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Liu, Zhen. "Characterizing the photochemical environment over China." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/43668.
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The rapid rising anthropogenic emissions driven by economic growth over China documented by satellite observations and bottom-up inventories have led to severely degraded air quality, and also have been suggested to be linked to the recent upward trends of tropospheric O₃ over the regions downwind of China. Multi-scale modeling analyses facilitated by ground-level, aircraft and satellite observations have been conducted to understand the atmospheric chemistry over China. Analyses using a 1-D photochemical model constrained by measurements at Beijing in August of 2007 suggest that reactive aromatic VOCs are the major source (~75%) of peroxy acetyl nitrate (PAN). Detailed radical budget analyses reveal the very fast ROₓ (OH + HO₂ + RO₂) production, recycling and destruction driven by VOC oxidation and heterogeneous processes. Photoenhanced aerosol surface uptake of NO₂ is found to be the predominant source of nitrous acid (HONO) during daytime (~70%). 3-D regional modeling analyses of tropospheric vertical column densities of glyoxal (CHOCHO) from SCIAMACHY show that anthropogenic emissions of aromatic VOCs are substantially underestimated (by a factor of 5 - 6, regionally varied) over China. Such an underestimation is the main cause of a large missing source of CHOCHO over the region in current global models, and could also partly explain the underestimation of organic aerosols in previous modeling studies.
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Amelina, Hanna. "Proteomics in biomarker research : Insights into the effects of aging and environment on biological systems." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för biokemi och biofysik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-56483.
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Proteomics is the global analysis of proteins that covers a broad range of technologies aimed at determining the identity and quantity of proteins expressed in the cell, their three-dimensional structure and interaction partners. In contrast to genome, proteome reflects more accurately on the dynamic state of the cell, tissue, or an organism. Therefore much is expected from proteomics to yield better disease markers for early diagnosis and therapy monitoring, as well as biomarkers that would indicate environmental exposure or provide prediction of biological age. In this thesis, I have developed and applied robust and sensitive subproteomic approaches to study the effect of aging as well as and environmental pollution using different animal models. In the first part, a high-throughput proteomic method based on liquid chromatography coupled to 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (LC/2-DE) was developed. The usefulness of this method has been demonstrated by applying it to the assessment of marine pollution in a field experiment. Next, I have utilized this subproteomic approach to study the effect of aging in mouse kidney of both genders. As a result, a protein expression signature of aging kidney was obtained, revealing gender-dependent alterations in proteome profiles of aging mouse kidney. In order to further reduce the dynamic range of protein expression and increase the sensitivity of proteomic analysis, I have applied a shotgun mass spectrometry-based proteomic approach using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) coupled to liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to study age-related differences in peroxisome-enriched fractions from mouse liver. Only eight proteins showed statistically significant difference in expression (p<0.05) with moderate folds. This study indicates that age-depended changes in the liver proteome are minimal, suggesting that its proteome is efficiently maintained until certain age. Finally, in the context of aging studies and the role of peroxisomes in aging, I have tested the utility of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) as agents for protein delivery into acatalasemic peroxisomes using yeast as a model. The results obtained suggest that CPPs may be suitable for the delivery of antioxidants to peroxisomes and in future could provide a tool for the protein therapy of age-related diseases.<br>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following publications were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Submitted, Paper 4: Submitted.
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Karlsson, Stina. "Baltic Sea Environmental Co-operation : a Swedish Perspective on Agricultural Discharge Issues within HELCOM and Baltic 21." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Thematic Studies, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-1956.
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<p>Co-operation between states is a necessity to be able to handle environmental issues in the Baltic Sea area, since these are transboundary problems. Two organisations that deal with environmental issues in this region are HELCOM and Baltic 21. The aim has been to study how the problem of pollution from diffuse land-based sources, especially agriculture, has been dealt with through these organisations, to look upon the roles of and the relationship between HELCOM and Baltic 21 and to study the possibilities and the difficulties in the practical co-operation. The study holds a Swedish perspective, as Swedish representatives with connections to the HELCOM and Baltic 21 processes have been interviewed. The analysis shows that the EU is becoming increasingly important as an actor in the Baltic Sea co-operation, which makes the future roles of HELCOM and Baltic 21 uncertain. Concerning the difficulties of the work, aspects mentioned were cultural differences, group problems and lack of resources. To improve the work some proposals made by the interviewees were to use the experiences from different projects and to increase the resources.</p>
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Gerson, R. "The environmental effects of air pollution from the energy sector in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/18220.
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The literature and data describing the environmental effects of air pollution in South Africa were examined, with a focus on the effects that are produced by the use of energy. This examination consisted of three parts: The emissions resulting from the use of the different fuels were calculated, with a complete sectorial and regional breakdown for pollution sources. A review of the data obtained from pollution monitoring programmes conducted in South Africa was completed. It was found that while monitoring is conducted in various regions and urban districts, there are areas with recognised pollution problems, such as townships, where little or no monitoring has been conducted. Often the resulfs of monitoring programmes were not published, or only available in unprocessed form. The literature describing environmental effects related to air pollution was reviewed. The number of studies pertaining to South African environments was found to be limited and tended to focus on certain areas, while neglecting others. Areas requiring further study and research were identified.
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Cotín, Martínez Javier. "Birds as Bioindicators of Pollution in Aquatic and Terrestrial Environments." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/101099.
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Birds have been widely used as bioindicators. In this study we face the use of birds as bioindicators of metal pollution in two different scenarios of contamination: one that takes place in an aquatic environment, the Ebro river basin, and a second that occurs in a terrestrial environment, the Bolivian Andes.
In the case of the Ebro river basin, the pollution threat is a factory located at the river bend, close to Flix, that due to its long operational activity and along with the construction of a dam next to the plant around 1960, resulted in the accumulation of 200,000–360,000 tons of industrial wastes in the riverbed, occupying an area of 700 m of length and 60 m of width. In this study case we evaluated whether aquatic birds such as the Purple Heron reflect the potential pollutant exposure from Flix Reservoir among different riverine and deltaic areas, and assess their usefulness as bioindicators. Also we examined if the polluted wastes of Flix reservoir affect the levels of pollution of the habitats where waterbird populations of the Ebro Delta (situated 90 km downstream) forage and feed.
As results stable isotopes shown the high nitrification and lower carbon signatures in the river, and together with the niche width metrics, that Common and Sandwich Tern behave as strict specialists at the Ebro Delta, with narrow niche widths, while in the opposite way, Little Tern, Little Egret, Purple Heron, Night Heron and the Moorhen behave like generalists foragers, with broad niche widths. Mercury levels in nestlings of Purple Heron at Flix site and eggs of Audouin’s Gull, Little Tern and Common Tern ‘Banya’ at the Ebro Delta are high enough to be of special concern. Arsenic (specially used in combination with carbon signatures) discriminates outstandingly between marine and freshwater species. Both eggs and nestling feathers of Purple Herons are adequate bioindicators for trace element pollution, but nestling feathers present certain advantages. The six selected blood parameters (TOSC ROO*, TOSC OH*, BhCE, CbE, LDH and MN) provide the first evidence of an association of biological responses with pollutants in heron species.
The second study case takes place in Bolivia. Anthropogenic mining has taken place in the Bolivian Andes since at least the fifteenth century. Particularly the East of Oruro Department in the Eastern Andean Cordillera is affected by a long term history of mining. These mining activities were characterized by the deposition of large tailing piles, which accumulated in abandoned and active mines, where trace metals such as lead, arsenic, cadmium, and antimony could reach surface waters and soils, and so the biota. In this case we evaluated the potential of Tinamou species as sentinels of exposure to local trace metal pollution and studied different routes of lead accumulation into the sentinel species, in order to assess the usefulness of feather levels as a measure of the exposure to this pollutant.
As results we found that the detected small home ranges detected in Ornate Tinamou (lower than 1 km2) and their sedentary habits make of this species an adequate bioindicator of local pollution. We recommend feathers for future monitoring programs as they are a non invasive sample. Higher rates of histopathological damage were found in kidney at the polluted sites. We detected high levels of trace elements detected at the polluted sites in the two studied species of Tinamou (Ornate and Darwin Tinamou), many of them trespassing hazard levels. The calamus is the most suitable section for assessing the original endogenous lead levels in feather samples.<br>En este estudio las aves serán utilizadas como bioindicadoras de contaminación por metales pesados en dos escenarios diferentes: el primero en un ambiente acuático, la cuenca del rio Ebro, mientras que el segundo tiene lugar en un ambiente terrestre, los Andes bolivianos.
En el primer caso la fuente de contaminación es una fábrica localizada cerca de Flix, que produjo cientos de toneladas de lodos tóxicos. Así evaluamos si aves acuáticas como la Garza imperial reflejan la exposición potencial a los contaminantes de Flix entre zonas fluviales y deltaicas, comprobando su utilidad como bioindicadoras, y también examinamos si dichos residuos afectan a la contaminación de los hábitats donde la avifauna del Delta del Ebro se alimenta.
Como resultados los isótopos estables mostraron la alta nitrificación y signaturas más bajas de carbono en el río y observamos que el Charrán común y patinegro actúan como especialistas en el Delta, mientras que Charrancito, Garceta común, Garza Imperial, Martinete y Gallineta de agua son generalistas, presentando amplios nichos tróficos. El mercurio en volantones de Garza Imperial en Flix y huevos de Gaviota de Audouin, Charrancito y Charrán común “Banya” en el Delta presentan valores alarmantes. El arsénico discrimina claramente entre especies marinas y dulceacuícolas. Ambos huevos y plumas son bioindicadores adecuados de contaminación, pero las plumas presentan más ventajas.
El segundo estudio tiene lugar en los Andes Bolivianos, donde la actividad minera ha dado lugar a la acumulación de residuos. Evaluamos el potencial de las especies de Tinamúes como bioindicadoras de la exposición a dicha contaminación, incluyendo las diferentes vías de acumulación de plomo en las especies bioindicadoras.
Como resultados, los pequeños territorios detectados y hábitos sedentarios hacen del Tinamú Pisacca un bioindicador adecuado de la contaminación local. Se recomienda el uso de plumas al son una muestra no invasiva. El mayor daño histopatológico se encontraron en muestras de riñón de las zonas contaminadas. La contaminación minera ha quedado de manifiesto con los altos niveles detectados en las dos especies estudiadas de Tinamú. El cálamo es la sección más adecuada para la evaluación de los niveles originales endógenos de plomo.
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Shaver, Elizabeth M. "Predicting the trajectories of hazardous discharges of dense gases." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/10245.
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Thompson, Ki'Amber. "Prisons, Policing, and Pollution: Toward an Abolitionist Framework within Environmental Justice." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/185.
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Environmental Justice defines the environment as the spaces where we live, work, and play. The Environmental Justice (EJ) Movement has traditionally used this definition to organize against toxics in communities. However, within EJ work, prisons or policing have often not been centralized or discussed. This means that the approximately 2.2 million people in prison are excluded from the conversation and movement. Additionally, communities and activists are identifying police and prisons as toxics in their communities, but an analysis of policing and prisons is largely missing in EJ scholarship. This thesis explores the intersection between prisons, policing, and pollution. It outlines how prisons, policing, and pollution are connected and reveals why this intersection is critical to understand in Environmental Justice (EJ) scholarship and organizing. Based on interviews with formerly incarcerated individuals in San Antonio, Texas, and a case study of the Mira Loma Women’s Detention Center in the Antelope Valley of California, this thesis expands the realm of EJ work to include and center the spaces of prisons and policing and complicates the definition of toxicity as it has been traditionally used and organized against in the EJ movement. I argue that policing and imprisonment are toxic systems to our communities and contradict and prevent the development of safe and sustainable communities. Thus, understanding prisons and policing as toxic to both people and to the environment, we should move toward abolishing these toxic systems and building alternatives to them. To this end, or rather, to this new beginning, [prison-industrial-complex] abolition should be explored as a framework within EJ to push us to fundamentally reconsider our ideas of justice, to better and differently approach the practice of making environmental justice available for all because abolition is not only about dismantling, but it is largely about building more just, safer, and more sustainable communities. This thesis brings abolition and EJ discourses together to assess the potential for coalition building between abolitionists and EJ activists to work toward a common goal of building safe, sustainable, and more just communities for everybody. I conclude that abolition should be embraced as a framework within EJ to liberate our carceral landscape and to imagine, and subsequently, create a new environmental and social landscape.
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Bradley, Karen A. "Unfinished business : Missouri's Natural Streams campaign and the changing conditions of environmental action/research /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1996. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9841206.
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Noggle, Jessica Joy. "Eastern mosquitofish as a bioindicator of pulp and paper mill effluents." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0009720.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Florida, 2005.<br>Typescript. Title from title page of source document. Document formatted into pages; contains 277 pages. Includes Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Franks, Carmen G., and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Phytoremediation of pharmaceuticals with salix exigua." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2006, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/536.
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Municipal treated wastewater entering rivers contain biologically active pharmaceuticals capable of inducing effects in aquatic life. Phytoremediation of three of these pharmaceuticals and an herbicide was investigated using Sandbar willow (Salix exigua) and Arabidopsis thaliana. Both plants were effective at removing compounds from solution, with removal of 86% of the synthetic estrogen, 17α-ethynylestradiol, 65% of the anti-hypertensive, diltiazem, 60% of the anti-convulsant, diazepam (Valium®), and 51% of the herbicide atrazine, in 24 hours. Distribution of compounds within roots and shoots, in soluble and bound forms, differed among compounds. Uptake and distribution of pharmaceuticals within the study plants confirmed pharmaceutical behaviour can be predicted based on a physiochemical property, their octanol-water partitioning coefficients.
An effective method for detection of 17α-ethynylestradiol within surface water using solid phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was developed. Previously unreported breakdown of 17α-ethynylestradiol into another common estrogen, estrone, during preparative steps and gas chromatography was resolved.<br>xv, 216 leaves ; 29 cm.
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Paulauskienė, Tatjana. "Research of pollution by volatile organic compounds in ambient air and its reduction in oil terminals." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080723_095105-84463.
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This day environment pollution research and modern environment protection technology installation became a prior aspect not only in our country, but also in the whole world. The intensification and development of the industrial processes has a negative impact on human’s health and environment. As a result, it increases waste products accumulation. It also has a disbalance of natural processes and reckless waste of natural resources. All of the above can cause greenhouse effect formation. Because of intensive expansion of energy, in industrial and transportation sectors, there is significant increase in atmosphere pollution in last decade. The West part of Lithuania is one most polluted area by volatile organic compounds (VOCs), because there is a location of oil production and refinery industry, as well as intensive development of oil terminals. The problem is becoming more serious and relevant when these objects are located near urban areas.<br>Disertacijoje nagrinėjama naftos ir jos produktų garavimo terminaluose problema. Pagrindinis disertacijos tikslas – įvertinti atmosferos taršą lakiaisiais organiniais junginiais (LOJ) naftos terminaluose, nustatyti meteorologinių elementų ir krovos indikatoriaus įtaką LOJ koncentracijos kitimui pažemės atmosferos sluoksnyje. Darbe sprendžiami keli pagrindiniai uždaviniai: ištirti LOJ pasiskirstymą pažemės atmosferos sluoksnyje už naftos terminalų teritorijos skirtingais metų sezonais atsižvelgiant į meteorologinius elementus ir krovos indikatorių; sudaryti skaitinį modelį, leidžiantį prognozuoti LOJ, išsiskyrimus iš esamų, ir rekonstruojamų terminalų, sklaidą uosto zonoje; remiantis tyrimų rezultatais ir jų analize, pasiūlyti technologinius sprendimus sumažinti ar išvengti LOJ emisijos į atmosferą naftos terminaluose.
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Kazlauskas, Dainius. "Researches of H2S generation from municipal landfills and systematical evaluation of landfills pollution." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2005. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2005~D_20050614_082554-89323.
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In Lithuania the amount of waste generation is increasing every year. According to national strategy, all wastes should be disposed in new regional landfills. Landfills pollutes environment with leachate and landfill gas and odours. Landfill gas consists of odorous compounds and one of them is hydrogen sulphide (H2S). Hydrogen sulphide is highly toxic and affects the nervous system with low threshold. As the landfill gas and leachate generation was word widely investigated before this work, it is not necessary to provide new researches on them. The measurements of H2S generation were provided in Jerubaiciai landfill. For the measurements was used “site-on” measurement method, measurements were provided with equipment GD/MG 7, in 51 measurement points and 2 monitoring wells, during different seasons of the year. Results of the measurement shows, that amount of H2S varies in different areas of landfill and during different seasons. The results of dispersion modeling achieved with dispersion model AERMOD, provided under calm weather conditions and under wind dominated in that session winter speed and direction, during different seasons of the year shows, that H2S spreads from landfill in longest distances from landfill’s section during summer (almost in distance equal to 2.5 km the H2S concentration is higher then Highest Allowable Concentration ). In autumn and spring this distance is equal to 1.5 km, and in winter – 800 m.<br>Susidarančių komunalinių atliekų kiekis Lietuvoje kiekvienais metais didėja. Pagal nacionalinę strategiją, visos komunalinės atliekos Turi būti deponuojamos regioniniuose sąvartynuose, kurie teršia aplinka filtratu iš sąvartyno išsiskiriančiomis dujomis bei kvapais, kurių veina iš sudedamųjų dalių yra sieros vandenilis (H2S). H2S matavimai buvo atlikti Jerubaičių sąvartyne. Iš sąvartyno išsiskiriantis H2S kiekis buvo tiriamas jo išsiskyrimo vietoje, t.y. sąvartyno teritorijoje. Šis matavimo metodas buvo pasirinktas remiantis tuo, kad iš sąvartyno išsiskiriančios taršos dydis ir poveikis priklauso nuo daugelio aplinkos faktorių. Matavimai, naudojant prietaisą GD/MG 7, buvo atlikti 59 matavimo taškuose ir 2 monitoringo šuliniuose, skirtingais metų laikai. Gauti tyrimų rezultatai parodė, kad šios medžiagos kiekis yra skirtingas įvairiose sąvartyno zonose bei įvairiais metų laikais. Norint ištirti H2S sklaidą buvo atliktas skaitmeninis dispersijos modeliavimas naudojant programą AERMOD. Jo metu vienu atveju buvo pasirinktos stabilios meteorologinės sąlygos, o kitu pasirinkti dominuojančios konkrečiu metų laiku vėjo kryptys ir greičiai. Modeliavimo rezultatai parodė, kad vasarą H2S didžiausia leistina koncentracija pasiekiama tik maždaug 2,5 kilometrų, rudenį ir pavasarį 1,5 kilometrų, o žiemą - už 800 metrų atstumu nuo sąvartyno teritorijos.
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Roskamp, Melissa Jordan. "Characterization of Secondary Organic Aerosol Precursors Using Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography with Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (GC×GC/TOFMS)." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1411.
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The oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) plays a role in both regional and global air quality through the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA). More than 1000TgC/yr of non-methane VOCs are emitted from biogenic sources (significantly greater than from anthropogenic sources). Despite this magnitude and potential importance for air quality, the body of knowledge around the identities, quantities and oxidation processes of these compounds is still incomplete (e.g., Goldstein & Galbally, 2007; Robinson et al., 2009). Two-dimensional gas chromatography paired with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC/TOFMS) is a powerful analytical technique which is explored here for its role in better characterizing biogenic VOCs (BVOCs) and thus SOA precursors.
This work presents measurements of BVOCs collected during two field campaigns and analyzed using GC×GC/TOFMS. The first campaign, the Bio-hydro-atmosphere Interactions of Energy, Aerosols, Carbon, H2O, Organics & Nitrogen - Rocky Mountain Biogenic Aerosol Study (BEACHON-RoMBAS), took place in a Ponderosa pine forest in Colorado. The second campaign, Particle Investigations at a Northern Ozarks Tower: NOx, Oxidant, Isoprene Research (PINOT NOIR) Study, was conducted in the Ozark region of Missouri. Tens to hundreds of BVOCs were quantified in each set of samples, including primary emissions, atmospheric oxidation products, stress indicators and semi-volatile leaf surface compounds. These findings highlight that there is a largely uncharacterized diversity of BVOCs in ambient samples. Our findings demonstrate that GC×GC can distinguish between compounds with the same molecular weight and similar structures, which have highly variable potentials for production of SOA (Lee et al., 2006). This work represents some of the first analysis of ambient BVOCs with this technology, which is anticipated to contribute greatly to characterization of atmospheric SOA precursors and ultimately, regional and global modeling of SOA and fine particulate matter.
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Lwanga, Margaret Jjuuko Nassuna. "An investigation into the representations of environmental issues relating to Lake Victoria, Uganda, and their negotiation by the lakeside communities." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001577.
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The state of the environment is increasingly present as an urgent concern for contemporary political, social, cultural and physical life. Yet the roles of the mass media (radio, television and newspapers) in shaping and influencing crucial public awareness, debates and environmental decision-making remain inadequately understood. Positioned as a critical studies inquiry into media representations and audience reception, this study forms part of a wider project amongst media scholars and culture critics on the relationship between media textual production and consumption. It explores how one radio station in Uganda, Central Broadcasting Service (CBS) radio, represents and constructs the environmental crises faced by Lake Victoria, especially pollution and overfishing. The focus is on the Victoria Voice radio documentaries aired on CBS radio in the year 2005. The study further explores how three lakeside communities negotiate these issues as radio broadcasts. It recognises that while the mass media contribute significantly to creating public awareness about such social concerns, their likelihood of having a direct and predictable impact on social behaviour is slight. The context and the lived experiences at the reception stage where the decisions are made on whether to adopt an innovation are ultimately the factors which impact on how they are negotiated. The thesis is informed by the theoretical and analytical framework of Cultural Studies as well as the Participatory Approach to Communication for Development perspectives. The study is specifically informed by the theories of ‘discourse’ (Foucault, 1980a, 1981) and the ‘circuit of culture’ (du Gay et al., 1997 and Johnson, 1987) and these provided the conceptual framework for investigating the representations, the production and the consumption of media texts. Predominantly qualitative methods have been employed in data collection and analysis. In the first place, a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) (Fairclough, 1995a, 1995c) of the radio texts has interrogated the discourses and discursive practices of CBS’ Victoria Voice environmental radio programmes in order to consider its representations of particular issues and consequently the discourses it privileged. Qualitative methods of participant observation, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions were deployed to investigate the negotiation of the texts by the lakeside communities. This research establishes that the Victoria Voice radio texts foreground three contesting types of discourses: the discourse of basic economic survival and livelihoods is articulated largely by the ordinary people, the lakeside communities; the discourse of sustainable development, particularly the protection and sustainability of Lake Victoria, by scientists and environmental experts; and the discourse of modernisation and corporate investment by politicians and/or policy makers and industrialists. The texts, to a large degree, reaffirm the hegemonic relations of power in Ugandan society, and thus contribute to the maintenance of the status quo. The selection of an elite category of informers (scientists, experts, politicians, policy makers) serves to marginalise the less powerful ordinary people (the fisher folk, farmers and other eyewitnesses). The construction of the elite as active and speaking subjects within the various debates introduced in these programmes, for example, works both to obscure and endorse the unequal power relations. At the reception side, while the lakeside communities attest to the relevance of the programmes in providing information on the issues concerning Lake Victoria and other aspects of their livelihood, they also recognise the power relations that underpin the sets of representations. Amongst these sets is government’s complicity with industry, in line with their economic policies and the global capitalist economy, while espousing the rhetoric of nature conservation. The study argues that sustainable solutions for the crises on Lake Victoria should take into account the socio-historical and cultural contexts of the lakeside communities. For the Ugandan media, particularly radio, there is a need to rethink the nature of the coverage, which tends to neglect the contextual factors, such as local socio-economic and cultural factors within which environmental issues and problems occur and which, as this thesis establishes, greatly influences the way people make sense of environmental issues and problems. I posit that the Participatory Approach that seeks to address the communities’ most pressing concerns should be adopted – to include more of the communities’ voices and involve them in the production of radio programmes.
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Garza, Martínez Paulina. "Mytilus edulis as Bioindicator for Coastal Zone Environmental Assessment : A study of Kosterhavets Marine National Park." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-33052.
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Mollusks growth is a very important and sensitive response to environmental stresses sincethey are good indicators of the available amount of contaminants in the water; reduced growth represents adverse environmental effects and possible effects on the population.Sweden has about 3,000 Natural Reserves and 28 National Parks. Kosterhavets is the first National Marine Park and it is located on the west coast of Sweden, it is also considered one of the most vulnerable areas since 6000 marine species can be found here and about200 are found nowhere else. It is not only a touristic destination; it is also a home and a work place to many people. The type of pollutants and environmental impacts that areproduced by recreation activities on marinas on such park depend very much on the amount of boats. Mytilus edulis has been widely used to monitor the biological effects of contamination by different ways, such as chemical analysis and biological responses. Themain goal of this project was to assess the status of three different marinas with high and low boat traffic and use the shell length of the blue mussel M. edulis as a potential bioindicator to detect effects from boating activities pressures. The main findings arising from this study are that the sizes of the mussels from the three areas with high boat traffic are significantly smaller than the area with little boat traffic.<br><p>www.ima.kth.se</p>
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Hung, Wing Yee. "Biological sensing of polychlorinated biphenyls by bioluminescence zebrafish." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2010. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1166.
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Liang, Meiying. "The Authoritarian Environmentalism in China : - “air policy” implementation research in Jing-Jin-Ji region as case studies." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-80648.
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The concept of “Environmental authoritarian” becomes the focus of discussion in the academic field of environmental politics since it has limited observations. In the recent years, the severe air pollute issue is considered as a threat by both citizens and authorities in China. Along with the more stricter environmental protection laws being issued, even the measures of the factory closings and coal ban seems to become acceptable as the population have suffered in the heavy smog for years. Does this led to the rise of “environmental authoritarian” in China? Taking this as a heuristic point, I observe the positions of various stakeholders in the environmental governance as well as present the findings from research on the implementation and enforcement of air pollution controls measures in Jing-Jin-Ji region. I offer a critical examination of “environmental authoritarian”, especially the levels of public participation at the policy process. After to do the research, the key funding is that the concept of “Environmental authoritarian” is too simplified, it cannot cover the complex and detailed environmental governance at local empirical cases.
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Shishehbor, Mehdi H. "Mediating Pathways That Link Contextual Risk Factors to All-Cause Mortality and Clinical Outcomes." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1377537452.
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Bikbajeva, Žana. "Research of volatile organic compounds from petrol filling stations." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080627_142040-20633.
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The research focuses on the environmental problem of volatile organic compounds in ambient air of petrol filling stations. The literature review of the issues, arising from petrol-related VOCs, with actual and proposed VOC emissions trends in Europe, have been performed. Besides petrol filling station’s typical technology layout, petrol nature and composition, applicable petrol vapour recovery solutions and their efficiency were examinated. The volatile organic compounds’ experimental research in two petrol stations of typical technology layout in Vilnius city under similar extreme meteorological conditions (VOC air pollution episodes with low winds, stable stratification and suspended photochemical removal) is done. The emitted from petrol stations VOC experiment is based on air pumped sampling in glass gas pipette and further determination using gas chromatography with flame ionization detector. The experimental results, presented by means of tables and diagrams, are analysed and discussed. The available results of the experiment are loaded into the environmental model “ALOHA” for air pollution evaluation and concentrations prediction in the ambient air under different meteorological conditions and technological emergency situations (petrol spillage) at petrol filling station. The research is summarized in conclusions and recommendations.<br>Tyrimas skirtas aplinkos oro taršos problemai lakiaisiais organiniais junginiais, išsiskiriančiais nuo benzino degalinių. Atlikta svarstomos aplinkosauginės problemos literatūros apžvalga. Apžvelgti oro taršos pasekmės skatinamos LOJ išsiskyrimų nuo benzino degalinių, aktualios ir numatomos LOJ emisijų tendencijos Europoje, tipinis benzino degalinės technologijos išsidėstymas, benzino sudėtis ir svarbiausios LOJ garų formavimui benzino savybės, taikomi garų grąžinimo sprendiniai ir jų efektyvumas. Detaliai aprašytas LOJ eksperimentinis tyrimas, atliktas dviejose Vilniaus miesto tipinės technologijos degalinėse esant panašioms kraštutinėms (LOJ taršos epizodai prie silpnų vėjų, stabilios stratifikacijos ir suspenduoto fotocheminio šalinimo) meteorologiniams sąlygoms. LOJ mėginių ėmimui panaudotas aktyvus metodas su aspiracija į dujines pipetes, LOJ koncentracijos nustatytos dujinės chromatografijos su liepsnos jonizacijos detektoriumi metodu. Tyrimo rezultatai, pateikti lentelių ir diagramų pavidalu, aptarti ir įvertinti. Eksperimento duomenys įkelti į oro kokybės modelį “ALOHA”, siekiant nustatyti LOJ pernašą ir sudaryti LOJ koncentracijų prognozė benzino degalinių aplinkos ore prie skirtingų meteorologinių parametrų ir avarinių technologinių situacijų (benzino išsiliejimas). Tiriamąjį darbą reziumuoja išvados ir rekomendacijos.
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Schumann, Sybille A. "Research on hydrological processes and pesticide behaviour in irrigated, terraced catchments in the Mid-Hills of Nepal : a collaborative project on environmental risks of pesticides and sustainable development of integrated pesticide management systems (IPMS) in Nepal considering socio-economic conditions /." Clausthal-Zellerfeld : Papierflieger, 2004. http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/476541220.pdf.
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Pawlisz, Andrew V. "Internal residues of the narcotic organic chemicals in the Cladoceran, Daphnia magna." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69519.
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The current work determined whether there is a constant tissue residue associated with narcotic compounds. In this investigation, the cladoceran, Daphnia magna was exposed to lethal levels (48h LC50) of ten, $ sp{14}$C-labelled, narcotic organic chemicals in a closed system. Exposure times, ambient concentrations, and body sizes were varied to evaluate their effects. The $ sp{14}$C-method developed in current work can detect chemicals in single D. magna in concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 6310 mmol/kg. Moreover, the technique detected phobic and lipophilic chemicals equally well. The technique's sensitivity (nmol/kg) allowed for detection of differences in the internal concentrations of pollutants among the unaffected, immobilized, and dead D. magna. Immobilized D. magna contained between 0.14 mmol/kg and 200 mmol/kg of narcotics. On the average, however, the internal residues were 3.1 mmol/kg (95%CL = 3.1 $ pm$ 2.0). This agreed with literature values. The effects of time of exposure, ambient concentration, and body size on the tissue residues of narcotics varied with the chemical compound.
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Karlsson, Sylvia. "Multilayered Governance : Pesticides in the South - environmental concerns in a globalised world." Doctoral thesis, Linköping : Univ, 2000. http://www.bibl.liu.se/liupubl/disp/disp2000/arts218s.htm.
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Glas, Bo. "Methodological aspects of unspecific building related symptoms research." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Institutionen för folkhälsa och klinisk medicin, Umeå universitet, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-30640.
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Hall, Sarah Hippensteel. "Citizen Professionals: The Effective Practices of Experts Helping Community Organizations." [Yellow Springs, Ohio] : Antioch University, 2010. http://etd.ohiolink.edu/view.cgi?acc_num=antioch1277993862.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Antioch University, 2010.<br>Title from PDF t.p. (viewed July 22, 2010). Advisor: Richard Couto, Ph.D. "A dissertation submitted to the Ph.D. in Leadership and Change program of Antioch University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, March 2010."--from the title page. Includes bibliographical references (p. 155-165).
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Olmo, Neide Regina Simões. "Poluição atmosférica e exposição humana: a evolução científica epidemiológica e sua correlação com o ordenamento jurídico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5144/tde-24052011-162041/.
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INTRODUÇÃO: Atualmente inexiste no Brasil, uma correlação entre a área da saúde e o direito, no que tange a adoção de políticas públicas tendentes a prevenir/evitar, remediar ou minimizar os efeitos adversos da poluição atmosférica na saúde humana. OBJETIVO: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo evidenciar a necessidade cada vez mais iminente da interação entre a epidemiologia e o direito, revelando estas áreas, não como ciências autônomas, mas como instrumentos integrados, a serem utilizados na busca de políticas públicas eficientes, em matéria de poluição atmosférica causada por veículos automotores. MÉTODOS: Elaboramos uma revisão sistemática dos estudos epidemiológicos referentes aos efeitos da poluição atmosférica na saúde humana utilizando como base de dados o PubMed, por meio de descritores bem definidos. Esta revisão foi submetida posteriormente a seleção de três pesquisadores independentes com experiência no tema. Foi realizada uma revisão da legislação ambiental nacional relativa à poluição atmosférica, em base de dados oficiais, incluindo normas CONAMA (Conselho Nacional de Meio Ambiente) e pesquisa dos documentos internacionais relativos aos padrões de emissão atmosférica. Realizamos entrevistas estruturadas com formuladores de políticas públicas na área ambiental, com o fim de análise das opiniões dos representantes desses segmentos distintos da sociedade, sobre o tema em questão. RESULTADO: Dos 2.530 estudos selecionados inicialmente apenas 32 nacionais e 112 internacionais foram considerados adequados aos critérios de inclusão estabelecidos. Dos estudos nacionais 27 evidenciaram efeitos adversos na saúde humana, mesmo em concentrações menores do que as permitidas legalmente e 18 discutiram de alguma maneira políticas públicas. Dos estudos internacionais 78 evidenciaram efeitos adversos na saúde humana, mesmo em concentrações menores do que as permitidas legalmente e 13 discutiram políticas públicas. Em relação aos entrevistados, todos foram uníssonos quanto à necessidade de atualização dos atuais padrões de emissão; quanto ao dever de cumprimento do cronograma de emissões e em relação à falta de entendimento adequado entre a área da saúde e a adoção de medidas de políticas públicas, mostrando conhecimento das pesquisas científicas realizadas e sua preocupação com os dados apresentados. CONCLUSÃO: Evidenciamos então: a necessidade de uma composição entre direito e epidemiologia para elaboração de diretrizes públicas; a necessidade de conscientização da população e alteração dos padrões de emissão e a participação efetiva dos órgãos públicos do segmento político e da saúde. A identificação, reconhecimento e aceitação da complexidade e dos dados das pesquisas são peças chave na interface entre os domínios da ciência, da sociedade e da política<br>INTRODUCTION: Currently, there is no correlation between the fields of healthcare and law in Brazil regarding the adoption of public policies aimed at preventing/avoiding, remedying or minimizing the adverse effects of atmospheric pollution on human health. OBJECTIVE: The present study had the objective of demonstrating the increasingly eminent need for interaction between epidemiology and law, thereby revealing that these fields are not autonomous sciences but integrated instruments for use in seeking efficient public policies relating to atmospheric pollution caused by automotive vehicles. METHODS: We built up a systematic review of epidemiological studies relating to the effects of atmospheric pollution on human health, using the PubMed database and well-defined descriptors. The search results then underwent selection by three independent researchers with experience of this topic. A review of the national environmental legislation relating to atmospheric pollution was made, using official databases, including the CONAMA (National Environment Council) standards, and international documents relating to atmospheric emission standards were investigated. We conducted structured interviews with public policymakers in the environmental field, with a view to analyzing the opinions of representatives of this distinct segment of society regarding the matter in question. RESULT: Out of 2,530 studies initially selected, only 32 Brazilian and 112 foreign studies were considered to fit within the inclusion criteria established. Among the Brazilian studies, 27 showed that there were adverse effects on human health even at concentrations lower than what is legally permitted, and 18 discussed public policies in some manner. Among the foreign studies, 78 showed that there were adverse effects on human health even at concentrations lower than what is legally permitted, and 13 discussed public policies. The interviewees unanimously stated that there was a need to update the current emission standards and comply with the emissions timetable, and that there was inadequate understanding between the field of healthcare and the adoption of public policy measures. They showed that they were aware of the scientific research that had been conducted and were concerned about the data presented. CONCLUSION: We thus demonstrated that: there is a need for law and epidemiology to combine in order to draw up public guidelines; a need for the populations awareness to be raised, and for emission standards to be changed and the effective participation from public bodies within the policymaking and healthcare sectors. Identification, recognition and acceptance of the complexity and the research data are the cornerstones of the interface between the domains of science, society and politics
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Wang, Shu-Mien, and 王淑勉. "Research of Outdoor Teaching Effects on Students in Elementary School with Regard to Environmental Pollution Knowledge and Environment Attitude." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/06150412913726060657.
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碩士<br>臺北市立大學<br>地球環境暨生物資源學系環境教育與資源碩士班<br>104<br>The objective of this study is to incorporate the environmental pollution topics into environmental education and investigate how outdoor teaching affects the development of environmental knowledge and attitude on elementary school students. The objects of this study are total 49 fourth grades students distributed in 2 classes. To perform the control experiment, one of the 2 classes is designated as the experiment group and the other as the control group. 13 indoor courses and 3 outdoor courses are arranged for the experimental group and 16 indoor courses are applied for the control group. We use “environmental pollution knowledge questionnaire” and “environmental attitude scale” as the measurement tool to record the evaluation data and the statistical approaches are applied to evaluate the effect and benefits before and after the courses..
From the study result, after the courses, the growth of environmental knowledge and attitude enhancement can be obviously identified. The examination result of posttest is better than the pretest in both groups. Moreover, for the environmental knowledge posttest result, the experiment group performed better than the control group but the difference is not obvious. But in the environmental attitude posttest, the experiment group performed much better than the control one. According to the analytical result, it’s not correlated between environmental attitude enhancement and knowledge growth.
In summary, to incorporate the environmental pollution topics into environmental education in outdoor teaching courses is effective in environmental knowledge development and attitude enhancement of elementary school students. Finally, according what we learned from this study, the recommendations are proposed as following. Hoping it can be the reference for future research.
1. Recommendation to teachers: The teacher should improve the ability of course planning in community environmental education, be capable of providing the education on environmental hormones subjects.
2. Recommendation to school: The school should leverage the community resource in environmental education courses development, help teachers and parents to improve the understanding in environmental hormones subjects, establish the platform for community environmental education planning communication and enhance the facility maintenance and safety insurance at the location for community environmental education.
3. Recommendation for follow up research: May perform the study with different objects, area and methods.
Keywords: environmental pollution, environmental attitudes, outdoor teaching
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Havenga, Willem Jacobus. "Characterisation of environmental pollution by GC-MS analysis of polycyclic aromatic compounds in water and soil." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25100.
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Li-leejw and 李瑞文. "A Research Study of the Port State Control Relating Specifically to Potential Oil Pollution from Vessel and the Affect on Keelung Harbor Environment." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/33566381846805259948.
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碩士<br>國立臺灣海洋大學<br>商船學系所<br>93<br>This research is an investigation on the execution of port state control of our country so as to prevent against vessel oil pollution in the port area and the Keelung Port is adopted as an example. Keelung Port is a busy port for entry and exit of vessels and is a pivot of sea and land transportation as well as the door for entry and exit of passengers and cargoes. The port bears important responsibility to enhance international trade. In addition, if the port environment can be keep at a very clean condition and there is no oil pollution on the water quality of the port area, then vessel coming to this port would very much like to berth here and that is what everybody longs for.
Recently, port state control is a very popular topic in the shipping industry. This means the International Maritime Organization (IMO) will formulate various relevant standards and various vessel flag countries are requested to abide. In addition, various port countries will execute the port state control inspection work so as to maintain the safety of lives and cargoes of the vessel on the sea and to prevent against pollution on the ocean environment by vessels.
This research is of the opinion that through the port state control, inspection can be carried out on the international oil pollution certificate for foreign vessel arriving at the port and relevant documents, oily water separator and polluted oil and water on the vessels etc. so that polluted oily water could not be discharged arbitrarily. .In addition, the Keelung Port should establish a polluted oily water collection and treatment system pursuant to the provision of 「Ocean Pollution Prevention Act」and this will be the first system in all ports of our country. When officials of the port state control discover that the foreign vessel has excessive vessel polluted oily water, such vessel will be requested to discharge the polluted oily water to the port collection facility for treatment. With progressive expansion of inspection item and area, the port area environment of the Keelung Port can be ensured and the condition of the oil pollution at the port area can be progressively improved.
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Ramanujam, Padma. "Transportation network policy modeling for congestion and pollution control: A variational inequality approach." 1999. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI9920644.
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Public concern over the state of the environment has grown over the past decade. All indications are that this concern will continue to influence policy making into the foreseeable future. Road transport is seen as the major contributor to environmental degradation. Transportation planners around the world face the question: cleaner air and/or faster commutes? While individual vehicles can be made more environmentally friendly, the sheer scale of growth in world-wide vehicle numbers is projected to cause significant environmental degradation in the longer run, and in the absence of newer and stricter polices. It is a challenge for governments to find policies that ensure congestion-free metropolitan areas while guaranteeing both critical environmental quality levels and a sufficient infrastructure access to all groups involved. The objective of the dissertation is to provide a mathematical framework to study transportation policy models for the purpose of controlling congestion and pollution. Towards this objective. a series of transportation policy models are developed to study travel behavior and to quantity the reductions in congestion and automobile emissions. The dissertation begins with a brief historical overview of some of the pioneering works in urban transportation economics and later presents the theoretical foundation for the transportation policy models developed. The dissertation introduces single modal and multimodal transportation network policy models that accomplish road pricing with the imposition of goal targets on link loads. as well as, integrated traffic equilibrium models with marketable mobile emission permits. Furthermore, equilibrium conditions are derived for each model, and both qualitative analysis and computational procedures are studied. Finally, the dissertation concludes with a comparative study of the relationship between regulatory pricing models and marketable emission permit transportation models and a discussion on key factors that influence implementation of the proposed policy models. The framework of variational inequalities has been utilized in our dissertation, because it is ideal for equilibrium systems. With the addition of pricing policy interventions and the integration of marketable mobile emission permits, traffic equilibrium models become extremely complex. Consequently, the computation of the equilibrium is made more difficult. However, it is shown in the dissertation that in addition to pricing interventions and the integration of a marketable emission permit system that it is possible to incorporate multiple modes of transport and even to handle the issue of noncompliance, using the framework of variational inequalities.
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"Research on the Issues and Solutions of China's Law of Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution." Master's thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.15105.
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abstract: ABSTRACT In recent years, the total amount of air pollutant emissions in China was reduced year by year, but pollution is still very serious, especially in some big cities where the environmental pollution has worsened in the last 20 years. The "Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution" ( LPCAP) was established in 1987. With the development of industrialization and air pollution changes, it had been revised twice in 1995 and 2000.The third revision of the law began in 2009 which was included in the "Eleventh five-year National People's Congress Standing legislative plan" and the State Council's 2009 legislative program. At present, the third revision of the LPCAP is in progress and MEP has completed the manuscript of the revised draft of the law. The purpose of this study is to explore the current situation of China's air pollution, as well as history of LPCAP, analysis of amendments in atmospheric legislation and the achievements of the LPCAP. Combined with China current situation, the research exposed some urgent problems of the Chinese atmospheric legislation which are related to: fã The issues of the regional Total Emission Control (TEC) policy and division. fã The issues of allocation of pollutant emission allowances and trade policy fã The issues of improving the pollution emission permit system. fã The issues of the mobile source emissions management. fã The issues of fuel management. fã The issues of the guarantee measures of the implementation of the LPCAP. In addition, the study compares the LPCAP with the U.S. CAA to offer some solutions for the third revised law and tries to find a fundamental solution for the flaws of China's existing Atmospheric Pollution Prevention legal system to be more Operable. As a result, the gap in air quality in China and the developed countries of the world will be narrowed and China will be better positioned for sustainable development.<br>Dissertation/Thesis<br>M.S.Tech Environmental Social Science 2012
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Hao, Yu, and 游顥. "Research on Policy Formulation of Environmental Pollution Renovation: The Case Study of An-Shun Site, CPDC." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/11108855660726375016.
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碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>政治經濟學研究所<br>96<br>The CPDC An-Shun site in southern Taiwan is the contamination area of many toxic residual during the Tai-Caustic period, which includes the great amount of mercury mud, pentachlorophenol, and dioxin. Today, the contamination already creates a significant cancer risk for in 1,389 households with 4,623 populations in three towns. As more media spot and related parties around the An-Shun district keep focus on the compensation plan as well as the recovery work, the government also makes efforts on renovation project which include the 2-9 road and Zu-Fa-Gan Canal. However, there pollution renovation policy of the entire polluted area is yet to be completed, thus, the residents of the communities still not been fully supports for the future life. In this case, by having experience and knowledge from the interactions between all the relative parties and strategy makers is the key elements when constructing the pollution renovation polices in the future.
This paper was designed to analysis the current environmental pollution renovation strategy’s inside of government factors and outside of government factors by replying on the existing reference and semi-constructed interview. The purpose is to understand the satisfaction of existing renovation project and method of removing the toxic elements in the area. The finding from this paper suggests that the central agency and local government is leading the renovation budgets as well as the supervisor for the progress and design of the project. The green workers are the policy entrepreneurs and utilize the media as the policy window for the case. The township opinion leaders are the organizer for the residents’ voice and need, and make sure the policy are been made. However, due to the inconsistent standard, difference in cognition between government and parties, lack of information transparency, instructed community organization, low education level, and relative politic concerns, the renovation satisfaction is not high. The residual is not yet fully removed due to the lack of the experience for the team. All in all, the strategies of the renovation plans are not significantly performing.
In order to improve current renovation performance and the satisfaction of the project, this paper suggests the government should finalize the relative standard, and approach the communities for their needs and insure information transparency. The entire policy should never involve by politic powers and strength the community organization with improving their education environment. For the contamination clean up and the reservoirs plan, the project team should be more organized with required experiences and skills. Thus, for the better plan and project to be design in the future, the researcher should expand the interview targets or using the qualities method to study the satisfaction level of the An-Shun site communities and have a better understand of the residents among all renovation projects.
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Wang, Tian Pin, and 王瑱嬪. "The research of Interaction of Environmental Policy between European Union and Germany: the Analysis of ‘Air Pollution Policy’." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92515673864934116622.
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碩士<br>東海大學<br>政治學系<br>97<br>In recent years, the environmental policy was extremely in vogue, in which avoided global warming related policy also like mushroom growth appearance. Regarding to the global warming, most direct influence except massive agricultural production, but also the air pollution cause by many industrial countries. The massive industry waste gas and the deleterious substance exhaust in atmosphere, cause ozone layer crack and greenhouse effect, deleterious substance scattering over and deposits can damage human health and the soil.
I try to focus on the ‘air pollution policy’ of German and the European Union, to analysis the adjustment of the environmental policy of EU after receiving the “Germanization” , and the transition of well-contracted environment policy of German after effect by “Europeanization”, using “Europeanization” which developed during EU integration and “Germanization” which German reveal. In short, this paper discusses the process of environmental policy of German and European Union interacted, coordinated and final results with each other.
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Kulick, Erin Ryan. "Long-term Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution and Trajectories of Cognitive Decline in Northern Manhattan." Thesis, 2018. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8N02Q45.
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Age-related cognitive decline is a growing public health issue as increases in life expectancy are expected to substantially raise the prevalence of cognitive impairment and dementia. An estimated 46.8 million individuals are currently living with dementia, with the global prevalence expected to double every 20 years. Emerging evidence suggests that ambient air pollution from traffic and other sources may be an important risk factor for cognitive decline in addition to its association with other cardiovascular and neurological outcomes.
The aim of this dissertation was to first investigate the association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and cognitive decline among older adults in an urban population within Northern Manhattan. I then set out to assess specific mechanisms involved in the association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and cognitive decline, specifically investigating the ApoE4 allele, age, and current smoking behavior as effect modifiers of the association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and cognitive decline.
I found evidence of an adverse effect of ambient air pollution on the cognitive functioning of older adults. Overall, exposure to higher levels of ambient air pollution was highly predictive of lower cognitive scores, but at baseline only. Contrary to the current hypothesis, limited evidence was found for an association between estimates of air pollution and trajectories of cognitive decline. The patterns of effect were similar across pollutant types and cognitive domains in this aging, urban population. I found strong evidence of effect modification by smoking status, where contrary to the hypothesis; the overall effects of ambient air pollution on cognition and cognitive decline were stronger among individuals who never smoked. The impact of effect modification by age category was most prominent in the memory and language cognitive domains. Among individuals less than 75 years old at baseline, there was a stronger association between a one IQR increase in air pollutants and cognitive domain scores at baseline as compared to individuals 75 years and older. I did not observe conclusive evidence of an association between air pollution and cognition in models stratified by APOE-4 status.
To my knowledge, this is the largest study to analyze the association of ambient air pollution on cognition and cognitive decline over time in a racially and ethnically diverse sample. These results further support the current evidence on the role of air pollution on accelerated cognitive aging and brain health.
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Cowell, Simon Piers. "Interference with androgen regulated tissue development by environmental contaminants that interact with steroid hormone receptors in vitro." Thesis, 2003. https://dspace.library.uvic.ca//handle/1828/10304.
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There is growing concern that the health of many species, including humans, may be threatened by an increasing burden of environmental contaminants. Many researchers around the world have made discoveries demonstrating endocrine activity in an array of contaminants to which humans and wildlife may be exposed. Although much of the focus has been upon interference with estrogen activities, there is growing evidence for interaction with thyroid, androgen and other endocrine axes. This study investigates the potential of a selection of environmental contaminants, including PCBs, pulp mill by-products, pesticides, and alkylphenols, to interfere with endocrine processes. Using tissue culture assays, we have investigated the ability of these compounds to interfere with steroid hormone signalling pathways and have focused on the underlying mechanism of androgenic effects observed through further in vitro assays. A transgenic mouse model was used to explore the impact of compounds of particular interest upon the development and function of androgen regulated tissues in vivo. Several of the test compounds possessed endocrine activity, most frequently manifest as antagonism of the androgen receptor (AR). Amongst the pesticides tested both the o,p′- and p,p′-isomers of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) were AR antagonists. Nonylphenol and a short chain ethoxylate (N-10) as well as four Aroclor mixtures and a set of congener components selected from them were also found to antagonise AR. Only hexachloroberizene and black liquor, a pulp mill by-product, exhibited androgenic effects in vitro . Estrogen receptor was antagonised by β-endosulfan and p,p′-DDE, while o,p ′-DDT, nonylphenol and octylphenol all acted as estrogen mimics. The glucocorticoid receptor was antagonised by β-endosulfan, while being stimulated by o,p′-DDT, the alkylphenol ethoxylate N-100 and PCB congener 42. Nonylphenol, Aroclor 1254 and one of the PCB congeners were tested by oral administration in mice and all produced physiological effects, with Aroclor 1254 in particular exhibiting clear anti-androgenic properties in vivo. Nonylphenol caused an elevation in serum thyroid hormone along with an increase in testis size and anogenital distance. In addition, the nonylphenol treatment increased the expression of an androgen responsive CAT reporter gene that is expressed specifically in the prostate. The PCB mixture Aroclor 1254 caused a decrease in prostate weight, and CAT reporter gene expression but precocious maturation of the prostate gland. In contrast the congener PCB 42 had no significant effects upon the prostate but caused increased testis weight and impacted on spermatogenesis in the epididymis. These results emphasize the sensitivity of the endocrine system and the diverse physiological functions which it regulates. They also demonstrate the ligand promiscuity of the steroid receptors and reinforce the need to evaluate the endocrine potential of substances humankind introduces into the environment.<br>Graduate
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Berry, S. R. "Non point source pollution with specific reference to the Mkabela Catchment." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4960.
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Non point source pollution (NPS) has long been the negated form of pollution within our natural systems. With an increase in the demand for quality crops and staple foods, there have been added pressures on water systems to cope with increasing NPS pollution (NPS-P).
The effect and importance of scale on the assessment of NPS pollution has been identified as a pivotal component in the assessment of such pollutants, in particular the translation of processes from a field to a catchment scale. It has therefore become important to further
investigate and research the processes involved in transporting and retaining pollutants at each measurement scale.
A number of models have been developed for simulation catchments, however none of the suitably address the issue of NPS pollution and the translation of processes from the field through to the catchment scale. Each model researched fails to effectively address processes over varying scales, and tend to concentrate on a particular scale of observation. There is a distinct lack of a capable mechanism that assesses NPS pollution across varying scales within a catchment.
The Water Research Commission (WRC) NPS-P project aims at eventually developing a successful model that addresses the issue of assessing NPS pollution across a number of different scales. This study aimed at assessing the loads of sediments and nutrients at different scales and included the establishment of a research catchment in the Mkabela Catchment outside Wartburg in KwaZulu-Natal, and the collection and interpretation of
rainfall, runoff and nitrate data for a full year of sampling. The sampling provided valuable data for the calculation of pollutant masses and concentrations within the Mkabela Catchment. Non Point Sources are generally more dilute with suspended solids and nitrate in particular tending to have a high transport dependence upon summer events with a high intensity and low duration.
A varying degree of scales were monitored during this study, ranging from plot to catchment scale in order to assess the varying influences on NPS Pollution (Nitrate and Suspended Solids). Monitoring was conducted through research mechanisms ranging from runoff plots at the plot scale to catchment scale flumes.
It was found that scale has a varying influence on NPS pollution, with pollutant concentrations measured to be at a maximum at the field scale, with a value of 13.54mg/l of nitrate measured within the cane fields from event 3. Suspended solid values taken from within the water samples were most apparent at the plot scale, within the runoff plots, with a maximum of 2866.7mg/l measured during event 3 as well. It was evident from measurements and results obtained for each of the 10 sampled events that the main influencing factor of the nitrate concentrations and suspended solid values was the nature of the event. Summer
rainfall events (high intensity and short duration) provided large overland flow volume that contributed largely towards the high concentrations of both nitrate and suspended solids, whereas the winter rainfall event (low intensity and long duration) contributed little to the concentrations of nitrate and suspended solids.
In contrast to nitrate concentration, the largest nitrate loads by mass were measured during event 1 at the large catchment scale (Bridge 2), with a total cumulative load of 74.17kg nitrate estimated to have been yielded at the catchment outlet. The majority of nitrate are yielded from the agricultural lands where farming practices lead to the application of chemicals preplanting and post emergence. Suspended solids displayed a similar trend to that of nitrate, with an increasing cumulative yield measured throughout the catchment, resulting in a total 13414kg of sediment being measured at Bridge 2. It is interesting that Event 1 measured the largest cumulative loads for both nitrate and suspended solids; however it was recorded as an average intensity event (19.1mm/h) in comparison to the largest sampled intensity event of 165.9mm/h (Event 4) during the study. This may be attributed to the fact that the event
coincided with the planting schedule of the sugarcane crops, and so the bare nature of the agricultural fields resulted in increased overland flow, and hence nitrate and suspended solid transportation.
Data collected during all the events clearly show that the impoundment (a farm dam) acts as a water quality filter by retaining many of the nitrate pollutants when they enter the dam as channel flow.
In summary, the controlling processes governing NPS-P movement varied through the differing scales, with crop size, artificial chemical application, nature of the event and timing during the year all contributing in varying manners at the differing scales.
Future research within the WRC-NPS-P project should continue with sampling from the designated research points and add several more seasons of data to the already comprehensive first season of sampling. In addition, once a reasonable number of seasons have been sampled and analysed within the Mkabela Catchment, the initiation and development of an effective, representative scaled NPS-P model that addresses the movement and retardation of pollutants is necessary to be able to successfully model and predict the movement of NPS-P
through catchment systems. In particular the effects of the controls afforded by such features as road crossings, wetlands and farm dams should be taken into account in the modelling of sediment and nutrient movement from field to catchment scale.<br>Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2011.
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LIU, HSIANG-YI, and 劉香誼. "The Study of Environmental Water Quality and Water Pollution Prevention and Cure Conduct- The Research of renovated effects of the Erren River Basin." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/35asjx.
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碩士<br>中華醫事科技大學<br>職業安全衛生系碩士在職專班<br>106<br>Because of the long-term business wastewater and demostic sewage are discharge without proper treatment, caused Errenxi, which flow through Rende and Guiren to deteriorate, especially the pollution level in the middle and lower reaches of Sanye Creek and Gangweigou River is the most serious. Tainan City Government builds the natural purification project to purify of river pollution. It can improve the water quality of the stream and give the local residents a better quality of life. The purification field utilizes natural soft gravel or artificial filter material to allow the biofilm on the pore surface to adsorb and decompose bacteria and enhance the purification ability.
This research is to cout water quality monitoring data of Errenxi over the years(2011-2017), which provided by Executive Yuan Environmental Protection Agency - National Environmental Water Quality Monitoring Information Website. With monitor these parameter of BOD5, DO, Amonia and SS of project improvement to judge River Pollution Index (RPI), and explore effectiveness of water quality of setting river water purification project such as sewage sewer system and constructed wetland.
The result show that the project improvement from Wukong Bridge, Second Floor Bridge, Net Bridge, Nanxun Bridge and Yongning Bridge, etc which related observatory water quality RPI shows improve. It is obvious that related improvement projects have gradually achieved results. However, for the sake of monitoring the water quality the source of pollution still is the factor of changing of monitoring the water quality. In the follow-up, the sewage pipe sewer takeover rate should be upgraded, hotspot inspections of related businesses (metal surface treatment industry, electroplating industry) should be strengthened, and the total ammonia nitrogen control should be gradually promoted to reduce the impact on water quality.
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Mao, Chun-Chin, and 毛群欽. "Research on environmental attitude and the cognition of water pollution concept of the students from the junior high and elementary school in Kaohsiung area." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/37200734129907211272.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立高雄師範大學<br>環境教育研究所<br>91<br>The purpose of this study were to explore the environmental attitude activity and the cognition of the water pollution concept. By using two questionnaires which was designed for this study and through the reliability and validity test 2785 subjects, which came from 3rd, 5th and 8th grade students in 16 schools around Kaohsiung area were selected by using cluster random sampling method.The obtained data were analyzed by T-test,one-way ANOVA,Chi-squares and Pearson correlation statistics method. The finding were as following:
1. There were significant differences in most viewpoints of environmental attitude and the cognition of water pollution concept between different backgrounds of students.
2. Most students’ environmental attitude toward positive,as well as most students’ water pollution concept toward high cognition.
3. The cognition of water pollution concept of the female students, the students from river-neared school and the students living in Kaohsiung country area about general and membory problems were accurate; The cognition of water pollution concept of the the male students, the students from the school far from a river and the students living in Kaohsiung city area about extended and thinkable problems were accurate.
4. The correlation between environmental attitude and the cognition of water pollution concept were significant positive. The more positive the environmental attitude was, the more accurate the cognition of water pollution concept was.
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Roux, Dirk Johannes. "Incorporating technologies for the monitoring and assessment of biological indicators into a holistic resource-based water quality management approach-conceptual models and some case studies." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6927.
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D.Phil.<br>South African water resource management policies as well as the country's water law have been under review over the past three to four years. The Water Law Principles, which were established as part of this review process, indicate a commitment to sustainable development of water resources and the protection of an ecological "Reserve". Such policy goals highlight the limitations of conventional water quality management strategies which rely on stressor monitoring and associated regulation of pollution. The concept of an assimilative capacity is central to the conventional water quality management approach. Weaknesses inherent in basing water management on the concept of assimilative capacity are discussed. Response monitoring is proposed as a way of addressing some of the weaknesses. In fact, the inadequate use of biological indicators and techniques in monitoring and evaluating the quality of resources has been identified as a major factor responsible for the continuing decline in the health of natural resource systems. With advances in environmental monitoring over the last decade, it has become clear that biological techniques and protocols need to become part of monitoring in order to allow effective assessment and protection of aquatic resources. One way of incorporating response measures into resource assessment is through the use of toxicological assays. As an example, a toxicological assessment of the environmental risk associated with an organic pesticide (fenthion) is presented. Acute and chronic assays were conducted with a spectrum of test organisms. These toxicological response results provided an ability to predict the ecosystem response that can be expected from certain concentrations of fenthion in the environment. Theoretically, it would be possible to design a risk assessment experiment for every new anthropogenic substance. However, in terms of cost and time, it would not be practically feasible to execute such experiments. To overcome this problem, a method has been developed to derive water quality criteria for toxic substances using existing toxicological data. This provides water resource managers with a readily available set of values to guide them in decision-making. It is demonstrated how available acute and chronic toxicity data can be synthesised into acute and chronic water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic life. As these criteria are intended to extend protection to ecosystems country-wide, they are very conservative by design. Although a set of numeric water quality criteria provides an important tool to water quality managers, the limitations associated with the use of these criteria must be recognised. x Limitations relate either to the design of toxicity experiments or to the use of a chemical-specific approach alone in water resource management. In order to overcome these limitations, three broad supporting technologies are proposed, namely whole effluent toxicity (WET) testing, sitespecific adjustment of water quality criteria, and in-stream biological assessments. Whole effluent testing aims at evaluating the toxic effects of an effluent on organisms. In doing so, acute and chronic toxicity testing (and thus biological responses) becomes part of effluent regulation. An effluent control programme that incorporates toxicity-based standards and compliance criteria is proposed. One of several approaches that can be used for deriving site-specific water quality criteria is the calculation of a water-effect ratio. It is demonstrated that the water-effect ratio method could result in significant adjustments to the national water quality criteria. Although more development and local testing would be required, such site-specific criteria could be in the interest of both ecosystem protection and economic development. In-stream biological assessments introduces a type of response monitoring which provides insight into the overall integrity of aquatic ecosystems. A comprehensive biomonitoring programme is designed. To adhere to the objectives of this programme, specifications have been developed for the selection of sampling sites, the selection of biological and habitat indicators, and the management of the resulting data. This programme is referred to as the River Health Programme (RHP). The ultimate aim of any monitoring programme is to provide useful data. Such data must contribute to effective decision-making. To ensure that the RHP becomes truly operational as a management information system, a step-wise procedure is proposed for linking the collected data with management actions. It is demonstrated how following of this systematic and iterative procedure would facilitate ongoing learning and improvement of the individual steps (e.g. data collection and assessment, goal setting, selection and implementation of management actions) as well as the overall procedure. As a final step, the dynamics that influence the transition of any new technology from scientific development to operational application are explored. The RHP is used as a case study and theoretical models from the field of the management of technology are used to provide valuable insights. Four key components of the RHP design are analysed, namely the (a) guiding team, (b) concepts, tools and methods, (c) infra-structural innovations and (d) communication. These key components evolved over three broad life stages of the programme, which are called the design, growth and anchoring stages.
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CHENG, CHEN WEI, and 陳偉誠. "The Research of the Policy-making Mechanism involving Environmental Pollution:A Case Study based on the Contribution usage of the Kung-Liao Nuclear Power Plant." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/00222189211334029207.
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碩士<br>佛光大學<br>公共事務學系<br>95<br>Abstract
Democracy in Taiwan has developed with diversity since the termination of martial law which limited the operation of newspapers and the freedom to assemble. Social movement activists have access to more resources needed for their objectives. While the intervention of the authority in environmental arguments becomes less practical, due to the elevated consciousness of environment protection, NIMBY (not-in-my-back-yard) conflicts occur more frequently. Among them, anti-the-fourth-nuclear-power-plant movement in Kung-Liao has lasted until now with the most extensive involvement of citizens and parties in Taiwan.
Following the principles of efficiency and just, governments of western countries handle this type of policy arguments with the attempt to achieve environmental justice. Most countries develop various mechanisms to “contribute” or “compensate” for the residents whom are affected by the environmentally controversial facilities. The “contribution” case in Taiwan can trace back to Lin-Yuan incident in 1987 in which 1.27 billion NTD was paid as contribution in order to solve the NIMBY problem. As a result, huge amount of contribution to the neighborhood seems to be the easiest solution for the government and industries to solve the environmental problems and residents’ protests.
In the attempt to ensure the completeness and exhaustiveness of this research, “literature review” was done to obtain analysis and summary of prior literature on the environmental overflow, environmental justice, social movements, interest groups and the fourth nuclear power plant construction. The conceptual model of “the political market schematic drawing ” was proposed based on the concept analysis of how much the environment is polluted, how much the government intervenes, and to what level the social movement activists are motivated. This model was further examined by using the example of “contribution usage of the Kung-Liao nuclear power plant case”. Suggestions are also proposed for governing payment of environmental contributions.
From the discussion above, the function of contribution is to mitigate the conflict among interest groups for mutual understanding and policy implementation. Therefore, this research work has focused on two main topics: first of all, this work utilizes the viewpoint of “political economy” to achieve consensus among involved interest groups, governing official departments, and social movement activists. Further, this work provides a sound policy making mechanism for governing payment of contributions. Secondly, this work provides suggestions on the current contribution systems in the hope of benefiting researchers to come.
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Rim, Donghyun. "Evaluation of human exposure to indoor airborne pollutants : transport and fate of particulate and gaseous pollutants." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/18395.
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Building environmental conditions such as ventilation and contaminant concentrations are important factors that influence occupant health and comfort. The objective of the present work is to investigate how personal exposure to gaseous and particulate pollutants depends on indoor airflow, source characteristics, and occupant activity in commercial and residential environments. The study examines airflow and pollutant transport using experimental measurements in conjunction with computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The results demonstrate that breathing has a measurable influence on the airflow in an occupant breathing zone, but it has very small impacts on the occupant thermal plume. The results also show that breathing can significantly affect inhaled particle concentrations, even though the influence varies with source position and particle size. Also, localized hand motions of a sitting manikin do not significantly disrupt the upward thermal plume. In typical US residences, forced convection driven mixing airflow or buoyancy driven stratified airflow occurs depending on the HVAC fan operation (fan on or fan off, respectively). The measured transition period between mixing flow (fan on) and stratified flow (fan off) is approximately one minute, implying that most airflow in the residence is either dominated by mixing or stratification. A high level of exposure to short-term pollutant sources, such as resuspension of particles from floor surfaces due to human activity, more likely occurs with stratified flow than with highly mixed airflow. This is due to the strong influence of the occupant thermal plume that transports the pollutants into the breathing zone. Furthermore, by transporting air containing ozone across the reactive occupant surface, the occupant thermal plume has a large effect on exposure to ozone reaction products. Due to the reaction of ozone with the skin oils and clothing surfaces, the occupant surface boundary layer becomes depleted of ozone and conversely enriched with ozone reaction products. The parameter ventilation effectiveness quantifies the effectiveness of airflow distribution and can be used for assessment of exposure to gaseous pollutants. Based on the study results, the usefulness of ventilation effectiveness as an indicator of exposure to particulate pollutants depends on the particle size. For small particles (~1 [mu]m), an increase of ventilation effectives caused a decrease in occupant exposure, while for large particles (~7 [mu]m), source location and airflow around the pollutant source are significant factors for the exposure, and the ventilation effectiveness has very little to no effect.<br>text
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"Modeling Occurrence and Assessing Public Perceptions of De Facto Wastewater Reuse across the USA." Doctoral diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.25045.
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abstract: The National Research Council 2011 report lists quantifying the extent of de facto (or unplanned) potable reuse in the U.S. as the top research need associated with assessing the potential for expanding the nations water supply through reuse of municipal wastewater. Efforts to identify the significance and potential health impacts of de facto water reuse are impeded by out dated information regarding the contribution of municipal wastewater effluent to potable water supplies. This project aims to answer this research need. The overall goal of the this project is to quantify the extent of de facto reuse by developing a model that estimates the amount of wastewater effluent that is present within drinking water treatment plants; and to use the model in conjunction with a survey to help assess public perceptions. The four-step approach to accomplish this goal includes: (1) creating a GIS-based model coupled with Python programming; (2) validating the model with field studies by analyzing sucralose as a wastewater tracer; (3) estimating the percentage of wastewater in raw drinking water sources under varying streamflow conditions; (4) and assessing through a social survey the perceptions of the general public relating to acceptance and occurrence of de facto reuse. The resulting De Facto Reuse in our Nations Consumable Supply (DRINCS) Model, estimates that treated municipal wastewater is present at nearly 50% of drinking water treatment plant intake sites serving greater than 10,000 people (N=2,056). Contrary to the high frequency of occurrence, the magnitude of occurrence is relatively low with 50% of impacted intakes yielding less than 1% de facto reuse under average streamflow conditions. Model estimates increase under low flow conditions (modeled by Q95), in several cases treated wastewater makes up 100% of the water supply. De facto reuse occurs at levels that surpass what is publically perceived in the three cities of Atlanta, GA, Philadelphia, PA, and Phoenix, AZ. Respondents with knowledge of de facto reuse occurrence are 10 times more likely to have a high acceptance (greater than 75%) of treated wastewater at their home tap.<br>Dissertation/Thesis<br>Ph.D. Civil and Environmental Engineering 2014
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Harilal, Laurika. "Understanding SHERQ managerial perspectives of the risks and oppotunities in ISO 14001:2015 implementation in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal." Diss., 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/27650.
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Text in English with summary and keywords in English and Afrikaans<br>The International Organization for Standardization - ISO 14001 environmental standard addresses facets of environmental performance. The implementation of ISO 14001:2015 is aligned with various risks and opportunities, the identification and addressing of which is key in the successful implementation of the ISO 14001:2015 certification. The Durban region is a pollution ‘hotspot’ within KwaZulu-Natal. Assessment of the opportunities and risks of ISO 14001:2015 implementation within the region is key as it can potentially assist with proactive mitigation of risks and the effective utilization of opportunities.
The aim of the study is to understand SHERQ (Safety, Health, Environmental, Risk and Quality) managerial perspectives of opportunities and risks of ISO 14001:2015 implementation in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal. The following objectives were outlined: To identify ISO 14001 implementation opportunities and risks internationally and nationally by means of an extensive review of international as well as national literature sources, to generate an evaluation framework to assess SHERQ managerial perspectives of risks and opportunities of ISO 14001:2015 implementation within Durban and to analyse SHERQ managerial responses to the ISO 14001:2015 implementation risks and opportunities within the Durban region.
The methods included identifying primary opportunities and risks in ISO 14001:2015 from the literature review through an evaluation framework, thereafter, presenting these in questionnaires distributed among SHERQ managers in Durban via email and LinkedIn. Of 62 questionnaires distributed, 42 participants responded. The respondent’s perspectives were assessed through SPSS identifying key risks and opportunities.
Objective 1 was achieved through the literature review in which ISO 14001 implementation risks and opportunities were identified. Objective 2 was achieved by generating the evaluation framework which assimilated implementation risks and opportunities. Objective 3 was achieved through the analysis of the responses of respondents to ISO 14001:2015 implementation risks and opportunities.
Study results showed that, in line with international reports, 57.2% of all respondents agreed that the maintenance costs of compliance to the standard are high and 76.2% of respondents shared the perspective that company resources are better managed. Respondents were more agreeable to positive statements, indicating opportunities outweighing the risks. Furthermore, despite the risks, there are opportunities from an industry perspective such as increased investor inputs and increased top management involvement.
A follow up study is recommended in the Durban region addressing ISO 14001 implementation risks, opportunities, and their investment impacts in order to further hone in on the organizational implications of certification. From an academic standpoint, multiple studies have posited that ISO 14001:2015 implementation resulted in improved financial outcomes but are associated with high implementation costs and it is recommended that a critical cost versus profits analysis into ISO 14001:2015 implementation be undertaken in the Durban region.<br>Die Internasionale Organisasie vir Standaardisering se ISO 14001-omgewingstandaard spreek fasette van omgewingsprestasie aan. Die implementering van ISO 14001:2015 is gerig op verskeie risiko’s en geleenthede, en die identifisering en aanspreek hiervan staan sentraal tot die suksesvolle implementering van die ISO 14001:2015 - sertifisering. Die Durban-streek is ʼn besoedlingsbrandpunt in KwaZulu-Natal. Evaluering van die geleenthede en risiko’s van die implementering van ISO 14001:2015 binne die streek is van kardinale belang, aangesien dit moontlik kan help met die proaktiewe vermindering van risiko’s en die effektiewe benutting van geleenthede.
Die doel van die studie is om SHERQ-bestuursperspektiewe van geleenthede en risiko’s van ISO 14001:2015-implementering in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, te begryp. Die volgende doelwitte is uiteengesit: Om ISO 14001-implementeringsgeleenthede en risiko’s internasionaal en nasionaal te identifiseer deur middel van ʼn uitgebreide oorsig van internasionale sowel as identifiseer deur middel van ʼn uitgebreide oorsig van internasionale sowel as nasionale literatuurbronne; om ʼn evalueringsraamwerk te genereer om SHERQ-bestuursperspektiewe van geleenthede en risiko’s van die implementering van ISO 14001:2015 te evalueer, en om SHERQ-bestuursreaksies op die ISO 14001:2015-implementeringsrisiko’s en -geleenthede te ontleed.
Die metodes het ingesluit die identifisering van primêre geleenthede en risiko’s in ISO 14001:2015 vanuit die literatuurbeoordeling deur middel van ʼn evalueringsraamwerk, waarna dit in vraelyste wat via e-pos en LinkedIn onder SHERQ-bestuurders in Durban versprei is, uiteengesit is. Van die 62 vraelyste wat versprei is, het 42 deelnemers geantwoord. Die perspektiewe van die respondente is beoordeel deur middel van SPSS se identifisering van die belangrikste risiko’s en geleenthede.
Doelwit 1 is bereik deur middel van die literatuuroorsig waarin ISO 14001-implementeringsrisiko’s en -geleenthede geïdentifiseer is. Doelwit 2 is bereik deur die evalueringsraamwerk te genereer wat implementeringsrisiko’s en -geleenthede geassimileer het. Doelwit 3 is bereik deur die antwoorde van respondente op ISO 14001:2015 implementeringsrisiko’s en -geleenthede te ontleed.
Studieresultate het getoon dat, in ooreenstemming met internasionale verslae, 57,2% van alle respondente dit eens was dat die onderhoudskoste van die nakoming van die standaard hoog is en dat 76,2% van die respondente die perspektief gedeel het dat bronne van die maatskappy beter bestuur word. Respondente het meer met positiewe stellings saamgestem, wat daarop dui dat geleenthede swaarder weeg as die risiko’s. Ten spyte van die risiko’s, is daar ook vanuit ʼn bedryfsperspektief geleenthede, soos verhoogde beleggersinsette en verbeterde hulpbronbestuur.
ʼn Opvolgstudie word aanbeveel om ISO 14001-implementeringsrisiko’s en geleenthede en die beleggingsimpak daarvan aan te spreek. Vanuit ʼn akademiese oogpunt het veelvuldige studies aangevoer dat die implementering van ISO 14001:2015 verbeterde finansiële uitkomste tot gevolg het, maar dat dit met hoë implementeringskoste gepaard gaan, en dit word aanbeveel dat ʼn kritieke koste-versus-wins-analise in die implementering van ISO 14001:2015 in die Durban-streek onderneem word.<br>Environmental Sciences<br>M. Sc. (Environmental Management)
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Thorne, Robert. "Assessing intrusive noise and low amplitude sound : a thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Health Science, Massey University, Wellington Campus, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/904.
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Annoyance due to relatively high levels of sound and noise, above 50 dB, has been well documented in noise assessment literature. The potential for annoyance or disturbance from low amplitude sound, below 50 dB to the threshold of an individual’s hearing, is not as well documented. The thesis presents a new approach to the measurement and assessment of intrusive noise and low amplitude sound. Acoustical and sound quality measures are integrated with measures of loudness, pitch, dissonance and tonality to provide physical measures of sound. Individual amenity is assessed with respect to personal noise sensitivity and personal attitudes to sound in the environment, the environment itself and the perceived qualities of the audible sound. A decision-support methodology to integrate perceived noise with noise performance indicators, annoyance criteria, personal noise sensitivity and amenity is presented. A method for rating intrusive noise is derived. Designs for sound measurement and calibration instrumentation are described. Methods to measure and assess low amplitude sound are presented. Keywords annoyance, intrusive-noise, noise-sensitivity, sound-quality, soundscape
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Liu, Xiaoqiang. "Coupled biogeochemical cycles in riparian zones with contrasting hydrogeomorphic characteristics in the US Midwest." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/3756.
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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)<br>Numerous studies have investigated the fate of pollutants in riparian buffers, but few studies have focused on the control of multiple contaminants simultaneously in riparian zones. To better understand what drives the biogeochemical cycles of multiple contaminants in riparian zones, a 19-month study was conducted in riparian buffers across a range of hydrogeomorphic (HGM) settings in the White River watershed in Indiana. Three research sites [Leary Webber Ditch (LWD), Scott Starling (SS) and White River (WR)] with contrasting hydro-geomorphology were selected. We monitored groundwater table depth, oxidation reduction potential (ORP), dissolved oxygen (DO), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), NO3-, NH4+, soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), SO42- , total Hg and methylmercury (MeHg). Our results revealed that differences in HGM conditions translated into distinctive site hydrology, but significant differences in site hydrology did not lead to different biogeochemical conditions. Nitrate reduction and sulfate re-oxidation were likely associated with major hydrological events, while sulfate reduction, ammonia and methylmercury production were likely associated with seasonal changes in biogeochemical conditions. Results also suggest that the LWD site was a small sink for nitrate but a source for sulfate and MeHg, the SS site was a small sink for MeHg but had little effect on NO3-, SO42- and SRP, and the WR was an intermediate to a large sink for nitrate, an intermediate sink for SRP, and a small source for MeHg. Land use and point source appears to have played an important role in regulating solute concentrations (NO3-, SRP and THg). Thermodynamic theories probably oversimplify the complex patterns of solute dynamics which, at the sites monitored in the present study, were more strongly impacted by HGM settings, land use, and proximity to a point source.