Dissertations / Theses: 'Environment Cartography'

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Khefifi, Hajer. "Etudes physiologiques et génétiques de caractères morpho-physico-chimiques des fruits d’agrumes au cours de la maturation jusqu’à l’abscission." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NSAM0013/document.

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Le contrôle de la qualité des fruits est un objectif de recherche agronomique, génétique mais également de production. La notion de qualité est cruciale pour les fruits destinés au commerce du fruit frais. Chez les agrumes, fruitier non climactérique, elle est définie sur l'arbre et utilisée pour déclencher la récolte qui doit précéder l'abscission des fruits. Néanmoins cette chute de fruit est parfois très proche du stade de maturité et occasionne donc des pertes du fait de délais trop courts pour assurer la récolte. Ceci est généralement observé chez les orangers cultivés en Espagne et en Tunisie. Par ailleurs, la qualité d'un agrume est souvent définie par la couleur de peau, la taille du fruit, l'absence de pépin, l'arôme et les teneurs en jus, en sucres et en acidité. Si l'absence de pépin peut être obtenue par la mutation induite ou par la triploïdie, le contrôle de la variation des autres caractères repose sur de nombreux facteurs: la variété, l'interaction avec le porte-greffe, les effets de l'environnement et les techniques culturales. Parmi eux le génotype variétal, c'est-à-dire sa structure génétique héritée de ses parents est un facteur prépondérant pour atteindre le niveau d'amélioration attendu. L'obtention d'une structure génétique adaptée aux objectifs de production n'est pas aisée car les caractéristiques liées à la reproduction telles que la polyembryonie, la phase juvénile ou l'auto-incompatibilité gamétique, sont contraignantes chez les agrumes. Dans le cadre de ce travail, nous avons eu pour objectif de développer des connaissances sur la variation des caractères de la qualité du fruit, en y incluant l'abscission, mais également sur leur héritabilité et leur hérédité afin de faciliter les programmes de sélection et de création variétale. Nous avons tout d'abord étudié la variation de l'abscission chez plusieurs variétés d'orangers sur 3 sites, en Tunisie en Espagne et en Corse. Cette étude démontre que pour des variétés identiques, le processus d'abscission mesurée via la diminution de la force de détachement du fruit du pédoncule (FDF), est très dépendante de l'environnement et non des caractères de qualité du fruit. De façon originale la Corse ne semble pas être favorable à l'expression de ce caractère. Parmi les facteurs environnementaux décrits sur les trois sites, celui de l'augmentation du nombre de jours favorable à la croissance (température moyenne ≥ 13°C) en fin d'hiver semble être à l'origine de la chute massive et soudaine des fruits. Néanmoins, en Corse, la FDF peut aussi diminuer au cours de la maturation sur d'autres agrumes que les oranges. L'analyse de l'hérédité des caractères de la qualité des fruits et de leur abscission a été réalisée par une approche de la ségrégation de QTLs dans une population de 116 hybrides issus d'un croisement de type backcross (clémentinier × mandarinier), le clémentinier étant déjà un hybride (mandarinier x oranger). Les analyses ont été reproduites sur deux campagnes de production à plusieurs dates de maturité et bornées par celles des deux parents. La plupart des caractères ont une variation importante et une hérédité transgressive découlant de l'hétérozygotie élevée des génomes parentaux. Trois cartes génétiques ont été développées (les parentales et la consensus) à l'aide de marqueurs SNP et SSR couvrant environ 75% du génome de référence. Après estimation de l'effet aléatoire sur la variance des caractères (BLUP), des QTLs de chacun des caractères ont été détectés (1 QTL pour l'acidité, le citrate, la teneur en jus, la TSS, la FDF à 5 QTLs pour l'indice a* de coloration). La plupart d'entre eux ne sont détectés qu'à une seule date de maturation. La stabilité interannuelle et inter-population de ces QTLs devra être vérifiée avant une possible utilisation des marqueurs liés dans les programmes d'amélioration
Fruit quality control is an agronomic, genetics and production research objective. The concept of quality is crucial for fruit produced for the fresh fruit market. In citrus, which are non-climacteric fruit, fruit quality traits in the tree is set to trigger the harvest time that must precede fruit abscission. However, this fruit drop is sometimes very close to the stage of maturity and therefore causes losses because of shorter time to ensure the harvest. This is usually observed in orange grown in Spain and Tunisia. Furthermore, the quality of a citrus fruit is often defined by the skin color, fruit size, lack of seeds, aroma and juice content, sugar and acidity. If seedlessness can be obtained by induced mutations or triploidy, the control of the change in other characters is based on many factors: variety, interaction with the rootstock, environmental impact and cultivation techniques. Among them, the varietal genotype, which means the genetic structure inherited from the parents, is a key factor to achieve the expected level of improvement in breeding. In citrus, obtaining a genetic structure adapted to production targets is not easy because the characteristics associated with reproduction such as polyembryony, juvenility or gamete self-incompatibility. In the present work, we aimed to develop knowledge on the variation of fruit quality traits by including abscission, heritability and traits inheritance to facilitate breeding programs and breeding.We first studied the variation of the abscission in several varieties of orange on 3 sites, Tunisia, Spain and Corsica. This study showed that for the same varieties, the process of abscission measured by investigating the decrease the fruit detachment force (FDF) required to separate the fruit from the calyx, was very dependent on the environment, but not on the fruit quality traits. Interestingly, Corsica does not seem favorable to the expression of this trait. Among the environmental factors described on the three locations, the increase of the number of days that favor growth (average temperature ≥ 13 °C) in late winter seems to be the cause of the sudden and massive fruit drop. Nevertheless, in Corsica, the FDF can also decrease during maturation in other citrus than oranges.The analysis of inheritance of fruit quality traits and abscission was achieved by investigating the segregation of QTLs in a population of 116 hybrids resulting from a backcross (clementine × mandarin), clementine being itself a hybrid (mandarin × orange). Analyzes were replicated two consecutive years at several maturity dates which were bounded by maturity dates of both parents. Most traits presented a significant variation and a transgressive inheritance arising from the high heterozygosity of parental genomes. Three genetic maps have been developed (parental and consensus) using SSR and SNP markers covering about 75% of the reference genome. After estimating the random effect on the variance of the traits (BLUP), QTLs of each trait were detected (1 QTL for acidity, citrate, juice content, TSS, FDF as well as 5 QTLs for the a* color index). Most of them were detected at a single date of maturation.Interannual and inter-population stability of these QTLs will be checked before any possible use of the linked markers in breeding programs

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Hopfstock, Anja. "A User-Oriented Map Design in the SDI Environment." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-71981.

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The ever increasing demand of our information society for reliable Geographic Information (GI) is the moving power for the development and maintenance of Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI). Consequently, an SDI works to full benefit of its users if the SDI data collection is accessible and can be efficiently used by all users in spatial problem solving and decision-making. Current development and use of SDI focuses on handling geospatial data entirely by means of information technology. Thereby, low awareness seems to be paid to a user-friendly and understandable presentation of geospatial data. Based on the understanding that GI is the result of human geospatial information processing, it is argued that cartography is essential in the SDI context in order to achieve the objectives of SDI. Specifically, the thesis aimed at exploring the concept of user-oriented map design in relation to SDI and elaborating a methodology for creating effective cartographic representations for SDI relevant user types. First of all, the SDI concept, its objectives and principles are explored using the example of the current European SDI initiatives as to the human aspect of an SDI. Secondly, in order to determine the role and task of cartography in the SDI context, the conceptual framework of contemporary cartography is reviewed to provide the theoretical and technological framework for a user-oriented map design. Given this, the SDI environment is assessed in relation to cartography with respect to the services providing access to the SDI data collection. Further, an SDI map production framework is elaborated utilising Spiess’ concept of the graphic filter as a model for the transformation of SDI data into useful cartographic representations. Besides, the map design strategy by Grünreich provides the starting point for developing the process of map production. The main tasks are detailed and justified taking into consideration the semiotic-cognitive and action-related concepts underpinning contemporary cartography. The applied research encompasses a case study which is performed to implement and, thus, evaluate the proposed methodology. It starts from a use case scenario where an international spatial planning team requires getting familiar with the overall geographic characteristics of a European cross-border area. Following the process steps of user-oriented map design in the SDI environment, a map design specification is elaborated and implemented under real world conditions. The elaborated methodology for creating user-friendly and understandable cartographic representations of geospatial data in the SDI environment is based on theoretical and technological foundation of contemporary cartography. Map design in the SDI context, first of all, means to establish a graphic filter that determines the parameters and rules of the cartographic transformation process to be applied. As both an applied art and engineering the design of the graphic filter is a creative process developing a map design solution which enables SDI users to easily produce their map. It requires on the one hand an understanding of map use, map user and map use situation, and on the other hand insight into the data used as the source. The case study proves that the elaborated methodology is practicable and functional. Cartographic reverse engineering provides a systematic and pragmatic approach to the cartographic design task. This way, map design solutions can be built upon existing cartographic experience and common traditions as suggested by the INSPIRE recommendation for portrayal. The resulting design solution constitutes a prototype of a European Reference Map at medium scale built upon existing cartographic experience and common traditions. A user-friendly, understandable and comparable presentation of geospatial data in Europe would support the human and institutional potential for cross-border cooperation and collaboration. Besides that, the test implementation shows that tools are available which make it technically feasible and viable to produce a map from geospatial data in the SDI data collection. The research project raises awareness to the human aspect of SDI inherit in its objective to support end users to derive GI and knowledge from the geospatial data gathered in the SDI data collection. The role and task of cartography in the SDI context is to contribute to the initiation, creation, and maintenance of portrayal services to facilitate a comprehensive access to the underlying geospatial data by means of a user-friendly and understandable graphic interface. For cartography to take effect in the SDI development and use, cartographic design knowledge has to be made explicit and operational. It is the responsibility of cartographic professionals to prepare the map design. The wide range of map use contexts requires a great flexibility of design variants depending on the dimension of human-map interaction. Therefore, the design of the maps needs to be user-driven to enable an efficient map use in the user’s task. Besides their function as a graphic interface, maps facilitate a common understanding of the depicted geographic features and phenomena when sharing GI between SDI users. In other words, map design can be regarded a measure to establish interoperability of geospatial data beyond the technical level. The research work is in the scope of communication cartography, a research domain seeking to deepen the understanding of the role of cartographic expressions when understanding and communication of GI is involved
Der wachsende Bedarf unserer Wissensgesellschaft an zuverlässigen Informationen über räumliche Strukturen und Sachverhalte ist die treibende Kraft bei Aufbau und Einsatz von Geodateninfrastrukturen (GDI). Eine Geodateninfrastruktur wirkt zum vollen Nutzen der Gesellschaft, wenn die Daten in der GDI zugänglich sind und effektiv für Erkenntnis- und Entscheidungsprozesse genutzt werden können. Die gegenwärtige Entwicklung von GDI setzt auf moderne Informationstechnologien bei der Geodatenverarbeitung. Dabei, wird einer bedarfsgerechten und nutzerfreundlichen Präsentation von Geodaten in ansprechender visueller Form wenig Aufmerksamkeit zuteil. Da Geoinformation erst durch die Interaktion des Nutzers mit den Geodaten entsteht, ist es Aufgabe der Kartographie, bedarfsgerechte Kartendarstellungen zu gestalten und an der Schnittstelle zwischen einer Geodateninfrastruktur und ihren Nutzern bereitzustellen. Ziel der vorliegenden Dissertation ist es, eine Methodik für den Kartenherstellungsprozess in einer GDI-Umgebung zu entwickeln und beispielhaft zu erproben. Zunächst, werden Konzept, Ziele und Prinzipien von Geodateninfrastruktur beispielhaft anhand der Europäischen GDI-Initiativen dargestellt und hinsichtlich des Bedarfs an kartographischen Darstellungen untersucht. Danach wird, ausgehend von der Forderung nach verständlichen und gut interpretierbaren Geoinformationen, die Rolle der Kartographie im GDI-Kontext bestimmt. Dabei werden zunächst Funktion und Aufgaben der Kartographie sowie die tragenden Konzepte und Grundlagen einer nutzerorientierten Kartengestaltung dargelegt. Der Vergleich der bestehenden Geodatenzugangsdienste zur Funktion der Kartographie ergibt eine Lücke, die es zu schließen gilt, um den Nutzeranforderungen gerecht zu werden. Dazu wird der Gesamtprozess für die Herstellung von Karten im GDI-Kontext beschrieben. In diesem Prozess kommt dem Graphikfilter von Spiess (2003) besondere Bedeutung als Modell eines wissensbasierten Systems zur Aufstellung und Umsetzung von kartographischen Gestaltungsregeln zu. Den Ausgangspunkt für die Ausarbeitung der Teilprozesse bieten die von Grünreich (2008) vorgeschlagenen Teilaufgaben der Kartographie im Rahmen der GDI. Mittels eines Anwendungsfalls im Europäischen Kontext wird der vorgeschlagene Gesamtprozess erprobt. Dieses Beispiel geht davon aus, dass eine internationale Planungsgruppe im Zuge der Konzeption einer grenzüberschreitenden Verkehrsverbindung eine anschauliche Beschreibung der Landschaft in Form einer einheitlich gestalteten und flächendeckenden Karte benötigt. Durch Anwendung des kartographischen Reverse Engineering anerkannt gut gestalteter Karten werden die Vorgaben für die Kartengestaltung ermittelt. Einschließlich der Anwendung auf konkrete GDI-Daten wird der zuvor entwickelte Herstellungsprozess ausgeführt und diskutiert. Die entwickelte Methodik für den Kartenherstellungsprozess in der GDI-Umgebung basiert auf den semiotisch-kognitiven und handlungstheoretischen Konzepten der modernen Kartographie. Kartengestaltung im Kontext von Geodateninfrastrukturen bedeutet die Entwicklung eines Graphikfilters, der eine optimale bedarfsgerechte Visualisierung der Geodaten mittels nutzerspezifischer Parameter und Gestaltungsregeln ermöglicht. Wie das Fallbeispiel zeigt, ist es die durch die entwickelte Methodik möglich, brauchbare und nützliche Kartendarstellungen zu gestalten. Die Anwendung des kartographischen Reverse Engineering erlaubt es, Kartendarstellungen zu entwickeln, die - wie von INSPIRE empfohlen - bewährten kartographischen Erfahrungen und allgemeinen Traditionen entsprechen. Das Ergebnis des Anwendungsfalls ist ein Prototyp einer Europäischen Referenzkarte im Maßstab 1: 250,000. Die einheitliche und somit vergleichbare Darstellung über Grenzen hinweg unterstützt das Planungsteam in seiner Arbeit. Die praktische Umsetzung der Karte zeigt zudem, dass funktionsfähige Werkzeuge und Technologien für die regelbasierte Kartenherstellung aus GDI-Daten vorhanden sind. Die Dissertation trägt dazu bei, das Bewusstsein für den menschlichen Aspekt der Nutzung einer Geodateninfrastruktur zu schärfen. Der Beitrag der Kartographie zur Nutzung der Geodaten einer GDI besteht in der Initiierung, Gestaltung und Pflege von Darstellungsdiensten, da die Nutzbarkeit der Geodaten am besten gewährleistet ist, wenn die Gestaltungsmethoden der Kartographie angewendet werden. Dabei liegt es in der Verantwortung der Kartographen, die nutzerseitigen Aspekte dieser graphischen Schnittstelle unter Berücksichtigung der modernen kartographischen Konzepte zu betreuen. Gemäß INSPIRE-Richtlinie werden auf Karten gestützte Informationen bei zahlreichen Tätigkeiten verwendet. Für eine effektive visuelle Informationsverarbeitung durch den Nutzer ist daher eine nutzerorientierte Kartengestaltung in Abhängigkeit von der geplanten Interaktion (z.B. Kommunikation oder Analyse) unerlässlich. Neben der Funktion als Schnittstelle machen kartographische Darstellungen räumliche Strukturen verständlich. Daher ist die Kartenherstellung im GDI-Kontext eine Maßnahme, um Interoperabilität von Geodaten über die technische Ebene hinaus auf menschlicher Ebene zu ermöglichen. Die Relevanz dieser Forschungsarbeit liegt im Bereich der Kommunikationskartographie, die die Effektivität und Verbindlichkeit der Kommunikation über räumliche Strukturen und Sachverhalte zu vertiefen sucht

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Righi, Fernanda Pereira. "A cartografia ambiental como suporte para o estudo das unidades de paisagem: o caso da reserva biológica de São Donato." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-11012013-111131/.

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Com crescimento da degradação ambiental, houve um grande investimento em unidades de conservação, que resultou no Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação (SNUC). Embora o SNUC almeje regulamentar as unidades de conservação, muitas dessas tem dificuldade em proteger o meio ambiente, como é o caso da reserva biológica de São Donato, situada entre os municípios de Itaqui e Maçambará - RS, cujo objetivo é proteger o banhado São Donato, frente à expansão da agricultura e da pecuária. Assim, o objetivo da dissertação é contribuir para o estudo das unidades de paisagem da reserva biológica de São Donato, através da cartografia ambiental. Para isso, foram traçados objetivos específicos: (1) elaborar mapas temáticos - hipsométrico, clinográfico e uso do solo; (2) proceder uma análise multitemporal do uso do solo; (3) propor uma cartografia de unidades de paisagem da reserva biológica; (4) avaliar essas unidades de paisagem, quanto ao grau das intervenções antrópicas. Portanto, a partir do conceito de paisagem definido por Bertrand (1968) e da metodologia proposta por Martinelli; Pedrotti (2001) para a cartografia de unidades de paisagem foram identificadas dez unidades de paisagem na reserva biológica de São Donato, sendo que as unidades com maior interferência antrópica estão em expansão, enquanto que as unidades naturais encontram-se em dinâmica de retração, devido ao crescimento da atividade agropecuária no entorno da unidade de conservação, sobretudo do cultivo do arroz irrigado.
With growing environmental degradation, there was a large investment in protected areas, which resulted in the National System of Conservation Units (SNUC). Although this system aims to regulated conservation units, many of these have difficulty in protecting the environment, such as the biological reserve of São Donato, located between the towns of Itaqui and Maçambará - RS, in order to protect the São Donato wetland, given the expansion of agriculture and livestock. The objective of this research is to contribute to the study of landscape units of the biological reserve of São Donato, through the environmental cartography. For this, specific objectives were outlined: (1) elaborate thematic maps; (2) make a multitemporal analysis of land use, (3) propose a cartography of landscape units of biological reserves; (4) evaluate these landscape units, the degree of human interventions. Therefore, from the concept of landscape defined by Bertrand (1968) and the methodology proposed by Martinelli; Pedrotti (2001) for cartography of landscape units were identified ten scenic drives in the biological reserve of São Donato, and units with greater human interference are increasing, while the natural units are in dynamic retraction, due to the growth of farming in the surrounding conservation area, especially the cultivation of rice.

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Caneppele, Jean Carlo Gessi. "Espacialização da arenização a partir da Ecodinâmica e da Cartografia Ambiental." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/171442.

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A arenização é um processo que possui gênese natural e pode ser intensificado ou gerado por um inadequado manejo. A arenização está ligada ao condicionante, geológico, geomorfológico, pedológico, climático, de cobertura vegetal e uso e ocupação da terra, que a partir da interação com os agentes hídricos e eólicos, tem determinadas feições geradas. Em sua gênese natural, a arenização evolui em três etapas: 1) degraus de abatimento; 2) ravinas; 3) areais, além disso, as ravinas podem dar origem a voçorocas. Os mapeamentos da arenização efetuados levavam em conta apenas os areais e não as demais etapas. As propostas de manejo, em sua maioria, são implementadas de maneira uniforme, sem levar em conta que os agentes hídrico e eólico atuam de forma diferenciada ao longo do processo. Para que as técnicas de manejo e controle sejam aplicadas de acordo com a especificidade de cada área, se faz necessário o levantamento de todas as variáveis da arenização. Dentro deste contexto, o trabalho busca estruturar uma metodologia para mapear o processo de arenização, em sua evolução, utilizando a Ecodinâmica e a Cartografia Ambiental. Essa metodologia servirá de base para o cumprimento de dois objetivos do Edital Capes-Embrapa que o trabalho esteve vinculado: 1) Mapeamento do processo de arenização e 2) Criação de parâmetros para o manejo e gestão das áreas suscetíveis à arenização. O mapeamento foi efetuado na bacia do arroio Inhacundá no município de São Francisco de Assis/RS. Foram mapeadas as feições da arenização, divididas em: 1) Ravinas; 2) Coalescência de Ravinas; 3) Leques de Dejecção; 4) Voçorocas e 5) Areais. Os meios foram definidos a partir da relação morfogênese x pedogênese e as feições da arenização, obtendo-se assim os meios estáveis, intergrades e fortemente instáveis e suas classes de mapeamentos. Os meios estáveis estão associados às áreas suscetíveis e aos valões e foram a primeira classe a ser mapeada. Os meios intergrades estão associados aos degraus de abatimento, pipping, sulcos de maquinário e superpastoreio e foram considerados como segunda classe. Por último, os meios fortemente instáveis foram divididos em três classes. As ravinas (terceira classe); a coalescência de ravinas e os leques de dejecção (quarta classe); os areais e as voçorocas (quinta classe). Após, foi estruturada a legenda de cores, com a utilização da cor vermelha, assim como, foi atribuído um símbolo para cada relação entre os condicionantes, totalizando 14 símbolos. Os mapas finais foram elaborados em escala 1:100.000, utilizando as classes sem adição dos símbolos em função da quantidade de informações, e em escala 1:10.000. Na escala 1:10.000, todos os elementos foram adicionados, o que possibilitou uma leitura simplificada de um processo complexo. Com a estruturação da metodologia de mapeamento, definindo os meios e suas classes e relacionando todos os condicionantes, torna-se possível a criação de parâmetros para cada uma das cinco classes, de acordo com a sua localização e associação dos condicionantes.
The sandinization is a process that has a natural genesis and may be intensified or even generated by an inappropriate management. The sandinization is linked to geologic, geomorphologic, soils, climatic, and botanic factors, as well as to the use and occupation of earth. The interaction of those factors with eolic and hydric dynamics generates some specific characteristics. In its natural genesis, sandinization evolves in three stages: 1) downgrades, 2) ravines and 3) sands spots. In 8 addition, ravines can give rise to gullies. The mappings of sandinization were made just with sand spots and do not other stages and for the most part, management proposals of areas with sandinization are implemented uniformly in the different features, without taking into account that water and wind dynamics act differently throughout the process. To that those techniques of erosion control be applied according to specificity in each area, it is necessary the survey about all variable of sandinization. This work seeks to structure a methodology to map the sandinization process, using Ecodynamic and Environmental Cartography. That methodology will serve as a basis to meet two goals of the research public notice Capes-Embrapa nº 015/2014 to which the work was is linked: 1) Mapping of sandinization process and 2) Creation of parameters to management and handling of areas susceptible to sandinization. This dissertation begins with the theoretical framework about the sandinization process, its conditioning factors and its features. Subsequently, a chapter on Ecodynamics and Environmental Cartography. The mapping was carried out in the areas susceptible to the sandinization of the Inhacundá stream basin in the city of São Francisco de Assis, Rio Grande do Sul. Were mapped the sandinization features, which consist in: 1) Ravines; 2) Accreting of ravines; 3) Fans; 4) Gullies; 5) Sand Spots. The middle were defined by relationship between morphogenesis x pedogenesis and the sandinization features, getting the classification of stable middle, intergrades and strongly unstable middle and their class of mapping. The stable middle are related to susceptibility areas and the small valley and were the first class to get mapped. The intergrades middle are related to downgrades, pipping, machinery grooves and overgrazing and were considered as second class. The strongly unstable middle was divided in three classes: The Ravines (Third Class); the accreting of ravines and fans (Fourth Class); The Sand Spots and the gullies (Fifth Class). After the middle definition, was structured the legend of colors to the five classes, as was attributed one symbol to each relationship between the conditioners, totalizing fourteen symbols. The final maps were produced in scale 1:100.000, using the classes, without an addition to symbols because would contain many information’s, and in scale 1:10.000. In this scale all elements were added, making possible a simple reading of a complex process, as is the sandinization. With the structure of this methodology of sandinization mapping, defining its middle and its classes and related all conditioners, makes it possible the creation of parameters to each one of five classes, according to its location and association between the conditioners.

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Houel, Nicolas. "Pédagogie de la sobriété lumineuse : étude des enjeux et méthodes de la requalification du parc d'éclairage public de la métropole nantaise au travers de la récolte d'indicateurs qualitatifs et quantitatifs des ambiances nocturnes en ville." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ECDN0032.

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Dans le cadre d’un financement CIFRE accompagnant la définition du Schéma de Cohérence d’Aménagement Lumière (SCAL) de la Métropole de Nantes, la thèse de Nicolas Houel contribue à identifier les enjeux de la sobriété énergétique et lumineuse dans la gestion du parc d’éclairage public. La recherche porte sur la méthodologie d’élaboration du SCAL et se focalise sur l’identification des controverses actuelles dans la pratique de l’éclairage artificiel, en vue d’une sensibilisation et d’une implication de l’usager de l’espace public dans l’évaluation et la production des ambiances urbaines nocturnes. Le travail comprend une série d’enquêtes de terrain dédiées à l’évaluation et à l’itération d’une méthode de récolte d’indicateurs sensibles. En plus de sa partie analytique, la recherche propose un outil cartographique numérique inédit pour l’aide au suivi des installations et permettant en temps réel la collecte d’indicateurs physiques et sensibles directement identifiés par l’usager. La posture de recherche aborde la notion d’expertise d’usage, potentiellement complémentaire des expertises politiques, artistiques et techniques qui gouvernent actuellement l’éclairage public. Ils soulignent la place prépondérante de l’éclairage artificiel dans la culture collective et la très faible représentativité de la notion d’obscurité. La pédagogie de la sobriété lumineuse, en réponse à l’enjeu de sobriété énergétique et lumineuse initialement poursuivi au travers de la démarche de sensibilisation des usagers à l’éclairage public, s’oriente finalement vers celui d’une forme de pédagogie à l’obscurité, dans laquelle la sobriété lumineuse pourra durablement s’installer
As part of a CIFRE contract associated with the definition of the Lighting Development Coherence Scheme (SCAL) of the city of Nantes, Nicolas Houel’s thesis contributes to identifying the stakes of better energy and light sobriety in the management of its public lighting park. The research deals with the development methodology of the SCAL and focuses on the identification of current controversies in the artificial lighting practice, to raise awareness and involve the users of public spaces in the evaluation and production of nocturnal urban ambiances. It includes a series of field surveys dedicated to the evaluation and iteration of a method for the collection of sensitive indicators. Beyond its analytical part, the thesis proposes an unprecedented digital mapping tool to monitor the installations and to in real time the collection of physical and sensitive indicators identified by the users. The research addresses the concept of expertise of use, potentially complementary of political, artistic and technical ones that currently govern public lighting. They highlight the prominent place of artificial lighting in collective culture and the very low representativity of the concept of darkness. The pedagogy of light sobriety, regarding the challenge of energy and light sobriety originally pursued through an approach of awareness to public lighting for users, is ultimately oriented towards a form of pedagogy of darkness, in which light sobriety could settle lastingly

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Hopfstock, Anja. "A User-Oriented Map Design in the SDI Environment: Using the Example of a European Reference Map at Medium Scale." Doctoral thesis, Verlag des Bundesamtes für Kartographie und Geodäsie, 2010. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A25665.

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The ever increasing demand of our information society for reliable Geographic Information (GI) is the moving power for the development and maintenance of Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI). Consequently, an SDI works to full benefit of its users if the SDI data collection is accessible and can be efficiently used by all users in spatial problem solving and decision-making. Current development and use of SDI focuses on handling geospatial data entirely by means of information technology. Thereby, low awareness seems to be paid to a user-friendly and understandable presentation of geospatial data. Based on the understanding that GI is the result of human geospatial information processing, it is argued that cartography is essential in the SDI context in order to achieve the objectives of SDI. Specifically, the thesis aimed at exploring the concept of user-oriented map design in relation to SDI and elaborating a methodology for creating effective cartographic representations for SDI relevant user types. First of all, the SDI concept, its objectives and principles are explored using the example of the current European SDI initiatives as to the human aspect of an SDI. Secondly, in order to determine the role and task of cartography in the SDI context, the conceptual framework of contemporary cartography is reviewed to provide the theoretical and technological framework for a user-oriented map design. Given this, the SDI environment is assessed in relation to cartography with respect to the services providing access to the SDI data collection. Further, an SDI map production framework is elaborated utilising Spiess’ concept of the graphic filter as a model for the transformation of SDI data into useful cartographic representations. Besides, the map design strategy by Grünreich provides the starting point for developing the process of map production. The main tasks are detailed and justified taking into consideration the semiotic-cognitive and action-related concepts underpinning contemporary cartography. The applied research encompasses a case study which is performed to implement and, thus, evaluate the proposed methodology. It starts from a use case scenario where an international spatial planning team requires getting familiar with the overall geographic characteristics of a European cross-border area. Following the process steps of user-oriented map design in the SDI environment, a map design specification is elaborated and implemented under real world conditions. The elaborated methodology for creating user-friendly and understandable cartographic representations of geospatial data in the SDI environment is based on theoretical and technological foundation of contemporary cartography. Map design in the SDI context, first of all, means to establish a graphic filter that determines the parameters and rules of the cartographic transformation process to be applied. As both an applied art and engineering the design of the graphic filter is a creative process developing a map design solution which enables SDI users to easily produce their map. It requires on the one hand an understanding of map use, map user and map use situation, and on the other hand insight into the data used as the source. The case study proves that the elaborated methodology is practicable and functional. Cartographic reverse engineering provides a systematic and pragmatic approach to the cartographic design task. This way, map design solutions can be built upon existing cartographic experience and common traditions as suggested by the INSPIRE recommendation for portrayal. The resulting design solution constitutes a prototype of a European Reference Map at medium scale built upon existing cartographic experience and common traditions. A user-friendly, understandable and comparable presentation of geospatial data in Europe would support the human and institutional potential for cross-border cooperation and collaboration. Besides that, the test implementation shows that tools are available which make it technically feasible and viable to produce a map from geospatial data in the SDI data collection. The research project raises awareness to the human aspect of SDI inherit in its objective to support end users to derive GI and knowledge from the geospatial data gathered in the SDI data collection. The role and task of cartography in the SDI context is to contribute to the initiation, creation, and maintenance of portrayal services to facilitate a comprehensive access to the underlying geospatial data by means of a user-friendly and understandable graphic interface. For cartography to take effect in the SDI development and use, cartographic design knowledge has to be made explicit and operational. It is the responsibility of cartographic professionals to prepare the map design. The wide range of map use contexts requires a great flexibility of design variants depending on the dimension of human-map interaction. Therefore, the design of the maps needs to be user-driven to enable an efficient map use in the user’s task. Besides their function as a graphic interface, maps facilitate a common understanding of the depicted geographic features and phenomena when sharing GI between SDI users. In other words, map design can be regarded a measure to establish interoperability of geospatial data beyond the technical level. The research work is in the scope of communication cartography, a research domain seeking to deepen the understanding of the role of cartographic expressions when understanding and communication of GI is involved.
Der wachsende Bedarf unserer Wissensgesellschaft an zuverlässigen Informationen über räumliche Strukturen und Sachverhalte ist die treibende Kraft bei Aufbau und Einsatz von Geodateninfrastrukturen (GDI). Eine Geodateninfrastruktur wirkt zum vollen Nutzen der Gesellschaft, wenn die Daten in der GDI zugänglich sind und effektiv für Erkenntnis- und Entscheidungsprozesse genutzt werden können. Die gegenwärtige Entwicklung von GDI setzt auf moderne Informationstechnologien bei der Geodatenverarbeitung. Dabei, wird einer bedarfsgerechten und nutzerfreundlichen Präsentation von Geodaten in ansprechender visueller Form wenig Aufmerksamkeit zuteil. Da Geoinformation erst durch die Interaktion des Nutzers mit den Geodaten entsteht, ist es Aufgabe der Kartographie, bedarfsgerechte Kartendarstellungen zu gestalten und an der Schnittstelle zwischen einer Geodateninfrastruktur und ihren Nutzern bereitzustellen. Ziel der vorliegenden Dissertation ist es, eine Methodik für den Kartenherstellungsprozess in einer GDI-Umgebung zu entwickeln und beispielhaft zu erproben. Zunächst, werden Konzept, Ziele und Prinzipien von Geodateninfrastruktur beispielhaft anhand der Europäischen GDI-Initiativen dargestellt und hinsichtlich des Bedarfs an kartographischen Darstellungen untersucht. Danach wird, ausgehend von der Forderung nach verständlichen und gut interpretierbaren Geoinformationen, die Rolle der Kartographie im GDI-Kontext bestimmt. Dabei werden zunächst Funktion und Aufgaben der Kartographie sowie die tragenden Konzepte und Grundlagen einer nutzerorientierten Kartengestaltung dargelegt. Der Vergleich der bestehenden Geodatenzugangsdienste zur Funktion der Kartographie ergibt eine Lücke, die es zu schließen gilt, um den Nutzeranforderungen gerecht zu werden. Dazu wird der Gesamtprozess für die Herstellung von Karten im GDI-Kontext beschrieben. In diesem Prozess kommt dem Graphikfilter von Spiess (2003) besondere Bedeutung als Modell eines wissensbasierten Systems zur Aufstellung und Umsetzung von kartographischen Gestaltungsregeln zu. Den Ausgangspunkt für die Ausarbeitung der Teilprozesse bieten die von Grünreich (2008) vorgeschlagenen Teilaufgaben der Kartographie im Rahmen der GDI. Mittels eines Anwendungsfalls im Europäischen Kontext wird der vorgeschlagene Gesamtprozess erprobt. Dieses Beispiel geht davon aus, dass eine internationale Planungsgruppe im Zuge der Konzeption einer grenzüberschreitenden Verkehrsverbindung eine anschauliche Beschreibung der Landschaft in Form einer einheitlich gestalteten und flächendeckenden Karte benötigt. Durch Anwendung des kartographischen Reverse Engineering anerkannt gut gestalteter Karten werden die Vorgaben für die Kartengestaltung ermittelt. Einschließlich der Anwendung auf konkrete GDI-Daten wird der zuvor entwickelte Herstellungsprozess ausgeführt und diskutiert. Die entwickelte Methodik für den Kartenherstellungsprozess in der GDI-Umgebung basiert auf den semiotisch-kognitiven und handlungstheoretischen Konzepten der modernen Kartographie. Kartengestaltung im Kontext von Geodateninfrastrukturen bedeutet die Entwicklung eines Graphikfilters, der eine optimale bedarfsgerechte Visualisierung der Geodaten mittels nutzerspezifischer Parameter und Gestaltungsregeln ermöglicht. Wie das Fallbeispiel zeigt, ist es die durch die entwickelte Methodik möglich, brauchbare und nützliche Kartendarstellungen zu gestalten. Die Anwendung des kartographischen Reverse Engineering erlaubt es, Kartendarstellungen zu entwickeln, die - wie von INSPIRE empfohlen - bewährten kartographischen Erfahrungen und allgemeinen Traditionen entsprechen. Das Ergebnis des Anwendungsfalls ist ein Prototyp einer Europäischen Referenzkarte im Maßstab 1: 250,000. Die einheitliche und somit vergleichbare Darstellung über Grenzen hinweg unterstützt das Planungsteam in seiner Arbeit. Die praktische Umsetzung der Karte zeigt zudem, dass funktionsfähige Werkzeuge und Technologien für die regelbasierte Kartenherstellung aus GDI-Daten vorhanden sind. Die Dissertation trägt dazu bei, das Bewusstsein für den menschlichen Aspekt der Nutzung einer Geodateninfrastruktur zu schärfen. Der Beitrag der Kartographie zur Nutzung der Geodaten einer GDI besteht in der Initiierung, Gestaltung und Pflege von Darstellungsdiensten, da die Nutzbarkeit der Geodaten am besten gewährleistet ist, wenn die Gestaltungsmethoden der Kartographie angewendet werden. Dabei liegt es in der Verantwortung der Kartographen, die nutzerseitigen Aspekte dieser graphischen Schnittstelle unter Berücksichtigung der modernen kartographischen Konzepte zu betreuen. Gemäß INSPIRE-Richtlinie werden auf Karten gestützte Informationen bei zahlreichen Tätigkeiten verwendet. Für eine effektive visuelle Informationsverarbeitung durch den Nutzer ist daher eine nutzerorientierte Kartengestaltung in Abhängigkeit von der geplanten Interaktion (z.B. Kommunikation oder Analyse) unerlässlich. Neben der Funktion als Schnittstelle machen kartographische Darstellungen räumliche Strukturen verständlich. Daher ist die Kartenherstellung im GDI-Kontext eine Maßnahme, um Interoperabilität von Geodaten über die technische Ebene hinaus auf menschlicher Ebene zu ermöglichen. Die Relevanz dieser Forschungsarbeit liegt im Bereich der Kommunikationskartographie, die die Effektivität und Verbindlichkeit der Kommunikation über räumliche Strukturen und Sachverhalte zu vertiefen sucht.

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Holman, Justin O. "Quantitative comparison of categorical maps with applications for the analysis of global environmental data /." view abstract or download file of text, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3136418.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2004.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 101-107). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

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Simon, Jesse. "Images of the built landscape in the later Roman world." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e86a09f5-a1da-4ac0-8051-ba7fca36c16e.

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At its greatest extent, the Roman empire represented one of the largest continuous areas of land to have been ruled by a single central administration in the classical period. While the extent of the empire may be determined from both the extensive body of literary evidence from the Roman world, and also from the physi- cal remains of great public works stretching from Britain to Arabia, the processes by which the Romans were able to apprehend larger spaces remain infrequently studied in modern scholarship. It is often assumed that Roman spatial awareness came from cartographic representations and that the imperial Roman administration must have possessed detailed scale maps of both individual regions and of the empire as a whole. In the first part of the present study, it is demonstrated that Roman spatial understanding may not have relied very extensively on cartography, and that any maps produced in the Roman world were designed to serve very different purposes from those that we might associate with maps today. Instead, it is argued that the extensive construction projects that defined the character of the imperial world would have pro- vided a means by which the larger physical spaces of the empire could be understood. However, as transformations began to occur within the built environment between the late-third and late-sixth centuries, spatial processes would have necessarily started to change. In the second part of the present study, it is suggested that attitudes toward the built environment would have led to changes in the physical arrangement of rural and urban spaces in late antiquity; furthermore the eventual dissolution of the constructed landscape that defined the Roman empire would have resulted in new approaches to the apprehension of larger spaces, approaches in which cartographic expression may have played a more central role.

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Teobaldo, Neto Aristoteles. "A qualidade ambiental urbana no bairro Alfredo Freire Uberaba / MG : o desafio da análise e representação." Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2008. https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/16034.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The urban growth, most of the time, is not followed by an adjusted infrastructure that guarantees a healthful environment and a proper life quality. The urbanization and industrialization increasing process has provoked significant alterations in the environment. It has been modifying some vital supplements quality , such as: pure and cool air, drinking water, food, leisure spaces, amongst others. A quarter in Uberaba MG, symbolizes this process: Alfredo Freire. It is located next to an Industrial District and has the environmental quality affected by the residues generated in the neighboring industrial activities. It was arisen as problematic issues which guides this research: Why to construct a quarter segregated from the city (at that time) and next to an Industrial District? Which is its inhabitants perception in relation to the quarter environmental quality? From this, it was defined as general objective: to elaborate and analyze the urban perception map of Alfredo Freire quarter environmental quality and as specific objective: to understand the city production and reproduction processes; to outline some general characteristics of the quarter inhabitants social-economic profile; to identify and to establish the ambient perception of the inhabitants in relation to some ambient quality pointers; elaborate the maps of each pointer; interpolate the maps, elaborate and analyze the final map of Urban Environmental Quality (QAU). In chapter 1 a historical incursion in the issue studied in this research is developed, searching to determine the causes and understand the processes that mix the miserable social-ambient situation. It is introduced the discussion concerning QAU evaluation concepts and methods and life quality. In chapter 2 the methodology, the operational procedures and the materials used in the research are presented. Chapter 3 presents the history of the quarter and the inhabitant profile. Initially, it is done a geographic-historical characterization of the study area. In this context it will be clear how the problematic environmental issue is in the quarter genesis. In chapter 4, are presented the results directly related to the four defined pointers of the environmental quality in the specific objectives. Such results are presented in the form of maps, graphs and tables. It is demonstrated how QAU s synthesis map was elaborated, by the criterion of the simple average. Some consideration about this method limitation are explained and one second alternative is presented: the interpolation method. So that, this is the closest to the reality. It is argued, also, how the technologies related to the geo-processing can be useful and efficient in the studied phenomenon analysis and QAU representation. Finally, some proposals are presented as urgent measures with the objective to minimize the environment impacts and improve the life and ambient quality of Alfredo Freire quarter inhabitants in Uberaba-MG.
O crescimento urbano, na maioria das vezes, não é acompanhado de uma adequada infraestrutura que garanta um ambiente saudável e uma qualidade de vida adequada. O crescente processo de urbanização e industrialização tem provocado alterações significativas no meio ambiente, alterando a qualidade de alguns suprimentos vitais ao homem tais como: ar puro e fresco, água potável, alimento, espaços de lazer, dentre outros. Um bairro em Uberaba MG, simboliza este processo: o Alfredo Freire. Está localizado ao lado de um Distrito Industrial e tem a qualidade ambiental afetada pelos resíduos gerados nas atividades industriais vizinhas. Levantou-se como problemáticas orientadoras desta pesquisa: Por que construir um bairro segregado espacialmente da cidade (à época) e ao lado de um Distrito Industrial? Qual a percepção dos moradores em relação qualidade ambiental do bairro? A partir disso foi delineado como objetivo geral: elaborar e analisar o mapa da percepção da qualidade ambiental urbana do bairro Alfredo Freire e, como objetivos específicos: compreender os processos de produção e reprodução da cidade; traçar algumas características gerais do perfil sócio-econômico dos moradores do bairro; identificar e espacializar a percepção ambiental dos moradores em relação a alguns indicadores da qualidade ambiental; elaborar os mapas de cada indicador; interpolar os mapas, elaborar e analisar o mapa final da Qualidade Ambiental Urbana (QAU). No capítulo 1 é feita uma incursão histórica na problemática tratada nesta pesquisa, buscando traçar as causas e entender os processos que engendraram todo o quadro sócio-ambiental degradante. É introduzida a discussão acerca dos conceitos e métodos de avaliação da QAU e qualidade de vida. No capítulo 2 é apresentada a metodologia, os procedimentos operacionais e os materiais utilizados na pesquisa. O capítulo 3 apresenta a história do bairro e o perfil do morador. Inicialmente é feita uma caracterização históricogeográfica da área de estudo, neste contexto ficará claro como a questão da problemática ambiental está na gênese do bairro. No capítulo 4 são apresentados os resultados diretamente relacionados aos quatro indicadores da qualidade ambiental definidos nos objetivos específicos. Tais resultados estão apresentados na forma de mapas, gráficos e tabelas. É demonstrado como foi elaborado o mapa síntese da QAU, pelo critério da média simples. São feitas algumas considerações da limitação deste método e, é apresentada uma segunda alternativa: o método de interpolação, visto que este é o que mais se aproxima da realidade. Discute-se, também, como as tecnologias relacionadas ao geoprocessamento podem ser úteis e eficientes na análise do fenômeno estudado e na representação da QAU. Por fim, são propostas algumas medidas urgentes com o objetivo de minimizar os impactos ambientais e melhorar a qualidade ambiental e de vida dos moradores do bairro Alfredo Freire / Uberaba MG.
Mestre em Geografia

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Welter, Liane. "O espaço geográfico do oeste catarinense e sua cartografia ambiental." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-20062007-145400/.

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O objetivo central do trabalho é congregar os componentes naturais e sociais que agem no ambiente da região Oeste Catarinense, tendo em vista uma cartografia ambiental. Para tanto, abordamos e representamos em mapa os elementos referentes a geologia, relevo, solos, vegetação, clima, uso e cobertura da terra, rede de drenagem, divisão administrativa e rede viária. Uma visão de síntese, integrada e espacializada da realidade do ambiente regional foi obtida com a utilização de técnicas de geoprocessamento, que, dentre suas possibilidades permitiram a identificação de cinco unidades ambientais e suas subdivisões para o Oeste Catarinense.
The main aim of this work is to bring together the natural and social elements that act on the West Catarinense region in Brazil, considering the environmental cartography. In order to do that, we show and represent maps of geology, relief, soil, vegetation, climate, land use, drainage system, political division and transport. Using the techniques for geoprocessment, a syntesis, integrated and spacialized view of the environmental reality was obtained. This procedure identificated five environmental units and its subdivisions into the West Catarinense.

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Lopes, Paulo Maurício Silva. "Estudo dos atributos do meio físico como base para o zoneamento geoambiental das bacias do rio Passa Cinco e rio da Cabeça: escala 1:50.000." Universidade de São Paulo, 2000. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18132/tde-19102018-200138/.

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O presente trabalho consistiu no estudo de uma série de atributos do meio físico, como geologia, pedologia, materiais inconsolidados, declividade e menor extensão do percurso da água superficial, entre outros, representados na escala 1:50.000 referentes às bacias hidrográficas dos rios Passa Cinco e Cabeça. Tais atributos foram avaliados, considerando as restrições e potencialidades do meio, buscando uma melhor elaboração das propostas e procedimentos adotados na manutenção da qualidade do meio físico. Para a realização deste estudo, foram utilizados trabalhos já desenvolvidos na área, assim como novos mapas e cartas elaborados durante este, seguindo-se os conceitos da cartografia geoambiental, voltados ao planejamento, proteção e recuperação territorial. Para agilizar os trabalhos de manipulação (armazenamento, recuperação, tratamento, cruzamento e apresentação), foi utilizado um Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG-IDRISI), principalmente para obtenção das cartas de Susceptibilidade à Erosão, Potencial à Infiltração e Potencial Agrícola. O resultado final permitiu a obtenção da Carta de Comportamento do Meio Físico como Base para o Zoneamento Geoambiental, onde estão presentes as aptidões, restrições e conflitos de uso, considerando-se neste caso todos os atributos já comentados anteriormente.
Many attributes of the Passa Cinco and Cabeça river hydrographic basins, related to geology, pedology, unconsolidated materials, slope and least water runoff distance, at a 1:50,000 scale, were evaluated. Such attributes based on adequated proposal and procedures were assessed in terms of constraints to determine the basin potentialities. Geoenvironmental cartographic concepts related to planning, protection and management, have been applied in the develop of the charts and maps presented in this works, which, in turn, were base on the extensive research already done in this area. The GIS IDRISI was used to handle data (storing, retrieving, treatment, overlaying and presentation), mainly to elaborate the charts of Erosion Susceptibility, Water lnfiltration Potential and Agricultural Potential. As final result, this work presents an analysis of the environmental attributes to orientate the geoenvironmental zoning, considering all the aspects mentioned above.

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Dia, Roxana. "Towards Environment Perception using Integer Arithmetic for Embedded Application." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALM038.

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Le principal inconvénient de l'utilisation de représentations basées sur la grille pour SLAM et pour la localisation globale est la complexité de calcul exponentielle requise en termes de taille de grille (de la carte et des cartes de pose). La taille de grille requise pour modéliser l'environnement entourant un robot ou un véhicule peut être de l'ordre de milliers de millions de cellules. Par exemple, un espace 2D de forme carrée de taille 100 m × 100 m, avec une taille de cellule de 10 cm est modélisé avec une grille de 1 million de cellules. Si nous incluons une hauteur de 2 m pour représenter la troisième dimension, 20 millions de cellules sont nécessaires. Par conséquent, les approches SLAM classiques basées sur une grille et de localisation globale nécessitent une unité de calcul parallèle afin de répondre à la latence imposée par les normes de sécurité. Un tel calcul est généralement effectué sur des postes de travail intégrant des unités de traitement graphique (GPU) et / ou des processeurs haut de gamme. Cependant, les véhicules autonomes ne peuvent pas gérer de telles plateformes pour des raisons de coût et de problèmes de certification. De plus, ces plates-formes nécessitent une consommation d'énergie élevée qui ne peut pas correspondre à la source d'énergie limitée disponible dans certains robots. Les plates-formes matérielles intégrées sont couramment utilisées comme solution alternative dans les applications automobiles. Ces plateformes répondent aux contraintes de faible coût, de faible puissance et de petit espace. De plus, certains d'entre eux sont certifiés automobiles1, suivant la norme ISO26262. Cependant, la plupart d'entre eux ne sont pas équipés d'une unité à virgule flottante, ce qui limite les performances de calcul.L'équipe du projet sigma-fusion du laboratoire LIALP du CEA-Leti a développé une méthode de perception basée sur des nombres entiers adaptée aux appareils embarqués. Cette méthode permet de construire une grille d'occupation via la fusion bayésienne en utilisant uniquement l'arithmétique entière, d'où son "embarquabilité" sur des plateformes informatiques embarquées, sans unité à virgule flottante. Ceci constitue la contribution majeure de la thèse de doctorat de Tiana Rakotovao [Rakotovao Andriamahefa 2017].L'objectif de la présente thèse est d'étendre le cadre de perception des nombres entiers au SLAM et aux problèmes de localisation globale, offrant ainsi des solutions «embarquables» sur les systèmes embarqués
The main drawback of using grid-based representations for SLAM and for global localization is the required exponential computational complexity in terms of the grid size (of the map and the pose maps). The required grid size for modeling the environment surrounding a robot or of a vehicle can be in the order of thousands of millions of cells. For instance, a 2D square-shape space of size 100m × 100m, with a cell size of 10cm is modelled with a grid of 1 million cells. If we include a 2m of height to represent the third dimension, 20 millions of cells are required. Consequently, classical grid-based SLAM and global localization approaches require a parallel computing unit in order to meet the latency imposed by safety standards. Such a computation is usually done over workstations embedding Graphical Processing Units (GPUs) and/or a high-end CPUs. However, autonomous vehicles cannot handle such platforms for cost reason, and certification issues. Also, these platforms require a high power consumption that cannot fit within the limited source of energy available in some robots. Embedded hardware platforms are com- monly used as an alternative solution in automotive applications. These platforms meet the low-cost, low-power and small-space constraints. Moreover, some of them are automotive certified1, following the ISO26262 standard. However, most of them are not equipped with a floating-point unit, which limits the computational performance.The sigma-fusion project team in the LIALP laboratory at CEA-Leti has developed an integer-based perception method suitable for embedded devices. This method builds an occupancy grid via Bayesian fusion using integer arithmetic only, thus its "embeddability" on embedded computing platforms, without floating-point unit. This constitutes the major contribution of the PhD thesis of Tiana Rakotovao [Rakotovao Andriamahefa 2017].The objective of the present PhD thesis is to extend the integer perception framework to SLAM and global localization problems, thus offering solutions “em- beddable” on embedded systems

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Üzer, Ferit. "Hybrid mapping for large urban environments." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF22675/document.

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Dans cette thèse, nous présentons une nouvelle méthode de cartographie visuelle hybride qui exploite des informations métriques, topologiques et sémantiques. Notre but est de réduire le coût calculatoire par rapport à des techniques de cartographie purement métriques. Comparé à de la cartographie topologique, nous voulons plus de précision ainsi que la possibilité d’utiliser la carte pour le guidage de robots. Cette méthode hybride de construction de carte comprend deux étapes. La première étape peut être vue comme une carte topo-métrique avec des nœuds correspondants à certaines régions de l’environnement. Ces cartes sont ensuite complétées avec des données métriques aux nœuds correspondant à des sous-séquences d’images acquises quand le robot revenait dans des zones préalablement visitées. La deuxième étape augmente ce modèle en ajoutant des informations sémantiques. Une classification est effectuée sur la base des informations métriques en utilisant des champs de Markov conditionnels (CRF) pour donner un label sémantique à la trajectoire locale du robot (la route dans notre cas) qui peut être "doit", "virage" ou "intersection". L’information métrique des secteurs de route en virage ou en intersection est conservée alors que la métrique des lignes droites est effacée de la carte finale. La fermeture de boucle n’est réalisée que dans les intersections ce qui accroît l’efficacité du calcul et la précision de la carte. En intégrant tous ces nouveaux algorithmes, cette méthode hybride est robuste et peut être étendue à des environnements de grande taille. Elle peut être utilisée pour la navigation d’un robot mobile ou d’un véhicule autonome en environnement urbain. Nous présentons des résultats expérimentaux obtenus sur des jeux de données publics acquis en milieu urbain pour démontrer l’efficacité de l’approche proposée
In this thesis, a novel vision based hybrid mapping framework which exploits metric, topological and semantic information is presented. We aim to obtain better computational efficiency than pure metrical mapping techniques, better accuracy as well as usability for robot guidance compared to the topological mapping. A crucial step of any mapping system is the loop closure detection which is the ability of knowing if the robot is revisiting a previously mapped area. Therefore, we first propose a hierarchical loop closure detection framework which also constructs the global topological structure of our hybrid map. Using this loop closure detection module, a hybrid mapping framework is proposed in two step. The first step can be understood as a topo-metric map with nodes corresponding to certain regions in the environment. Each node in turn is made up of a set of images acquired in that region. These maps are further augmented with metric information at those nodes which correspond to image sub-sequences acquired while the robot is revisiting the previously mapped area. The second step augments this model by using road semantics. A Conditional Random Field based classification on the metric reconstruction is used to semantically label the local robot path (road in our case) as straight, curved or junctions. Metric information of regions with curved roads and junctions is retained while that of other regions is discarded in the final map. Loop closure is performed only on junctions thereby increasing the efficiency and also accuracy of the map. By incorporating all of these new algorithms, the hybrid framework presented can perform as a robust, scalable SLAM approach, or act as a main part of a navigation tool which could be used on a mobile robot or an autonomous car in outdoor urban environments. Experimental results obtained on public datasets acquired in challenging urban environments are provided to demonstrate our approach

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Sousa, Maria Cristina Salvadeo de. "As propostas metodológicas para a cartografia ambiental: uma revisão." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-08022010-154331/.

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A temática ambiental tem despertado enorme interesse em diversos seguimentos da sociedade, especialmente de pesquisadores da área, que vêem contribuindo com a produção de inúmeras publicações. No entanto, a bibliografia produzida para a Cartografia Ambiental tem apresentado lacunas, principalmente no trato do embasamento das pesquisas com enfoque teórico-metodológico. Este trabalho revisa as propostas metodológicas elaboradas por André Journaux, Jean Tricart, Helmut Troppmair e Carlos Augusto de Figueiredo Monteiro para o mapeamento ambiental. Trata inicialmente da conexão existente entre a Geografia, os estudos ambientais e a ciência cartográfica, que é a própria interface entre os dois primeiros, expondo, dentro de um contexto histórico, várias visões da relação sociedade - natureza. Adotamos uma postura fundamentada pelo construto do Geossistema e da Semiologia Gráfica para que as representações possam refletir o espaço geográfico como um todo indissociável de objetos e ações. Alguns critérios inerentes à cartografia também foram abordados, para que servissem de baliza ao estudo: o problema das ordens de grandeza; a questão do dinamismo do mundo real versus a condição estática dos mapas; a almejada síntese cartográfica, a qual consideramos ser a forma ideal para os mapas ambientais; e a busca por uma legenda significativa, que auxilie o usuário em desvendar o mapa.
Environmental thematic has grown enormous interest in several segments of society, especially from area researchers who have been contributing to the production of countless publications. However, the bibliography produced for Environmental Cartography has had some gaps mainly on dealing with the foundation of theoretical and methodological focus. This work reviews the methodological proposals by André Journaux, Jean Tricart, Helmut Troppmair and Carlos Augusto de Figueiredo Monteiro for environmental mapping. It has come up from the existing connection among Geography, environmental studies and cartographic science which is the actual interface between the two former ones, demonstrating in a historical context, several insights of the relation society nature. We have adopted a framework based on the building of Geosystems and Graphic Semiology so that the representations could reflect the geographic space as a set inseparable from objects and actions. Some criteria inherent to cartography were also approached in order to be support to the study: problems with magnitude; the issue of the dynamism of the real world versus the static condition of maps; the targeted cartographic synthesis we consider as being the ideal form for environmental mapping; and the search for a meaningful legend that may help the user uncover the map.

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Bak, Jun Hyeong. "Sustainable urban development in South Korea : compact urban form, land use, housing type, and development methods." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4781/.

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Over the past few decades, South Korea has experienced economic development and urbanisation, the effects of which have included environmental degradation and social problems. The principles of sustainable development have gained support as an approach to dealing with these issues; and the compact city has been proposed as a means of delivering sustainable development without the sprawl of Western cities. This thesis examines the applicability of the compact city to South Korea, particularly to large-scale developments, through the perspective of sustainable development. The research questions, ‘How and why have urban developments in South Korea been accompanied by compactness?’ and, ‘What implications does this have for sustainable development?’ are examined through two case studies: Yong-in, a city developed by diverse methods; and Se-jong, a city developed as a single new project. The case studies demonstrate that new settlements by high-rise apartments in South Korea have achieved a high degree of compactness, and residents have appreciated their liveability and made them their popular housing choice. The thesis concludes that the compact city in South Korean urban development is not only feasible, but is acceptable to residents; and it suggests a compact city model and strategies applicable in the South Korean context.

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Lima, Cleuton Vieira. "O Uso da cartografia ambiental na educação básica como ferramenta de análise dos impactos ambientais : estudo de caso do Ribeirão Tabuão de Lorena - SP." Universidade de Taubaté, 2010. http://www.bdtd.unitau.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=281.

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O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de verificar o uso da Cartografia Ambiental como ferramenta de representação dos impactos ambientais gerados por atividades humanas em um Ribeirão da cidade de Lorena SP e que posteriormente possam ser instrumentos importantes para que, alunos da Educação Básica identifiquem e compreendam as questões ambientais nas representações cartográficas. Para que o objetivo fosse atingido, foram realizados visitas de campo e registros fotográficos dos impactos. Com o auxílio de um mosaico de imagens de alta resolução do Google Earth e do software SPRING (Sistema de Processamento de Informações Geográficas desenvolvido pelo Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais do Brasil) para o manuseio da imagem, foram elaborados mapas temáticos do trecho urbano do ribeirão para a representação dos impactos ambientais mais significativos identificados ao longo do Ribeirão Tabuão. Com os mapas temáticos concluídos, foi utilizada uma função do software SPRING, que permite importar símbolos para as representações e incluí-los nos mapas de maneira que possam auxiliar na sua leitura e assimilação quase que instantaneamente por seus leitores. Como é de característica da simbologia evocativa fazer alusão do símbolo com o tema que representa, ele permite ao leitor estabelecer relação entre o significado e seu respectivo símbolo que está presente no mapa, pois ao público que se destina deve cumprir sua função de maneira mais simples e eficaz. Porém, os recursos do SRING não foram eficientes uma vez que os símbolos eram muito simples e poderiam oferecer múltipla interpretação, alternativa foi elaborar um mapa manualmente que ilustrasse o estilo mais adequado dos símbolos evocativos a serem utilizados. Concluindo os trabalhos percebemos que os mapas onde são empregados os chamados símbolos evocativos e as cores para identificar os fenômenos representados, neste caso, impactos ambientais, são mais eficientes ao transmitir suas informações para alunos da Educação Básica, uma vez que os símbolos que ilustram o tema ajudam o leitor a reconhecê-lo com maior facilidade e identificá-los no espaço geográfico.
The present work has the objective to verify the use of the Environmental Cartography as a tool of environmental impacts representation, generated by human activities in a brook of the city of Lorena SP , and that, later, they can be important instruments using to the students of the Basic Education to identify and understand environment the cartographic representations. For the success of this project, photographic registers of the impacts were carried out and, with the support of a high resolution mosaic of images from Google Earth and the SPRING software (System of Geographic Information Processing, developed by the Brazilian National Institute of Space Research) for the image handling, thematic maps of the urban stretch of the water course were created for the representation of the most important environmental impacts identified around the Brook Tabuão. After the conclusion of the maps, it was used a function from the Spring software, that allows importing symbols to the representations and including them in the maps, in order to assist their reading and assimilation almost instantaneously by their readers. It is a characteristic of the evocative symbology, to make reference of the symbol with the subject and that it allows the reader to establish a relation between the meaning and its respective symbol that it is presented the map, therefore to the public in simple and efficient way. However, the resources used with the software SPRING were not efficient because the symbols were very simple and could offer a multiple interpretation. The alternative was to elaborate a map manually that illustrated the style most adequate of the evocative symbols to be used. Concluding the work, we perceived that the maps where the evocative symbols and the colors were used to identify the represented phenomenon, in this case the environment ambient impacts, were more efficient when transmitting its information for pupils of the Basic Education, because the symbols that illustrate the subject help the reader to prompt recognize it and identify them in the geographic space.

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Jung, Il-Kyun. "Simultaneous localization and mapping in 3D environments with stereovision." Toulouse, INPT, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004INPT004H.

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Dans cette thèse, nous abordons le problème SLAM pour des robots évoluant en 3D dans de grands environnements, en utilisant la stéréovision. Une implémentation complète des différentes fonctionnalités nécessaires a été conçue, développée et expérimentée dans différents contextes. La première partie de la thèse traite du problème d'association des données : elle présente un algorithme de mise en correspondance de points d'intérêt détectés dans les images, qui est robuste par rapport au bruit et aux changements de point de vue. La deuxième partie de la thèse est dédiée au développement d'une approche du problème SLAM basée sur le filtrage de Kalman. Les amers sont les points d'intérêt détectés dans les images, dont les coordonnées 3D sont fournies par la stéréovision. La dernière partie de la thèse présente et analyse des résultats obtenus dans différents contextes : sur des trajectoires de plusieurs centaines de mètres effectuées par un ballon dirigeable évoluant à faible altitude, avec un robot évoluant en environnement naturel non structuré, et avec un robot évoluant en environnements intérieurs. Lorsque la trajectoire ``ferme une boucle'', une méthode rapide de correction de l'estimée des différentes positions par lesquelles le robot est passé permet de reconstruire un modèle numérique du terrain.

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18

Beaulant, Anne-Lise. "CARTOGRAPHIE DE LA POLLUTION PARTICULAIRE EN VILLE." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00949078.

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Le Haut Comité de Santé Publique donne des recommandations sur les moyens d'améliorer la connaissance des phénomènes liés à la pollution atmosphérique dans le but d'aider à l'évaluation de l'exposition des citadins. Les travaux de cette thèse s'inscrivent dans ce contexte global en s'orientant vers la cartographie de la concentration en particules en ville. Plusieurs outils existent aujourd'hui qui permettent de dériver des informations sur la qualité de l'air. Ce sont des cartes obtenues par des méthodes d'interpolation spatiale des mesures ponctuelles ou des modèles numériques. Ces deux approches ont des limitations. L'objectif de cette thèse est de contribuer à l'établissement d'une stratégie de cartographie de la pollution atmosphérique sur l'ensemble d'une agglomération à l'échelle de la rue (100 m) en s'appuyant notamment sur l'imagerie satellitaire. La stratégie de cartographie comprend deux méthodes. La méthode des champs typiques vise à améliorer la représentation de la pollution en appliquant des méthodes de fusion de données à des cartes de pollution déjà existantes. Les méthodes de fusion de données sont appliquées à la cartographie de la qualité de l'air. Une formalisation de la méthode des champs typiques est donnée et un essai sur un cas pratique est réalisé. La méthode de densification du réseau de mesure vise à créer des cartes de pollution en interpolant les valeurs de concentration mesurées par les stations. Des stations virtuelles s'ajoutent au stations réelles du réseau de mesure pour le rendre plus dense et améliorer ainsi l'interpolation. Ces stations virtuelles sont déterminées à partir d'une classification sur des éléments décrivant l'environnement des stations. Pour la ville de Strasbourg, 635 stations virtuelles sont ajoutées aux cinq stations réelles existantes. La cartographie par interpolation avec ces stations est améliorée qualitativement et quantitativement (jusqu'à 70 %). Pour valider la définition des stations virtuelles, l'imagerie satellitaire est utilisée. Les longueurs d'ondes autour de 815 nm sont les plus sensibles aux particules. La bande spectrale TM1 du capteur TM de Landsat5 est appropriée pour la détection des particules et est utilisée pour valider les stations virtuelles. 70 % des stations virtuelles ont été validées avec cette approche.

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Silva, José Augusto da [UNESP]. "Recursos de apoio didático-pedagógico na educação ambiental." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/89811.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2001-03Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:30:50Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_ja_me_prud.pdf: 6856474 bytes, checksum: 8f28f9abc92cd14cfcc39631792e58dc (MD5)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Os objetivos da presente pesquisa foram compreender e verificar o uso, no cotidiano escolar, dos recursos de apoio didático-pedagógico na educação ambiental, fazer uma reflexão sobre a utilização dos mesmos e contribuir com a exemplificação de técnicas e conceitos para produção e adequação de recursos didáticos para abordagem do tema no ensino fundamental, médio e superior. Para alcançar os objetivos procurou-se, através de cursos, assessorias, oficinas pedagógicas e entrevistas, identificar os recursos de apoio didático que são utilizados nas escolas públicas do Pontal do Paranapanema para abordagem da educação ambiental e sugerir, através de capacitação técnica, os recursos didáticos mais adequados para abordagem do tema. Pode-se verificar através das experiências o uso inadequado dos recursos didáticos para abordagem da educação ambiental e falta de uma orientação técnica permanente para capacitação dos professores. No desenvolvimento da pesquisa foi possível fazer a capacitação de 310 professores e coordenadores pedagógicos, além de contribuir para a formação de 78 acadêmicos de cursos de Geografia. A educação ambiental no ensino formal das escolas públicas, precisa de um direcionamento objetivo e uma resposta política para que verdadeiramente seja viabilizada adequadamente.
The main objectives of this research were, firstly, to understand and verify the everyday use of the pedagogical and teaching support resources in the Environmental Education, secondly, to reflect about the use of those resources and, finally, to contribute by giving examples of techniques and concepts to the production and properness of such resources to enable the teaching of the subject on the basic level, high school and university courses. In order to reach those aims there was an attempt to identify the pedagogical support resources which were being used in the western region of São Paulo state - the þþPontal do Paranapanemaþþ. That aim was obtained by means of courses, pedagogical workshops and interviews. Afterwards, it was suggested through technical training, the most adequate teaching forms for the subject. It was possible to verify, through the experiences, the inadequate use of the teaching resources for the mentioned subject as well as a lack of a permanent technical orientation to enable the teachersþ knowledge. During the survey 310 teachers and pedagogical coordinators received the orientations. Beside that, 78 graduating students on geography also took advantage of the techniques. The environmental education as it is taught in public schools needs an accurate direction and a political answer so that it can be properly reached.

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Romé, Hélène. "Cartographie de QTL et évaluation génomique chez la poule pondeuse dans un contexte alimentaire changeant." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NSARB271/document.

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La filière « poule pondeuse » représente un marché en pleine expansion. L’amélioration des caractères est essentielle pour satisfaire les attentes des consommateurs et des industriels. Cette amélioration est réalisée via la sélection. Actuellement, les candidats à la sélection sont évalués à partir de leur valeur génétique estimée (Estimated Breeding Value, EBV) en appliquant un modèle statistique prenant en compte l’ensemble des phénotypes disponibles sur leurs apparentés (BLUP). L’essor de nouvelle technologie permettant le génotypage à moindre coût de nombreux individus, permet d’envisager la mise en place d’une sélection génomique dans cette filière. La valeur génomique estimée (Genomic Estimated Breeding Value, GEBV) serait potentiellement plus précise que l’EBV, disponible dès la naissance de l’individu et sûrement pour un plus grand nombre de candidats, engendrant ainsi un gain de progrès génétique.Par ailleurs, un même type génétique de poule pondeuse étant largement diffusé à travers le monde, les animaux produisent dans des environnements différents (alimentation, température…). Des interactions génotype – environnement pourraient donc affecter l’estimation des valeurs génétiques des candidats à la sélection. L’objectif premier de ce travail est de préciser l’impact de celles-ci sur un panel large de caractères de production et de qualité des œufs aussi bien au niveau de leur architecture génétique qu’au niveau des évaluations. De plus, les conséquences de l’architecture génétique des caractères sur l’estimation des valeurs génétiques également ont été étudiées
The laying hens farming represents a growing market. The improvement of traits is needed to satisfy the willing of customers and industrials. This improvement is done with selection. Actually, (candidates for selection are evaluated according to their Estimated Breeding Value (EBV), which is estimated, using a statistic model which considers all the available phenotypes of their relative BLUP). The development of new technologies which allow the genotyping at a lower cost of numerous individuals, could allow the development of genomic selection in this farming. The Genomic Estimated Breeding Value (GEBV) could be potentially more accurate than the EBV, available at the birth of the individual and for probably a larger number of candidates, increasing the rates of genetic progress.Besides, a same genetic type of laying hens is widely distributed around the world, so animals produce in various environments ((alimentation, temperature, hygiene standards…). So, genotype – environment interactions could affect the estimation of breeding values of the candidates for selection. The first objective of this work is to determine of the impact of these interactions on a large panel of egg production and egg quality traits, as well at the genetic architecture level than at the evaluations level. Moreover, the consequences of genetic architecture of these traits on breeding value estimation have been studied

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Silva, José Augusto da. "Recursos de apoio didático-pedagógico na educação ambiental /." Presidente Prudente : [s.n.], 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/89811.

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Orientador: Arlete Aparecida Correia Meneguette
Resumo: Os objetivos da presente pesquisa foram compreender e verificar o uso, no cotidiano escolar, dos recursos de apoio didático-pedagógico na educação ambiental, fazer uma reflexão sobre a utilização dos mesmos e contribuir com a exemplificação de técnicas e conceitos para produção e adequação de recursos didáticos para abordagem do tema no ensino fundamental, médio e superior. Para alcançar os objetivos procurou-se, através de cursos, assessorias, oficinas pedagógicas e entrevistas, identificar os recursos de apoio didático que são utilizados nas escolas públicas do Pontal do Paranapanema para abordagem da educação ambiental e sugerir, através de capacitação técnica, os recursos didáticos mais adequados para abordagem do tema. Pode-se verificar através das experiências o uso inadequado dos recursos didáticos para abordagem da educação ambiental e falta de uma orientação técnica permanente para capacitação dos professores. No desenvolvimento da pesquisa foi possível fazer a capacitação de 310 professores e coordenadores pedagógicos, além de contribuir para a formação de 78 acadêmicos de cursos de Geografia. A educação ambiental no ensino formal das escolas públicas, precisa de um direcionamento objetivo e uma resposta política para que verdadeiramente seja viabilizada adequadamente.
Abstract: The main objectives of this research were, firstly, to understand and verify the everyday use of the pedagogical and teaching support resources in the Environmental Education, secondly, to reflect about the use of those resources and, finally, to contribute by giving examples of techniques and concepts to the production and properness of such resources to enable the teaching of the subject on the basic level, high school and university courses. In order to reach those aims there was an attempt to identify the pedagogical support resources which were being used in the western region of São Paulo state - the þþPontal do Paranapanemaþþ. That aim was obtained by means of courses, pedagogical workshops and interviews. Afterwards, it was suggested through technical training, the most adequate teaching forms for the subject. It was possible to verify, through the experiences, the inadequate use of the teaching resources for the mentioned subject as well as a lack of a permanent technical orientation to enable the teachersþ knowledge. During the survey 310 teachers and pedagogical coordinators received the orientations. Beside that, 78 graduating students on geography also took advantage of the techniques. The environmental education as it is taught in public schools needs an accurate direction and a political answer so that it can be properly reached.
Mestre

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22

JUNG, Il Kyun. "Simultaneous localization and mapping in 3D environments with stereovision." Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010250.

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Dans cette thèse, nous abordons le problème SLAM pour des robots évoluant en 3D dans de grands environnements, en utilisant la stéréovision. Une implémentation complète des différentes fonctionnalités nécessaires a été conçue, développée et expérimentée dans différents contextes. La première partie de la thèse traite du problème d'association des données :elle présente un algorithme de mise en correspondance de points d'intérêt détectés dans les images, qui est robuste par rapport au bruit et aux changements de point de vue. La deuxième partie de la thèse est dédiée au développement d'une approche du problème SLAM basée sur le filtrage de Kalman. Les amers sont les points d'intérêt détectés dans les images, dont les coordonnées 3D sont fournies par la stéréovision. La dernière partie de la thèse présente et analyse des résultats obtenus dans différents contextes~: sur des trajectoires de plusieurs centaines de mètres effectuées par un ballon dirigeable évoluant à faible altitude, avec un robot évoluant en environnement naturel non structuré, et avec un robot évoluant en environnements intérieurs. Lorsque la trajectoire ``ferme une boucle'', une méthode rapide de correction de l'estimée des différentes positions par lesquelles le robot est passé permet de reconstruire un modèle numérique du terrain.

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Lameira, Wanja Janayna de Miranda. "As unidades ambientais da bacia do rio Buquira - SP: um estudo integrado." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-18092009-145231/.

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O século XX marca um período de intensas mudanças nos métodos e nas práticas científicas, face aos novos desafios vividos pela sociedade contemporânea, como a industrialização, crescimento demográfico, expansão urbana e a perda da biodiversidade. Esta nova tendência do cenário mundial faz com que a compreensão do espaço deixe de ser meramente descritiva e independente da participação da sociedade. No âmbito da Geografia, um dos caminhos adotados para tratar estas questões é o conceito de Paisagem fundamentado na teoria dos Geossistemas como orientação viável para o desenvolvimento de pesquisas fundamentais (acadêmicas) e experimentais (aplicadas). No Brasil, uma área que chama atenção pela intensa concentração populacional e a quase extinção da cobertura vegetal é a região do Vale do Rio Paraíba do Sul, face seu histórico de ocupação que, ao longo do tempo, lhe atribuiu um papel singular no cenário econômico nacional. Diante destas premissas, o objetivo da pesquisa foi identificar e caracterizar as unidades ambientais da Bacia do Rio Buquira no Estado de São Paulo, relacionando os aspectos da sociedade e da natureza mediante a elaboração de mapas analíticos que desembocaram num mapa de síntese, como uma etapa no processo do conhecimento.
The XXth Century marks a period of intense change in the methods and scientific practices, meet the new challenges faced by contemporary society, such as industrialization, demographic increasing, urban expansion and loss of biodiversity. In this new trend of world scenario makes understanding of space is no longer seen only in a descriptive way and independent of participation of society. In the scope of Science one theme may allow a reflection about Environmental from the analysis of social organizations allied to a healthy environment is the Geography has the use of landscape concept on the theory of Geossistemas as viable guide for the development of fundamental research (academic) and experimental (applied). In Brazil, an area need care when you think the environmental problems is the Paraiba do Sul River Basin because its history of occupation, which has experienced several economic cycles that gives a major economic role in the national scene in the opposite way, presents a compromising environmental quality. Due to these reasons this work has objective the identification and characterization of environmental units of Buquira`s River Basin in the State of São Paulo, related the social and natural aspects to the space through the development of analytic maps that ran into a synthesis maps one as a step in the knowledge process.

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Cazals, Cécile. "Apport des données Sentinel-1 pour la cartographie des milieux humides." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1226/document.

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Les milieux humides sont menacés par le changement climatique et l'anthropisation des milieux naturels. La télédétection est un moyen efficace de suivre des variables environnementales sur de grands espaces. Cependant, lorsqu’il s’agit de l’étude de la dynamique hydrologique, une résolution temporelle importante est indispensable. Or celle-ci est difficilement accessible par l'imagerie optique satellitaire du fait de l’important couvert nuageux qui masque le sol. Les capteurs radars, travaillant dans le domaine des micro-ondes, sont tout particulièrement adaptés à la caractérisation des dynamiques hydrologiques grâce à la sensibilité de leurs mesures en présence d’eau et ce quelque soit la végétation en place. Il en découle que toutes les acquisitions Radar à Synthèse d’Ouverture (RSO) sont exploitables, acquises de jour comme de nuit, quel que soit le couvert nuageux.Récemment la télédétection radar satellitaire a vécu une véritable révolution grâce au lancement du satellite Sentinel-1A en 2014 suivi de son jumeaux Sentinel-1B deux ans plus tard par l'Agence Spatiale Européenne dans le cadre du programme Copernicus. Ces capteurs acquièrent des données en bande C (λ = 5,6 cm) sur toute l'Europe chaque 12 jours par satellite et leur diffusion est libre et gratuite pour tous. Le présent travail de thèse vise à évaluer le potentiel de ces données à haute résolution temporelle pour le suivi des surfaces d'eau et des milieux humides.Dans une première partie consacrée à la cartographie des surfaces d'eau, nous avons identifié une confusion la réponse radar en bande C des surfaces d'eau et celle de certains sols nus. Nous avons alors montré que la période hivernale est celle qui présente le moins d’ambiguïté et que la polarisation VH est la plus adaptée à la cartographie des surfaces en eau. Quatre méthodes de détection des zones en eau ont été comparées, il résulte que l’utilisation de méthodes non-supervisées sans données a priori n'est pas envisageable et que les méthodes prenant en compte le voisinage spatial donnent de meilleurs résultats. Un filtrage temporel a été mis au point et a permis d'améliorer la détection et de s'affranchir des confusions entre sols nus et surfaces d'eau permanentes. Les surfaces d'eau de plus de 0,5 ha ont plus de 80 % de chances d'être détectées.Un second volet de cette thèse est consacré au suivi d'une zone humide prairiale par télédétection radar. L'utilisation d'images pleinement polarimétriques a montré que la configuration de polarimétrie partielle VV/VH disponible sur le capteur de Sentinel-1 permet de caractériser l'inondation prairiale avec ou sans végétation. Une méthode prenant en compte l'information de voisinage temporel a permis de traiter une série de 14 images Sentinel-1 pour obtenir 14 cartes d'inondation pour l’année 2015. Une estimation de la précision à l'échelle intra-parcellaire a été mise au point, il apparaît que si la précision est relativement bonne (80 %), le rappel est assez bas (40 %). Cette méthode permet d'établir des bilans d'évolution intra- et inter-annuels.Cette thèse a montré le potentiel de l'utilisation d'images radar à haute résolution temporelle tant pour la cartographie des surfaces en eau que pour le suivi d'une zone humide prairiale
Wetlands are threatened by climate change and the anthropization of natural environments. Satellite remote sensing is useful for environmental monitoring at large areas. However, when it comes to the study of hydrological dynamics, a significant temporal resolution is essential. The latter is difficult to reach with optical satellite imagery because of the cloud cover that masks the ground. Radar sensors are well suited to the characterization of hydrological dynamics thanks to the sensitivity of their measurements in the presence of water, whatever the vegetation in place. As a result, all Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) acquisitions are available, both day and night, regardless of cloud cover.Satellite radar remote sensing has gone through a revolution with the launch of the Sentinel-1A satellite, followed by its twins Sentinel-1B by the European Space Agency as part of the Copernicus program in 2014. These sensors acquire C-band data (λ = 5.6 cm) on a regular basis on Europe and their distribution is free for all users. Their temporal frequency initially of 12 days has decreased to 6 days from the end of 2016. This work aims at evaluating the potential of these data with high temporal resolution for the monitoring of water bodies and wetlands.The first part of this thesis focuses on water bodies mapping. We found confusion in the C-band radar response between water surfaces and that of some bare soils. We showed that the winter period is the least ambiguous and that the VH polarization is the most suitable for the mapping of water surfaces. Four methods of water detection have been compared. It appears that the use of unsupervised methods without a priori data is not conceivable and that the methods taking into account the spatial neighborhood give better results. Temporal filtering has been developed and has improved detection and avoided confusion between bare soil and permanent water surfaces. Water surfaces of more than 0.5 ha are more than 80% likely to be detected.A second part of this thesis is devoted to the monitoring of wet grasslands by radar remote sensing. The use of fully polarimetric data has shown that the VV/VH partial polarimetry configuration available on the Sentinel-1 sensor is able to characterize the prairial floods with or without vegetation. A method taking into account the temporal neighborhood allowed to process a series of 14 Sentinel-1 images to obtain 14 flood maps. The accuracy of floods maps at the intra-parcel scale has been estimated, it appears that if the precision is relatively good (80%), but the recall is rather low (40%). This method allow to establish intra- and inter-annual monitoring.This thesis has shown the potential of high temporal resolution radar images for the mapping of the water surfaces and for the monitoring of a wetland meadow

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Rovani, Franciele Francisca Marmentini. "CARTOGRAFIA AMBIENTAL DE BARÃO DE COTEGIPE, RS: SUBSÍDIOS PARA O PLANEJAMENTO MUNICIPAL." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2013. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/9370.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The study and the analysis about the relations between the social and environmental can be better understood and visualized throughout environmental maps that can sensitize the society to the reality. Through this context, this research has as the objective to analyze the geographic space of Barão de Cotegipe city, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, with the emphasis on the natural and social constituent parts, represented by the Environmental Cartography and to identify the different units in the landscape. A special database was created in an environment of Geographic Information System with the use of SPRING Software in the version 5.0.6. The map of natural vulnerability, to the lack of the soil, was elaborated based on the information relating to the geomorphology, geology, soil, vegetation, and the use and occupation of the soil and the social potential map, resulted from an integration of natural, human, productive and institutional potential with the help of the language and programing of algebra processing. Afterwards, the information was organized and integrated in the synthesis map, the unit map of landscape, representative of reality in study. As a result, the maps of natural vulnerability to the soil lack that represented steady units, with the predominance of formation processes of soil and units moderated vulnerable, predominated the erosive processes were highlighter. The map of social potential represented equilibrium between dynamism and restriction, that is, units with a high potentiality were not identified neither in a low potentiality. In the unit map of landscape predominate the productive units in expansion (59.08%), allowing the expansion of the productive potential of sustainable and dynamic ways and the critical units of conservation (40.21%) characterized by the elevated natural vulnerability and low potentiality. Already, the production units in consolidation, considered ideals, represented only 0.05% of the municipal area, while the critical units in recovery accounted 0.66%, due to the high potential and high social vulnerability natural. In the units, in which predominated the natural vulnerability, special attention with relation to the natural and the agent that influence it are suggested, aiming at good social practice associated to the environmental politics in the process of economic decision make to enable the valorization and environment protection. In the productive units, characterized specially by the potentiality, the development of actions looking towards mainly to the productive development is recommended, because the diversity of the productive sector is fundamental to the occurrence of the consolidation and expansion of units, ensuring equilibrium between the environmental and the man, based on the sustainable use of natural resources. As a result, guided by the Environmental Cartography, the units were represented cartographically allowing the understanding and the visualization of environmental interaction and of the social dynamic with the natural environmental.
O estudo e a análise das relações entre o meio social e o ambiente podem ser melhor compreendidos e visualizados a partir de mapas ambientais que sensibilizem a sociedade para a realidade. Diante deste contexto, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar o espaço geográfico do município de Barão de Cotegipe/RS, com ênfase nos componentes naturais e sociais representados por meio da Cartografia Ambiental, e identificar as diferentes unidades de paisagem. Para tanto, criou-se um banco de dados espaciais em um ambiente de Sistemas de Informações Geográficas com auxílio do software SPRING versão 5.0.6. Elaborou-se o mapa de vulnerabilidade natural à perda de solo, com base nas informações referentes à geomorfologia, geologia, solos, vegetação e uso e ocupação da terra, e o mapa de potencial social, resultado da integração dos potenciais natural, humano, produtivo e institucional, com o auxílio da linguagem de programação de processamento algébrico. Posteriormente, as informações foram organizadas e integradas em um mapa síntese, o mapa das unidades de paisagem, representativas da realidade em estudo. Como resultado, destaca-se o mapa de vulnerabilidade natural à perda do solo, que representou unidades estáveis com predomínio dos processos formadores do solo, e unidades moderadamente vulneráveis, prevalecendo os processos erosivos. O mapa do potencial social apresentou um equilíbrio entre o dinamismo e a restrição, ou seja, não foram identificadas unidades com potencial alto, nem baixo. No mapa das unidades de paisagem, prevaleceram as unidades produtivas de expansão (59,08%), possibilitando o desenvolvimento do potencial produtivo de maneira sustentável e dinâmica, e as unidades críticas de conservação (40,21%), caracterizadas pela elevada vulnerabilidade natural e baixa potencialidade. Já, as unidades produtivas de consolidação, consideradas ideais, representaram somente 0,05% da área municipal, enquanto que as unidades críticas de recuperação representaram 0,66%, devido ao alto potencial social e a elevada vulnerabilidade natural. Nas unidades em que predominou a vulnerabilidade natural, sugere-se especial atenção em relação ao meio natural e aos agentes que o influenciam, visando a boas práticas sociais associadas às políticas ambientais no processo de tomada de decisões econômicas, possibilitando a valorização e proteção do meio. Nas unidades produtivas, caracterizadas especialmente pela potencialidade, recomenda-se o desenvolvimento de ações voltadas principalmente ao desenvolvimento produtivo, pois a diversidade do setor produtivo é fundamental para que ocorra a consolidação ou expansão das unidades, garantindo um equilíbrio entre o meio e homem, com base no uso sustentável dos recursos naturais. Assim, norteados pelos princípios da Cartografia Ambiental, as unidades foram representadas cartograficamente, permitindo a compreensão e a visualização das interações do ambiente e da dinâmica social com o meio natural.

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Niane, Mamadou 1961. "ARCVIEW tutorial and database development based on a Senegalese local community cartographic model: Ross-Bethio rural community." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278624.

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Through this work a database and an ARCVIEW tutorial based on a Senegalese local community cartographic model is developed. The Ross-Bethio rural community model was selected as an example of solving methodological problems in natural resources management at the scale of a rural local community. The tutorial developed will also support Geographic Information Systems Instruction for natural resources management in Senegal using a local known database model. The process of solving the problems identified are based mostly on natural resources management concerns of the local community council and will help users to learn and understand the use of ARCVIEW GIS for spatial analysis. A solution is provided that will help the instructors to evaluate their results with these in this study. However, the tutorial is not a self-taught one for ARCVIEW GIS, but an instructional supervised one.

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Mithan, Huw. "Quantifying the dynamic response of permafrost and slope stability to a changing climate." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2018. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/111329/.

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The Arctic contains a wealth of landforms that are governed by the diurnal and seasonal response of permafrost to climatic and topographic forcings. Of key importance to the process rates of many periglacial landforms is the dynamic behaviour of the active layer, which regulates the transfer of heat and moisture between the atmosphere and permafrost. The strong dependence of periglacial process rates on active layer dynamics makes this geomorphic system particularly sensitive to future increases in Arctic temperatures and precipitation. These increases will continue to degrade permafrost, affecting the distribution and rates of periglacial processes. I develop a landform classification model on Svalbard that reveals solifluction and scree to be the most dominant hillslope processes acting on this landscape, with sediment fluxes greatest in solifluction. A combination of landslide mapping, solifluction modelling and slope stability analysis in Alaska reveals that landslides are coincident with convergent topography on soliflucting hillslopes that have concentrated ground ice at depth. Convergent topography allows for higher moisture availability that feeds the growth, concentration, and development of a large network of ice lenses at the permafrost/active layer boundary. The excess pore pressures generated upon thaw reduces the shear strength of soil at the base of the active layer, causing it to slide downslope along a planar slip surface on top of the unthawed permafrost. Due to a warming Arctic, permafrost is expected to continue thawing, creating an ever more dynamic and deeper active layer. Consequently, the relative regional extent of periglacial landforms in mountainous Arctic environments is expected to change, with Arctic hillslopes becoming more unstable during extreme summer thawing. This will pose a greater hazard to Arctic infrastructure and act as a major force for environmental and geomorphological change.

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Hakoun, Vivien. "Développement d'une sonde aquatique autonome pour la cartographie des drains karstiques noyés. Simulation des écoulements par une approche couplée drains discrets - double porosité." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01067700.

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Il est communément admis que les écoulements dans les aquifères karstiques sont particulièrement concentrés dans les conduits et les fractures principaux. Dans ce travail, on cherche à décrire le comportement du flux à différentes échelles. A l'échelle locale, on considère une modélisation des écoulements en milieu continu. A cela s'ajoute à l'échelle régionale l'inclusion de drains comme éléments discrets (approche hybride). Nous avons recours pour ceci à l'utilisation d'un modèle d'écoulement défini par des équations aux dérivées partielles qui décrivent l'écoulement dans un milieu à double-porosité. La solution analytique de ce modèle nous permet d'étudier les phases de transition des flux selon une condition à la limite de type charge imposée. Ceci correspond à une perturbation hydraulique tel qu'un puits maintenu à charge constante. Afin d'inclure des conditions aux limites spécifiques (par exemple une limite imperméable) et une géométrie de domaine irrégulière, nous développons et employons un modèle numérique basée sur la méthode des éléments intégrales de frontière. Ceci permet de mettre en oeuvre l'approche hybride (milieu continu et discret) dans laquelle nous considérons les intersections entre conduits verticaux et horizontaux. Ce type de modélisation permet ainsi de considérer une échelle plus importante qu'un modèle continu seul. Par ailleurs, un modèle expérimental de laboratoire est conçu et réalisé afin d'étudier expérimentalement les phases de transition du flux issu de milieux hétérogènes. Cette approche est complémentaire de celle développée à l'aide de la solution analytique et du modèle numérique. Enfin, nous proposons le développement et les essais préliminaires d'un nouvel instrument de mesure. Il s'agit d'une sonde autonome qui a pour objectif de cartographier les conduits noyés dans les aquifères karstiques. Ainsi la géométrie des drains discrets pourra être représentée de façon plus réaliste dans le modèle numérique hybride. Les conclusions principales de ce travail sont les suivantes : à l'échelle locale et régionale, les phases de transition du flux dépendent des propriétés hydrauliques du milieu. La solution numérique permet d'étudier l'influence des géométries de domaine et de conditions aux limites complexes. Le modèle expérimental permet de reproduire qualitativement les phases de transition du flux analysées théoriquement. Enfin, la sonde permet de cartographier son parcours dans des conditions expérimentales contrôlées. Ces nouvelles méthodes contribuent à la caractérisation de l'hydrodynamique dans les aquifères karstiques.

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Panza, Fabien. "Développement de la spectrométrie gamma in situ pour la cartographie de site." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00975929.

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La spectrométrie gamma à haute résolution offre un outil d'analyse performant pour effectuer des mesurages environnementaux. Dans le cadre de la caractérisation radiologique d'un site (naturelle ou artificielle) ainsi que pour le démantèlement d'installations nucléaires, la cartographie des radionucléides est un atout important. Le principe consiste à déplacer un spectromètre HPGe sur le site à étudier et, à partir des données nucléaires et de positionnements, d'identifier, de localiser et de quantifier les radionucléides présents dans le sol. Le développement de cet outil fait suite à une intercomparaison où un exercice orienté intervention a montré les limites des outils actuels. Une partie de ce travail s'est portée sur la représentation cartographique des données nucléaires. La connaissance des paramètres d'un spectre in situ a permis la création d'un simulateur modélisant la réponse d'un spectromètre se déplaçant au-dessus d'un sol contaminé. Ce simulateur a lui-même permis de développer les algorithmes de cartographie et de les tester dans des situations extrêmes et non réalisables. Ainsi, ce travail ouvre sur la réalisation d'un prototype viable donnant en temps réel les informations nécessaires sur l'identité et la position possible des radionucléides. La recherche réalisée sur la déconvolution des données permet de rendre en post traitement une carte de l'activité du sol par radionucléide mais également une indication sur la profondeur de la source. Le prototype nommé OSCAR (Outil Spectrométrique de Cartographie de Radionucléides) a ainsi été testé sur des sites contaminés (Suisse et Japon) et les résultats obtenus sont en accord avec des mesures de référence.

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Abbott, Mick. "Designing wilderness as a phenomenological landscape: design-directed research within the context of the New Zealand conservation estate." Lincoln University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1026.

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This research operates at both the meeting of wilderness and landscape, and also landscape architecture and design-directed research. It applies a phenomenological understanding of landscape to the New Zealand conservation estate as a means to reconsider wilderness’ prevalent framing as an untouched ‘other’. It does this through enlisting the designerly imperative found within landscape architecture as the means by which to direct this research, and through landscopic investigations located in the artefacts of cooking, haptic qualities of walking, cartographies of wilderness and a phenomenological diagramming of landscape experience. The results of this layered programme of research are four-fold. First, it finds that a landscopic interpretation of wilderness, and its tangible manifestation in New Zealand’s conservation estate, has the potential to suggest a greater depth of dialogue in which both ecological and cultural diversity might productively flourish. Second, it finds that landscape architecture has significant potential to broaden both its relevance and types of productive outputs beyond its current intent to shape specific sites. It identifies that artefacts and representations – such as cookers, track markers and maps – can be creatively manipulated to design alternative formulations of landscape. Third, through self-critique the potency of a programme of design-directed inquiry is demonstrated. In this dissertation new knowledge is revealed that extends the formal, diagrammatic and conceptual dimensions of wilderness, New Zealand’s conservation estate, and a phenomenological expression of landscape. This research illustrates the potential for design-directed research methods to be more widely adopted in ways that extend landscape architecture’s value to multi-disciplinary research. Finally, it finds a pressing future direction for landscape architecture research is to further identify and develop techniques that diagram landscopic practice and performance with the same richness and detail that spatially derived descriptions currently offer. It is the considerable distance between the spoken and written poetics of phenomenology and the visual and diagrammatic articulation of these qualities that is identified as a problematic and also productive site for ongoing creative research.

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Melo, Kelly Cristina de. "Das leituras da paisagem e sua representação cartográfica: as unidades da paisagem do município de Ubatuba - SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8135/tde-06102010-094425/.

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No âmbito da Geografia, verifica-se que o estudo da paisagem é de fundamental importância para a compreensão dos fenômenos resultantes da relação entre a dinâmica social e a dinâmica da natureza, permitindo avaliar os resultados da relação entre o tempo/espaço social e o tempo/espaço natural. Este trabalho de pesquisa trata da identificação de Unidades de Paisagem no município de Ubatuba (SP), partindo da avaliação da paisagem através do estudo das condicionantes do meio físico, social e cultural, destacando-se também a importância da espacialização para construção da síntese, representada por meio da Cartografia Ambiental. O referencial teórico baseou-se na abordagem sistêmica, preconizada na Teoria Geral dos Sistemas. Os procedimentos operacionais e metodológicos desenvolveram-se em etapas, desde a pesquisa bibliográfica, trabalho de campo, sistematização de dados, caracterização e mapeamentos. O modo de análise buscou ser integrador, contendo elementos norteadores, estabelecimento de escalas espaciais de abordagem, definição e mensuração de áreas denotando formas sustentáveis de utilização, em aspectos históricos, espaciais e ecológicos.
In Geography, it is known that landscape study is of basic importance to understand the phenomena that result of the relationship between social and environmental dynamics, allowing the relation between time/social space and time/ natural space to be evaluated. This research is about identifying landscape units in the city of Ubatuba (SP), considering the landscape analysis through the comprehension of the determining aspects of physical, social and cultural environment, and highlighting the importance of spatializing to build up a synthesis represented by environmental cartography. The theory reference is based in the systemic approach preconized in the general systems theory. The operational and methodological procedures were developed in stages, from the bibliographical research, field work, data systematization, characterization to mapping. The form of analysis intended to be integrating, containing guiding elements, establishing spatial scales approach, definition and areas measure indicating sustainable ways of use in historical, spatial and ecological aspects.

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Netto, André Maciel. "Transfert d'eau et de solutés dans un sol agricole hétérogène : analyse de différents types de mesures, de la variabilité spatiale et modélisation monodimensionnelle." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00801928.

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L'objectif de cette étude était de caractériser les transferts d 'eau et de solutés dans un sol hétérogène pour prédire le devenir de polluants dans le sol et vers l'aquifère sous-jacente. Une série d'essais a été conduite sur le site observatoire de La Côte Saint-André. Les variabilités spatio-temporelles des variables hydriques et des concentrations de différentes molécules ( isotope de l'eau, anions, pesticide, nitrate) ont été mesurées selon différentes méthodes: suivi stationnel (sonde à neutrons, tensiomètres, cellules de prélèvements), percolation à travers un Iysimètre, prélèvements destructifs sur un plan vertical ou dans un volume cylindrique. Une analyse géostatistique et statistique montre que les vari ables ne sont pas corrélées à courte distance et qu'environ 80 % des distributions suivent une loi normale. L' hétérogénéité des variables (estimée par le coefficient de variation) permet de les classer par ordre croissant: masse volumique sèche, teneurs en eau (massique et volumique) et concentrations. Les cartographies des concentrations en solutés obtenues après analyse des échantillons (destructifs) dans des plans verticaux indiquent des écoulements préférentiels d'eau que l'on modélise à une taille supérieure (m) par la partition de l'eau en fractions mobile et immobile. Cette approche est confirmée par les transferts globaux de so lutés à travers Ie Iysimètre pour des flux d'eau élevées. La comparaison entre les cartographies des teneurs en eau (prélèvements) et les mesures non-destructives par sonde à neutrons montre que cet appareil a un bon pouvoir intégrateur sur un volume de l'ordre de quelques dm3. On peut également utiliser ces cartographies pour optimiser la taille du guide d 'onde des sondes TDR. La confrontation entre concentrations en soluté mesurées par prélèvements du sol ou par extractions à l'aide de bougies poreuses fournit des résultats contrastés: pour les fortes valeurs de concentrations (nitrate par exemple), les mesures sont comparables, mais pour de faibles concentrations (traceur et pesticide) les mesures divergent. Enfin, la modélisation d'un milieu équivalent vertical ne semble pas trop mauvaise avec différents comportements: l' un à l'échelle annuelle où les temps de séjour convectifs de l'eau sont suflïsants pour que les cinétiques physiques et chimiques d 'échange soient négligeables (équilibre local) et l' autre à l'échelle de temps de l'épisode pluvieux (intense) où l'on doit tenir compte des cinétiques (comme la partition d'eau mobile - immobile). La base de données expérimentale peut encore être largement exploitée, notamment pour servir de support à une modélisation stochastique.

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Desrochers, Benoît. "Simultaneous localization and mapping in unstructured environments : a set-membership approach." Thesis, Brest, École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées Bretagne, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ENTA0006/document.

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Cette thèse étudie le problème de la localisation et de la cartographie simultanée (SLAM), dans des environnements non structurés, c'est-à-dire, qui ne peuvent pas être décrits par des équations ou des formes géométriques. Ces types d'environnements sont souvent rencontrés dans le domaine sous-marin. Contrairement aux approches classiques, l'environnement n'est pas modélisé par une collection de descripteurs ou d'amers ponctuels, mais directement par des ensembles. Ces ensembles, appelés forme ou shape, sont associés à des caractéristiques physiques de l'environnement, comme par exemple, des textures, du relief ou, de manière plus symbolique, à l'espace libre autour du véhicule. D'un point de vue théorique, le problème du SLAM, basé sur des formes, est formalisé par un réseau de contraintes hybrides dont les variables sont des vecteurs de Rn et des sous-ensembles de Rn. De la même façon que l'incertitude sur une variable réelle est représentée par un intervalle de réels, l'incertitude sur les formes sera représentée par un intervalle de forme. La principale contribution de cette thèse est de proposer un formalisme, basé sur le calcul par intervalle, capable de calculer ces domaines. En application, les algorithmes développés ont été appliqués au problème du SLAM à partir de données bathymétriques recueillies par un véhicule sous-marin autonome (AUV)
This thesis deals with the simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) problem in unstructured environments, i.e. which cannot be described by geometrical features. This type of environment frequently occurs in an underwater context.Unlike classical approaches, the environment is not described by a collection of punctual features or landmarks, but directly by sets. These sets, called shapes, are associated with physical features such as the relief, some textures or, in a more symbolic way, the space free of obstacles that can be sensed around a robot. In a theoretical point of view, the SLAM problem is formalized as an hybrid constraint network where the variables are vectors and subsets of Rn. Whereas an uncertain real number is enclosed in an interval, an uncertain shape is enclosed in an interval of sets. The main contribution of this thesis is the introduction of a new formalism, based on interval analysis, able to deal with these domains. As an application, we illustrate our method on a SLAM problem based on bathymetric data acquired by an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV)

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Filho, Edson Alves. "Geoindicadores de mudanças morfológicas em sistemas físicos impactados por empreendimentos hidrelétricos: uma leitura da geografia histórica da paisagem - PCH Rio do Peixe I e II (1925-2016)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8135/tde-12042018-120512/.

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Os empreendimentos hidrelétricos são sistemas de engenharia empregados para extrair energia dos sistemas naturais e por isso, são alteradores de paisagem por excelência. Para compreender o histórico de derivações da paisagem, faz-se mister compreender o histórico de intervenções sobre os sistemas físicos (vales, encostas, rios lagos). Pela dimensão dos impactos causados por empreendimentos hidrelétricos nos sistemas físicos é que se define o objetivo principal da pesquisa que foi realizar uma leitura da História da Paisagem na área diretamente afetada pelas PCH Rio do Peixe I e II (área de estudo). A sub-bacia do rio do Peixe abrange o reservatório e as estruturas civis das usinas mencionadas, localizadas nos municípios de São José do Rio Pardo e Divinolândia, estado de São Paulo), tendo como pano de fundo conceitos e teorias Biogeográficas e da Geomorfologia Antropogênica). Realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica ressaltando-se os conceitos de mudança e impacto por meio da abordagem Antropogeomorfológica, sendo possível compreender, assim, o processo de derivação da paisagem analisada, enaltecendo-se os impactos e mudanças de natureza geomorfológica típicas da intervenção do setor elétrico na paisagem. Para tal, foi feita uma sistematização de geoindicadores referentes às morfologias original semipreservada e antropogênica, de modo a promover uma avaliação de impactos em empreendimentos hidrelétricos. Na sequência, definiram-se, a partir dos geoindicadores nas condições de morfologia original semi-preservada e antropogênica, os conteúdos das legendas dos mapas correlatos, de modo a se elaborar uma cartografia geomorfológica de detalhe em ambas as condições. A partir dos mapeamentos mencionados, foi possível quantificar e comparar os impactos atribuídos à implantação das PCH Rio do Peixe I e II, demonstrando, assim, a magnitude das transformações na paisagem dos empreendimentos em estudo. Por fim, promoveu-se uma comparação dos mapeamentos geomorfológicos de detalhe realizados com a metodologia de Avaliação Ambiental Integrada de empreendimentos hidrelétricos, utilizada pelo Sistema Eletrobrás em estudos de viabilidade ambiental de obras relacionadas ao setor elétrico. Nesta metodologia são definidos índices e indicadores para avaliação do grau de sensibilidade, impactos e fragilidades ambientais decorrentes da implantação de empreendimentos hidrelétricos. De modo geral, os resultados contribuíram para o conhecimento dos impactos relacionados ao meio físico na paisagem diretamente afetadas pelas PCH Rio do Peixe I e II, resultando em indicações para um maior aprimoramento nas propostas metodológicas utilizadas na avaliação de viabilidade ambiental de empreendimentos hidrelétricos.
Hydroelectric Power Plants are engeneering systems to extract energy of natural systems and for that reason they highly modify the landscape. In order to understand the history of lansdcape derivations is it necessary understand the history of interventions upon physical systems (river valleys, slopes, rivers and lakes.) Considering the dimensions of impacts caused to hydroelectric ventures in physical systems, this research intends to perform a reading of the Hystorical Geography of Landscape in the direct affected area of Rio do Peixe I and II Small Power Plants (study area). The Rio do Peixe sub-basin wich includes reservoir and civil infrastructure of mentioned hydroelectric power plants, located in São José do Rio Pardo and Divinolândia municipalities, São Paulo State), having as background biogeographicals and of Anthropogenic Geomorphology concepts and theories. An extensive review of literature highlighting the concepts of environment changes and impacts through Anthropogeomorphology approach is made, leading to understand the process of derivation of the landscape analysed, exalting too, the impacts and environmental changes of geomorphological nature, typical of the intervention of electrical sector in the landscape.To achieve this goal, a systematization of geoindicators referring to semipreserved and anthropogenic morphologies is made, in order to promove an environmental impact assessment in hydroelectric ventures. On the way of research the content of legends of the maps is defined related to a list of geoindicators concerning the semi-preserved and anthropogenic morphologies conditions. This had led elaboration of a detailed geomorphological cartography under both conditions. From the mentioned maps it was possible quantifying and mapping the impacts assigned to the implantation of Rio do Peixe I and II Small Power Plants, demonstrating the magnitude of the landscape transformations of the ventures in study. Finally, a comparision among detailed geomorphological maps and the maps produced using the methodology of Integrated Environmental Assessment of Hydroelectric Ventures (applied by Eletrobras System in studies of environmental feasibility of ventures concerned to the electric sector) is made. In this methodology rates and indicators are defined to evaluate the environmental sensibilities, fragilities and impacts arising from the implantation of hydroelectric ventures. In general, the results of the research allows the identification of the impacts concerning the physical environment in the directly affected landscape by Rio do Peixe I and II Small Power Plants, providing contributions to deeper the methodological proposals used in studies of environmental feasibility of hydroelectrical ventures.

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Benkhalti, Abdellah. "Mapping the Desertification Process in Southern Morocco Using Remote Sensing Data." TopSCHOLAR®, 1987. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2149.

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Desertification is a problem occurring in arid and semiarid zones all over the world. It is a consequence of mismanagement of the land. Human activities and livestock pressure on such fragile ecosystems lead to a deterioration of the soil by increasing its salinity, lessening its moisture, and covering it with sand and dust. Aerial photographs and satellite images constitute a tool for mapping and monitoring the desertification process. Multispectral data can assist in detecting the indicators of desertification in early stages in order to plan adequate action. The improvement of the resolution of satellite images and the fact that they are available on a periodic basis make the use of these data suitable for mapping the evolution of desert patches at large scales. The green band of Landsat MSS is used in this study. Two images taken, respectively, in 1976 and 1985 and covering the province of Ouarzazate in southern Morocco are used to map the desertification process and its evolution in the region. At the scale used and given the ground resolution of the MSS (80 meters), significant changes were found between the two images. However, changes occurring at scale smaller than 80 meter square were impossible to detect by visual interpretation of this band.

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Nguyen, Dinh-Van. "Réseaux de capteurs sans-fil pour la cartographie à l'intérieur et la localisation précise servant la navigation à basse vitesse dans les villes intelligentes." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEM029/document.

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Avec la demande croissante d'espace urbain, de plus en plus de parkings à plusieurs étages sont nécessaires. Bien que ces parkings contribuent à une utilisation plus efficace de l'espace urbain, ils introduisent également un nouveau problème. Les rapports suggèrent environ 70 millions d'heures de recherche d'emplacements de stationnement chaque année, soit une perte équivalente de 700 millions d'euros pour la seule France. En outre, les utilisations des parkings vont au-delà de leurs objectifs initiaux. Des fonctionnalités exigeantes telles que le chargeur électrique, la réservation en ligne de places de stationnement, le guidage dynamique ou le paiement mobile, etc. transforment un parking en un environnement intelligent et compétitif. Une solution à ce problème consiste à développer un système de navigation autonome pour les véhicules intelligents en situation de parking. La thèse identifiera une de ces sous-tâches, à savoir la localisation dans des environnements non autorisés par GPS. Cette thèse présentera une nouvelle méthode pour résoudre le problème indiqué tout en maintenant le système en respectant quatre critères: disponibilité, évolutivité, universalité et précision. Il y a deux étapes principales: (1) une solution permettant de reproduire le comportement du GPS pour un environnement refusé par GPS, et (2) un cadre permettant la fusion de systèmes de type GPS avec d'autres méthodes de localisation pour obtenir une précision de localisation élevée. Tout d'abord, un système de localisation Wi-Fi Fingerprinting est utilisé. Une approche utilisant un réseau de neurones d'ensemble sur une base de données d'empreintes hybrides Wi-Fi est proposée dans cette thèse. Des expériences menées sur une durée d'un an montrent que ce système est capable de localiser des véhicules présentant une erreur moyenne de 2,25 m dans le repère global (WGS84). Deuxièmement, une solution de localisation complète doit être une fusion de plusieurs techniques. Cela permet aux niveaux de localisation global et local de fonctionner ensemble. Parallèlement, la redondance dans le système améliore la précision et la fiabilité. Dans cette thèse, un cadre de fusion flexible pour plusieurs capteurs de localisation est proposé. Ce cadre de fusion traitera non seulement de l'environnement refusé par le GPS, mais pourrait également être utilisé dans l'environnement assisté par GPS et assurer une transition en douceur entre les deux zones. Pour accomplir cette tâche exigeante, un filtre à particules modèle de mélange gaussien est développé. Alors que le modèle de mouvement de ce filtre à particules intègre des données provenant de l'IMU (unité de mesure inertielle) ou du laser-SLAM, le modèle de correction est un modèle de mélange gaussien de plusieurs observations obtenues à partir du système de localisation d'empreintes digitales Wi-Fi. Avec deux véhicules intelligents (une Cybercar et une Citroen C1), 64 expériences ont été réalisées pour valider le cadre. Une erreur de localisation moyenne de 0,5 m est obtenue dans un cadre de coordonnées global. Comparez avec d'autres solutions avec une erreur de localisation moyenne de 0,2 m dans les cadres de coordonnées locales; Cette solution proposée présente également des avantages en termes d'évolutivité, de disponibilité et d'universalité
With the increasing demand for urban space, more and more multistory carparks are needed. Although these carparks help to utilize urban space more efficient, they also introduce a new problem. Reports suggest approximately 70 million hours of parking slot searching each year, equivalently 700 million euros loss for France alone. In addition, carparks uses are exceeding their original purposes. Demanding features such as electric charger, online booking of parking spaces, dynamic guidance or mobile payment etc. turn a carpark into a competitive smart environment. One solution to this problem is to develop an autonomous navigation system for intelligent vehicles in the carpark situation. The thesis will identify one of these sub-tasks namely localization in GPS-denied environments. This thesis will present a novel method to solve the indicated problem while keeping the system follows four criteria: availability, scalability, universality and accuracy. There are two main steps: (1) a solution to replicate the GPS behaviour for the GPS-denied environment, and (2) a framework that allows the fusion of GPS-like systems with other localization methods to achieve a high localization accuracy. First, a Wi-Fi Fingerprinting localization system is employed. An approach using an ensemble neural network on a hybrid Wi-Fi fingerprinting database is proposed in this thesis. Experiments in a year-long duration show that this system is capable of localizing vehicles with 2.25m of mean error in the global coordinate frame (WGS84). Second, a complete localization solution must be a fusion of multiple techniques. This allows global as well as local levels of localization to function together. At the same time, having redundancy in the system boosts accuracy and reliability. In this thesis, a flexible fusion framework for multiple localization sensors is proposed. This fusion framework will not only deal with the GPS-denied environment but could be potentially used in the GPS-aided environment and provide a smooth transition between the two areas. To accomplish this demanding task, a Gaussian Mixture Model Particle Filter is developed. While the motion model of this particle filter incorporates data from the IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) or laser-SLAM, the correction model is a Gaussian mixture model of multiple observations obtained from the Wi-Fi fingerprinting localization system. With two intelligent vehicles (a Cybercar and a Citroen C1 car), 64 experiments were carried out to validate the framework. A mean localization error of 0.5m is achieved in a global coordinate frame. Compare to other solutions with 0.2m of mean localization error in local coordinate frames; this proposed solution has advantages in terms of scalability, availability and universality as well

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Sousa, Iomara Barros de. "Geotecnologias e recursos de multimídia no ensino de cartografia: percepção sócio ambiental do rio Alcântara no município de São Gonçalo/RJ." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2014. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7086.

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A disponibilidade gratuita na Internet de imagens de satélite e SIG somada à facilidade dos alunos no manuseio de multimídia através dos seus smartphones criam possibilidades para trabalhar com geotecnologias e recursos de multimídia no ensino de Cartografia. Nesta pesquisa foram avaliadas as contribuições, os limites e as possibilidades da inserção da tecnologia espacial, geoprocessamento e recursos de multimídia nas aulas de Geografia do sétimo ano da rede pública municipal de São Gonçalo/RJ; foi desenvolvida uma metodologia em meio digital, por meio da Internet, denominada Mapeando Meu Rio (MMR) cuja temática abordada foi a Percepção Socioambiental do Rio Alcântara. Observaram-se o interesse e o envolvimento dos alunos no decorrer das atividades propostas, por meio do uso de recursos de multimídia e geotecnologias como materiais de apoio à Educação Ambiental. Os resultados da avaliação do MMR mostraram que os alunos chegaram ao final do sétimo ano com dificuldades em relação à alfabetização cartográfica; isso foi constatado tanto na produção dos mapas mentais como também pela utilização do GPS, Google Earth e do ArcGIS Online. Os alunos tiveram dificuldades em utilizar os conhecimentos básicos da Cartografia para elaborar uma representação espacial, mais especificamente, legenda, coordenadas geográficas e orientação espacial. A alfabetização cartográfica não deve ser considerada como conteúdo que se restringe ao 6 ano, mas uma linguagem de comunicação para o entendimento da dinâmica espacial no decorrer do Ensino Fundamental e do Ensino Médio. As atividades geográficas deve permitir ao aluno melhorar a compreensão do espaço geográfico de uma maneira mais significativa para construir abstrações a partir da própria realidade, ou seja, do espaço vivido.
The free accessibility to satellite images and GIS plus the students ability in handling multimedia on their own smartphones enable the use of geo-technologies and multimedia resources in teaching cartography. This research, has considered the input, limits and possibilities of employing space technology, geo-processing and multimedia resources in Geography classes for 7th-grade students in the public schools of São Gonçalo in Rio de Janeiro; a digital material has also been developed through the web, named Mapeando Meu Rio (MMR) or Mapping My River (MMR), which addresses the issue of the socio-environmental perception of the Alcântara river. The interest and involvement from the students throughout the different activities proposed on the aforementioned methodology has been remarkable especially in the use of multimedia resources and geo-technologies as support material for the Environmental Education. Based on the MMR evaluation, 7th grade students have fallen short in their cartographic literacy at the end of their school year; this failure has been noticed both in their ability to make mental maps and in the handling of GPS, Google Earth and ArcGIS Online. When requested to produce a spatial layout on their own, students were not able to put into practice their basic knowledge of cartography, especially in the use of legends, geographical coordinates, and spatial orientation. The cartographic literacy should not be restrained to the syllabus of 7th grade classes; instead, it should be considered as a means of communication to the understanding of the spatial dynamics during the whole course of elementary and high school. All geography-based activities are meant to give students a better understanding of their geographical space, in such a way that they may be able to build meaningful abstractions from their own reality, that is, from their own living place.

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Corghi, Fernanda Nascimento 1982. "Diretrizes para implantação de loteamentos urbanos : aspectos físicos, legais e sociais." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/258344.

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Orientador: Diógenes Cortijo da Costa
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
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Resumo: O loteamento abrange, além dos lotes, uma parte da gleba destinada a equipamentos urbanos e comunitários (de educação, cultura, saúde, lazer e similares) e áreas livres de uso público. Cabe ao poder público estabelecer porcentagens e impedir a ocupação de áreas de risco. Por isso, conhecer a hidrologia e a geomorfologia da bacia hidrográfica é importante para harmonizar o projeto à superfície topográfica e prevenir impactos decorrentes de rupturas no sistema natural. A terraplenagem efetuada para locação do empreendimento, associada à concentração do fluxo de água sub e superficial pelas ruas e galerias de drenagem, acelera processos de erosão. O solo carreado assoreia sistemas de drenagem e as enchentes se configuram como um dos impactos cumulativos decorrentes deste padrão de ocupação. Os impactos sociais são sentidos pela destruição de obras civis e riscos à vida humana. Neste sentido, as diretrizes exigidas pelo poder público devem ser seguidas para garantir o uso das áreas públicas e particulares ao fim a que se destinam.O objetivo desta tese é propor critérios físicos e sociais condizentes com o comportamento do substrato físico local e com os avanços sociais da Política Urbana como requisitos urbanísticos para projetos de loteamentos. Correlacionamos arranjos da forma urbana física elementar (rua, quadras, lotes, etc) em conformidade com os apontamentos da cartografia geocientífica preventiva de impactos ambientais. Estabelecemos como estudo de caso uma bacia hidrográfica do município de Bauru (SP); analisamos a possibilidade de inclusão da cartografia geotécnica de prevenção à erosão como instrumento norteador de loteamentos menos impactantes. A partir da constatação de que (i) a escala de confecção da cartografia geocientífica tende a ser realizada em pequenas e médias escalas e (ii) a escala utilizada para Planos Diretores e empreendimentos urbanísticos é necessariamente a grande escala, estabelecemos nossa proposta metodológica a partir da adoção de uma unidade física condizente aos planejamentos urbanos e geocientíficos. Partimos da setorização da vertente da bacia hidrográfica (em pelo menos três partes) para tornar possível a correlação de elementos do sistema natural (físico) e antrópico (urbano). Chamamos esta correlação de "unidade geo-urbanística". O funcionamento das unidades geo-urbanísticas em uma vertente da bacia hidrográfica estudada forneceu diferentes magnitudes de impacto para cada unidade a depender dos arranjos antrópicos nela estabelecidos. A simulação do funcionamento da vertente ofertou sete cenários de impacto, posto que diferentes arranjos de elementos urbanos estabelecem diferentes maneiras de ampliar tendências a impactos próprias do setor da vertente. Os cenários foram extrapolados para a bacia hidrográfica como um todo. Acreditamos que, com a utilização da unidade geo-urbanística como suporte à criação de cenários de impacto, seja possível definir requisitos urbanísticos para loteamentos. Desta maneira, também evita-se que a destinação de áreas públicas se dê em locais com maior suscetibilidade a impactos na bacia hidrográfica. Estes avanços foram consolidados na tese ao propormos alterações na legislação de parcelamento do solo (6.766/79) incorporando uma nova conceituação para "gleba" e uma maior participação pública direta tendo por escopo o uso da propriedade urbana "em prol do bem coletivo" (10.257/01, Art. 1º)
Abstract: The allotment covers, in addition to lots, part of the glebe aimed at urban and community facilities (education, culture, health, leisure and related) and open areas for public use. It is the public authority which establishes percentages and prevents the occupation of risk areas. Therefore, knowing the hydrology and geomorphology of the watershed is important to harmonize the project to the topographic surface and prevent impacts resulting from disruptions in the natural system. The earthwork made to lease the venture, related to the sub and superficial concentration of water flow on streets and drainage galleries, accelerates erosion processes. The adduced soil silts drainage systems and flooding is configured as one of the cumulative impacts of this pattern of occupation. The social impacts are felt by the destruction of civil works and risks to human life. In this sense, the guidelines required by public authorities must be followed to ensure the use of public and private areas to the purpose which they are intended. The aim of this thesis is to propose physical and social criteria consistent with the behavior of the local physical substrate and the social advances of Urban Policy as urban requirements for projects of settlements. We correlated arrangements of elementary physical urban form (street, blocks, lots, etc.) in accordance to the appointments of geoscientific cartography preventive of environmental impacts. We established as a case study a watershed in the city of Bauru (SP); we analyze the possibility of inclusion of geotechnical cartography to the erosion prevention as the guiding instrument of less impactful allotments. From the verification that (i) the scale of confection of geoscientific cartography tends to be performed in small and medium scales and (ii) the scale used for Directive Plans and urban ventures is necessarily large scale, we established our methodological proposal from the adoption of a consistent physical unit to urban and geoscientific planning. We started from the watershed slope (in at least three parts) to make it possible the correlation of elements of the natural (physical) and anthropogenic (urban) system. We call this correlation "geo-urban unit". The functioning of the geo-urban units in one watershed slope studied provided different magnitudes of impact for each unit depending on the anthropic arrangements established therein. The simulation of the functioning of the slope offered seven impact scenarios, since different arrangements of urban elements establish different manners of expanding the trends to the impacts specific of the sector of the slope. The scenarios were extrapolated to the watershed as a whole. We believe that with the use of geo-urban unit as a support to the creation of impact scenarios, it is possible to define urban requirements for settlements. Thus, it also avoids that the allocation of public areas is given in places with greater susceptibility to impacts in the watershed. These advances were consolidated in the thesis by proposing changes in legislation of land subdivision (6.766/79) incorporating a new conceptualization of "glebe" and greater direct public participation with the purpose to the use of urban property "in favor of the common good" (10.257/01, Article 1)
Doutorado
Saneamento e Ambiente
Doutora em Engenharia Civil

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Bois, Benjamin. "CARTOGRAPHIE AGROCLIMATIQUE A MESO-ECHELLE : METHODOLOGIE ET APPLICATION A LA VARIABILITE SPATIALE DU CLIMAT EN GIRONDE VITICOLE. Conséquences pour le développement de la vigne et la maturation du raisin." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00695507.

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Une connaissance approfondie de la variabilité spatiale du climat est essentielle en agronomie et agroforesterie, afin d'évaluer les capacités de production d'une région ou encore la pression phytosanitaire potentielle d'un ravageur. En viticulture, le climat conditionne largement la cinétique de développement de la vigne ainsi que la maturation du raisin. L'objectif de ce travail était de caractériser la variabilité spatiale du climat à méso-échelle en utilisant différentes techniques de spatialisation au pas de temps quotidien de variables climatiques et d'indices agroclimatiques, afin d'évaluer ses conséquences sur le développement de la vigne et sur la maturation du raisin. La région considérée est la Gironde viticole (aire de production des vins de Bordeaux). Six variables ont été étudiées : les températures minimales et maximales, le rayonnement global, l'évapotranspiration potentielle, les précipitations et le bilan hydrique. Pour chaque variable, la méthode de spatialisation fournissant les résultats les plus pertinents à des coûts informatique et temporel raisonnables a été sélectionnée. La propagation des erreurs produites par la spatialisation des variables climatiques au pas de temps quotidien dans les modèles agroclimatiques a ensuite été évaluée. Cette propagation est non négligeable dans le calcul des sommes de températures et des bilans hydriques. La cartographie des variables climatiques a permis de caractériser la variabilité spatiale du climat en Gironde viticole et de bien quantifier des différences entre aires d'appellation qui n'étaient connues que de manière très empirique. Les résultats de cette étude permettront de mieux adapter les techniques viticoles et le choix du matériel végétal aux possibilités offertes par le milieu.

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Zucherato, Bruno [UNESP]. "Cartografia da vulnerabilidade socioambiental no Brasil e Portugal: estudo comparativo entre Campos do Jordão e Guarda." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/154915.

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A pesquisa realizada objetivou um estudo comparativo da espacialização da vulnerabilidade socioambiental de duas áreas distintas, o município de Campos do Jordão – SP (Brasil) e o concelho da Guarda (Portugal). Os procedimentos investigativos realizados incluíram a identificação, análise e avaliação dos riscos e desastres em cada localidade, buscando assim entender melhor a sua manifestação. A identificação dos desastres das duas áreas de estudo abordadas foi realizada com base na pesquisa hemerográfica, onde foram consultadas notícias dos jornais locais entre 2001 e 2013 para estabelecer quais os desastres mais recorrentes nas áreas da pesquisa. Para a análise dos riscos foram realizadas consultas aos stakeholders - especialistas, autoridades e representantes de organizações formadores de opinião pública - para a definição de uma apreciação dos níveis finais dos riscos identificados. O processamento das respostas obtidas foi realizado com base na metodologia da matriz de probabilidades e consequências. A determinação da vulnerabilidade socioambiental teve como base a técnica estatística da Análise Fatorial Exploratória (AFE) para o estabelecimento dos fatores latentes das duas dimensões da vulnerabilidade (criticidade e a capacidade de suporte) com a utilização de dados sociais, econômicos e ambientais de origem estatística e espaciais. As representações finais da vulnerabilidade foram realizadas por duas técnicas cartográficas diferentes: por meio dos mapas coropletos e com a técnica dasimétrica que permite uma melhor localização da informação espacial. Os resultados mostraram que no período analisado foram registados mais ou menos a mesma quantidade de notícias de desastres nas duas áreas de estudo, o que mostra uma certa semelhança nos registos de ocorrência de desastres. No que diz respeito a avaliação dos riscos, com base na consulta conduzida para a Guarda houve predominância de uma opinião mais concreta e consolidada relativa a perigosidade dos riscos dos incêndios florestais, enquanto para Campos do Jordão os resultados foram mais difusos e dispersos, indicando as inundações bruscas e os escorregamentos de massa como os riscos com maiores impactos. As variáveis selecionadas para a composição da vulnerabilidade socioambiental final, assim como o método estatístico da AFE, foram aplicadas com sucesso e permitiram o estabelecimento dos valores finais da vulnerabilidade assim como das suas componentes de criticidade e de capacidade de suporte. O mapeamento dasimétrico permitiu uma localização mais precisa das áreas de vulnerabilidade tanto de Campos do Jordão quanto da Guarda uma vez que pode apresentar com maior exatidão a localização das populações vulneráveis. No que se refere as representações cartográficas, a análise dos mapas finais mostrou que em ambas as localidades houve uma tendência ao padrão centro-periferia, onde é possível observar um centro com baixa vulnerabilidade - no caso de Campos do Jordão localizado na área turística da cidade e na Guarda na área da cidade sede do concelho - e uma periferia - no caso de Campos do Jordão uma periferia urbana e na Guarda uma periferia mais rural marcada por aldeias e vilas mais afastadas. Esses resultados mostram ainda a necessidade da consideração dos aspectos históricos e dos processos de urbanização como importantes ferramentas de análise nos estudos do risco e da vulnerabilidade, assim como da importância da linguagem cartográfica como meio de visualização das diferenças territoriais decorrentes desse processo.
The main purpose of the conducted research was the comparative study of the spatial representation of the social and environmental vulnerability in two different study areas: The city of Campos do Jordão in São Paulo state (Brazil) and the municipality of Guarda (Portugal). The investigation procedures included the stages of identification, analysis and evaluation of the disaster risks in each locality, to better understand its manifestations. The disasters identification was conducted by the hemerographic technic - which consists in consulting newspapers and news published by local media - between the years 2001 and 2013 thus, it was possible to establish which disasters are the most frequent in each area studied. The risk analysis was determined with the application of stakeholder surveys to estimate the level of each observed disaster. The questionnaire replies obtained were treated with the probability and consequence matrix technique. The final values of social and environmental vulnerability were determined using the statistical method of Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), which allowed the identification of the latent factors of each vulnerability component (criticality and coping capacity). For this procedure it was used social, economic and environmental data, from statistical and spatial sources. The final representations of the vulnerability were elaborated by two cartographic techniques: the coropleth map and the dasymetric map which allow a better location of spatial information. The results have shown that during the analyzed period, a similar amount of disaster news was recorded in both studied areas. The results of the risk assessment procedure based on the applied surveys showed that a more concrete and consolidated opinion regarding the risk of forest fires was predominant in Guarda, while for Campos do Jordão, the results were more diffuse and dispersed, indicating sudden floods and mass slides as the risks with the greatest impacts. The statistical method EFA as well as the selected variables for the social and environmental vulnerability composition and its components of criticality and coping capacity were adequate, allowing the establishment of the final values with success. The dasymetric mapping allowed a more accurate localization of the vulnerability values in both areas - Campos do Jordão and Guarda - presenting more accurately the location of the most vulnerable populations. The results of the final cartographic representations showed that in both localities there was a trend towards the center-periphery pattern for the topic addressed where it is possible to observe a center with low vulnerability – placed in the touristic area in Campos do Jordão and in the administrative center in Guarda – and a periphery – located in the urban fringe in Campos do Jordão and in the rural periphery such as remote villages near the border in Guarda. These results also show the need to consider historical aspects and urbanization processes as important analysis tools in risk and vulnerability studies, as well as the importance of the use of cartography in visualizing the irregular spatial distribution of these phenomena.
BEX 9537/13-9 (Bolsa de doutorado pleno no exterior)

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Veysseyre, Audrey. "Dépôts de métaux lourds sur le manteau neigeux alpin français : cartographie de flux et identification des sources ; impact de la météorologie et du relief." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00761372.

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Dans l'optique de fournir un cadre scientifique aux politiques de réduction des émissions de polluants atmosphériques (Convention de Genève sur la pollution transfrontière et à longue distance) ce travail se propose d'établir une cartographie de dépôts de métaux lourds dans le massif alpin français. Pour ce faire, l'intégralité des précipitations neigeuses de deux hivers consécutifs (97-98 et 98-99) a été prélevée dans 15 sites de moyenne altitude (-2000m) du massif alpin, isolés de toute source de pollution locale. Nous avons ensuite transcris les concentrations de métaux dans la neige en flux de métal déposé pour la période concernée. Au delà de ce travail de cartographie, cette étude s'attache également à identifier les sources de métaux déposés dans le manteau neigeux, en essayant notamment de discriminer les sources régionales des sources issues d'un transport à longue distance. Pour ce faire, la démarche de l'analyse isotopique du plomb a été utilisée, en parallèle avec une analyse des trajectographies de masses d'air conduisant aux précipitations neigeuses sur les sites de prélèvement. Deux études de cas particuliers ont été développées. La première s'est attachée à caractériser le transfert air-neige, en collectant parallèlement des échantillons de neige et des filtres atmosphériques. La deuxième a permis de suivre la distribution spatiale des métaux en fonction de l'altitude et d'identifier ainsi l'influence des émissions de la vallée sur le dépôt. Les principaux résultats de ce travail montrent que le dépôt de métaux lourds dans le massif alpin est principalement gouverné par l'important relief de ce dernier, qui constitue le premier véritable obstacle aux perturbations d'origine atlantique, majoritaires en Europe en période hivernale. Les polluants s'avèrent avoir une origine plutôt régionale (Région RhôneAlpes et Italie) qu'issue d'un transport longue distance, ce qui est mis en évidence grâce à la composition isotopique du plomb. La détermination de cette signature fait également ressortir la contribution négligeable des émissions automobiles au plomb atmosphérique total, reflétant l'utilisation croissante de l'essence "sans plomb".

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Mafhoud, Ilène. "Cartographie et mesure de la biodiversité du Mont Ventoux. Approche par Système d'Information Géographique et Télédétection, préconisations méthodologiques et application pour l'aménagement forestier." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00502464.

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Les données issues de la télédétection couplées à des approches de type système d'information géographique sont d'un grand intérêt potentiel pour l'aménagement forestier. Le but de cette recherche est dans un premier temps de fournir une cartographie utilisable des espèces forestières dominantes à l'échelle du pixel, en utilisant des méthodes éprouvées de la télédétection. Le site d'étude choisi est le versant sud du Mont Ventoux, une montagne méditerranéenne présentant une forte biodiversité forestière. Les travaux relatés dans la première partie ont permis de réaliser des cartographies discriminantes des espèces forestières à partir des données satellitaires (Spot 5) par classification supervisée et non supervisée, en lien avec des relevés terrains. La pertinence de ces méthodes pour la cartographie de la couverture forestière est évaluée et discutée, l'objectif étant d'identifier les conditions optimales en fonction de la résolution spatiale et de la bande spectrale pour la discrimination des espèces forestières majeures du Mont Ventoux. Ce travail nous a ensuite amenés à proposer une méthode originale de mesure de la variabilité de la biodiversité à l'aide de 4 indices classiques : indices de Shannon, de Simpson, de Richesse et de Dominance. L'approche a été appliquée en utilisant deux descripteurs de la biodiversité : l'indice de végétation normalisé (NDVI) et la diversité en espèces forestières. Cette méthode inédite permet, grâce au recours à différentes images de résolutions spatiales imbriquées et à un processus systématique d'agrégation, d'extraire la part de biodiversité (alpha et bêta) due à la structure spatiale, en éliminant l'effet du support spatial, composante déterminante du Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP). Nous discutons également dans cette recherche de la capacité de notre méthode à extraire, une « échelle pertinente » de mesure de la diversité.

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Filahi, Mustapha. "Contribution des méthodes géophysiques, en particulier du RADAR géologique, à la cartographie des cavités souterraines de la Médina de Béni-Mellal -MAROC." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00812038.

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Ce mémoire traite de la contribution des méthodes géophysiques à la détection et à la cartographie des cavités souterraines de la Médina de Béni-Mellal. Il s'inscrit dans un projet de réhabilitation de la Médina, à l'initiative de l'Agence Urbaine de Béni-Mellal et des autorités municipale, régionale et nationale. La méthodologie mise en œuvre est celle proposée dans le Guide technique élaboré par le Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées de Nantes (2004). Le premier chapitre pose le problème des cavités, dites "Khefs", en relation avec l'histoire et la géographie de la médina. Le second chapitre traite des phases d'étude préliminaires à l'application de la géophysique. Une étude critique des documents et rapports antérieurs et des visites d'affleurements géologiques et de cavités, ont modifié profondément les hypothèses sur l'origine et la nature des cavités. Contrairement à ce qui a souvent été dit et écrit, il n'y a aucune cavité d'origine naturelle liée à la karstification. Il s'agit de cavités creusées par l'homme dans des matériaux détritiques et lacustres pour en extraire les matériaux de construction de la médina elle-même, sous la forme d'exploitation classique de type "chambres et piliers". La dégradation des cavités est également liée à l'activité anthropique. Le troisième chapitre traite du choix des méthodes géophysiques mises en œuvre et présente les résultats de trois d'entre elles. La sismique réfraction n'est pas recommandée. La tomographie électrique et l'électromagnétisme en champ proche sont en revanche recommandés. Sept exemples de profils de tomographie 2D sont présentés, qui montrent clairement la présence d'anomalies résistantes attendues : leur toit est situé entre 0,50 m et 1, 50 m de profondeur ; leur extension latérale est inférieure à 5m. Cinq profils et 2 cartes électromagnétiques démontrent la capacité à cartographier les variations de la géologie superficielle et la sensibilité aux contacts verticaux entre les vides et les matériaux détritiques en place. Le quatrième chapitre présente les résultats obtenus avec le radar géologique sur une zone expérimentale de la médina. Des exemples spécifiques sont extraits des 270 profiles qui ont été enregistrés, avec une antenne de 400 MHz pour la totalité et une antenne de 200 MHz pour quelques uns. Les résultats ont été contrôlés par 17 forages. La confirmation est satisfaisante : 7 forages ont rencontré les vides tel que prévu, 2 les ont rencontrés à une profondeur supérieure à la profondeur d'investigation, 5 ont mis en évidence un réflecteur géologique comme prévu, 2 n'ont rencontré aucun réflecteur comme prévu et enfin pour 1 seul d'entre eux, le forage destructif n'a pas permis d'identifier le réflecteur attendu. Un début d'étude sur les traces et sur les spectres, en particulier les spectres glissants, semble ouvrir des voies prometteuses pour une interprétation des radargrammes, avec un nombre limité de forages ultérieurs. Le cinquième chapitre présente une synthèse des résultats et répond notamment aux questions posées par les directeurs du projet. Une carte de toutes les cavités détectées par l'ensemble des techniques est présentée. Il y en a près de 200. Aucune zone de la Médina n'est épargnée. En revanche, cette présence n'interdit pratiquement aucun projet d'aménagement ou d'urbanisme. A chaque usage d'un lieu, un traitement spécifique est proposé, dont le coût devrait rester faible par comparaison avec celui de la construction elle-même. Des propositions sont également faites concernant les réseaux, en bon accord avec des solutions de principe proposées précédemment par des bureaux d'étude compétents. En bref, les cavités passent du statut de danger inéluctable et imprévisible, à celui d'éléments apprivoisés de la vie de la médina.

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Carvalho, Antonio Luis Andrade. "O geoprocessamento na gestão ambiental em terras indígenas: uma experiência com etnomapeamento junto à comissão pró-índio do Acre." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8135/tde-18062007-151236/.

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O objetivo central deste trabalho é o desenvolvimento de materiais didáticos direcionados às populações indígenas no estado do Acre, Brasil, envolvendo professores e agentes agroflorestais sob a coordenação da Comissão Pró-Índio - CPI/AC. A introdução de noções básicas de orientação e localização e o manuseio de instrumentos como a bússola e mais especificamente o GPS - Sistema de Posicionamento Global - são bases para o conseqüente domínio na cartografia. Através da combinação de fotografias aéreas, imagens de satélite com informações devidamente orientadas pela determinação dos pontos de controle favorecem a elaboração de mapas, e assim atingem a possibilidade de gerenciar e planejar o uso do solo com base georeferenciada. A geração de cartas geográficas referenciadas propiciam estudar e implementar, de maneira mensurável, o processo de definição das políticas de ocupação de suas terras, permitindo a discussão de problemas locais e a devida estruturação de ações que visam o planejamento territorial e ambiental. Aspectos relevantes como o manejo de recursos naturais, o cálculo de áreas, a avaliação da produção e inventário, a demarcação e monitoramento em áreas de fronteira sujeitas a invasões, áreas de refúgio de fauna, de culturas e locais sagrados assim como as trilhas utilizadas serão focalizados na composição de mapas de diagnóstico ambiental. Como resultante, elaborar e implementar a produção de textos bilíngües em co-autoria com professores e agentes agroflorestais indígenas, considerando a acessibilidade às tecnologias referentes à cartografia e sua importância no etnomapeamento.
The ethnomapping in the state of Acre looking for rescues cultural identities of peoples almost extinct and, therefore, situating in the national panorama. Productions literarys bilinguals has been development with the finality of perpetuation of memory accessible for other cultures and, to incentive the basic and professional education of indigenous people. The development of didactic material directly for indigenous populations of state of Acre, involve teachers and agroforestals agents on the coordenation of Comissão Pró-Índio - CPI/AC and the Laboratory of Teachings and Material Didactic - LEMADI - of departament of Geography of University of São Paulo. This work shows a introduction for basics notions of orientation, localization and a use of instruments as compass and more specifies GPS - Global Positioning System - base for the consistent domain in the cartography. Initiating of combination of aerophotography, images of satellite and associations with informations properly oriented through determination of points of control with the GPS, it is possible the elaboration of maps. The possibility of to manager and to plan the use of soil with base for the georeference reveal a strong instrumental for optimizes the use of the resources of boundary regions as the indigenous territories. Geographics maps with references to provide the study and to implement, of manner measurable, the process of definition of politics of occupation indigenous, allowing the discussion of locals problems and structures of actions that seeks the territorial and environmental planning. The handling of naturals resources, the calculations of surfaces, the avaliation of production and inventary, the demarcation and monitoration areas of frontiers subject invasions, areas of refuge of fauna and of cultures will be focalized in the composition of maps of diagnosis environmental. As a product resultant, elaboration and implementation the production of texts bilinguals with co-authorship with indigenous teachers and agroforestals agents of the activities of mapping, considering the accessibility in the technologies relatives in cartography and your importance in the ethnomapping. The reach of independence relative the activities of fiscalization and environmental management, in this proposal, viability a environmental diagnosis of yours self areas, to execute/perform potential exercises with agroforestals agents

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Montès, Nicolas. "POTENTIALITÉS, DYNAMIQUE ET GESTION D'UNE FORMATION ARBORÉE À GENÉVRIER THURIFÈRE (JUNIPERUS THURIFERA L.) DES ATLAS MAROCAINS:le cas de la vallée de l'Azzaden." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 1999. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00137746.

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Dans la plupart des pays du Tiers-monde, et plus encore dans les zones montagneuses,
l'Homme puise directement dans son environnement naturel les ressources nécessaires à sa survie.
Ainsi, bien que rarement autarciques, les villages de la Haute montagne marocaine n'en sont pas
moins tributaires de ce que leur offre le milieu, et plus précisément la forêt, que ce soit pour
alimenter ou soigner le bétail, pour bâtir les maisons et les bergeries, ou encore pour se chauffer et
faire la cuisine. Mais cette très forte dépendance vis à vis de l'arbre, à laquelle s'ajoute une forte
croissance démographique, a un prix, comme en témoigne l'intense dégradation des écosystèmes
forestiers.
A travers l'étude du peuplement à genévriers thurifères de la vallée de l'Azzaden (Haut Atlas,
Maroc), nous nous sommes donc attachés (1) à préciser les potentialités et les ressources de cet
écosystème méditerranéen de haute montagne: réserve ligneuse et productivité (développement
d'une méthodologie originale non destructive d'estimation de la phytomasse), cycle du carbone et
des éléments minéraux; (2) à déterminer le rôle du facteur anthropique dans les processus de
dégradation des sols et de la végétation (modélisation de l'évolution régressive du peuplement), et
dans les difficultés de régénération naturelle du Genévrier thurifère.
Au-delà de la portée locale d'une recherche ciblée sur une espèce menacée de disparition à court
terme, et des implications écologiques, économiques et sociales de la déforestation d'une petite
vallée du Haut Atlas, cette étude relève d'une problématique plus générale. La vallée de l'Azzaden
peut, en effet, être considérée comme un modèle de fonctionnement d'un écosystème méditerranéen
perturbé par l'action anthropique, les données obtenues renseignant plus généralement sur les
problèmes globaux de la steppisation, du surpâturage, de l'épuisement des ressources énergétiques,
de l'érosion des sols et des variations du stock carboné des milieux semi-arides.

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Kessouri, Pauline. "Mesure simultanée aux fréquences moyennes et cartographie de la permittivité diélectrique et de la conductivité électrique du sol." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00787908.

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Le travail de recherche présenté dans ce mémoire de thèse porte sur l'étude de la conductivité électrique et de la permittivité diélectrique du sol dans le domaine des fréquences moyennes (100 kHz-10 MHz), l'objectif étant de développer une nouvelle méthode de cartographie simultanée de ces paramètres électriques. La conductivité électrique et la permittivité diélectrique étant sensibles aux paramètres d'état du sol, et notamment à sa teneur en eau, le couplage des informations apportées par ces deux paramètres doit permettre d'estimer la valeur de la teneur en eau en chaque point de mesure. Des mesures en laboratoire ont été réalisées afin de connaître l'évolution de ces deux paramètres en fonction de la fréquence. La permittivité diélectrique et la conductivité électrique d'échantillons de sable, de mélanges artificiels de sable et d'argiles (kaolinite et bentonite) en proportions variées et de sol limoneux ont été mesurées pour différentes teneurs en eau. Nous avons étudié l'effet de la teneur en argile, de la minéralogie des argiles impliquées ainsi que de la salinité de l'électrolyte. Dans le cas d'échantillons propres (sans argile), les lois de comportement existantes prédisent correctement la réponse à haute fréquence des matériaux étudiés en fonction de la teneur en eau. Des effets de polarisation d'interface s'ajoutent à la polarisation dipolaire des molécules d'eau pour des fréquences inférieures à 2 MHz. Ces effets sont d'autant plus importants que la teneur en argile augmente. Ils sont liés aux propriétés surfaciques de l'argile présente (capacité d'échange cationique, surface spécifique). Pour comprendre ces relations, des modèles complexes doivent être élaborés et testés. Nous avons privilégié une première approche qui consiste à établir une relation empirique afin de retrouver la valeur de la permittivité diélectrique liée à la polarisation dipolaire (permittivité HF due à la rotation des molécules d'eau). En parallèle a été développé un prototype d'appareil électromagnétique de mesure in situ, de type Slingram, composé de deux bobines perpendiculaires (PERP), qui fonctionne à 1,56 MHz. Après avoir étalonné l'appareil et testé sa réponse à des objets de propriétés connues, plusieurs sites d'expérimentation ont été choisis : des alluvions sableuses à l'INRA d'Orléans (Centre), des luvisols limoneux de l'INRA d'Estrée-Mons (Picardie) et des calcaires fracturés du site de Grand (Vosges). Ils présentent tous des natures de sols différents ; et des contrastes de teneurs en eau, naturels ou artificiels y ont été mesurés. Si, dans le cas des alluvions sableuses, les permittivités diélectriques sont du même ordre de grandeur que les permittivités HF et permettent de retrouver la teneur en eau du sol à partir des modèles théoriques existant, il n'en est pas de même pour des sols plus riches en argile. Les relations empiriques établies à l'aide des expérimentations en laboratoire permettent alors une première estimation de la teneur en eau, conforme aux teneurs en eau massiques des échantillons prélevés.

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Salhi, Bilel. "Mutations socio-spatiales et environnementales du bassin minier de Gafsa (Sud Ouest de Tunisie) : apport des outils géomatiques." Thesis, Le Mans, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LEMA3006/document.

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Depuis la fin du 19ème siècle, l’espace minier de Gafsa (Sud-Ouest de Tunisie) s’est spécialisé dans la mono-activité de l’extraction et l’enrichissement du phosphate pour des raisons de profits économiques certains. Avec ces exportations, l’espace a subi une dégradation intense des ressources du sol, de la couverture végétale et une détérioration avancée des zones agricoles. La gestion des infrastructures minières n’a pas su répondre aux normes environnementales et a provoqué ainsi des inégalités sociales et spatiales et a accentué le niveau des risques environnementaux.L’activité minière a été à l’origine de la naissance et de la genèse des villes minières dans le Bassin Minier de Gafsa (BMG). La formation de cités spontanées a provoqué la désarticulation du tissu urbain. Les extensions urbaines notamment l’expansion des quartiers anarchiques, s’étendant vers les laveries et vers les mines, ont créé ainsi des conflits avec le domaine phosphatier. Tenant compte de la complexité des multiples aspects sociaux, spatiaux et environnementaux du BMG, nous avons utilisé à la fois l’approche géographique classique et l’approche géomatique qui nous a semblé appropriée pour aider à la prise de décision. L’intérêt de cette dernière approche permet d’identifier, d’analyser, et de modéliser l’état des lieux, les mutations urbaines et environnementales en relation avec la croissance spatiale-minière. Les principaux résultats permettent d’avoir une banque de données statistiques et cartographiques, à différentes échelles, pour une vision synthétique et une meilleure compréhension du BMG et de réaliser un modèle d’aide à la décision
Since the end of the 19th century, the mining area of Gafsa (south-west Tunisia) has specialized in the single-activity extraction and enrichment of phosphate for reasons of economic profits. With these exports, this area has suffered an intense degradation of soil resources, vegetation cover and an advanced deterioration of agricultural areas. The management of the mining infrastructure has failed to meet environmental standards, causing social and spatial inequalities and increasing the level of environmental risks.The mining activity was at the origin of the birth and genesis of the mining towns in the Basin of Gafsa (BMG). The formation of spontaneous cities has caused the disarticulation of the urbanization. Urban extensions, including the expansion of anarchic cities, extending to laundries and to mines, thus created conflicts with the phosphatier domain. All these factors make costly and complicated attempts at development and rehabilitation that mining companies do not dare to commit.Taking into account the complexity of the many social, spatial and environmental aspects of the BMG, we used both the classical geographical approach and the geomatics approach that seemed appropriate for better decision-making. The interest of this latter approach makes it possible to identify, analyze, and model the state of the sites, the urban and environmental mutations in relation to the spatial-mining growth

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Walker, Emily. "De la trajectoire des prédateurs à la cartographie de leurs proies : estimation spatiale de l'activité des senneurs et des thonidés dans l'Océan indien." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00552183.

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Actuellement, la distribution spatiale des thons tropicaux pêchés par les senneurs français dans l'Océan Indien est représentée à partir des données de captures et d'effort issues des livres de bord. Or ces données ne comportent qu'une position par jour et le nombre de calées réalisées pendant cette journée : l'ensemble des zones prospectées sans action de pêche, synonyme d'absence d'agrégations de thon n'est pas connu. Ces zones seraient pourtant utiles à la cartographie des abondances. Cette flottille étant équipée de systèmes VMS (Vessel Monitoring Systems), les trajectoires données par les VMS sont utilisées pour déduire du comportement des navires, les zones de présence (pêche) et d'absence (non pêche) d'agrégations de thonidés. L'objectif est donc d'estimer l'activité d'un navire à partir de sa trajectoire. L'application d'un modèle markovien permet de distinguer les activités de route, de recherche, et d'arrêt, et de pêche. Pour la majorité des sorties en mer (exceptées celles où un observateur est à bord), l'activité réelle du navire n'est pas connue (variable latente), ce qui justifie l'approche par chaînes de Markov à états cachés. Le modèle a été développé dans un contexte bayésien incluant des priors sur certains des paramètres (vitesses, angles de changement de cap et matrice de transition). Il a été calibré et validé grâce aux données collectées par des observateurs embarqués sur 10% de la flottille. Le taux d'erreur est de 10% pour des positions VMS enregistrées toutes les heures. Une fois estimée, l'activité des senneurs en chaque point de leur trajectoire a permis (1) d'obtenir des indicateurs spatiaux et temporels de l'effort de la flottille de senneurs français, et (2) d'étudier la structure spatiale des zones de présence de bancs de thons (variogrammes d'indicatrices) et d'en déduire, par cokrigeage d'indicatrices, des cartes de présence/présence potentielle/absence de thon capturable, pouvant être interprétées comme indices d'abondance de thon.

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49

Robson, Eleanor Dezateux. "Improvement and environmental conflict in the northern fens, 1560-1665." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/290033.

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This thesis examines 'improvement' of wetland commons in early modern England as a contested process of rapid environmental change. As a flagship project of agrarian improvement, drainage sought to alchemise pastoral fen commons into arable enclosed terra firma and promised manifold benefits for crown, commoners, and commonwealth alike. In practice, however, improvement schemes generated friction between the political and fiscal agendas of governors and projectors and local communities' customary ways of knowing and using wetland commons, provoking the most sustained and violent agrarian unrest of the seventeenth century. This thesis situates the first state-led drainage project in England, in the northern fens of Hatfield Level, in the context of the local politics of custom, national legal and political developments, and international movements of capital, expertise, and refugees; all of which intersected to reshape perceptions and management of English wetlands. Drawing on the analytic perspectives of environmental history, this thesis explores divergent ideas and practices generating conflict over the making of private property, reorganisation of flow, and reconfiguration of lived environments. This thesis argues that different 'environing' practices - both mental and material - distinguished what was seen as an ordered or disordered landscape, determined when and how water was understood as a resource or risk, and demarcated different scales and forms of intervention. Rival visions of the fenscape, ways of knowing land and water, and concepts of value and justice were productive of, and produced by, different practices of management, ownership, and use. Drainage disputes therefore crossed different spheres of discourse and action, spanning parliament, courtroom, and commons to bring improvement into dialogue with fen custom and generate a contentious environmental politics. In seven substantive chapters, this thesis investigates how improvement was imagined, legitimised, and enacted; how fen communities experienced and navigated rapid environmental transformation; and how political, social, and spatial boundaries were reforged in the process. By grounding improvement in the early modern fenscape, this thesis reintegrates agency into accounts of inexorable socio-economic change, illuminates ideas at work in social contexts, and deepens understandings of environmental conflict.

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50

Gonzaga, Magnus Jos? Barros. "Educa??o ambiental: um estudo de experi?ncias nas escolas municipais de Natal." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2008. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/13546.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:19:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MagnusJBG.pdf: 912354 bytes, checksum: 8a5480a8e907062beed423e4084cfe83 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-09
Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
This a research on pedagogical experiences about Environmental Education carried out in selected schools of the municipal education net of the city of Natal, Rio Grande do Norte State. This study occurs in a where social and environmental problems reach great dimensions and provoke discussions all over the planet. Inside this social context where education is taken as a form intervention in the world, several methodological and theoretical approaches emerge indicating Environmental Education tendencies as different ways to face challenges due to environmental crisis. The maim question pursued by the research is to inquiry how schools have developed their Environmental Education experiences. Pedagogical experiences on Environmental Education are analyzed in selected schools having as theoretical framework ideas for social change, by human action accordingly to Hanna Arendt‟s thought, and Marx‟s idea of praxis, (1989). The objective is to identify, to know and to map the pedagogical experiences on Environmental Education carried out in selected schools of the municipality teaching net having sociological cartography as a methodological strategy for analyzing empirical data. The results of the research pointed out existing reductionist and behaviorist-pedagogical perspectives as for as Environmental Education is concerned as well as environmental understanding, showing a predominance of the conservative Environmental Education tendency inside schools
Trata-se de uma pesquisa sobre experi?ncias pedag?gicas em Educa??o Ambiental desenvolvidas em escolas selecionadas da Rede Municipal de Ensino de Natal, Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Realiza-se no momento em que os problemas socioambientais tomam propor??es planet?rias ao mesmo tempo em que desencadeiam discuss?es de amplitude global. No ?mbito desse contexto social atual no qual a educa??o constitui-se como uma forma de interven??o no mundo, diversas formula??es te?rico-metodol?gicas remetem-se ? consolida??o de tend?ncias em Educa??o Ambiental como meio de enfrentamento dos desafios postos pela crise ambiental. A investiga??o direciona-se pela quest?o: como est?o sendo desenvolvidas as experi?ncias pedag?gicas em Educa??o Ambiental nas escolas? Analisa-se experi?ncias pedag?gicas em Educa??o Ambiental desenvolvidas nas escolas selecionadas da Rede Municipal de Ensino de Natal, tendo como teorias para an?lise as id?ias de transforma??o social, pela a??o humana de Arendt (1995) e a pr?xis em Marx (1989). Objetiva-se identificar, conhecer e cartografar as experi?ncias pedag?gicas em Educa??o Ambiental desenvolvidas nas escolas selecionadas da Rede Municipal de Ensino de Natal, tendo, como estrat?gia metodol?gica, para an?lise dos dados emp?ricos, a cartografia sociol?gica. Os resultados da pesquisa apontaram para a exist?ncia de perspectivas pedag?gicas reducionistas e comportamentalistas no que concerne a compreens?o do meio ambiente e da Educa??o Ambiental, apontando para o predom?nio da Educa??o Ambiental conservadora no interior da escola

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Environment Cartography'

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