship between paternal involvement and parenting styles with children at preschool age. The study also aims to compare paternal involvement among its parenting styles: “authoritative”, “authoritarian” and “permissive”. Another objective was to further understand the existence or not of gender differences in relation to both variables separately (Paternal Involvement and Parenting Styles). The study consists of 656 participants (328 mothers and 328 fathers). The children ages were between 31 and 78 months (M=56.21, DP=10.32). The paternal involvement was assessed with the Parental Involvement Scale: Participation in Activities of Care and Socialization (Monteiro, Veríssimo, Pessoa & Costa, 2008). As to the parenting styles, it was used Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (Ferreira, Veríssimo, Santos et. al., 2008). The results show the non-existent relationship of paternal involvement with the “authoritarian” style and “permissive” style, but an existence of a significant association between paternal involvement and “authoritative” style. The findings showed that there were no significant differences between gender and paternal involvement. Regarding the parenting styles, there were only significant differences between gender and the “authoritarian” style.

Thèse (M.Ps.) -- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, en association avec Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2003.
Bibliogr.: f. [92]-109. Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

Na presente investigação desenvolveu-se um estudo exploratório procurando analisar a relação entre a coparentalidade e o stress parental. A amostra é constituída por 284 figuras parentais (151 mães e 133 pais) de bebés com idades compreendidas entre os 2 meses e 3 anos. Foram utilizados três instrumentos de avaliação: um Questionário Sociodemográfico construído propositadamente para esta investigação; o Questionário da Coparentalidade (Pedro e Ribeiro, 2013); o Índice de Stress Parental (Versão-Reduzida) destinado a crianças mais novas (Abidin e Santos, 2014). Os resultados sugerem que existe uma relação bidirecional entre os constructos. As mães reportam maiores níveis de conflito parental e vulnerabilidade emocional (stress) perante os desafios da parentalidade, enquanto os pais, mostram maior cooperação e competência parental. A idade dos bebés evidencia uma associação positiva com o conflito interparental, refletindo-se numa disfuncionalidade afetiva com o bebé. Os níveis de escolaridade indicam uma consonância com as preocupações no desempenho parental; Abstract: In the present investigation has developed an exploratory study looking to analyze the relationship between the co-parenting and parental stress. The sample consists of 284 parents (151 mothers and 133 fathers) to infants aged between 2 months and 3 years old. Three assessment tools were used: a Demographic Questionnaire purpose build for this research; the Coparenting Questionnaire (Pedro and Ribeiro, 2013), the Parenting Stress Index (Short Form) intended for younger children (Abidin and Santos, 2014). The results suggest that there is a two-way relationship between the constructs. Mothers report higher levels of parental conflict and emotional vulnerability (stress) in view of the challenges of parenting, while parents, show greater cooperation and parental competence. The age of the babies shows a positive association with the interparental conflict, reflecting on an affective dysfunction with the baby. Education levels indicate a line with the parental performance concerns.

Lorsque des parents consomment des drogues, l’on est tenté de se demander quel sera l’impact de cette pratique sur leurs enfants. Le regard que porte notre travail se situe en contre-champ de cette approche. Nous examinons, chez des parents usagers de substances illicites, les bouleversements que la socialisation de leurs enfants provoque sur leur manière de consommer. C’est au prisme de cette problématique que nous abordons le cas spécifique des consommations partagées. En combinant observation participante, entretiens semi-directifs et analyse de documents, l’enquête se donne pour objectif d’observer les interactions entre des familles dont au moins un enfant mineur a consommé une substance illicite avec ses parents et les acteurs chargés de prescrire, diffuser et garantir les normes en matière de parentalité. L’investigation a été réalisée en deux pans correspondant à ces deux populations. Elle aboutit à considérer la parentalité comme une carrière dépendante de la socialisation de l’enfant et dont le cadre de contrainte entre en contradiction avec celui des consommations. En ce sens, l’enfant constitue le curseur d’une tension normative entre la carrière parentale et la carrière de consommation. L’inclure ou l’exclure des pratiques liées aux drogues participe, pour le parent, d’une stratégie d’aménagement de ses deux carrières
When parents use drugs, it is tempting to wonder what impact this practice will have on their children. Our work asks the opposite question. We look at how parents who use illicit substances are affected by their children's socialization and how this affects the way they use drugs. It is in the prism of this issue that we approach the specific case of shared consumption. By combining participant observation, semi-directive interviews and document analysis, the survey aims to observe the interactions between families in which at least one minor child has used an illicit substance with his or her parents and the actors responsible for prescribing, disseminating and guaranteeing standards of parenting. The investigation was carried out in two sections corresponding to these two populations. It concluded that parenthood is a career dependent on the socialization of the child. As a framework of constraint, it contradicts the framework of consumption. In this sense, the child constitutes the cursor of a normative tension between the parental career and the consumer career. Including or excluding the child from drug-related practices is, for the parent, part of a strategy to develop both careers

Tese de Doutoramento em Direito, no ramo de Direito Civil, apresentada à Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Coimbra
As últimas décadas têm sido profícuas em mudanças no seio das famílias e do ramo do Direito que a elas se dedica. Mais especificamente, são observadas com alguma frequência mudanças na conceituação e na metodologia para determinação jurídica da filiação no mundo ocidental. Através de diversas transformações sociológicas, das inovações biomédicas, da crescente abertura social, as noções clássicas de família e parentalidade foram consideravelmente modificadas. Em uma cadência progressiva e plural, o retrato único da família assentada em uma base de dominação se metamorfoseou. Na atualidade, há um genuíno painel diversificado de fotografias familiares, onde ao lado do matrimônio heterossexual com filhos biológicos, outras tipologias ganharam o selo de família legítima e digna. O arcabouço familiar rejeitou suas vestes de dominação, abraçando novas roupagens de solidariedade, afeto, responsabilidade e cuidado. Homens e mulheres convivem em uma simbiose igualitária; crianças e jovens passaram a ser percebidos e respeitados como sujeitos de direito. Nesse cenário, não há que se falar em decadência ou falência da família, mas um simples processo de mutação social. Essa transformação é perceptível tanto na sociedade portuguesa quanto na brasileira, com reflexos manifestos na legislação familiarista de ambos os países. As modificações mais manifestas se vinculam aos movimentos emancipatórios femininos e das crianças, e ao fato da constitucionalização do Direito Privado. A afinidade do Direito Civil e do Direito Constitucional reside no especificidade de que ambos os ramos do Direito relacionam-se com o quotidiano de cada um de nós, revelando um terreno fértil para um diálogo frutífero, que também deve existir entre os diversos saberes afins à ciência jurídica e entre as fontes do Direito. A noção de uma pluralidade de formas de família representa, nesse momento de travessia (e não de crise), a ruptura de um mito, representado pelo crença de que a única família existente seria aquela que se enquadrasse no modelo codificado, o mito do dogmatismo enclausurador, das regras que propositadamente são produzidas para editar e rechaçar os fatos. Nos tempos atuais de pluralidade e de famílias sem molduras únicas e perenes, surgiu a família mosaico, resultado de uma reconstrução da vida afetiva de pessoas que já tiveram relacionamentos anteriores. Uma das principais características – e pressuposto de existência – desse modelo de entidade familiar é a presença de prole anterior à união, de ambos ou de apenas um dos membros do casal, os chamados enteados. Um outro signo dessas famílias é que não há uma recriação do núcleo familiar do qual os seus membros fizeram parte um dia. Cheia de particularidades, etapas de ambientação e de desafios para todos os membros, normalmente essas famílias se originam de uma desconstituição, nasce de uma perda. Nessa lógica, usualmente, essa nova história familiar começa pelo término de uma história anterior. Como indicado pelos Censos de Portugal e do Brasil, a cada ano aumentam os números de famílias mosaico em ambos os países. Esse modelo, traz uma grande variedade de novidades. Destoa dos paradigmas socioculturais do matrimônio e da família tradicional, além de colocar em xeque tanto o ideal monogâmico intrínseco à tradição ocidental e o arquétipo de exclusividade dos vínculos parentais. As conclusões da presente tese de doutoramento foram alcançadas através de investigação do tipo bibliográfica e análise documental, que toquem o objeto da investigação. A tese foi dividida em três grandes partes, além da introdução e da conclusão, e buscou apresentar propostas de iure condendo que representam linhas gerais de um esboço de Estatuto Jurídico de Enteados, Madrastas e Padrastos.
The last decades have been fruitful in changes within the families and the branch of law that is dedicated to them. More specifically, changes in the conceptualization and in the methodology for legal determination of filiation in the Western world are often observed. Through various sociological transformations, biomedical innovations, and increasing social openness, the classic notions of family and parenthood have been considerably modified. In a progressive and plural cadence, the solo portrait of the family fixed on a base of domination has metamorphosed. Currently, there is a genuine diversified panel of family photographs in which – alongside heterosexual marriage with biological children – other typologies have earned the seal of a legitimate and dignified family. The family framework rejected its domination apparel, embracing new guises of solidarity, affection, responsibility and care. Men and women coexist in an egalitarian symbiosis; children and young people began to be perceived and respected as subjects of law. In this scenario, one should not talk in family decay or collapse, but in a simple process of social change. This transformation is perceptible both in Portuguese and Brazilian societies with evident reflexes in the family legislation of both countries. The most obvious modifications are related to the emancipatory movements of women and children, and to the fact of the constitutionalization of Private Law. The connection of Civil Law and Constitutional Law lies in the specificity that both branches of Law relate to the daily life of each one of us. That reveals a fertile ground for a fruitful dialogue, which must also exist between all kinds of knowledge related to the legal science and among the sources of law. The notion of family plurality represents at this moment of crossing (and not of crisis) the rupture of a myth. This myth is represented by the belief that only the codified model is an existing family. It is the myth of cloistered dogmatism, in which rules are purposely produced to edit and reject the facts. In the present times of plurality and of families without unique and perennial frames, the patchwork family emerged as result of the reconstruction of the affective life of people who have had previous relationships. One of the main characteristics - and presupposition of existence - of this model of family is the presence of prior children of one or both members of the couple, the so-called stepchildren. Another sign of these families is that there is no recreation of the family nucleus of which their members once belonged. Full of singularities, establishing steps and challenges for all members, these families usually originate from a deconstruction, being born of a loss. In this sense, this new family history usually begins from the end of an earlier story. As indicated by the Censuses of Portugal and Brazil, each year the numbers of patchwork families increase in both countries. This model brings a wide variety of news. It dissociates from the sociocultural paradigms of marriage and the traditional family; it challenges monogamous ideal intrinsic to the Western tradition; and it also defies the archetype of parental bonds´ exclusiveness. The conclusions of this doctoral thesis were reached through research of bibliographical type and documentary analysis of elements that are related even indirectly to the object of the investigation. The thesis was divided into three major parts, in addition to the introduction and conclusion, and sought to present proposals of iure condendo that represent the outlines of a Stepfamily Statute draft.

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica.
Objectivo: Comparar as Preocupações e Estratégias de Coping dos pais de crianças, entre 1 e 9 anos, procurando-se verificar se existem diferenças significativas nestas variáveis, em função da idade das crianças. Método: Estudo observacional descritivo, de comparação entre grupos. Participaram 34 pais de crianças com 1 e 2 anos, 61 pais de crianças entre os 3 e os 5 anos, e 42 pais de crianças entre os 6 e os 9 anos. Esta amostra foi recolhida na Associação de Promoção Social de Alhandra. Foram utilizados, o Questionário de Caracterização Sócio-demográfica, a Escala de Preocupações Parentais (Algarvio & Leal, 2002; 2005; 2008) e o Brief Cope (Ribeiro & Rodrigues, 2004). Resultados: Verificou-se que existiam diferenças significativas entre os grupos de pais. Os pais de crianças em idade pré-escolar mostram valores mais elevados na Sub-escala Preparação e os pais do grupo I mostram maior utilização de Suporte Instrumental. Discussão: As preocupações dos pais centram-se em questões da parentalidade e não propriamente em problemáticas expressas pelos seus filhos, o que pode comprometer a relação entre pais e filhos. Conclusão: A intervenção especializada deve compreender as questões da parentalidade, bem como as Estratégias de Coping dos pais.
Objective: To compare the Concerns and Strategies of Coping of the parents of children, between 1 and 9 years old, so as to verify significant differences in these variables. Method: Observational and descriptive group comparison study. 34 parents of children (1 and 2 years), 61 parents of children (3 to 5 years) and 42 parents of children (6 to 9 years), had participated. Data was collected in the Associação de Promoção Social de Alhandra. A Socio-demographical Questionnaire, the Parental Concerns Scale (Algarvio & Leal, 2002; 2005; 2008) and the Brief Cope (Ribeiro & Rodrigues, 2004), were used. Results: Results show statistically significant differences between the groups. The parents of children in preschool age have higher values in Preparation Sub-Scale comparing with the remaining parents. The parents of children with 1 and 2 years old use more Instrumental Support, comparing with the remaining groups. Discussion: The Parents Concerns are mostly centered on themselves and not on the child problems, which could be damaging to the relationship between parents and children. Conclusion: Specialized intervention must take into account Parental Concerns as well as parental Coping Strategies.

Orientação: Ana Prioste ; co-orientação: Eunice Magalhães
O contributo da parentalidade helicóptero e do clima familiar nas trajetórias desenvolvimentais (in)adaptativas na adultez emergente não tem sido suficientemente investigado. Através de um desenho quantitativo transversal, o presente estudo pretendeu analisar: a relação entre a parentalidade helicóptero da mãe e do pai, as dimensões do clima familiar e a ansiedade e depressão; e o papel das dimensões do clima familiar como variáveis mediadoras da relação entre a parentalidade helicóptero e a ansiedade e depressão. Participaram no estudo 261 adultos emergentes (N = 261). Não foram encontrados efeitos diretos entre as variáveis independentes e dependentes, tendo sido observados efeitos indiretos nas relações entre a parentalidade helicóptero da mãe e a ansiedade (b = .113, SE = .041; p < .01) e depressão (b = .110, SE = .043, p < .01). A parentalidade helicóptero da mãe associa-se à sintomatologia ansiosa através do efeito indireto do conflito familiar. A parentalidade helicóptero da mãe está associada à sintomatologia depressiva, através do papel mediador da coesão e do conflito familiar. Na globalidade, os resultados enfatizam o papel da parentalidade da mãe nas relações familiares e no ajustamento psicológico dos filhos. São discutidas as implicações da evidência obtida para a prática clínica e para a literatura na área da psicologia da família e psicologia clínica.
The contribution of helicopter parenting and family climate to (mal)adaptive developmental trajectories in emerging adulthood has not been sufficiently investigated. Through a quantitative cross-sectional design, the present study aimed to analyze: the relationship between mother and father helicopter parenting, family climate dimensions (i.e., cohesion, conflict and hierarchy) and anxiety and depression; and the role of the dimensions of the family climate as variables mediating the relationship between helicopter parenting and anxiety and depression. A total of 261 emergent adults (N = 261) participated in the study. No direct effects were found between the independent and dependent variables, and indirect effects were observed in the relationships between the mother’s helicopter parenting and anxiety (b = .113, SE = .041; p <.01) and depression (b = .110, SE = .043, p <.01). The maternal helicopter parenting is associated to anxious symptomatology through the indirect effect of family conflict. The mother’s helicopter parenting is associated with depressive symptomatology through the mediating role of cohesion and family conflict. Overall, the results emphasize the role of maternal parenting in family relationships and the psychological adjustment of children. The implications of the evidence obtained for clinical practice and literature in the area of family psychology and clinical psychology are discussed.

Orientação: José de Almeida Brites
A reclusão é um tema de máxima importância. No entanto, em Portugal, ainda não é um tema muito estudado. Contudo a reclusão causa um impacto no recluso a todos os níveis, quer social, económico, pessoal e familiar, principalmente na parentalidade. Assim, este estudo pretende compreender/estudar o impacto que a reclusão exerce na parentalidade, nomeadamente na relação entre pai e filho, através de três componentes, a privação, a qualidade da relação e o afastamento/isolamento. Para efeitos do presente estudo foi administrado um protocolo de avaliação a 23 ex-reclusos. De acordo com a literatura, os resultados do presente estudo mostram que o fato de terem estado presos privou-os de estarem com os seus filhos e de exercerem as suas funções de pai, tendo a maioria da amostra referido que se sentiu desesperado por não poder acompanhar o desenvolvimento dos seus filhos. Verificou-se, numa escala menor, em alguns participantes, que a reclusão teve um impacto negativo na sua relação com os filhos, deixando mesmo de manter contato com estes. Porém, em alguns casos continuaram a ter apoio da família e dos filhos, conseguindo manter a relação com estes, contudo, alguns sentiram as consequências de estarem presos, constatando-se as privações e o afastamento que a reclusão acarreta.
Reclusion is a topic of utmost importance. However, in Portugal, it is not a much studied subject. Still, the reclusion has an impact on the inmates at all levels, whether social, economic, personal and family, especially in parenting. This study aims to understand/study the impact that reclusion has on parenting, particularly in the relationship between father and son, through three components: deprivation, the quality of the relationship and the distance/isolation. For the purpose of this study it was administered an assessment protocol to 23 former inmates. According to the literature, the results of this study show that for having been imprisoned, they were deprived of being with their children, as well as perform their parent functions and most of the sample said that they felt desperate for not be able to monitor the development of their children. It was verified, on a smaller scale in some participants, that the reclusion had a negative impact on their relationship with their children, ending up for failing to keep in touch with them. However, in some cases they continued to have family and children support, maintaining the relationship with these. Still, some felt the consequences of being arrested, confirming that the deprivation and the distance that reclusion carries.

Orientação: Jorge Pereira do Vale Lamela da Silva
A investigação tem demonstrado uma interdependência estrutural entre os subsistemas familiares, nomeadamente entre os subsistemas conjugal e coparental. No entanto, apesar da plausibilidade teórica, nenhum estudo, intentou investigar a associação nem o efeito moderador da vinculação na associação entre estratégias de resolução de conflito conjugal e estratégias de resolução de conflito coparental. O presente estudo teve três objetivos. O primeiro foi examinar as associações entre as estratégias de resolução de conflito conjugal (RCC) e a sabotagem coparental e o conflito coparental aberto. No segundo e terceiro objetivo pretendeu-se examinar o efeito moderador do evitamento de vinculação e da ansiedade de vinculação na associação entre (a) estratégias RCC e a sabotagem coparental e (b) entre estratégias RCC e o conflito coparental aberto. A amostra foi constituída por 242 mães a residir em Portugal, com idades compreendidas entre os 20 e 51 anos de idade (M = 35.30; SD = 5.44), com filhos em idades compreendidas entre os 2 e 6 anos de idade. Usando um design transversal, foi conduzido um inquérito online de recolha de dados, ao qual as participantes responderam a questões referentemente às variáveis em estudo. Primeiramente, foram implementados procedimentos estatísticos de limpeza de dados para reduzir a possibilidade de respostas enviesadas ou inválidas metodologicamente. Os resultados demonstraram que as estratégias construtivas, estratégias de retraimento e estratégias de raiva de RCC se mostraram preditoras significativas da sabotagem coparental e do conflito coparental aberto. Relativamente ao potencial efeito moderador da vinculação entre as estratégias de RCC e estratégias de resolução de conflito coparental, verificou-se um efeito moderador da vinculação entre as estratégias de resolução de conflito conjugal e a sabotagem coparental. Não foi encontrado efeito moderador da vinculação entre estratégias de RCC e o conflito coparental aberto. Posteriormente foram também discutidas as limitações e as implicações clínicas do presente estudo.
The research has demonstrated a structural interdependence between family subsystems, specifically between the conjugal subsystem and the coparenting. However, although the theoretical plausibility, no study, to our knowledge, intends to investigate the association or the potential moderating effect in the association between marital conflict resolution strategies and coparental conflict resolution strategies. The present study had three objectives. The first one was to examine the associations between marital conflict resolution strategies and coparenting sabotage and open coparental conflict. The other two objectives was to examine the moderating effect of avoidant and anxious attachment on the association between a) marital conflict resolution strategies and coparenting sabotage and b) marital conflict resolution strategies and open coparental conflict. The sample consisted of 242 mothers, residing in Portugal, aged between 20 and 51 years (M = 35.30; SD = 5.44), with children between the ages of 2 and 6 years. Using a transversal design, an online survey of data collection was conducted, where participants answered questions related to the study. Before analyzing the data, statistical data cleansing procedures were implemented to reduce the possibility of biased or methodologically invalid answers. The results showed that constructive, avoidance and rage strategies proved significant predictors of coparenting sabotage and open coparental conflict. Regarding to the moderating effect of attachment on the association between marital conflict resolution strategies and conflict resolution strategies coparenting, the results showed the moderating effect of attachment between marital conflict resolution strategies and coparenting sabotage. No moderating effect was found for the attachment between marital conflict resolution strategies and open conflict coparental. Afterwards, the limitations and clinical implications of the present study were also discussed.

This chapter explores how cost as a barrier to ART access is more complex than just the high price of medical goods and services transacted in the pursuit of parenthood. Reportedly, assisted reproduction generates annual revenues of over $4 billion in the United States, much of it paid out-of-pocket by patients who are underinsured for this aspect of health care. At first blush, it is clear that the synergy between high-priced treatments and low levels of reimbursement produces a world of stratified reproduction in which wealth status determines entry into the procreative marketplace. A deeper analysis does not refute this impression, but also reveals that socioeconomics alone do not fully explain how ART funding works to suppress reproduction by certain “lower resource” individuals.

Chapter seven explores the initial impacts of re-entering a world these lifers left many years ago. The chapter highlights specific roadblocks to re-entry. These include the ‘felon label’, the implications stigma, labeling, and the widespread availability of criminal background checks. These factors prevent lifers from obtaining housing and employment. The chapter discusses how interviewees managed the stigma of being an ex-offender. Deriving indicators from life-course theories, the chapter further details how relationships with family, intimate partners and children influenced the interviewees over the years. By being in prison for decades, these lifers have been removed from structures that favor maturation and provide sources of informal social control, such as employment, intimate relationships, family relationships and parenthood. Prison, in this view, has disrupted their journey of going straight.