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Journal articles on the topic 'Entry into parenthood'
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Marynissen, Leen, Karel Neels, Jonas Wood, and Sarah Van de Velde. "Ready for parenthood? Dual earners' relative labour market positions and entry into parenthood in Belgium." Demographic Research 42 (May 28, 2020): 901–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/demres.2020.42.33.
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Bijleveld, Catrien, Doreen Huschek, and Aart C. Liefbroer. "Parental criminality and entry into parenthood among sons and daughters." Advances in Life Course Research 28 (June 2016): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.alcr.2016.03.006.
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Abele, Andrea E., and Daniel Spurk. "The dual impact of gender and the influence of timing of parenthood on men’s and women’s career development: Longitudinal findings." International Journal of Behavioral Development 35, no. 3 (May 2011): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025411398181.
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This study investigated the impact of gender, the gender-related self-concept (agency and communion), and the timing of parenthood on objective career success of 1,015 highly educated professionals. Hypotheses derived from a dual-impact model of gender and career-related processes were tested in a 5-wave longitudinal study over a time span of 10 years starting with participants’ career entry. In line with our hypotheses we found that the communal component of the gender self-concept had an impact on parenthood, and the agentic component influenced work hours and objective career success (salary, status) of both women and men. Parenthood had a negative direct influence on women’s work hours and a negative indirect influence on women’s objective career success. Women who had their first child around career entry were relatively least successful over the observation period. Men’s career success was independent of parenthood. Sixty-five percent of variance in women’s career success and 33% of variance in men’s career success was explained by the factors analyzed here. Mothers with partners working full time reduced their work hours more than mothers with partners not working full time. A test for a possible reverse influence of career success on the decision to become a parent revealed no effect for men and equivocal effects for women. We conclude that the transition to parenthood still is a crucial factor for women’s career development both from an external gender perspective (expectations, gender roles) and from an internal perspective (gender-related self-concept).
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Ermisch, John F., and Robert E. Wright. "The economic environment and entry to single parenthood in Great Britain." Applied Economics 28, no. 4 (April 1996): 483–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/000368496328614.
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Berrington, Ann. "Entry Into Parenthood and the Outcome of Cohabiting Partnerships in Britain." Journal of Marriage and Family 63, no. 1 (February 2001): 80–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00080.x.
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Gonalons-Pons, Pilar, Christine R. Schwartz, and Kelly Musick. "Changes in Couples' Earnings Following Parenthood and Trends in Family Earnings Inequality." Demography 58, no. 3 (April 21, 2021): 1093–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00703370-9160055.
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Abstract The growing economic similarity of spouses has contributed to rising income inequality across households. Explanations have typically centered on assortative mating, but recent work has argued that changes in women's employment and spouses' division of paid work have played a more important role. We expand this work to consider the critical turning point of parenthood in shaping couples' division of employment and earnings. Drawing on three U.S. nationally representative surveys, we examine the role of parenthood in spouses' earnings correlations between 1968 and 2015. We examine the extent to which changes in spouses' earnings correlations are due to (1) changes upon entry into marriage (assortative mating), (2) changes between marriage and parenthood, (3) changes following parenthood, and (4) changes in women's employment. Our findings show that increases in the correlation between spouses' earnings prior to 1990 came largely from changes between marriage and first birth, but increases after 1990 came almost entirely from changes following parenthood. In both instances, changes in women's employment are key to increasing earnings correlations. Changes in assortative mating played little role in either period. An assessment of the aggregate-level implications points to the growing significance of earnings similarity after parenthood for rising income inequality across families.
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Shanmugam, Merlin Mythili. "Impact of parenthood on women’s careers in the IT sector – a study in the Indian context." Gender in Management: An International Journal 32, no. 5 (July 3, 2017): 352–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/gm-11-2016-0177.
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PurposeThe purpose of this study is to analyse the impact of certain factors (such as working mothers’ attitudes towards career role salience, notion of career success, work-life balance and the impact of organisational support systems available for childcare) on career persistence, despite parenthood, and career re-entry after parenthood. It is conducted in relation to new age, young working mothers of the booming IT sector in India. Design/methodology/approachA survey questionnaire was administered to 138 working mothers in the IT sector to analyse the impact of working mothers’ career role salience, notion of career success, work-life balance and the impact of organisational support systems available for childcare on career persistence, despite parenthood. FindingsThe findings state that re-entry is also a growing phenomenon, in as much as career breaks are an accepted reality. Career role salience and notions of career success are important predictors of career re-entry of young mothers. Most importantly, this study highlights the significant role of the trusted, extended family support system, that is characteristically unique to Indian social fabric, in enabling women’s career persistence and career re-entry after motherhood. Research limitations/implicationsLike most survey research, this study’s validity is also limited to the findings on the self-reported responses. Nevertheless, the study points to new areas to be researched, such as the possibility of the same findings with older mothers who have spent considerable years in their careers, or whether the same sample would answer differently after a few years. Practical implicationsThe paper includes implications for society and organisations, concerning opting out, and for undertaking genuine initiatives to enable and support women to re-enter their careers after breaks, so that the decision to persist, exit or re-enter their careers remains the privileged choice of women employees. Originality/valueThe paper fulfils an identified need to study how parenthood affects women’s careers in the IT sector and need for organisations in India to understand the practicality of women employees’ needs to integrate work and life.
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Rutigliano, Roberta. "Counting on Potential Grandparents? Adult Children’s Entry Into Parenthood Across European Countries." Demography 57, no. 4 (June 9, 2020): 1393–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13524-020-00890-8.
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Huang, Lang-Wen Wendy. "The Transition Tempo and Life Course Orientation of Young Adults in Taiwan." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 646, no. 1 (January 30, 2013): 69–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716212464861.
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This article investigates the transition tempo and life course orientation of Taiwanese young adults in their early 20s. The results indicate that Taiwanese young adults experience a prolonged transition tempo and delay their entry into adult roles. The rate of transitioning to family roles is low for young adults at this stage. There are significant gender differences in life course orientation toward marriage, parenthood, and employment, with young women having a clearer picture in mind than do young men. Age 30 appears to have become the new threshold when young adults schedule their marriage plans, with parenthood significantly later in life. Multivariate analyses suggest that young adults who hold more traditional attitudes about gender roles are more likely to start parenthood before age 30. However, when the tempo of education completion and initiation of employment is controlled for, the effect of gender role attitudes becomes nonsignificant.
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CASTRO, RUBÉN. "LATE-ENTRY-INTO-MOTHERHOOD WOMEN ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR FERTILITY RECUPERATION." Journal of Biosocial Science 47, no. 2 (April 9, 2014): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932014000121.
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SummaryIn countries where age at parenthood has shifted to older ages, a necessary precondition for fertility recuperation is that women having their first child later in life (after age 30) will also eventually achieve a higher completed fertility, compared with the previous cohorts. This study analysed the changes in age-at-first-child-conditional fertility rates in Western Europe through three birth cohorts (1936–1940, 1946–1950 and 1956–1960). It was found that generations where recuperation is first evident (1956–1960 cohort) are characterized by comparatively higher fertility of late age-at-first-child women. This characteristic is not found in Eastern Europe, where ages at first birth and cohort fertility remained fairly constant across the cohorts analysed.
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NEELS, KAREL, DAVID DE WACHTER, and HANS PEETERS. "The effect of family formation on the build-up of pension rights among minority ethnic groups and native women in Belgium." Ageing and Society 38, no. 6 (February 28, 2017): 1253–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x17000010.
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ABSTRACTGender penalties in pension outcomes are widely acknowledged and have been documented for majority populations in various settings. A recurring finding is that the gendered impact of family formation on work–care trajectories adversely affects women's accumulation of pension rights over the lifecourse relative to men. Although maternal employment is particularly low in migrant populations, few papers have explicitly addressed pension protection of migrant women. Using longitudinal microdata from the Belgian Social Security Registers, we analyse whether entry into parenthood differentially affected the build-up of first pillar pension rights of working-age migrant women compared to natives between 1998 and 2010, further distinguishing by origin group and migrant generation. The results show that native women are most likely to build up pension rights through full-time employment both before and after parenthood. In contrast, first-generation women and women of Turkish and Moroccan origin are more likely to build up pension rights though assimilated periods or rely on derived pension rights after parenthood, even when controlling for type of pension build-up before parenthood. We conclude that policies reinforcing individualisation of pension rights based on employment or decreasing the importance of derived rights may erode pension protection of groups having limited access to the labour market, and require co-ordination with employment and family policies that support the combination of work and care responsibilities.
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Barber, Jennifer S. "Intergenerational Influences on the Entry into Parenthood: Mothers' Preferences for Family and Nonfamily Behavior." Social Forces 79, no. 1 (September 2000): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2675573.
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Barber, J. S. "Intergenerational Influences on the Entry into Parenthood: Mothers' Preferences for Family and Nonfamily Behavior." Social Forces 79, no. 1 (September 1, 2000): 319–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/79.1.319.
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Michael, Robert T., and Nancy Brandon Tuma. "Entry Into Marriage and Parenthood by Young Men and Women: The Influence of Family Background." Demography 22, no. 4 (November 1985): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2061586.
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Nitsche, Natalie, and Sarah R. Hayford. "Preferences, Partners, and Parenthood: Linking Early Fertility Desires, Marriage Timing, and Achieved Fertility." Demography 57, no. 6 (November 12, 2020): 1975–2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13524-020-00927-y.
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AbstractIn the United States, underachieving fertility desires is more common among women with higher levels of education and those who delay first marriage beyond their mid-20s. However, the relationship between these patterns, and particularly the degree to which marriage postponement explains lower fertility among the highly educated, is not well understood. We use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort to analyze differences in parenthood and achieved parity for men and women, focusing on the role of marriage timing in achieving fertility goals over the life course. We expand on previous research by distinguishing between entry into parenthood and average parity among parents as pathways to underachieving, by considering variation in the impact of marriage timing by education and by stage of the life course, and by comparing results for men and women. We find that women with a bachelor’s degree who desired three or more children are less likely to become mothers relative to women with the same desired family size who did not attend college. Conditional on becoming mothers, however, women with at least a bachelor’s degree do not have lower completed family size. No comparable fatherhood difference by desired family size is present. Postponing marriage beyond age 30 is associated with lower proportions of parenthood but not with lower parity among parents. Age patterns are similar for women and men, pointing at social rather than biological factors driving the underachievement of fertility goals.
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Fertig, Michael, and Marcus Tamm. "Always Poor or Never Poor and Nothing in Between? Duration of Child Poverty in Germany." German Economic Review 11, no. 2 (May 1, 2010): 150–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2009.00470.x.
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Abstract This paper analyses the duration of child poverty in Germany. Observing the entire income history from the individuals’ birth to their coming of age at age 18, we are able to analyse dynamics in and out of poverty for the entire population of children, whether they become poor at least once or not. Using duration models, we find that household composition, most importantly single parenthood, and the labour market status as well as level of education of the household head are the main driving forces behind exit from and re-entry into poverty and thus determine the (long-term) experience of poverty.
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Liefbroer, Aart C. "The Impact of Perceived Costs and Rewards of Childbearing on Entry into Parenthood: Evidence from a Panel Study." European Journal of Population / Revue européenne de Démographie 21, no. 4 (December 2005): 367–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10680-005-2610-y.
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Cristina Samper and Michaela Kreyenfeld. "Marriage migration and women's entry into the German labour market." Journal of Family Research 33, no. 2 (September 6, 2021): 439–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.20377/jfr-491.
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Objective: We analyse the employment patterns of childless first-generation migrants to Germany. In particular, we focus on the behaviour of female "marriage migrants". Marriage migrants are defined as individuals who married after their spouse had moved to Germany.
Background: Demographic studies have illustrated that marriage migrants have particularly high childbirth rates upon arrival. There is, however, little empirical evidence on how the childbearing behaviour of migrant women is related to their employment behaviour.
Method: We use event history techniques to study women's labour market entry after migration in relation to their childbearing behaviour. We draw on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP). The analytical sample is restricted to immigrant women who moved while childless to Germany between 1990 and 2016 (n=981).
Results: Compared to other groups, marriage migrants have very low chances of entering the labour market. Only 32 per cent of the migrants in our sample had ever participated in the labour market in the five-year period after their arrival in Germany. A large share of the differences between these migrants and other migrants can be attributed to the socio-demographic composition of these women, and to their tendency to transition to parenthood soon after their arrival.
Conclusion: We argue that the low employment rates of female marriage migrants must also be viewed in the context of Germany’s migration policies, which do not provide many routes for female third-country nationals to move to Germany. One of the few available channels is that of marriage migration. We conclude by discussing the social policy implications of these findings at a time when Germany is gradually becoming a dual-earner society.
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Keijer, Micha G., Aart C. Liefbroer, and Ineke Nagel. "Adolescents’ Expectations About the Timing of Family Life Events: Unraveling the Role of Value Transmission and Modeling." Journal of Family Issues 39, no. 15 (August 2, 2018): 3755–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x18792654.
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Intergenerational continuity in family behaviors partly results from socialization processes in the parental home. However, socialization is a multidimensional process. This article tests hypotheses about the relative importance of value transmission and modeling in explaining expectations of adolescence concerning the timing of leaving home, and entry into cohabitation, marriage, and parenthood. Structural equation modeling on multiactor data from over 1,000 parent–adolescent child couples in the Netherlands is used to test hypotheses. Results suggest that, in general, both value transmission and modeling are important predictors of adolescents’ expectations concerning the timing of major family events. Moreover, no differences between mothers and fathers and between boys and girls are observed in the strength of the intergenerational relationships studied.
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Sibulkin, Amy E., and J. S. Butler. "Differences in Graduation Rates Between Young Black and White College Students: Effect of Entry into Parenthood and Historically Black Universities." Research in Higher Education 46, no. 3 (May 2005): 327–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11162-004-1643-0.
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Gabb, Jacqui. "Unsettling lesbian motherhood: Critical reflections over a generation (1990–2015)." Sexualities 21, no. 7 (September 12, 2017): 1002–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363460717718510.
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This article explores how advancements in equality rights combine with attitudinal changes in UK society and LGBTQ communities to impact on the experience of lesbian mothers over a generation. The author reflects on ordinary moments where sexuality and relationships become meaningful and situate emotions at the heart of analytical enquiry because it is through emotional interactions that micro–macro networks of relations intersect. Autobiography is combined with original data from empirical research to provide analytical entry points, which aims to advance understanding and also facilitate reflection on how we understand and come to know queer parenthood. Whilst there are now many routes into lesbian motherhood and the stigma of queer kinship is diminishing, this article demonstrates the need to problematize the prevailing narratives of coupledom that are emerging and tease apart the conflation of temporal progression, progressive rights and narratives of progress.
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Philipp, Diane A., Marie-Joelle Hervé, and Miri Keren. "Does the portal of entry determine our view? Interfaces between dyadic and three-way assessment of a clinical family transitioning to parenthood." Infant Mental Health Journal 29, no. 3 (2008): 259–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/imhj.20180.
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Alipio, Cheryll. "Young Men in the Philippines." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 646, no. 1 (January 30, 2013): 214–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716212467946.
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Young adults in the Philippines face a demographic and economic situation that, when coupled with cultural expectations, compels many to consider entry into the global labor force as part and parcel of their obligation to improve their family’s livelihood. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork conducted between 2006 and 2007 in Metro Manila and the province of Laguna, this study examines the partnership of an educational training center and a nongovernmental organization to provide services to young Filipinos transitioning to adulthood. Utilizing a cognitive map exercise given at an orientation seminar for young male migrants, the study charts their financial and family goals and traces not only the source of the intergenerational transfers of material and social assistance back to a set of cultural values but also reveals how their gendered behaviors and practices can effectively delay other markers of the transition to adulthood, such as courtship, marriage, and parenthood.
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Yoshida, Yoko, and Jonathan Amoyaw. "Transition to adulthood of refugee and immigrant children in Canada." Applied Psycholinguistics 41, no. 6 (November 2020): 1465–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716420000363.
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AbstractThe majority of refugees are children and youth and their integration and life-course transitions are a research priority. This paper examines the timing of refugee children and youths’ entrance into the labour market and family formation (marriage/common law union and parenthood). It does so by examining how admission category, knowledge of a host country’s official languages, and age at arrival shape their transition to adulthood. Using data from the Canadian Longitudinal Immigration Database and Heckman selection estimation, the paper finds minimal variation in refugee children and youths’ entry into the labour market compared to children of other immigrant streams. It also finds that refugee children and youth start forming families at a younger age than children of economic class immigrants, but at an older age than family class children. The analysis also shows limited effects of knowledge of official language prior to arrival while age at arrival has a robust impact on their adulthood transitions. These findings shed light on the unique patterns of life-course transition among refugee children and youth and contribute to a better conceptualization of their experiences relative to children and youth of other immigrants.
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Larouche, Richard, Louis Laurencelle, Roy J. Shephard, and Francois Trudeau. "Life Transitions in the Waning of Physical Activity From Childhood to Adult Life in the Trois-Rivières Study." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 9, no. 4 (May 2012): 516–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.9.4.516.
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Background:Several studies have reported an age-related decline of physical activity (PA). We examined the impact of 4 important transitional periods—adolescence, the beginning of postsecondary education, entry into the labor market, and parenthood—on the PA of participants in the Trois-Rivières quasi-experimental study.Methods:In 2008, 44 women and 42 men aged 44.0 ± 1.2 years were given a semistructured interview; the frequency and duration of physical activities were examined during each of these transition periods. Subjects had been assigned to either an experimental program [5 h of weekly physical education (PE) from Grades 1 to 6] or the standard curriculum (40 min of weekly PE) throughout primary school.Results:The percentage of individuals undertaking ≥ 5 h of PA per week decreased from 70.4% to 17.0% between adolescence and midlife. The largest decline occurred on entering the labor market (from 55.9% to 23.4%). At midlife, there were no significant differences of PA level between experimental and control groups. Men were more active than women at each transition except for parenthood.Conclusions:Our results highlight a progressive nonlinear decline of PA involvement in both groups. Promotion initiatives should target these periods to prevent the decline of PA.
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Bobic, Mirjana. "Stalled de-standardization of partnerships: Case of young people in Serbia." Sociologija 54, no. 2 (2012): 351–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc1202351b.
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The paper tackles reasons for the delay of family formation in contemporary Serbia in the cultural context of pro-familism and standardized life course. Life course perspective is applied as the most suitable one because it fruitfully reconciles structure and agency, demography and sociology. Young people?s transition to adulthood in Serbia is assessed as protracted, somewhat like in Mediterranean and CEE countries (e.g. Slovenia). The empirical evidence is based on various sources of data, combining quantitative (surveys and demographics) and qualitative approaches. The main conclusion is that structural barriers mostly hamper individualization and emancipation of young people from the family of origin, although personal reasons are not negligible (lack of a ?proper partner?). Entry into marriage and start of childbearing are tightly related and compressed processes in a life course of young people in Serbia, thus identifying markers of adulthood. If we expect these groups of population to be the forerunners of (post)modernization, then more social, political support and action is needed for the sake of fostering: empowerment (employment, housing, and development of welfare state), services aimed at institutionalization of parenthood and care work, as well as gender equality in everyday life.
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Larouche, Richard, Ulises Charles Rodriguez, Ransimala Nayakarathna, and David R. Scott. "Effect of Major Life Events on Travel Behaviours: A Scoping Review." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 12, 2020): 10392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410392.
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The transportation sector accounts for about a quarter of global greenhouse gas emissions. Previous research suggests that major life events may be “windows of opportunity” for travel behaviour change. Our scoping review examined the effects of seven events (transitions to secondary school, post-secondary studies, labour market, marriage, parenthood, retirement, and relocation) on travel behaviours. Five databases were searched (MEDLINE, APA PsycINFO, Web of Science, SportDISCUS, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses) and 80 articles met inclusion criteria. Relocation was the most commonly examined event (with 51 studies). Findings illustrate that moving to compact neighbourhoods (with shorter commute distance/travel time, greater walkability/access to destinations) was associated with shifts towards sustainable travel modes (e.g., walking, cycling, and transit). Relocation might be particularly conducive to implementing scalable sustainable transportation interventions, as all six interventions with appropriate statistical power were effective. Entry into the labour market was generally associated with increased car use and declines in sustainable transportation. Qualitative studies suggested that attitudes towards cycling may become negative during adolescence, while attitudes towards driving improve, highlighting a need for concerted action. Evidence for other events was less consistent. Research in developing countries remain scarce and further intervention research is needed to enhance quality of evidence.
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READ, SANNA, and EMILY GRUNDY. "Fertility history and quality of life in older women and men." Ageing and Society 31, no. 1 (September 17, 2010): 125–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x10000760.
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ABSTRACTIn this paper we examine associations between the fertility histories of older British women and men and their quality of life using data on a sample of 6,374 men and women born between 1923 and 1949 drawn from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS). Quality of life in 2001 was measured using scores from the four subscales of the CASP-19 questionnaire: control, autonomy, pleasure and self-realisation. Fertility histories were derived using information on the births of children collected in all waves of the BHPS. The aspects of fertility history investigated were number of children born and parents' ages at birth of first and last child. Age, education, marital status, tenure status, smoking, co-residence with one or more children, perceived social support and health limitations were included as covariates. The results suggested that early entry to parenthood and to some extent high parity were related to poorer quality of life. These associations were mostly mediated by socio-economic, social support and health factors. Compared to women with two children, nulliparous women expressed a higher level of autonomy, and both nulliparous women and those with four or more children a higher level of self-realisation. Low parity was related to a lower level of pleasure, especially among men, but this relationship appeared weaker and among women was not significant when background factors were controlled.
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Neale, Bren. "Introduction: Young Fatherhood: Lived experiences and policy challenges." Social Policy and Society 15, no. 1 (November 24, 2015): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746415000536.
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The entry of young people into early parenthood has long been regarded as an issue for social policy and for professional practice in the UK and internationally. Despite a steadily falling trend, most notably since 1998, the UK still has one of the highest rates of teenage pregnancy in Europe, concentrated in the most socially disadvantaged areas of the country (Office for National Statistics, 2015). The majority of these pregnancies are unplanned, with about half resulting in the birth of a child, although the extent to which this should be a cause for concern is a contested issue (Duncan et al., 2010). Considerable research evidence exists on the experiences of young mothers, with a range of interventions designed to meet their needs. However, young fathers (defined as those under the age of 25, a quarter of whom are estimated to be in their teens) have, until recently, been neglected in both research and policy. Over the past decade, small pockets of research evidence on the circumstances, practices and values of young fathers have begun to coalesce into a fledgling evidence base. However, the notion of ‘feckless’ young men, who are assumed to be absent, or disinterested in ‘being there’, or, worse, regarded as a potential risk to their children, continues to hold sway, particularly in popular media and some political discourses (Neale and Davies, 2015).
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Hanage, Richard, Jonathan M. Scott, and Mark A. P. Davies. "From “great expectations” to “hard times”." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 22, no. 1 (March 7, 2016): 17–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-07-2014-0135.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate how digital creative graduates develop new businesses on graduating from university, and how their creative, business and personal lives interact until their nascent ventures fail financially. Design/methodology/approach – Seven digital creative nascent graduate entrepreneurs were followed for up to five years. Although independently assessed as having promise of business success, they were young and lacked business experience. They were followed through six-monthly semi-structured interviews which investigated their business, creative and personal development. The interviews were transcribed and key statements manually coded and extracted for analysis to identify issues, tipping points and outcomes. Findings – The primary contribution is the finding that, despite a promising beginning and very generous start-up support, all seven nascent ventures failed financially and most were closed down in favour of employment, particularly when personal issues such as parenthood sharpened the need for stable levels of income. The graduates demonstrated weaknesses in their commercial skills, especially selling (human capital) and insufficient utilization of networks (social capital) so that in the mainly mature low entry-barrier markets they were entering they were at a disadvantage from the outset. The research has also demonstrated the value of a real-time longitudinal qualitative approach to investigating businesses from business start-up to eventual exit. Practical implications – The insights gained have practical implications for start-up and survival support for creative graduate businesses, as well as raising issues about the effectiveness of postgraduate entrepreneurship education and cultural policy relating to this economically important sub-sector. Originality/value – The longitudinal approach has brought new insights and indicates several areas where more research would be valuable, especially in dealing with the consequences of unsuccessful nascent business ventures.
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Beaujot, Roderic, Jianye Liu, and Zenaida Ravanera. "Gender inequality in the family setting." Canadian Studies in Population 44, no. 1-2 (April 6, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p6s305.
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Now that human capital increases the propensity to be in union for both men and women, the gender differences in the patterns of entry and exit from relationships have decreased. However, there are still strong gender differences in living with children, with women at younger ages and women not in couples being more likely than men to be living with children. Women are more likely to be lone parents while men are more likely to be living as part of a couple. While the employment rate of women in unions is no longer suppressed if they are living with children, their average work hours remain lower, while men have the highest employment rate and highest average work hours if they are living with children. For both men and women, parents do more unpaid work than persons without children though parenthood increases women’s more than men’s unpaid work. In the context of diverse and less stable families, a more equal division of both earning and caring activities would benefit gender equality.Maintenant que le capital humain augmente la propension à être en union pour les hommes et les femmes, les différences entre les sexes dans les modèles d’entrée et de sortie de relations ont diminué. Cependant, il y a encore de fortes différences entre les sexes dans la propension à vivre avec les enfants : les plus jeunes femmes et les femmes qui ne sont pas en couple sont plus susceptibles que les hommes de vivre avec les enfants. Les femmes sont plus susceptibles d’être des parents seuls alors que les hommes sont plus susceptibles de vivre dans le cadre d’un couple. Alors que le taux d’emploi des femmes en union n’est plus réduit si elles vivent avec des enfants, leurs heures moyennes de travail restent inférieure, tandis que les hommes ont le taux d’emploi et les heures moyennes de travail les plus élevés si ils vivent avec des enfants. Pour les hommes et les femmes, les parents font plus de travail non-payé que les personnes sans enfants, mais la parentalité augmente plus le travail non-payé des femmes que des hommes. Dans le contexte des familles diverses et moins stables, une répartition plus égale dans la division des activités d’emploi et de soins serait bénéfique pour l’égalité des sexes.
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Bardaglio, Peter W. "Challenging parental custody rights: the legal reconstruction of parenthood in the nineteenth-century American South." Continuity and Change 4, no. 2 (August 1989): 259–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416000003684.
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Cette étude examine les opinions et statuts de la Cour Suprème d'Etat au sud des Etats Unis au dix-neuvième siècle, concernant les conflits sur la garde d'enfants entre parents et tiers, et elle compare le développement de la loi au sud et au nord. Avant la guerre civile, l'analyse révèle une répugnance claire de la part des juges d'appel du sud à retirer les enfants de la garde de leurs parents biologiques. A la fin du siècle, cependant, le droit de la famille au sud se modèle de plus en plus sur celui du reste de la nation: en particulier, les cours privilégient les dimensions contractuelles et émotionelles des relations entre parents et enfants: ce faisant, elles mettent en question les droits de garde des parents en dispute avec des étrangers à la famille.
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Joyce, Samantha, and Monica Martinez. "A “conversa” e “aquele que não deve ser nomeado”: Um estudo de caso sobre a série americana Parenthood sobre discurso e representações raciais e de gênero." Revista ECO-Pós 22, no. 2 (October 6, 2019): 270–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.29146/eco-pos.v22i2.20087.
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A National Broadcasting Company (NBC) foi a primeira rede estadunidense a banir a palavra racista nigger de suas ondas de rádio nos anos 1950. Em 2012, novamente a palavra foi empregada na programação da rede, agora no aclamado drama Parenthood. Este artigo examina o racismo como construção discursiva, especialmente no que diz respeito à palavra banida, atualmente substituída pela expressão The N word, em português “a palavra N”. O estudo se baseia numa correlação entre a tradição dos Estudos Culturais Britânicos de Stuart Hall com os Estudos Culturais da América Latina, analisando os discursos midiático, racial e de gênero, no contexto de uma ordem racial americana contemporânea que se descreve como pós-racista ao mesmo tempo em que a violência racial cresce no Brasil e no mundo.
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Shapiro, Ian. "El derecho constitucional del aborto en los Estados Unidos: una introducción." Doxa. Cuadernos de Filosofía del Derecho, no. 31 (November 15, 2008): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/doxa2008.31.27.
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El autor expone y examina la jurisprudencia en torno al derecho constitucional al aborto en los Estados Unidos: desde el célebre caso Roe vs. Wade de 1973 hasta el caso Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania vs. Casey en 1992. En el primero, se estableció que las mujeres tenían el mencionado derecho en los estadios tempranos del embarazo, de acuerdo con cierta segmentación trimestral de éste; mientras que, en el segundo caso, aunque se reafirmó el derecho constitucional al aborto, por un lado, se tomó distancia del esquema de análisis basado en trimestres y acuñó en cambio la noción de cargas indebidas, y por otro lado, se sostuvo inequívocamente que el interés del Estado en la vida potencial empieza después del momento en el cual el feto es viable. Shapiro reconstruye el proceso de mutación constitucional acaecido entre Roe y Case; para ello, no sólo aborda el paulatino giro producido en las rationes decidendi de los fallos de la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos, sino también las modificaciones ocurridas en la integración de ésta, así como las variaciones suscitadas en el contexto del debate público norteamericano en aquel lapso.
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Martinez Otero, Luz. "Propuestas de reforma para fomentar la natalidad, la conciliación y la familia en el IRPF." Revista de Derecho de la UNED (RDUNED), no. 26 (December 18, 2020): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/rduned.26.2020.29197.
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España está atravesando una época de grave crisis demográfica y, paradójicamente, en la actualidad, existe una brecha entre maternidad/paternidad deseada y maternidad/paternidad real. Existen diferentes barreras socioeconómicas que contribuyen a que los españoles tengan que sacrificar su deseo de tener más hijos, una de las más importantes, según ha quedado recientemente acreditado por la encuesta publicada por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE. Encuesta de Fecundidad de 28 de Noviembre de 2018), es la dificultad que encuentran los españoles a la hora de conciliar su trabajo profesional con su vida personal. Los tributos tienen una finalidad extra tributaria y pueden ser un instrumento de política fiscal que proteja y promueva los valores protegidos en la Constitución, por ejemplo la familia. Mediante políticas fiscales adecuadas se pueden proteger valores como la maternidad, la paternidad, la conciliación, la corresponsabilidad, la igualdad, la infancia y en definitiva, la familia. El presente artículo analiza el régimen tributario de las prestaciones por maternidad recientemente modificado tras la sentencia del Tribunal Supremo número 1482/2018, profundiza en el papel de la familia como agente de cambio capaz de revertir el problema demográfico que atraviesa nuestro país y propone medidas tributarias para reformar el Impuesto sobre la Renta de las Personas Físicas (IRPF), medidas que promueven la conciliación, fomentan la natalidad, protegen la paternidad y la maternidad y facilitan el cuidado de los hijos y la atención a las familias.Spain suffers from a major demographical crisis, but, paradoxically, there is a gap between desired and real parenthood as well. There are many socio-economical barriers which contribute to Spaniards giving up their willingness to have children, one of the most important of which is the difficulty to keep a work-life balance (INE 2018). Taxes can become an instrument to a fiscal policy that promotes and protects constitutional values, for instance, the family. Through appropriate fiscal policies taxes can promotes and protects parenthood, work-life conciliation, co-responsibility, equality, childhood and, ultimately, family. This article analyzes the tax regime of maternity benefits recently modified after the Supreme Court 1482/2018, deepens the role of the family as an agent of change capable of reversing the demographic problem that our country is going through and proposes measures tax to reform the Personal Income Tax, measures that, by means of facilitating work-life conciliation, promote natality and remove difficulties from children and family care.
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Sesti Becker, Ana Paula, Mauro Luís Vieira, and Maria Aparecida Crepaldi. "Apego e parentalidade sob o enfoque transcultural: uma revisão da literatura." Psicogente 22, no. 42 (July 11, 2019): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17081/psico.22.42.3507.
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Objetivo: Analisar sistematicamente a produção científica acerca do apego e a parentalidade sob o enfoque transcultural.
Método: Realizou-se o levantamento de produções indexadas, a partir de buscas em bases de dados nacionais –Scielo Brasil– e CAPES –Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior–; e internacionais –PsycINFO–, mediante os seguintes descritores: Apego OR Bowlby AND parentalidade OR“relação parental”; Attachment OR Bowlby AND Parenting OR Parenthood; e por fim, Apego OR Bowlby AND Parentalidad OR “Relaciones parentales”. Foram considerados os estudos nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol, entre o período de 2013 a outubro de 2017. Após a definição dos critérios de inclusão, os cinco artigos retidos foram analisados com base nos aspectos metodológicos (dados da amostra, tipo de abordagem, tipo de estudo e técnica de coleta de dados), e posteriormente, foram submetidos a análise semântica, da qual derivou-se duas categorias temáticas: 1) Fatores que influenciam a formação do apego e a parentalidade e 2) Apego e relações parentais.
Resultados: Apontaram-se lacunas existentes no que se refere à produção científica especificamente ao tema elencado; tendo em vista a diversidade de estudos que englobam os sistemas de apego e temas transversais, como apego e desenvolvimento infantil, apego e psicopatologia, apego e maternidade, entre outros. Além disso, não foram encontrados estudos nacionais sobre a temática, assim como pesquisas transculturais a respeito. Em relação ao delineamento dos estudos encontrados, todos caracterizam-se pelo enfoque quantitativo e estudos longitudinais do tipo prospectivos - follow-up. As técnicas de coleta de dados que mais se sobressaíram foram a Entrevista de Apego Adulto (AAI), seguida da Situação Estranhaem pesquisas com amostras infantis.
Conclusão: Destaca-se que a Teoria do Apego necessita estar aberta para a revisão e a consideração das dimensões relacionadas à cultura. Isso implica ajustá-la à diferentes contextos culturais, históricos e sociais. Sugere-se, portanto, o incremento de novos estudos que contemplem a formação do apego, os quais venham disseminar intervenções parentais positivas para o ciclo de vida pessoal e familiar dos sujeitos.
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Arias Rivera, Shirley Jeannet, and María Victoria Hidalgo García. "Fundamentos teóricos y factores explicativos de la Violencia filio-parental. Un estudio de Alcance." Anales de Psicología 36, no. 2 (April 9, 2020): 220–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.338881.
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La violencia filio-parental es un fenómeno de marcada prevalencia con consecuencias negativas a nivel individual, familiar y social. El objetivo de este estudio de alcance fue identificar los factores explicativos y la fundamentación teórica del fenómeno. Se revisaron estudios en inglés y español desde el año 2000, de las bases: Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, Eric y Dialnet Plus, identificando 57 estudios relevantes. Se encontraron como factores explicativos recurrentes: la monoparentalidad, la cohesión, el estrés y disciplina familiar, el historial de violencia, problemas escolares, trastornos clínicos y la relación con iguales violentos. Se destaca la concurrencia con la violencia escolar, entre hermanos y en las relaciones de noviazgo. Los fundamentos teóricos utilizados se pueden clasificar en psicológicos, comunicacionales, criminológicos, sociológicos y modelos integrativos más amplios (Ecosistémicos, Fenomenológicos y Constructivistas). La revisión realizada no arrojó datos sobre patrones de interacción, estrategias de afrontamiento y percepciones sociales alrededor de la VFP que puedan influir en las familias implicadas en estas situaciones. Child-to-parent violence is a phenomenon with a fairly high prevalence rate and negative consequences at an individual, family and social level. The aim of this scoping review was to identify the theoretical frameworks and explanatory factors for this phenomenon. The review comprised studies written in English and Spanish since the year 2000, from the following databases: Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, ERIC and Dialnet Plus. A total of 57 relevant studies were identified. The recurrent explanatory factors were: single parenthood, cohesion, stress, family discipline, history of violence, problems at school, clinical disorders and violent peer relationships. The concurrence of school, sibling and dating violence was particularly noteworthy. The theoretical frameworks referred to can be grouped into psychological, communicational, criminological, sociological and broader integrative models (Ecosystemic, Phenomenological and Constructivist). No data was found on interaction patterns, coping strategies or social perceptions of CPV which may influence families immersed in these kinds of situations.
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Jorge, Ana, Lucas C, and Fernanda Lopes. "PREOCUPAÇÕES PARENTAIS DE PAIS ADOTIVOS." International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology. Revista INFAD de Psicología. 1, no. 1 (September 10, 2016): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.17060/ijodaep.2014.n1.v1.369.
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Abstract:Knowing the families in its multiple aspects is an intrinsic task of nursing care. It is essential listen to parents and define the changes to be implemented from what is felt by them as a complaint or restlessness. The concern for their children manifests itself usually through a complaint or concerns about the child. Adoptive parenthood is a different way to access parenting and being a mother or adoptive father brings other challenges and some more specific problems. This study aims to identify the parental concerns of adoptive parents and to identify which characteristics of these parents and adoption process can be associated with it. A descriptive cross-sectional study was developed. Data were collected from a snowball sample comprised of 18 adoptive families: 2 single adoptions and 16 joint adoptions or per couple, through a questionnaire that was sent by e - mail, which the Parental Concerns Scale (Algarvio and Leal, 2004), was part of. Based on the data found that the greatest concern of these parents are situated at the level of school problems and family concern , expressed on the concern if the child has what’s need in school and if the teacher understands the child. These concerns are observed with parents aged between 35 and 39 years old, who had adopted children who are currently in school age and without special needs. It is allied to these features that the adoption has been motivated by the desire to increase family integrated into a life project.Key-words: Adoption, adoptive parents, parental concerns. Resumo:Conhecer as famílias nas suas múltiplas vertentes é uma tarefa intrínseca à prestação de cuidados de enfermagem. É fundamental ouvir os pais e definir as mudanças a implementar a partir daquilo que é sentido pelos mesmos como queixa ou inquietação. Esta preocupação relativamente aos seus filhos manifesta-se, habitualmente, através de uma queixa ou inquietação a respeito da criança. Sendo a parentalidade adotiva uma forma diferente de aceder à parentalidade, ser mãe ou pai adotivo traz outros desafios e alguns problemas mais específicos. Este estudo pretende identificar as preocupações parentais dos pais adotivos e identificar quais as características desses pais e do processo de adoção que se lhe associa. Foi desenvolvido um estudo descritivo e transversal. Os dados foram colhidos junto de uma amostra em bola de neve composta por 18 famílias adotivas: 2 adoções singulares e 16 adoções conjuntas ou por casal, através de um questionário enviado por e-mail, do qual fazia parte a escala de preocupações parentais de Algarvio e Leal (2004). Com base nos dados obtidos verificámos que a maior preocupação destes pais se situa ao nível das preocupações escolares e problemas familiares, manifestada na preocupação se a criança tem o que precisa na escola e se a professora entende a criança. A estas preocupações observam-se em pais com idades entre os 35 e os 39 anos, que adotaram crianças que estão atualmente em idade escolar e sem necessidades especiais. Alia-se a estas características o facto de a adoção ter sido motivada pelo desejo de aumentar a família integrado num projeto de vida.Palavras-chave: adoção, pais adotivos, preocupações parentais.
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Pessin, Léa, Roberta Rutigliano, and Marina Haddock Potter. "Time, money, and entry into parenthood: The role of (grand)parental support." Journal of Marriage and Family, June 23, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12782.
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Forssén, Katja, Anita Haataja, and Mia Hakovirta. "Policy Changes, Employment, and Single Parenthood in Finland." Finnish Yearbook of Population Research, January 1, 2005, 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.23979/fypr.45012.
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The labor supply of mothers is in? uenced by womens preferences and labor market conditions, as well as by family policy packages which enable families to reconcile work and family life. This article deepens the understanding about why Finnish single mothers are facing higher unemployment risks than mothers in two-parent families. The main question is how the changes in the Finnish family policy system have affected the economic and labor market status of single mothers in the last part of the 1990s. Have the changes in family policy affected their entry / re-entry into the labor market? Or can these changes in employment rate be explained by mothers personal decisions. Single parents were more vulnerable compared to partnered mothers in parental leave reforms and in the Family reform package in 1994. Changes in the labor market have had an impact on the situation of mothers with small children. One group of mothers can enjoy the full provision of leaves, bene? ts and job security, but an increased share of mothers have become dependent on only basic bene? ts. In this respect, the inequality among mothers has increased.
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Lazzari, Ester. "Pathways into childbearing delay of men and women in Australia." Longitudinal and Life Course Studies, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/175795921x16197735939121.
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Childbearing delay is a pervasive feature of Australian society, but little research has been conducted to examine how socio-economic factors are linked to childbearing timing among Australian men and women. This paper addresses this by analysing the timing of first childbirth for a large sample of Australian residents (N = 4,444). The findings indicate that childbearing delay is socially patterned and that life course experiences shape the risk of delaying childbearing across genders. Having a tertiary qualification delays the transition to parenthood, especially for women. An uninterrupted career prolongs time to parenthood for women but accelerates it for men. Low occupational prestige, being married and having been in only one co-residential union are associated with earlier parenthood for both men and women. For each increase in education level, not being married is associated with increasing levels of childlessness. Clear-cut gender differences are found in the relationship between childlessness and childbearing delay.<br /><br />Key messages<br /><ul><li>Life-course experiences shape the risk of delaying childbearing.</li><br /><li>Tertiary-educated women are more than twice as likely to delay childbearing compared to their male counterparts.</li><br /><li>Marriage is a salient predictor for early entry into parenthood, despite of educational attainment.</li><br /><li>Clear-cut gender differences exist in the relationship between childlessness and childbearing delay.</li></ul>
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Kratz, Fabian. "Do Concerns about Immigration Change after Adolescence? How Education and Critical Life Events Affect Concerns about Immigration." European Sociological Review, August 1, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcab019.
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Abstract This study investigates whether critical life events that typically occur during early adulthood (i.e., labor market entry, unemployment, parenthood) impact concerns about immigration. Two mechanisms suggest that these critical life events lead to a widening of education-specific differences: First, the amplification of ethnic competition following critical life events may be more pronounced for individuals with low educational attainment. Second, psychological adaptation processes of individuals with low levels of education may more frequently result in scapegoating. These mechanisms provide a rationale for the education-as-buffer hypothesis, according to which individuals with lower educational attainment are more prone to exhibit increasing concerns about immigration following critical life events. Estimations of distributed fixed effects models relying on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (1999–2017) show that labor market entry, unemployment, and parenthood increase concerns about immigration more strongly for individuals with low educational attainment. Replicating significant impact differences between educational groups for the three critical life events makes a strong case for the education-as-buffer hypothesis. Overall, this study demonstrates that concerns about immigration are responsive to critical life events and calls for further theorizing as to how educational attainment may shape attitudes towards immigration over the life course.
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Grönlund, Anne, and Madelene Nordlund. "A Maternal Wall for Refugees? Gender and Labor Market Establishment in Sweden." Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies, July 11, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18291/njwls.128041.
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Using longitudinal register data, we examined gender patterns in the long-term labor market establishment of refugees (n ≈ 11,700) and Swedish-born individuals (n ≈ 109,000). The main question was whether refugee women face greater difficulties than men and if gender differences can be attributed to care responsibilities. With multinomial logistic regression, cox regressions, and individual fixed effects models, refugees were observed at age 29–30 in 1997, then followed to age 50. Results show that both among refugees and Swedish-born, establishment was a protracted and insecure process for women. Over time, women caught up with men but in terms of stable employment, gender gaps prevailed throughout the fertile period and parenthood was negatively related to long-term establishment prospects. Future research should move beyond the focus on labor market entry to capture the mechanisms behind long term insecurities. The timing of parenthood and the importance of adult education are of particular interest.
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Finnäs, Fjalar. "Separations among Finnish women born between 1938-1967." Finnish Yearbook of Population Research, January 1, 1996, 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.23979/fypr.44891.
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The study of dissolutions in Finland until 1989 confirms corresponding findings from other countries. Consensual unions and marriages preceded by consensual unions were less stable than direct marriages. We do not interpret this as a causal relation, but rather as an outcome of a selection process. The choice of type of union is an indicator of the general attitudes and norms with respect to family formation and divorces. Furthermore, it is no longer meaningful to classify the unions according to formal marital status at the entry into the union. At present less than one union out of ten is a direct marriage, and we should instead focus on the marital status at entry into parenthood.
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Schulz, Matthias, Christian Schwens, and Christian Fisch. "Bankruptcy Regulation and Self-Employment Entry: The Moderating Roles of Income Share, Parenthood, and Hybrid Entrepreneurship." Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, June 21, 2021, 104225872110268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10422587211026856.
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We investigate how individual factors moderate the impact of bankruptcy exemption levels—that is, the amount of wealth individuals can keep in case of bankruptcy—on entry into self-employment. Conceptually, we combine Prospect Theory’s axiom of diminishing sensitivity with insights from research on entrepreneurial failure. We hypothesize that individuals who face higher financial, social, or psychological costs because of bankruptcy will be less sensitive to higher exemption levels than will those who face lower costs across these dimensions. Our empirical results, which are based on a quasi-natural experiment in the United States, support our theoretical predictions.
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Struffolino, Emanuela, Laura Bernardi, and Ornella Larenza. "Lone Mothers' Employment Trajectories: A Longitudinal Mixed-method Study." Comparative Population Studies 45 (September 15, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.12765/cpos-2020-14.
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Using a mixed-method design, this study explores the heterogeneity in employment trajectories before and after the transition to lone parenthood in Switzerland. First, we perform sequence and cluster analysis on data from the Swiss Household panel to identify typical employment trajectories around the transition to lone parenthood, and then estimate their association with individual and household characteristics (N=462). Finally, we contrast these results with findings from a content analysis of narrative interviews with lone mothers residing in Switzerland (N=38), focusing on values and norms concerning work and care. We identify five employment patterns characterized by either an increase in labor supply (especially for those with more/older children) or by stability in or outside the labor market (for highly educated or younger mothers respectively). The analyses of the interviews provide insights on how employment opportunities and decisions differ by entry mode into lone parenthood, the post-separation relationship with the children’s father, and the ability to mobilize individual, social and institutional resources. The heterogeneity of employment trajectories calls for more attention to within-group differences rather than focusing exclusively on the divide between lone and coupled mothers. By identifying the multiplicity of factors shaping lone mothers’ decisions on their labor market participation, this work feeds into the literature suggesting that effective policies encouraging lone mothers’ labor-market participation should consider: (i) their normative priorities when facing work and care trade-offs, and (ii) the availability of informal and formal support.
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Bach, Anna Sofie. "Between Necessity and Delight - Negotiating Involved Fatherhood among Career Couples in Denmark." Kvinder, Køn & Forskning, no. 1 (April 23, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kkf.v24i1.28513.
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Fathering practices are changing. Many fathers are no longer simply providers but are also active caregivers. While women’s entry into the labour market spurred a need for men to engage with the ‘second shift’, research has showed that men’s engagement with childcare does not necessarily imply an equal division of labour. By examining the construction of father’s identity in a context where traditional scripts for ‘doing family’ cannot (easily) be applied, this article discusses how necessity affects practices of involved fathering and the sharing of responsibilities. Based on qualitative interviews with 22 Danish men who are in relationships with so-called career women, the article argues that among this group of men, who in many ways appear as frontrunners of egalitarian family practices, fathers’ involvement is not only negotiated as a an emotional investment but also from a need to ‘make it work’. These fathers’ close relationships with their children and their parental independency is as much the result of the career orientation of the mothers as an expression of their having embraced the (Nordic) ideal of gender-neutral, symmetrical parenthood. Finally, in showing how intensive involvement and care-giving change men’s experience of fatherhood, the article contributes to the ongoing academic enquiry into what it means to be an involved father.
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Tambi, Agborbechem Peter, and Edna Emade Mesue. "The Effects of Parents’ Reactions towards Teenage Pregnancy on Pregnant Teenagers’ Educational Aspirations in Secondary Schools in Buea Sub-division, South West Region of Cameroon." Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, May 22, 2020, 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajess/2020/v7i430207.
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Teenage pregnancy is regarded as a major socio-medical and socio-economic phenomenon in both developed and developing countries and has become more rampant in recent times. This also happens at the level of schooling. The study investigated the effects of parents’ reactions on teenage pregnancy on their pregnant teenager’s aspirations. A qualitative research paradigm (ethnographic approach) was used in conducting this study. Twenty one parents and twenty four pregnant teenagers participated in the study. A focus group discussion guide, interview guide and observation guide were the instruments used for the collection of data for the study. Data were analyzed with the use of thematic-content analysis and pre-coding. Pregnant teenagers are allowed to continue schooling and given three months maternity leave before the delivery date. The result is psychosocial problems with negative effects on their aspirations. The results show that parents’ reactions have serious consequences on pregnant adolescents’ aspirations. Therefore, most pregnant students leave school before they are given maternity leave and some who go on maternity leave do not return. This is probably because of the way they are treated in school and back at home. They are provoked by school administrators and rejected at home by parents. Counselling should also be done to the parents of the girls as stipulated in the re-entry policy. By so doing, they may be able to support their daughters during the challenging stages of parenthood and take care of their grandchildren.
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Cheong, Y., I. Robertson, and J. Boivin. "O-194 Insights from smartphone app based emotional tracking data on the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on IVF patients." Human Reproduction 36, Supplement_1 (July 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deab128.005.
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Abstract Study question Is the emotional experience of patients during IVF different since the start of the global Covid-19 pandemic? Summary answer Tracking data since re-opening demonstrated patients lower positive challenge emotions but no significant change in harm, threat, or stress. What is known already Covid-19 caused widespread shutdown of fertility centres, including in the UK, when the HFEA mandated closure from March until May 2020. Research shows clinic closure and an uncertain future were a significant psychological burden for patients anticipating treatment. However, emotional experiences before, during and after closure have not yet been compared, which is the aim of the study. Study design, size, duration Retrospective single-centre analysis of anonymised emotional tracking data entered by 707 patients using the MediEmo smartphone app alongside their IVF cycle, from May 2017-September 2020. MediEmo includes medication timeline/ notifications, coping tools and emotional tracking. Patients rate 2 questions daily in each emotion domain (challenge, threat, harm, e.g. ‘I am feeling tense’) on a 0-3 scale and indicate coping ability (‘I am unable to cope with the stress I am experiencing’) on a binary scale. Participants/materials, setting, methods Egg donor, recipient and fertility preservation cycles were excluded. First, mood scores were analysed by 2020 month of entry to capture the emotional impact of closure. Second, “Pre-Covid” (May 2017-Feb 2020) and “After Re-opening” (May 2020–Sept 2020) emotional experiences were compared, using student t-tests. Mean and standard deviation of scores in each mood domain entered on each cycle day were calculated, centred on luteal day 0/ egg collection, from cycle day -14 to + 14. Main results and the role of chance Graphical presentation of emotional data by month clearly demonstrates the significant increase in threat, harm and stress emotions and reduced positive emotions experienced immediately prior to and during mandatory clinic closure. Of patients entering emotional data during closure in March/April 2020, 40% (14/35) stated they felt unable to cope with the stress they were currently experiencing. From May 2020 after the clinic reopened, analysis of in-cycle emotional tracking data showed there are no significant differences in harm or threat emotion levels or numbers reporting intolerable stress during IVF, compared to cycles pre-pandemic (May17-Feb 2020). Patients undertaking IVF cycles since closure are logging lower challenge scores (confident, encouraged, positive, hopeful), demonstrating less optimism, particularly in the ‘two-week wait’ phase of the cycle. The mean (s.d) of challenge scores pre-Covid was 1.50 (1.07), compared to 1.38 (1.04) after re-opening, p = 0.00085. The women who had treatment cycles post re-opening from May 2020 onwards were older (33.4(5.2) vs 32.6(4.4)), which may reflect clinical treatment prioritisation decisions. There was no significant differences in number of eggs collected (mean(s.d) Pre-Covid 12.08 (8.0) vs After re-opening 11.83 (9.4), p = 0.84) or live birth/ ongoing pregnancy rates for undelivered pregnancies (p = 0.69) between the groups. Limitations, reasons for caution Emotional data was only available for those who chose to use MediEmo, entered emotional tracking data and who gave consent for use of their clinical data in research. As such, this analysis may not fully reflect all patients’ experiences. Most of the available data were entered prior to the pandemic. Wider implications of the findings For Covid-19 safety reasons, patients currently have less in-person staff contact when undertaking IVF. The findings reassuringly suggest emotional wellbeing was not markedly different in most domains. However, daily ratings did show the emotional fall-out of clinic closures which for most threatened attainability of parenthood goals (e.g., less hope). Trial registration number Not applicable
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Menegatti, Larissa Fernandes. "A DIGNIDADE DA MULHER E O PLANEJAMENTO DA PARENTALIDADE: UMA LEITURA A PARTIR DE JOÃO PAULO II." Revista Encontros Teológicos 31, no. 1 (September 16, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.46525/ret.v31i1.13.
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Resumo: Este artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre a relação entre a dignidade da mulher eo planejamento da parentalidade a partir de João Paulo II, mais especificamente em sua CartaApostólica Mulieris Dignitatem. Publicada em 08 de dezembro de 1988, Mulieris Dignitatem éo primeiro documento pontifício do Magistério da Igreja que trata especificamente da vocaçãoe da dignidade da mulher, e foi elaborado num momento histórico onde as questões de gênerocomeçavam a ser debatidas pelas Conferências Internacionais sobre a Mulher, promovidas pelaONU. O cenário contemporâneo, não obstante as lutas travadas, apresenta ideologias machistasconsolidadas no âmbito social e religioso, que continuam a reproduzir posturas de exploração,violência e exclusão moral e social, com relação à mulher. Nesse contexto cultural, a maternidadeé muitas vezes colocada como mero fator biológico, dissociada de outros fatores intrínsecos àsua complexidade. Paralelamente, a paternidade parece intencionalmente esquecida, silenciada,principalmente em temas como o aborto, que parece ser apenas “coisa de mulher”. É necessáriopensar a dignidade da mulher no âmbito do planejamento da parentalidade, que inclua a relaçãode reciprocidade e aliança entre o masculino e o feminino.Palavras-chave: Dignidade. Gênero. Parentalidade.Abstract: This article aims to reflect on the relationship between the dignity of womenand the planning of parenting according to John Paul II, specifically in his Apostolic LetterMulieris Dignitatem. Published in December 08, 1988, Mulieris Dignitatem is the first papaldocument of the Magisterium of the Church, which specifically deals with the vocationand dignity of women, and was woven in a historical moment where gender issues beganto be discussed by the International Conferences on Women promoted by the UN. Thecontemporary setting, in spite of the struggles engaged, continues to hold to consolidatedchauvinistic ideologies in the social and religious spectrum, who go on reproducing posturesof exploitation, violence and moral and social exclusion of women. In this cultural context,motherhood is often placed as a mere biological factor, disassociated from other factorsintrinsic to its complexity. At the same time, parenthood seems intentionally forgotten,silenced, especially on issues such as abortion, which seems to be only “woman thing”. Itis necessary to consider the dignity of women in the planning of parenting, including thereciprocal relationship and alliance between male and female.Keywords: Dignity. Genre. Parenthood.