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1
Kangasniemi, Jaakko. "Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment in the Humid Tropics." Culture & Agriculture 13, no. 47 (September 1993): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cuag.1993.13.47.24.
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Kangasniemi, Jaakko. "Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment in the Humid Tropics: Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment in the Humid Tropics. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. 1993 . 702 p. w/index." Culture Agriculture -, no. 47 (September 1993): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cag.1993.-.47.24.
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Moura, Emanoel G., Cristina S. Carvalho, Cassia P. C. Bucher, Juliana L. B. Souza, Alana C. F. Aguiar, Altamiro S. L. Ferraz Junior, Carlos A. Bucher, and Katia P. Coelho. "Diversity of Rhizobia and Importance of Their Interactions with Legume Trees for Feasibility and Sustainability of the Tropical Agrosystems." Diversity 12, no. 5 (May 24, 2020): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12050206.
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Symbiotic biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is a complex process that involves rhizobia, a diverse group of α and β-proteobacteria bacteria, and legume species. Benefits provided by BNF associated with legume trees in tropical environments include improvements to efficiency of nitrogen (N) use, increase of soil carbon sequestration, stabilization of soil organic matter, decrease of soil penetration resistance, and improvement of soil fertility. All these benefits make BNF a crucial ecosystem service to the sustainability of tropical agriculture. Due to the importance of this ecological process and the high diversity of rhizobia, these bacteria have been extensively characterized worldwide. Currently, over 400 species of rhizobia are known, distributed into seven families. In the humid tropics, Leucaena leucocephala, Acacia mangium, Gliricidia sepium, and Clitoria fairchildiana are four of the most common species used by family farmers to create sustainable agricultural systems. These four legumes perform symbiosis with different groups of rhizobia. Exploring BNF could help to enable sustainable intensification of agriculture in the humid tropics, mainly because it can increase N use efficiency in an environment where N is a limiting factor to plant growth.
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Eludoyin, A. O. "Land use around headwater streams in a semi-rural environment in the humid tropics." International Journal of Water 8, no. 1 (2014): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijw.2014.057789.
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Ume, Smiles I., C. I. Ezeano, and P. C. Jiwuba. "Effect of Goat Production to the Environment in the Humid Tropics of the World." Sustainable Food Production 6 (May 2019): 41–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/sfp.6.41.
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The research was aimed at identifying the determinants of goat farmers’ choice of adaptation methods to climatic change in South east Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study were to identify the farmers’ adaptation methods, identify the determinants of choice of the adaptation methods, the limiting factors to farmers’ adaptation options in the study area. A total of 120 famers were selected using multistage random sampling technique. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as percentage responses and multi- nominal logit model and factor analysis. The adaptation strategies used by the goat farmers were use of use of nutrient-dense diets, drinking water, planting of tree as shade and location of house in the farm. Additionally, the effects of goat production to the environment were deforestation, land degradation, climate change, air pollution and rodent menace. In addition, goat Production technologies to curtail environmental pollution were precious feed management, litter management, use of hydrophilic products, use of rat poison and trap, adequate housing and proper manure disposal. The factors influencing farmers’ choice of adaptation methods were level of education, membership of cooperative, farming experience, poor access to extension services and access to credit. The determinant factors to the adoption of goat production related environmental technologies were level of education, extension visit, off farm income, farming experience and membership of organization. The result also showed that the major factors limiting factors to adoption of the technologies were poor access to funds, poor access to improved technology and poor access to heat resistant goat breed. There is need to enhance farmers’ access to credit, extension services and educational programs
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Kershaw, A. Peter, and Dave Bulman. "The relationship between modern pollen samples and environment in the humid tropics region of northeastern Australia." Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 83, no. 1-3 (September 1994): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(94)90060-4.
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Syed Othman Thani, Sharifah Khalizah, Nik Hanita Nik Mohamad, and Sabrina Idilfitri. "Amelioration of Urban Temperature through Landscape Design Approaching Hot-Humid Climate: A Review." Asian Journal of Environment-Behaviour Studies 3, no. 8 (May 22, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/aje-bs.v3i8.274.
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This paper discusses a conceptual review of sustainable landscape design approach as mitigating strategies to modify urban temperature in a hot- humid climate.The amelioration of urban temperature through landscape approach can be achieved by incorporating sustainable landscape design practices via the interplay of natural vegetation in the hot-humid tropics. The findings of this paper are hoped to guide the practitioners in landscape architecture, policy makers and urban designers to incorporate sustainable landscape design approach towards improving outdoor thermal comfort; thus providing a better quality of life.
Keywords: Landscape design principles; outdoor thermal comfort; urban heat island; hot-humid climate
eISSN 2514-751X © 2018. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.
https://doi.org/10.21834/aje-bs.v3i8.274
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Pau, Jion Sean, and William K. S. Pao. "A Unified Adaptive Fanger's Model for Thermal Comfort in Tropical Countries." Applied Mechanics and Materials 393 (September 2013): 799–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.393.799.
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Thermal comfort, which used to be a luxury in life has transformed into a necessity in modern lives. Tropical country such as Malaysia has hot and humid climate all year round. Much air conditioning is required in tropical countries to provide thermal comfort for indoor occupants. Fangers model is deterministic as it regards the heat fluxes across the boundary between humans and their thermal environment. Fangers model is adopted by ASRHAE Standard 55 in 1992 but it has over-predicted thermal preferences of those living in tropics. Malaysians who are used to hot and humid climates prefer warmer indoor temperature, as hypothesized in adaptive model. Adaptive model is said to predict thermal comfort more accurately than Fangers model as it relates the indoor comfortable temperature to outdoor air temperature. The objective of this research is to integrate the adaptive theories into Fangers model and to synthesize a new thermal comfort model which is expected to accurately predict thermal comfort in tropical countries. As the adaptive theory says that not all peoples thermal preferences are affected by thermal histories and contextual factors, the new model has proposed a broader operation range of PMV for air conditioner. The increment of PMV range from ±1.0 to ±1.17 for 80% satisfaction requirement is proved to applicable in Malaysia.
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Osuji, G. E. "Tillage and mulching effects on seed-zone soil environment and cowpea seedling growth in the humid tropics." Soil Use and Management 6, no. 3 (September 1990): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1990.tb00825.x.
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Sanderson, Steven. "Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment in the Humid Tropics. Committee on Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment in the Humid Tropics, National Research Council. 1993. National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20418. $49.95, hardcover. xv + 702 pp." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 9, no. 1-2 (June 1994): 92–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300005725.
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Asuquo, B. O. "SOME PRODUCTION PARAMETERS OF LOHMANN BROWN BROILER PARENT LINES IN THE HUMID TROPICS." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 21 (January 3, 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v21i1.1069.
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Two hundred day-old chicks of Lohmann Brown Broiler male (MPL) and female (FPL) parent lines were evaluated for production efficiency under the humid tropical environment. Chicks were reared on deep litter and fed chick breeder mash (0-8 weeks), grower mash (9-16 weeks), and broiler breeder mash (17-49 weeks). Water was supplied ad libitum. At point of lay, birds were floor-mated according to line in a ratio of 1 cock; 6 hens. Average body weights at 20 weeks were 2623.99 and 2189.35g for MPL and FPL, respectively. Female parent line chicken came into lay 4 days earlier than their MPL counterparts (142 vs 146 days). No statistical difference was observed in the total feed consumption per bird, with the values 8.89kg (MPL) and 8.62kg (FPL). There were no significant (P>0.05) differences between the two lines in percent hien-day egg production (PHD), fertility and hatchability of fertile eggs, values of which were respectively, 49, 12, 79.32 and 81.01 for the male line and 62.11, 80.89 and 82.28 for the female line during the last 26-49 weeks of age.
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Mari, T. S., S. Kuppusamy, S. Gunasagaran, S. Srirangam, and F. L. Ang. "Natural Brise Soleil: The Effects of Vegetation Shading on Thermal Environment of Residential Buildings in Hot and Humid Tropics." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 268 (July 2, 2019): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/268/1/012013.
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Aguiar, Alana das Chagas Ferreira, Andreia Pereira Amorim, Katia Pereira Coêlho, and Emanoel Gomes de Moura. "Environmental and agricultural benefits of a management system designed for sandy loam soils of the humid tropics." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 33, no. 5 (October 2009): 1473–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832009000500037.
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A sustainable management of soils with low natural fertility on family farms in the humid tropics is a great challenge and overcoming it would be an enormous benefit for the environment and the farmers. The objective of this study was to assess the environmental and agronomic benefits of alley cropping, based on the evaluation of C sequestration, soil quality indicators, and corn yields. Combinations of four legumes were used in alley cropping systems in the following treatments: Clitoria fairchildiana + Cajanus cajan; Acacia mangium + Cajanus cajan; Leucaena leucocephala + Cajanus cajan; Clitoria fairchildiana + Leucaena leucocephala; Leucaena leucocephala + Acacia mangium and a control. Corn was used as a cash crop. The C content was determined in the different compartments of soil organic matter, CEC, available P, base saturation, percentage of water saturation, the period of the root hospitality factor below the critical level and corn yield. It was concluded that alley cropping could substitute the slash and burn system in the humid tropics. The main environmental benefit of alley cropping is the maintenance of a dynamic equilibrium between C input and output that could sustain up to 10 Mg ha-1 of C in the litter layer, decreasing atmospheric CO2 levels. Alley cropping is also beneficial from the agricultural point of view, because it increases base saturation and decreases physical resistance to root penetration in the soil layer 0 - 10 cm, which ensures the increase and sustainability of corn yield.
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Chetehouna, Khaled. "Overview of The Forest Fire Research." Proceeding International Conference on Science and Engineering 3 (April 30, 2020): xvii. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/icse.v3.452.
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Tropical forests play a major role in determining the current atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases. The role of tropical forests is critical because they are carbon-dense with large amount of carbon is stored. With almost 8 million km2 of the humid tropics, the tropical forests are faced to several issues altering their contribution to the carbon cycle, such as deforestation and wildfires. In Europe, extreme wildfires ravaged the European forests in the last years. These situations were extremely dangerous not only for the environment, but also for the socioeconomical point of view because to the proximity of forests from the urban cities or from the agriculture fields. This fact has motivated the European scientific community to explore the wildfires behavior in the purpose to master their expansion, and limit their harmful effect. In this plenary presentation, the French scientific expertise will be exposed with an eye on a possible extrapolation to the tropical forest’s particularity. For this purpose, the following points are going to be discussed: (1) understanding wildfire mechanisms, (2) giving a vision about French scientific experience on forest fires research field, and finally (3) trying to extrapolate these scientific experiences to tropical forests.
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Amakiri, S. F. "RELATIONSHIP OF SKIN MEASUREMENTS AND MILK PRODUCTION LEVELS IN CATTLE BREEDS MAINTAINED IN THE TROPICS." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 4, no. 2 (January 10, 2021): 92–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v4i2.2301.
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The relationship between mean skin thickness or hair follicle depth of the skin from the midside (12th rib) area and milk production levels of pure Friesian (Holstein)cattle breeds, their ¾ and 7/8 crosses with White Fulani zebu, and pure White Fulanis, maintained in South-Western Nigeria were studied. A strongly positive linear correlation (r = 0.9), significant at 1% level was found between skin thickness and hair follicle depth, and milk production levels in these breeds. The results indicate that for cows maintained in a hot humid tropical environment, comparative midside skin thickness and hair follicle depth could be used as indices of the milk production potential of cows. It could be a useful field tool for selection of cows for milk production when considered along with other characteristics
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Jesuyon, O. M. A., and T. O. Bankole. "Effects of strain, live weight and micro-environment on body weight development of cane rat (Thryonomys swinderianus) in the humid tropics." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 44, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v44i1.368.
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Interactive effects of strain, live weight and a non-genetic factor namely micro-environment on the live weight development of cane rats reared in captivity were investigated over a seven-month period. A total of seventy-nine (79) cane rats (Thryonomys swinderianus) originating from three different sources (strains) and of four body weight categories were used for the study. The treatment design was 4x3 Factorial of Live-weightXStrain randomlyassigned to 3 Houses (block) using RCBD, while statistical analysis utilized GLM procedure of SAS® (1999). Data were recorded monthly based on Treatment-combinations and House-micro-environment. Results revealed that effects of strain, live weight category and house-micro-environment on strains were significant. Consequently, interactive effect of strainXhouse-micro-environment was found most depressing on awole>FRIN>Bamidele, while strainXlive-weight category interaction exerted most positive influence on Lawole strain which demonstrated the highest ability for body weight development than other two strains. Findings revealed that interactive effect of STRxHME was most significant on weight development. Bamidele strain was identified as most acclimatized and adaptable of the three strains based on least body weight sensitivity and variation between HMEs. Different strains of cane rat in captive rearing systems would exhibit different and specific reaction norms under interaction of strain, Body weight and House-micro-environment. This knowledge is useful for feeding regimes, husbandry and reeding schemes for cane rats in humid tropics.
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Nwofia, Godson Emeka, Queen Udodirim Okwu, and Emmanuel Ukaobasi Mbah. "Response of Thirteen Tannia Accessions to Variations in Planting Date in the Humid Tropics." Open Agriculture 4, no. 1 (April 5, 2019): 213–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2019-0020.
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AbstractThe objectives of the study were to assess the inter-relationship between growth, yield, nutritional and anti-nutritional responses of thirteen tannia (Xanthosoma sagittifolium L.) accessions to planting date (May, June and July) in the humid tropics. Tannia corms and leaves are veritable sources of dietary fibre and starch, also essential minerals and vitamins; hence its value for security and as a cash crop for people in the humid tropics. A two-year 13-genotype × 3 planting date factorial arranged rain-fed field experiment in randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out during the 2014 and 2015 cropping seasons at Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria. The results indicated that planting date and accession influenced growth and yield of tannia, an indication of differential responses of the thirteen accessions to the planting dates (May, June and July). The results suggest that May is the most appropriate planting date; accessions planted during this month had the highest yields. The interaction between planting date and tannia accession was significant for some traits (number of leaves per plant and cormel weight per plant) in both years and significant for plant height, pseudo-circumference and corm weight (2014); leaf area and tannia yield (2015). The correlation analysis showed good selection characters in plant height, pseudo-stem circumference, leaf area, number of leaves per plant, corm weight, corm circumference, cormel weight and cormel circumference for high yielding varieties, while nutritional analysis (crude protein, carbohydrate, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, tannin and oxalate) exhibited lower concentrations in processed corms relative to unprocessed. The corm yield of the tannia accessions ranged from 1.49 to 13.48 Mt.ha−1 in 2014 and 2.72 to 8.50 Mt.ha−1 in 2015 and best four accessions judged by interaction between tannia accession and date of planting was 13 (Ikaro) > 12 (Idoani) > 3 (Ehor) > 10 (Idasen) in May 2014 compared to accessions 6 (Ewu) >10 (Idasen) > 12 (Idoani) > 1 (Ikpoba) planted in June 2015. The differences in sequence suggest that both environment and genetic constitution contribute to Tannia yield.
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Hue, Olivier. "The Challenge of Performing Aerobic Exercise in Tropical Environments: Applied Knowledge and Perspectives." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 6, no. 4 (December 2011): 443–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.6.4.443.
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The tropical climate is unique in that the seasons are dominated by the movement of the tropical rain belt, resulting in dry and wet seasons rather than the four-season pattern of changes in temperature and day length seen in other parts of the world. More than 33% of the world population lives in the humid tropics, which are characterized by consistently high monthly temperatures and rainfall that exceeds evapotranspiration for most days of the year. Both the 2014 Football World Cup (in Brazil) and the 2016 Olympic Games (in Rio de Janeiro) will take place in this climate. This review focuses on the effects of the tropical environment on human exercise performance, with a special emphasis on prolonged aerobic exercise, such as swimming, cycling, and running. Some of the data were collected in Guadeloupe, the French West Indies Island where all the French teams will be training for the 2016 Olympic Games. We will first fully define the tropical climate and its effects on performance in these sports. Then we will discuss the types of adaptation that help to enhance performance in this climate, as well as the issues concerning the prescription of adequate training loads. We will conclude with some perspectives for future research.
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Fadare, A. O., T. Oni, I. L. Olatunji, and O. A. Mesogboriwon. "Genetic adaptive potentials of four breeds of rabbit to heat stress in the humid tropics." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 43, no. 1 (January 27, 2021): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v43i1.2747.
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Rabbit production under tropical conditions is affected by environmental stress mainly from the effect of high ambient temperatures and high humidity, low wind speed and indirect solar radiation. This experiment was conducted to investigate the adaptive potentials of Californian, New Zealand white, Havana black and Palomino brown rabbits to heat stress when raised in humid tropics. A total number of ninety-six rabbits were used. Rectal temperature, respiratory rate, pulse rate and heat stress index were measured in these temperate breeds during rainy and dry season. The results showed that the breed of rabbit had a significant effect (P<0.05) on rectal temperature, respiratory rate, pulse rate and heat stress index. Havana black rabbit had the highest mean rectal temperature value (39.32 ± 0.03°C) followed by Palomino brown (38.97 ± 0.03°C), while the least value was recorded for New Zealand white (38.68 ± 0.02). Respiratory rate values followed the same pattern with that of rectal temperature with higher respiratory rate 69.09 ± 1.05 breaths/min recorded for Havana rabbits. The pulse rate values ranged from 163.23 ± 0.47 - 184.35 ± 0.78 beats/minutes. The highest pulse rate of 184.35 ± 3.78beats/minute was recorded for Havana black. The lowest heat stress index was obtained for New Zealand white followed by California and Palomino Brown while Havana black rabbit had the highest value (1.95± 0.01). The respiratory rate was significantly lower among males as compared to their female counterparts (63.09±0.58 versus 69.54 ± 1.65breaths per minute). The age of the rabbit also significantly affected (P<0.05) the rectal temperature, respiratory rate, pulse rate and heat stress index. 12 weeks old rabbit had the highest mean values while 4 weeks old rabbit had the least values. The heat stress index value obtained during dry season was higher (P< 0.05) than that obtained for rainy season (1.93± 0.02 versus 1.80 ± 0.01). Havana black rabbits and Palomino brown were more prone to heat stress than California and New Zealand white rabbits in tropical environment.
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Bernal, Jaime Humberto, Gustavo A. Ligarreto M., and Ruby Stella Hernández. "Effects of the genotype and environment interaction on sugar accumulation in sweet sorghum varieties (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) grown in the lowland tropics of Colombia." Agronomía Colombiana 32, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/agron.colomb.v32n3.45477.
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Sugar production in sweet sorghums is affected by the environment. Therefore, in this study on the effects of the genotype x environment interaction on sugar accumulation, plant traits associated with the sugar content in the stem were evaluated in ten sorghum genotypes grown in six contrasting environments. The results indicated that the stem dry weight, juice sugar concentration (°Brix), stem sugar content and juice volume were controlled by the genetic constitution of the genotype, with a large environmental contribution to their expression. The results allowed for the identification of the sweet sorghum genotypes that have a high potential for the biofuel agroindustry due to their high sugar contents in the environmental conditions of Palmira, Espinal, Cerete and Codazzi. Humid tropical environments such as Gaitan and Villavicencio were less favorable for the competitive production of sweet sorghums for bioethanol due to their low levels of solar radiation and soil fertility.
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Mulia, Yuyus, Tri Harso Karyono, and Kamal A Arif. "RELASI KENYAMANAN TERMAL DAN KONSUMSI ENERGI LISTRIK WARD DI WILAYAH TROPIS LEMBAP." Jurnal Penelitian dan Karya Ilmiah Arsitektur Usakti 16, no. 02 (December 12, 2018): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/agora.v16i02.3233.
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<p>Penelitian kenyamanan termal pada <em>ward</em> (bangunan rawat inap rumah sakit) belum banyak dilakukan. Isu pokok penelitian ini mencakup aspek kenyamanan termal dan aspek konsumsi energi listrik <em>ward</em> di wilayah tropis lembap. Tujuan penelitian ini mengungkap relasi tingkat kenyamanan termal dan tingkat konsumsi energi listrik <em>ward</em> di wilayah tropis lembap. Metoda penelitian ini bersifat kuantitatif dengan jumlah sampel 11 unit <em>ward</em> (5 unit di dataran rendah/ wilayah Cirebon dan 6 unit di dataran tinggi/ wilayah Bandung – Provinsi Jawa Barat, Indonesia); jumlah responden 1099 orang (500 orang berada di kelompok <em>ward</em> dataran rendah, dan 599 orang di kelompok <em>ward</em> dataran tinggi). Peralatan yang digunakan untuk mendata kondisi parameter iklim dan pilihan sensasi termal pengguna <em>ward</em> adalah pengukur dan perekam digital <em>Heat Index WBGT Meter-Model WBGT-2010SD ex Lutron</em> dan <em>Anemometer-Model AM-4222 ex Lutron</em>, serta formulir survey. Uji statistik dan analisa regresi linier terhadap data yang diperoleh, menunjukkan hasil: pada <em>ward</em> dataran rendah dengan temperatur udara lingkungan berkisar 23.4 – 37.2°C; tingkat kenyamanan termalnya 29.2°C dan tingkat konsumsi energi listriknya berkisar 62 kWh/m2/th. Sementara pada <em>ward</em> dataran tinggi dengan temperatur udara lingkungan berkisar 18.4 – 32.2°C; tingkat kenyamanan termalnya 27.4°C dan tingkat konsumsi energi listriknya berkisar 49 kWh/m2/th. Kesimpulan; pada <em>ward</em> di wilayah tropis lembap ditemukan adanya fakta relasi sebagai berikut: semakin tinggi temperatur udara lingkungannya, semakin tinggi tingkat kenyamanan termalnya, dan semakin tinggi pula jumlah konsumsi energi listriknya.</p><p> </p><p>Kata Kunci: Kenyamanan termal, konsumsi energi listrik, ward, tropis lembab</p><p> </p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p>Research on thermal comfort in the ward (hospital inpatient building) has not been widely carried out. The main issues of this study include aspects of thermal comfort and aspects of ward electrical energy consumption in humid tropical regions. The purpose of this study is to reveal the relation between thermal comfort level and ward electrical energy consumption level in humid tropical regions. This research method is quantitative with a sample of 11 ward units (5 units in the lowland / Cirebon region and 6 units in the highlands / Bandung area - West Java Province, Indonesia); the number of respondents is 1099 people (500 people are in the lowland ward group, and 599 people in the highland ward group). The equipment used to record climate parameter conditions and the choice of thermal sensations for ward users is the WBGT-2010SD Model Heat Index WBGT Meter and digital recorder ex Lutron and Anemometer-Model AM-4222 ex Lutron, as well as survey forms. Statistical tests and linear regression analysis of the data obtained showed results: in the lowland ward with ambient air temperature ranging from 23.4 - 37.2 ° C; the lowest level of comfort is 29.2 ° C and the level of electricity consumption is around 62 kWh / m2 / year. While in the highland ward with environmental air temperatures ranging from 18.4 - 32.2 ° C; the lowest level of comfort is 27.4 ° C and the level of electricity consumption is around 49 kWh / m2 / year. Conclusion; In the ward in the humid tropics, the facts of the relationship are as follows: the higher the air temperature of the environment, the higher the level of thermal comfort, and the higher the amount of electricity consumption.</p><p> </p><p>Keywords: thermal comfort, electrical energy consumption, ward, humid tropical</p>
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Leng, Pau Chung, Roshida Abdul Majid, Noraslinda Abdul Rahman, Dilshan Remaz Ossen, and Farhana Mohd Razif. "Field Investigation of Indoor Thermal Performance in Malaysia Air-Welled Terraced House." International Journal of Built Environment and Sustainability 6, no. 3 (August 29, 2019): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/ijbes.v6.n3.388.
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This paper aims to determine the performance of the air well system in a hot and humid tropical climate with existing full-scale air well of single-storey terraced house. The application of air well in residential building widely applied in a traditional building, especially in the Middle East and Europe countries. However, resulted from the development, the application of passive cooling strategies such as air well is gradually replaced by a mechanical cooling system. The aim of the study is to investigate the cooling system role in tropics, where hot and humid climate the overheating of building interior are a critical dilemma due to solar penetration through building fenestration. A field measurement has been carried out in a single storey terraced house with built-in air well in Kuching, Sarawak for 5 days. The field measurement investigates the thermal performance of the single-storey terrace house air well under tropical context. The investigation was measured with U-12 HOBO data logger for temperature and humidity while the air velocity was measured with HD32.3 DeltaOhm measurement logger. Both types of the instrument placed in the air well in a vertical position while another U12 HOBO datalogger placed in a test room with window connected to air well. The outdoor weather data set were measured with HOBO U30. Findings show that the under Malaysia tropical climate, the mean air velocity induced by the air well throughout the measurement days marked as 0.91m/s while during the hottest hour of the measurement days, the air velocity induced in the upper air well could reach 1.09m/s with an outdoor air temperature of 33.6°C and solar radiation of 198 Wh/m². The findings of the study have explained the effectiveness of the air well in providing the thermal performance in the indoor environment and further study on modification of the air well configuration could enhance the airflow and air temperature
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Osborne, Tom, Julia Slingo, David Lawrence, and Tim Wheeler. "Examining the Interaction of Growing Crops with Local Climate Using a Coupled Crop–Climate Model." Journal of Climate 22, no. 6 (March 15, 2009): 1393–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2494.1.
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Abstract This paper examines to what extent crops and their environment should be viewed as a coupled system. Crop impact assessments currently use climate model output offline to drive process-based crop models. However, in regions where local climate is sensitive to land surface conditions more consistent assessments may be produced with the crop model embedded within the land surface scheme of the climate model. Using a recently developed coupled crop–climate model, the sensitivity of local climate, in particular climate variability, to climatically forced variations in crop growth throughout the tropics is examined by comparing climates simulated with dynamic and prescribed seasonal growth of croplands. Interannual variations in land surface properties associated with variations in crop growth and development were found to have significant impacts on near-surface fluxes and climate; for example, growing season temperature variability was increased by up to 40% by the inclusion of dynamic crops. The impact was greatest in dry years where the response of crop growth to soil moisture deficits enhanced the associated warming via a reduction in evaporation. Parts of the Sahel, India, Brazil, and southern Africa were identified where local climate variability is sensitive to variations in crop growth, and where crop yield is sensitive to variations in surface temperature. Therefore, offline seasonal forecasting methodologies in these regions may underestimate crop yield variability. The inclusion of dynamic crops also altered the mean climate of the humid tropics, highlighting the importance of including dynamical vegetation within climate models.
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Zawislak, Jonathan, and Edward J. Zipser. "Analysis of the Thermodynamic Properties of Developing and Nondeveloping Tropical Disturbances Using a Comprehensive Dropsonde Dataset." Monthly Weather Review 142, no. 3 (March 1, 2014): 1250–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-13-00253.1.
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Abstract A dropsonde dataset is analyzed to quantify the necessary thermodynamic conditions for tropical cyclogenesis by evaluating the properties that distinguish developing tropical disturbances from nondeveloping disturbances, and by describing the temporal evolution of the developing inner core. The dataset consists of 2204 dropsonde observations from 12 developing disturbances and 245 from four nondeveloping disturbances. These disturbances are the cases with the best pregenesis sampling from field programs between 2005 and 2010, and include those investigated by three coincident field programs during 2010: the NASA Genesis and Rapid Intensification Processes (GRIP) and NCAR/NSF Pre-Depression Investigation of Cloud Systems in the Tropics (PREDICT) experiments, as well as NOAA’s Intensity Forecast Experiment (IFEX). Composite analyses indicate clear differences between developing and nondeveloping disturbances: developing disturbances exhibit greater moisture and a higher humidity at midlevels (above 800 hPa) than nondeveloping, and while the developing inner core experiences some midlevel moistening and stabilization as genesis nears, nondeveloping disturbances become progressively drier and more convectively unstable. Developing disturbances also exhibit some important characteristics in their inner core within 2 days of genesis: the low to midtroposphere (below 500 hPa) approaches near-saturation, a mid- to upper-level warm temperature anomaly develops and progressively deepens toward the low levels, and a low-level (below 900 hPa) cool, dry anomaly develops and is removed by the day of genesis. Overall the results support one proposed pathway to tropical cyclone formation in which an initially stronger midlevel vortex, in a moist, humid environment, precedes primarily low-level intensification within a day of genesis.
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Abraham, Zephania Saitabau, Daudi Ntunaguzi, Aveline Aloyce Kahinga, Emmanuel Ole Lengine, Lwidiko Edward Mhamilawa, and Enica Richard Massawe. "A rare case report of aural myiasis in a 24-day old neonate in Tanzania." International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery 5, no. 5 (August 27, 2019): 1397. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20193891.
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<p>Aural myiasis refers to the infestation of the ear by the larvae of certain dipterous flies. The disease-producing flies prefer a warm and humid environment and higher incidence occur in tropics and subtropics of Africa and America. Aural myiasis is rare during neonatal life and children with tendencies of poking the ear need immediate review by otorhinolaryngologists for thorough otological review. The objective is thus to report the case of a 24-day old neonate who was diagnosed to have aural myiasis upon otoendoscopy at a private health facility in Tanzania. This is the first reported case of neonatal aural myiasis in our country. Neonates with tendencies to poke ears and with irritability should be handled with care by having immediate Otorhinolaryngologist review to exclude aural pathologies such as aural myiasis. Removal of the maggot, instilling ototopical antibiotics admixed with aural antiseptics, systemic antibiotics and close follow up for meticulous aural toilet remains the main stay in management of aural myiasis.</p>
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Alaba, O., B. Ogunwumiju, O. Odu, and T. T. Lawal. "Physiological response of weaned pigs fed Spondias mombin supplemented diets in humid tropics." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 48, no. 4 (March 8, 2021): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v48i4.2999.
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Heat stress is a situation in which the animal body has problems dissipating excess heat due to breakdown in maintaining homeostatic body core temperature which resulting to inadequate heat dissipation and discomfort. In this study, Spondias mombin leaf meal (SMLM) rich in ascorbic acid was supplemented in feed aimed at determining effect on selected physiological responses of growing pigs. Sixteen growing female pigs weighing 10.5 to14.0kg were randomly allotted to four treatment supplemented maize feed ingredient with 0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5% SMLM w/w in a completely randomized design with four animals and two replicates per treatment as shown in table1. Results confirmed diurnal variation in temperature-humidity index THI (morning and evening). This variation affects respiratory rate, animal thermal stability and heartbeat rate. There was positive and strong relationship in ameliorating temperature changes in housing environment as animals cope better in diet supplemented with SMLM than control. Respiratory rates were similar across all treatments both morning and evening measurements. However, from table 2, there was significant difference (p<0.05) between control and other treatments with T2 and T3 been similar. Highest values of heart rates were observed in T3 indicating some contribution to involuntary physiological actives in pigs which may be effect of some biocomponents of Spondias sp to cerebella actions in animal brain controlling such involuntary muscle activities. Supplementation of SMLM up to 5% maize in growing female pigs diet have potential to confer thermal stability on animals during high temperature periods notable in humid tropics. Le stress thermique est une condition dans laquelle le corps de l'animal a des problèmes pour dissiper l'excès de chaleur en raison de la dégradation du maintien de la température interne du corps homéostatique, ce qui entraîne une dissipation thermique et une gêne insuffisantes. Dans cette étude, la farine de feuilles de Spondias mombin (SMLM) riche en acide ascorbique a été complétée dans des aliments destinés à déterminer l'effet sur certaines réponses physiologiques des porcs en croissance. Seize porcs femelles en croissance pesant de 10.5 à 14.0 kg ont été attribués au hasard à quatre ingrédients alimentaires de maïs supplémentés par traitement avec 0, 2.5, 5 et 7.5% de SMLM p / p dans une conception complètement randomisée avec quatre animaux et deux répétitions par traitement, comme indiqué dans le tableau 1. Les résultats ont confirmé la variation diurne de l'indice température-humidité THI (matin et soir). Cette variation affecte la fréquence respiratoire, la stabilité thermique de l'animal et la fréquence cardiaque. Il y avait une relation positive et forte dans l'amélioration des changements de température dans l'environnement de logement, car les animaux réagissent mieux avec un régime alimentaire complété avec du SMLM que le témoin. Les fréquences respiratoires étaient similaires pour tous les traitements, les mesures du matin et du soir. Cependant, à partir du tableau 2, il y avait une différence significative (p <0.05) entre le contrôle et les autres traitements avec T2 et T3 étaient similaires. Les valeurs les plus élevées de fréquence cardiaque ont été observées dans T3 indiquant une certaine contribution aux actifs physiologiques involontaires chez les porcs qui peuvent être l'effet de certains biocomposants de Spondias sp sur les actions cérébrales dans le cerveau animal contrôlant ces activités musculaires involontaires. La supplémentation en SMLM jusqu'à 5% de maïs dans le régime alimentaire des porcs femelles en croissance peut conférer une stabilité thermique aux animaux pendant les périodes de températures élevées notables dans les régions tropicales humides.
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Aguiar, Alana das Chagas Ferreira, Idelfonso Colares de Freitas, Cristina Silva Carvalho, Paulo Henrique Marques Monroe, and Emanoel Gomes de Moura. "Efficiency of an agrosystem designed for family farming in the pre-Amazon region." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 26, no. 1 (September 10, 2010): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170510000396.
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AbstractIn the humid tropics, the continuous use of the same area reduces nutrient availability and increases the incidence of weeds. To circumvent these obstacles, farmers practice itinerant agriculture associated with slashing and burning with negative effects on the local and global environment. In search for a suitable system for humid tropical agriculture, the objective of this study was to investigate the performance of no-till alley cropping in conjunction with the use of annual legume crops grown during the off-season. The experiment was implemented in a one-hectare alley cropping system in which the leguminous tree clitoria (Clitoria fairchildiana R.A. Howard) was used. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with four replications of the following treatments: Stylosanthis (Stylosanthis capitata), showey rattlebox (Crotalaria spectabilis), sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea), jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) and a control with clitoria alone, without an annual legume. In January 2007 and 2008, maize was planted in each alley. One hundred and twenty days after annual legumes were sown, the total biomass was recorded. Weed incidence was assessed 35 days after maize planting. Analyses of the C, N, P, K, Ca and Mg contents of the legumes were carried out. To assess soil organic matter (SOM), composite soil samples from the surface 0–5 cm were collected from experimental plots. Two adjacent areas were also sampled for comparison: a 10-year-old secondary forest and an area of conventional tillage. The SOM was fractionated using a densitometric and a granulometric method. Conventional systems reduce the silt and free light organic matter fractions more than no till. The use of annual legumes changes the composition of the weed community, replacing the more aggressive types with those less competitive. The use of showy rattlebox (C. spectabilis) may be an effective strategy for reducing weed density in the long-season crop. Furthermore, relative to the use of leguminous trees alone, higher yields of maize can be obtained with the use of showy rattlebox (C. spectabilis) and sunn hemp (C. juncea) without the application of additional N.
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Baker, R. L. "Genetic resistance to endoparasites in sheep and goats. A review of genetic resistance to gastrointestinal nematode parasites in sheep and goats in the tropics and evidence for resistance in some sheep and goat breeds in sub-humid coastal Kenya." Animal Genetic Resources Information 24 (April 1998): 13–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900001103.
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SummaryThe evidence for both between- and within- breed genetic variation for resistance to gastrointestinal (GI) nematode parasites is reviewed. It is concluded that much of the published research on breed characterisation for resistance suffers from poor experimental design. Prior to the initiation of a 6-year study that has just been completed in coastal Kenya there were no estimates of within-breed genetic variation (i.e. heritabilities) of resistance in sheep or goats in the tropics. This study has confirmed that Red Maasai sheep and Small East African (SEA) goats are more resistant to GI parasites (predominantly Haemonchus contortus) than Dorper sheep and Galla goats. Heritability estimates for logarithm transformed faecal egg counts (an indicator of resistance) in 8-month-old lambs was 0.18±0.08 for all lambs, but higher in the susceptible Dorper-sired lambs (0.35±0.16) than in the resistant Red Maasai-sired lambs (0.06±0.07). This difference in heritability suggests that many centuries of natural selection have fixed most of the genes for resistance in the Red Maasai sheep. The resistant Red Maasai sheep and SEA goats were two to three times more productive than the susceptible Dorper sheep and Galla goats in the sub-humid coastal Kenya environment.
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Mgbere, O. O., and O. Olutogun. "Genetic aspects of growth and maturing rate in trypanotolerant beef cattle: N'Dama." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 30, no. 2 (January 9, 2021): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v30i2.1461.
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Genetic parameters for Absolute Growth Rate (AGR), Relative Growth Rate (RGR) and Absolute Maturing Rate (AMR) at various age interval from birth to maturity in N 'Dama beef cattle raised in the humid Tropics of Nigeria were estimated. Performance data used were accumulated between 1948 and 1964 at Fasola cattle ranch in Oyo, Nigeria and the number of records analysed ranged from 44 to 678. prewering (B - W) growth and maturing rates in N’Dama calves were 0.377 ± 0.009 kg/day (AGR), 0.643 ± 0.006 %/day (RGR) and 0.120 ± 0.003% A/day (AMR) and fluctuated subsequently, following the animals' state of development and certain physiological stress conditions. At post weaning (W-12), these rates decreased to 0.249 ± 0.049 kg/day, 0.204 ± 0.029 %/day and 0.075 ± 0.014 % A/day for AGR, RGR and AMR respectively. Estimates of heritability at the various age intervals were considered low in these growth traits with values obtained ranging from 0.03 to 0.24 for AGR, 0.03 to 0.21 for RGR and 0.02 to 0.42 for AMR, with high standard errors. The low estimates though, consistent with literature reports were attributed to the poor standard of animal management and production environment at Fasola. It was evident from this study that selection of N'Dama calves based on post weaning (W-12) growth or maturing rates would yield substantial genetic progress. However, improved animal management and production environment on the ranch would not only improve precision of the genetic parameter estimates but would also enhance N 'Dama growth performance generally.
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Jiang, Jize, David S. Stevenson, Aimable Uwizeye, Giuseppe Tempio, and Mark A. Sutton. "A climate-dependent global model of ammonia emissions from chicken farming." Biogeosciences 18, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 135–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-135-2021.
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Abstract. Ammonia (NH3) has significant impacts on the environment, which can influence climate and air quality and cause acidification and eutrophication in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Agricultural activities are the main sources of NH3 emissions globally. Emissions of NH3 from chicken farming are highly dependent on climate, affecting their environmental footprint and impact. In order to investigate the effects of meteorological factors and to quantify how climate change affects these emissions, a process-based model, AMmonia–CLIMate–Poultry (AMCLIM–Poultry), has been developed to simulate and predict temporal variations in NH3 emissions from poultry excretion, here focusing on chicken farms and manure spreading. The model simulates the decomposition of uric acid to form total ammoniacal nitrogen, which then partitions into gaseous NH3 that is released to the atmosphere at an hourly to daily resolution. Ammonia emissions are simulated by calculating nitrogen and moisture budgets within poultry excretion, including a dependence on environmental variables. By applying the model with global data for livestock, agricultural practice and meteorology, we calculate NH3 emissions from chicken farming on a global scale (0.5∘ resolution). Based on 2010 data, the AMCLIM–Poultry model estimates NH3 emissions from global chicken farming of 5.5 ± 1.2 Tg N yr−1, about 13 % of the agriculture-derived NH3 emissions. Taking account of partial control of the ambient environment for housed chicken (layers and broilers), the fraction of excreted nitrogen emitted as NH3 is found to be up to 3 times larger in humid tropical locations than in cold or dry locations. For spreading of manure to land, rain becomes a critical driver affecting emissions in addition to temperature, with the emission fraction being up to 5 times larger in the semi-dry tropics than in cold, wet climates. The results highlight the importance of incorporating climate effects into global NH3 emissions inventories for agricultural sources. The model shows increased emissions under warm and wet conditions, indicating that climate change will tend to increase NH3 emissions over the coming century.
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Jiang, Jize, David S. Stevenson, Aimable Uwizeye, Giuseppe Tempio, and Mark A. Sutton. "A climate-dependent global model of ammonia emissions from chicken farming." Biogeosciences 18, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 135–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-135-2021.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Ammonia (NH3) has significant impacts on the environment, which can influence climate and air quality and cause acidification and eutrophication in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Agricultural activities are the main sources of NH3 emissions globally. Emissions of NH3 from chicken farming are highly dependent on climate, affecting their environmental footprint and impact. In order to investigate the effects of meteorological factors and to quantify how climate change affects these emissions, a process-based model, AMmonia–CLIMate–Poultry (AMCLIM–Poultry), has been developed to simulate and predict temporal variations in NH3 emissions from poultry excretion, here focusing on chicken farms and manure spreading. The model simulates the decomposition of uric acid to form total ammoniacal nitrogen, which then partitions into gaseous NH3 that is released to the atmosphere at an hourly to daily resolution. Ammonia emissions are simulated by calculating nitrogen and moisture budgets within poultry excretion, including a dependence on environmental variables. By applying the model with global data for livestock, agricultural practice and meteorology, we calculate NH3 emissions from chicken farming on a global scale (0.5∘ resolution). Based on 2010 data, the AMCLIM–Poultry model estimates NH3 emissions from global chicken farming of 5.5 ± 1.2 Tg N yr−1, about 13 % of the agriculture-derived NH3 emissions. Taking account of partial control of the ambient environment for housed chicken (layers and broilers), the fraction of excreted nitrogen emitted as NH3 is found to be up to 3 times larger in humid tropical locations than in cold or dry locations. For spreading of manure to land, rain becomes a critical driver affecting emissions in addition to temperature, with the emission fraction being up to 5 times larger in the semi-dry tropics than in cold, wet climates. The results highlight the importance of incorporating climate effects into global NH3 emissions inventories for agricultural sources. The model shows increased emissions under warm and wet conditions, indicating that climate change will tend to increase NH3 emissions over the coming century.
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Muñoz-Villers, L. E., and J. J. McDonnell. "Land use change effects on runoff generation in a humid tropical montane cloud forest region." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 9 (September 16, 2013): 3543–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-3543-2013.
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Abstract. While tropical montane cloud forests (TMCF) provide critical hydrological services to downstream regions throughout much of the humid tropics, catchment hydrology and impacts associated with forest conversion in these ecosystems remain poorly understood. Here, we compare the annual, seasonal and event-scale streamflow patterns and runoff generation processes of three neighbouring headwater catchments in central Veracruz (eastern Mexico) with similar pedological and geological characteristics, but different land cover: old-growth TMCF, 20 yr-old naturally regenerating TMCF and a heavily grazed pasture. We used a 2 yr record of high resolution rainfall and stream flow data (2008–2010) in combination with stable isotope and chemical tracer data collected for a series of storms during a 6-week period of increasing antecedent wetness (wetting-up cycle). Our results showed that annual and seasonal streamflow patterns in the mature and secondary forest were similar. In contrast, the pasture showed a 10% higher mean annual streamflow, most likely because of a lower rainfall interception. During the wetting-up cycle, storm runoff ratios increased at all three catchments (from 11 to 54% for the mature forest, 7 to 52% for the secondary forest and 3 to 59% for the pasture). With the increasing antecedent wetness, hydrograph separation analysis showed progressive increases of pre-event water contributions to total stormflow (from 35 to 99% in the mature forest, 26 to 92% in the secondary forest and 64 to 97% in the pasture). At all three sites, rainfall-runoff responses were dominated by subsurface flow generation processes for the majority of storms. However, for the largest and most intense storm (typically occurring once every 2 yr), sampled under wet antecedent conditions, the event water contribution in the pasture (34% on average) was much higher than in the forests (5% on average), indicating that rainfall infiltration capacity of the pasture was exceeded. This result suggests that despite the high permeability of the volcanic soils and underlying substrate in this TMCF environment, the conversion of forest to pasture may lead to important changes in runoff generation processes during large and high intensity storms. On the other hand, our results also showed that 20 yr of natural regeneration may be enough to largely restore the original hydrological conditions of this TMCF.
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Muñoz-Villers, L. E., and J. J. McDonnell. "Land use change effects on runoff generation in a humid tropical montane cloud forest region." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 4 (April 29, 2013): 5269–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-5269-2013.
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Abstract. While tropical montane cloud forests (TMCF) provide critical hydrological services to downstream regions throughout much of the humid tropics, catchment hydrology and impacts associated with forest conversion in these ecosystems remain poorly understood. Here, we compare the annual, seasonal and event-scale streamflow patterns and runoff generation processes of three neighbouring headwater catchments in central Veracruz (eastern Mexico) with similar pedological and geological characteristics, but different land cover: old-growth TMCF (MAT), 20 yr-old naturally regenerating TMCF (SEC) and a heavily grazed pasture (PAS). We used a 2 yr record of high resolution rainfall and stream flow data (2008–2010) in combination with stable isotope and chemical tracer data collected for a series of storms during a 6-week period of increasing antecedent wetness (wetting-up cycle). Our results showed that annual and seasonal streamflow patterns of the MAT and SEC were similar. In contrast, the PAS showed a 10% higher mean annual streamflow, most likely because of a lower rainfall interception. During the wetting-up cycle, storm runoff ratios increased at all three catchments (from 11 to 54% for the MAT, 7 to 52% for the SEC and 3 to 59% for the PAS). With the increasing antecedent wetness, hydrograph separation analysis showed progressive increases of pre-event water contributions to total stormflow (from 35 to 99% in the MAT, 26 to 92% in the SEC and 64 to 97% in the PAS). At all three sites, rainfall-runoff responses were dominated by subsurface flow generation processes for the majority of storms. However, for the largest and most intense storm (typically occurring once every 2 yr), sampled under wet antecedent conditions, the event water contribution in the PAS (34% on average) was much higher than in the forests (5% on average), indicating that rainfall infiltration capacity of the PAS was exceeded. This result suggests that despite the high permeability of the volcanic soils and underlying substrate in this TMCF environment, the conversion of forest to pasture may lead to important changes in runoff generation processes during large and high intensity storms. On the other hand, our results also showed that 20 yr of natural regeneration may be enough to largely restore the original hydrological conditions of this TMCF.
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Tawah, C. L., D. A. Mbah, O. Messine, M. B. Enoh, and V. N. Tanya. "Crossbreeding cattle for dairy production in the tropics: effects of genetic and environmental factors on the performance of improved genotypes on the Cameroon highlands." Animal Science 69, no. 1 (August 1999): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800051092.
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AbstractThree hundred and thirty (330) records from 363 lactations and 104 cows born between 1979 and 1991 from crossbreeding Holstein-Friesian (H) bulls with H, Ngaoundere Gudali (G) and Holstein × Gudali F1 (H1G1) cows, Montbeliard (M) bulls with G and Montbeliard × Gudali Fl (M1G1) cows and M1G1 bulls with M1G1 cows and raised in the Dairy Herd Unit of the Wakwa Animal and Veterinary Research Station in the sub-humid highlands of Cameroon were analysed to investigate the effects of genotype and environment on lactation and reproductive traits. Fixed effects of genotype season and year of calving parity and age of cow at calving were studied. Lactation milk yield (LMY), lactation length (LL), annualized milk production (AMP), calving interval (C1), dry period (DP) and age at first calving (AFC) were amongst the traits analysed. F1 crosses (H1G1, M1G1), backcrosses (¾ Holstein — ¼ Gudali; ¾ Montbeliard — ¼ Gudali) (H3G1, M3G1) and F2 crosses (MGF2) were compared. Results showed that H1G1 cows were proportionately 0·49 and 0·23 better than their corresponding backcross in LMY and AMP, respectively, while M1G1 cows were proportionately 0·12 and 0·24 inferior to M3G1 in these traits. M1G1 were proportionately superior to MGF2 in LMY (0·05), AMP (-0·04) and AFC (-0·14). M3G1 were superior (0·18 to 0·19) to MGF2 in LMY and AMP. H1G1 were consistently superior to M1G1 for most traits, suggesting that H1G1 may be better than M1G1 for dairy production.
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Handoko, Jarwa Prasetya Sih, and Ikaputra Ikaputra. "PRINSIP DESAIN ARSITEKTUR BIOKLIMATIK PADA IKLIM TROPIS." LANGKAU BETANG: JURNAL ARSITEKTUR 6, no. 2 (December 13, 2019): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/lantang.v6i2.34791.
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Arsitektur Bioklimatik adalah adalah suatu pendekatan desain yang mengarahkan arsitek untuk mendapatkan penyelesaian desain dengan mempertimbangkan hubungan antara bentuk arsitektur dengan lingkungan iklim daerah tersebut. Pendekatan ini menekankan pada aspek pemenuhan kesehatan dan kenyamanan ruangan bagi pengguna dan minimalisasi penggunaan energi pada bangunan. Sedangkan Tropis merujuk pada terminologi letak geografis daerah di sekitar equator diantara Garis Tropic of Cancer dan Tropic of Capricorn. Kajian ini membahas prinsip desain Arsitektur Bioklimatik pada iklim tropis. Dengan demikian dapat disusun theoritical framework terkait prinsip desain arsitektur pada iklim tropis. Metode yang digunakan pada kajian ini dengan menggunakan studi referensi. Dari kajian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa Prinsip Desain Arsitektur Bioklimatik pada Iklim Tropis terdiri dari 2 (dua) tipe meliputi Prinsip desain untuk bangunan pada daerah Iklim Tropika Basah ( Hot humid Climate ) dan Prinsip desain untuk bangunan pada daerah iklim Tropika kering ( Hot Arid Climate ). Hal ini menyesuaikan kondisi iklim dimana bangunan tersebut didesain.PRINCIPLES OF BIOCLIMATIC ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN IN THE TROPICAL CLIMATE The growth of building construction that does not consider natural conditions causes the potential for environmental degradation due to energy consumption in buildings, which and results in the depletion of natural resource. In addition to the occurrence of global climate change phenomena that foster energy-intensive for buildings to fulfill the physical comfort. This condition raises awareness of the importance of architectural design based on local natural conditions including local climatic conditions or the utilization of bioclimatic potential. Bioclimatic Architecture is a design approach that directs architects to get a design finish by considering the relationship between architectural forms and the climate environment of the area. This study discusses the principles of Bioclimatic Architecture design in tropical climates. Thus the theoretical framework is expected to be arranged related to the principles of architectural design in tropical climates. Tropical climate refers to the terminology of the geographical location of the area around the equator between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn Lines. The method used in this study is a literature study or reference study. From this study it can be concluded that the principles of Bioclimatic Architectural Design in Tropical Climates consist of 2 (two) types, including design principles for buildings in the Hot Humid Climate area which has 2 seasons and design principles for buildings in dry tropical climate regions (Hot Arid Climate) with 4 seasons. These two design principles are influenced by several different climatic conditions between these two climatic regions. These two regions generally have high air temperatures; the difference is the diurnal temperature difference between the two climate regions. This condition requires a different response, especially in the design of the building envelope, where the design of the building envelope influences the level of heat gain and heat loss in the effort to create indoor thermal comfort in the building.
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NOBLE, A. D., and A. P. HURNEY. "LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF LIME ADDITIONS ON SUGARCANE YIELD AND SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES IN NORTH QUEENSLAND." Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 3 (July 2000): 397–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700003112.
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In many highly weathered soils of the humid tropics, crop exploitation of the subsoil environment is limited through acid soil infertility. Since the use of mechanical profile modification is often prohibitive, surface incorporation of soil amendments is often the only means available to rectify this problem. A field trial was established with sugarcane on a strongly Acidic Dystrophic Brown Dermosol (Oxic Humitropept) in 1978 to evaluate the effects of surface incorporated lime additions on yield and performance of sugarcane. Eighteen years after the establishment of this trial, significant responses in cane yield were still evident following a single application of 5 t lime ha−1 made in 1978, as well as repeated applications of 5 t ha−1 on three occasions over the past 18 years. Progressive reductions in exchangeable acidity were accompanied by increases in subsoil Ca2+ and Mg2+. Soil pH increased significantly to a depth of 100 cm, this being attributed to the formation of ion pairs with NO3 in the surface soil, the subsequent leaching of these complexes and the differential uptake of NO3 at depth by roots. The results from this long-term study indicate that surface incorporation of lime is an economically viable approach to the remediation of subsoil acidity on soils such as those studied, namely, those with a low inherent cation exchange capacity and anion exchange capacity.
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Browne Ribeiro, Anna T., Helena P. Lima, Fernando L. T. Marques, Morgan J. Schmidt, and Kevin S. McDaniel. "Results from Pilot Archaeological Fieldwork at the Carrazedo Site, Lower Xingu River, Amazonia." Latin American Antiquity 27, no. 3 (September 2016): 318–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/1045-6635.27.3.318.
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Increasingly, archaeological research in Amazonia is revealing complex precolonial occupation in areas around riverine confluences. In 2014, the first site-based archaeological investigations were undertaken in Gurupá, Pará, Brazil, a municipality that spans the region of the Xingu-Amazon confluence. The Portuguese controlled access to Amazonia from 1623 onward through a network of settlements organized around Gurupá. Results from extensive excavations of terra preta sites, landscape archaeology, and analysis of ceramic evidence suggest that this was also a precolonial crossroads. Carrazedo, once a booming historical town (Arapijó), sits atop a significantly larger terra preta site. Excavations in historical and precolonial sectors of Carrazedo found well-preserved remains, including a precolonial house terrace complex. The extent of terra preta and earthworks at Carrazedo indicate that the precolonial occupation was more intensive than the colonial-historical period occupation. Regional survey revealed colonial-historical period sites consistently overlying expansive precolonial sites, the density and extent of which suggest a major precolonial center at the Xingu-Amazon confluence. Overall, ecological and landscape modifications appear to have been more intense in the precolonial past than during later periods. Short- and long-distance settlement networks also differed during the two periods. This as-of-yet understudied region promises to shed new light on deep-time human-environment interactions and spatial organization in the humid tropics of Amazonia.
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Araméndiz-Tatis, Hermes, Miguel Espitia-Camacho, and Carlos Cardona-Ayala. "Correlations and path analysis for quantitative characteristics in semi-prostrate cowpea bean genotypes (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp)." Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas 14, no. 2 (May 1, 2020): 216–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17584/rcch.2020v14i2.10758.
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The cowpea is the most important legume in the Colombian Caribbean, due to its positive impact on the food and nutritional security of low-income rural families. It is cultivated by small producers, but its yields per hectare do not exceed 600 kg, due to the use of obsolete cultivars. The objective of the research was to estimate the correlations between seven quantitative characters and the path analysis between grain yield and six quantitative characters, with the results of the evaluation of 10 genotypes of semi-prostrate growth habit, high grain yield, grown in eight environments of the humid and dry tropics of the Colombian Caribbean region, under the randomized complete blocks design, with four repetitions. Significant differences between environments, genotypes and genotype x environment interaction were detected. Genotypic correlations were of greater magnitude than phenotypic, highlighting the correlation between grain width (GW) and grain yield (GY), rP = 0.69 *, rG = 0.78 *, also between the weight of 100 seeds (100SW) and GW, rP = 0.97 **, rG = 0.99 **. The characters GW and number of pods per plant (NPP) had positive direct effects on the GY, with an indirect negative effect of NPP by way of GW, while the height of the first pod (HFP), the number of seeds per pod (NSP) and the 100SW directly and negatively influenced the GY of the 10 semi-prostrate cowpea cultivars.
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Seo, Kyong-Hwan, Jin-Ho Choi, and Sang-Dae Han. "Factors for the Simulation of Convectively Coupled Kelvin Waves." Journal of Climate 25, no. 10 (May 14, 2012): 3495–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00060.1.
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Abstract This study investigates the major factors for the realistic simulation of convectively coupled Kelvin waves (CCKWs) using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Climate Forecast System (CFS) models. CFS simulations employing relaxed Arakawa–Schubert (RAS; hereafter CTRL) and simplified Arakawa–Schubert (SAS) cumulus parameterization schemes show that the former generates the observed Kelvin wave signature more realistically than the latter does. For example, the space–time spectral signal, eastward propagation, and tilted (and second baroclinic mode) vertical structures in convection, temperature, moisture, and circulation anomalies associated with CCKWs in CTRL are more comparable to observations than in the SAS simulation. CTRL and observations demonstrate the characteristic evolution and vertical heating profile associated with CCKWs similar to those seen in mesoscale convective systems in the tropics: shallow convection, followed by deep convection and then stratiform cloudiness, and resulting in a top-heavy diabatic heating profile. Five additional experiments demonstrate that the effects of convective downdrafts, subgrid-scale convective rain evaporation, and large-scale rain evaporation on CCKWs are assessed to be insignificant in CTRL, possibly due to a more humid environment than observation. However, the Kelvin wave signals are reduced by ~40% when shallow convection is disabled. More importantly, the removal of convective detrainment at the cloud top results in the greatest reduction in Kelvin wave activity (by more than 70%). Therefore, the preconditioning of the atmosphere by shallow convection and detrainment of water vapor and condensate from convective updrafts to the environment and subsequent stratiform heating (grid-scale condensational heating)/precipitation processes are the two most crucial factors for the successful simulation of CCKWs.
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Syahroni, M. Novel Ghufron, and Nanang Tri Haryadi. "Uji Efektivitas Konsentrasi Spodoptera litura – Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (SlNPV) JTM 97C Formulasi Bubuk Terhadap Larva Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Pada Tanaman Kedelai." Jurnal Pengendalian Hayati 2, no. 2 (September 25, 2019): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jph.v2i2.17140.
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Spodoptera litura (armyworm) is an important leaf pest that is polyphagic and has a broad range of hosts. Spodoptera litura is the main pest in soybean plants and can cause up to 50% damage and often results in decreased productivity and even crop failure. Spodoptera litura is widespread in areas with hot and humid climates from the subtropics to the tropics. S. litura pests attack cultivation plants in the vegetative and generative phases. The prospect of insect pathogens as a substitute for chemical insecticides is quite good in terms of their effectiveness and impact on the environment. Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV) is one of the Baculoviridae viruses that infect the larval stage. Spodoptera litura Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (SlNPV) is a pathogenic virus that infects armyworms. SlNPV JTM 97C is an effective isolate in controlling larvae of Spodoptera litura. The larvae used in this study were larval instar 4, instar 5, and instar 6. The study was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 6 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments consisted of controls, 1 g / l, 2g / l, 3 g / l, 4 g / l, and 5 g / l. Each treatment was applied to instar 4, instar 5 and 6 instar larvae. The results showed that SlNPV JTM 97C affected mortality, stopped eating and pupa formation of instar 4, instar 5 larvae, but did not affect instar 6 larvae. The younger the larval instar the higher the pathogenicity response.
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Odubanjo, O. O., A. A. Olufayo, and P. G. Oguntunde. "Water use, growth, and yield of drip irrigated cassava in a humid tropical environment." Soil and Water Research 6, No. 1 (March 1, 2011): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/45/2009-swr.
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Field experiments were conducted at the Agricultural Engineering Experimental Farm of The Federal University of Technology, Akure, during 2006/2007 and 2007/2008 seasons to investigate the response of cassava under drip irrigation. The experiment was laid out in a randomised complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The treatments were based on four different water regimes; with T100 receiving 100% available water (AW), T<sub>50</sub> and T<sub>25</sub> receiving 50% and 25% of AW and T<sub>0</sub> with zero irrigation (control treatment). Disease free stems of the cassava cultivar TMS 91934 were planted at a spacing of 1 m by 1 m. The results indicated that T<sub>100</sub> full treatment produced the highest average total dry matter yield of 49.12 and 37.62 t/ha in 2006/07 and 2007/08 cropping seasons, respectively. However, the average total dry matter production in T<sub>50</sub>, T<sub>25</sub>, and T<sub>0</sub> showed significant differences in their values. Low total dry matter yields of 7.12 and 5.92 t/ha, respectively, were associated with T<sub>0</sub> for the two cropping seasons. The total water use of 1491.75 and 1701.13 mm was recorded for T<sub>100</sub>, while total water use of 729.00 and 651.13 mm were obtained for T<sub>0</sub> in the two cropping seasons. The water use efficiency determined for the two cropping seasons ranged between 7.38 kg/ha and 32.93 kg/ha. The percentages of total water applied from total water use for T<sub>100</sub> were 51.11% and 61.72%, while 14.83% and 17.85% were recorded for T<sub>25 </sub>for 2006/07 and 2007/08 cropping seasons, respectively.
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Yashiro, H., K. Sudo, S. Yonemura, and M. Takigawa. "The impact of soil uptake on the global distribution of molecular hydrogen: chemical transport model simulation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 2 (February 4, 2011): 4059–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-4059-2011.
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Abstract. The molecular hydrogen (H2) in the troposphere is highly influenced by the strength of H2 uptake by the terrestrial soil surface. The global distribution of H2 and its uptake by the soil are simulated by using a model called CHemical AGCM for Study of Environment and Radiative forcing (CHASER), which incorporates a 2-layered soil diffusion/uptake process component. The simulated distribution of deposition velocity over land reflects regional climate and has a global average of 3.3 × 10−2 cm s−1. In the region north of 30° N, the amount of soil uptake increases, particularly in the summer. However, the increase in the uptake becomes smaller in the winter season due to snow cover and a reduction in the biological activity at low temperatures. In the temperate and humid regions in the mid- and low-latitudes, the uptake is mostly influenced by the soil air ratio, which controls the gas diffusivity in the soil. In the semi-arid region, water stress and high temperature contribute to the reduction of biological activity, as well as to the seasonal variation in the deposition velocity. The comparison with the observations shows that the model reproduces both the distribution and seasonal variation of H2 relatively well. The global burden and tropospheric lifetime are 150 Tg and 2.0 yr, respectively. The seasonal variation of H2 in the northern high latitude is mainly controlled by the large seasonal change in soil uptake. In the Southern Hemisphere, the seasonal change in the net chemical production and inter-hemispheric transport are the dominant cause of the seasonal cycle. Large biomass burning impacts the magnitude of seasonal variation mainly in the tropics and subtropics. Both observation and model show large inter-annual variation, especially for the period 1997–1998, associated with the large biomass burning in tropics and northern high-latitudes. The soil uptake shows relatively small inter-annual variability compared to the signal from biomass burning. We note that the thickness of biologically inactive layer near the soil surface and the uptake flux in semi-arid region is important for the current and future budget of atmospheric H2.
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Yashiro, H., K. Sudo, S. Yonemura, and M. Takigawa. "The impact of soil uptake on the global distribution of molecular hydrogen: chemical transport model simulation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 13 (July 13, 2011): 6701–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-6701-2011.
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Abstract. The global tropospheric distribution of molecular hydrogen (H2) and its uptake by the soil are simulated using a model called CHemical AGCM (atmospheric general circulation model) for the Study of the Environment and Radiative forcing (CHASER), which incorporates a two-layered soil diffusion/uptake process component. The simulated distribution of deposition velocity over land is influenced by regional climate, and has a global average of 3.3×10−2 cm s−1. In the region north of 30° N, the amount of soil uptake shows a large seasonal variation corresponding to change in biological activity due to soil temperature and change in diffusion suppression by snow cover. In the temperate and humid regions in the mid- to low- latitudes, the uptake is mostly influenced by the soil air ratio, which controls the gas diffusivity in the soil. In the semi-arid regions, water stress and high temperatures contribute to the reduction of biological activity, as well as to the seasonal variation in the deposition velocity. A comparison with the observations shows that the model reproduces both the distribution and seasonal variation of H2 relatively well. The global burden and tropospheric lifetime of H2 are 150 Tg and 2.0 yr, respectively. The seasonal variation in H2 mixing ratios at the northern high latitudes is mainly controlled by a large seasonal change in the soil uptake. In the Southern Hemisphere, seasonal change in net chemical production and inter-hemispheric transport are the dominant causes of the seasonal cycle, while large biomass burning contributes significantly to the seasonal variation in the tropics and subtropics. Both observations and the model show large inter-annual variations, especially for the period 1997–1998, associated with large biomass burning in the tropics and at Northern Hemisphere high latitudes. The soil uptake shows relatively small inter-annual variability compared with the biomass burning signal. Given that the thickness of biologically inactive layer plays an important role in the soil uptake of H2, its value in the model is chosen to achieve agreement with the observed H2 trends. Uncertainty of the estimated soil uptake flux in the semi-arid region is still large, reflecting the discrepancy in the observed and modeled seasonal variations.
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Naylor, R. E. L. "National Research Council (US). 1993. Sustainable agriculture and the environment in the humid tropics. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. USA. xv + 704 pages. ISBN 0-309-04749-8. Price: $49.95 + $4.00 p&p (hardback)." Journal of Tropical Ecology 10, no. 3 (August 1994): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400008130.
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Stark, Alyssa Y., and Christopher T. Mitchell. "Stick or Slip: Adhesive Performance of Geckos and Gecko-Inspired Synthetics in Wet Environments." Integrative and Comparative Biology 59, no. 1 (April 27, 2019): 214–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icz008.
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Abstract The gecko adhesive system has inspired hundreds of synthetic mimics principally focused on replicating the strong, reversible, and versatile properties of the natural system. For geckos native to the tropics, versatility includes the need to remain attached to substrates that become wet from high humidity and frequent rain. Paradoxically, van der Waals forces, the principal mechanism responsible for gecko adhesion, reduce to zero when two contacting surfaces separate even slightly by entrapped water layers. A series of laboratory studies show that instead of slipping, geckos maintain and even improve their adhesive performance in many wet conditions (i.e., on wet hydrophobic substrates, on humid substrates held at low temperatures). The mechanism for this is not fully clarified, and likely ranges in scale from the chemical and material properties of the gecko’s contact structures called setae (e.g., setae soften and change surface confirmation when exposed to water), to their locomotor biomechanics and decision-making behavior when encountering water on a substrate in their natural environment (e.g., some geckos tend to run faster and stop more frequently on misted substrates than dry). Current work has also focused on applying results from the natural system to gecko-inspired synthetic adhesives, improving their performance in wet conditions. Gecko-inspired synthetic adhesives have also provided a unique opportunity to test hypotheses about the natural system in semi-natural conditions replicated in the laboratory. Despite many detailed studies focused on the role of water and humidity on gecko and gecko-inspired synthetic adhesion, there remains several outstanding questions: (1) what, if any, role does capillary or capillary-like adhesion play on overall adhesive performance of geckos and gecko-inspired synthetics, (2) how do chemical and material changes at the surface and in the bulk of gecko setae and synthetic fibrils change when exposed to water, and what does this mean for adhesive performance, and (3) how much water do geckos encounter in their native environment, and what is their corresponding behavioral response? This review will detail what we know about gecko adhesion in wet environments, and outline the necessary next steps in biological and synthetic system investigations.
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Daneels, Annick, and Luis Guerrero. "La Joya, Veracruz, un sitio prehispánico construido con tierra: sistemas constructivos y pruebas de preservación en trópico húmedo." Intervención Revista Internacional de Conservación Restauración y Museología 1, no. 1 (May 1, 2010): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30763/intervencion.2012.6.72.
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Romijn, Erika, Ruben Coppus, Veronique De Sy, Martin Herold, Rosa Maria Roman-Cuesta, and Louis Verchot. "Land Restoration in Latin America and the Caribbean: An Overview of Recent, Ongoing and Planned Restoration Initiatives and Their Potential for Climate Change Mitigation." Forests 10, no. 6 (June 15, 2019): 510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10060510.
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Land degradation is a globally recognized problem and restoration of degraded land is currently high on the international agenda. Forest landscape restoration and other restorative ecosystem management activities are important measures that contribute towards reaching the objectives of the Bonn Challenge, which aims to restore 350 million hectares by 2030. In this context, many restoration projects are being planned and implemented in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). We present an overview of the location, goals and activities, and an estimated climate change mitigation potential of 154 recent, ongoing and planned restoration projects in LAC. Our analysis suggests that most projects are located in the humid tropics and less attention is paid to drylands. Increasing vegetation cover, biodiversity recovery and recovery of ecological processes are the most common goals. Restorative activities to fulfil these goals were diverse and were related to the type and source of funding that projects receive. For example, projects implemented through the Forest Investment Program (FIP) and the Global Environment Facility (GEF) generally rely on natural or assisted regeneration over large areas (>20,000 ha), whereas Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects establish forest plantations, often including exotic monocultures, in smaller project areas (<5000 ha). Projects that are specifically implemented within the scope of Initiative 20 × 20 and other local initiatives that target the local environmental problems, are more varied and rely on a wider portfolio of restorative activities, such as erosion control, exclusion of grazing and mixed plantations. These projects are usually implemented in smaller project areas (<5000 ha). All projects had the potential to contribute to climate change mitigation by storing additional forest aboveground biomass through natural regeneration, assisted regeneration or establishing a plantation. Further analysis of the implemented activities is an important next step to investigate their effectiveness in terms of goals achieved under Initiative 20 × 20 and the Bonn Challenge. This would provide information for future restoration projects and upscaling of restorative activities in a wider area.
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Adewole, A. M., F. A. Olajubu, and O. G. Nathaniel. "Different processing additives is efficacious on microbial loads and antibiotics sensitivity pattern of giant African land snail (Archachatina marginata)." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 44, no. 5 (December 31, 2020): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v44i5.1573.
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Snails are harvested for food in many parts of the world but are susceptible to environmental contaminations and pollutants due to the continuous ingesting of bacteria from the soil and the environment which they are found. Thus, the study has been designed to investigate the distribution and prevalence of micro-organisms in snails in humid tropics of Nigeria. Fifteen samples of Archachatina marginata were collected from Melege village, Ose local government area, Ondo State, Nigeria. The foot and head were analyzed microbiologically for bacterial loads before and after processing with five cleansing reagents: lime, alum, vinegar, salt and ash. Lime proved most effective reagent for decontaminating snail meats as it had the highest reduction of microbial load after processing (57.1%), followed by salt (44%) and the least was alum (20%). The mean microbial load on the head ranged between 9-22cfu/cm2 before and 4-12cfu/cm2 after processing, while foot ranged between 13-19cfu/cm2 before and 8-14cfu/cm2 after processing. Eight isolates belonging to nine genera including Micrococcus luteus [10(21.31%)] most predominant, followed by Escherichia coli [8(13.11%)], Proteus vulgaris [8(13.11%)], Klebsiella spp [6(16.39%)], Bacillus spp [6(9.84%)], Aeromonas spp [5(11.48%)], Streptococcus pyogenes [6(8.2%)], and least was Enterobacter spp [4(6.56%)] respectively. Results showed different pathogenic bacteria in snails. The presence of higher number of pathogenic Klebsiella spp and Escherichia coli among others, encountered in Archachatina marginata is an indication of public health hazard and also a warning signal for possible occurrence of food borne. The result showed lime as the most effective reagent in processing snail meat. The antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the bacterial isolates showed that all the bacteria isolated were susceptible to Gentamicin (GEN), only Proteus vulgaris and Bacillus spp were susceptible to Ceftazidime (CAZ) and Cloxacillin (CXC) respectively and all the were resistant to Ampicillin (AMP). The presence of these microorganisms showed that snail's samples harbor some potential pathogenic bacteria of medical importance and washing with some cleansing additives, especially lime is recommended for proper decontamination. The resistance of the organisms to some of the drugs portrayed the global increased concern over the continuous use of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine and the resultant effects.
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Lawrence, Anthony W. "Organic Mulching for Increased Crop Productivity in the Nigerian Humid Tropics." Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 2, no. 4 (February 24, 1993): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j064v02n04_09.
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Amir, Eddy J., K. Grandegger, A. Esper, M. Sumarsono, C. Djaya, and W. Mühlbauer. "Development of a multi-purpose solar tunnel dryer for use in humid tropics." Renewable Energy 1, no. 2 (January 1991): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-1481(91)90072-w.
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