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Ollong, Kingsly Awang Awang. "Issues of Justice and Sustainability in Banana Trade in the Light of Cameroon Case Study." International Journal of Public and Private Perspectives on Healthcare, Culture, and the Environment 2, no. 1 (January 2018): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijppphce.2018010101.
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This article analyses the banana economy, particularly its social and environmental consequences. The discussion is largely based on the case study of Cameroon, but there are good reasons to believe that many research findings are relevant for the whole banana industry as the global banana production and trade is heavily based on giant agro-industrial plantations. There is, indeed, information from different important banana producing countries indicating that working conditions in the industry all too often include forced labour, child labour, lack of job security, low wages, and health and safety problems. The banana industry, as well documented in this article, is also linked to a range of harmful environmental impacts, including loss of animal habitats and biodiversity and pollution of land and water. Land conflict is one of the biggest problems associated with the production of banana and, therefore, banana industry is strongly connected with the political and economic basis of those societies where banana industry has become a major actor.
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Oki, Taikan, Shinjiro Yano, and Naota Hanasaki. "Economic aspects of virtual water trade." Environmental Research Letters 12, no. 4 (March 27, 2017): 044002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa625f.
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Bilska, Beata, Marzena Tomaszewska, Danuta Kołożyn-Krajewska, Krystian Szczepański, Robert Łaba, and Sylwia Łaba. "Environmental aspects of food wastage in trade – a case study." Environmental Protection and Natural Resources 31, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2020-0009.
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Abstract Food production is connected with a negative effect on the environment as it is linked with the utilisation of natural resources such as fresh water and with the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs). It is, therefore, very important to prevent the wastage of food at all food chain stages. Special attention should be paid to the phenomena which burden the environment in an unjustified way. One such example may be the waste of final products at the stage of retail sale objects. The purpose of the present paper was to estimate the effect of wasted food in the selected network of the retail sale on the environment with the application of water footprint indicator and CO2 emission. On the grounds of the collected data, the participation of food withdrawn from the trade, the reasons for the mentioned phenomenon and the size of the wasted food products and those donated to charities were established. Based upon such data, the level of CO2 emission and the water print of the products which have not been utilised according to their destination were estimated. In spite of the fact that the animal origin products were characterised by a small participation in the weight of the unsold food (ca. 13.34% annually), they constituted the main source of CO2 emission and water footprint estimated from the food waste. It was calculated that the annual turnover and waste of the products only in one trade network was connected with the unjustified emission of ca. 12 thousand tonnes of CO2 and 13 million m3 of water footprint.
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Nguyen, Tuan Anh, and Thi Huong Nguyen. "Banana Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites: Mechanical Properties and Fire Retardancy." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2021 (July 22, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1973644.
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Currently, the growing field of technology has paved the way for using environmental friendly resources; in particular, plant origin holds ecological concern and renewable aspects. Currently, natural fiber composites have widening attention, thanks to their eco-friendly properties. In the present work, the composite material is reinforced with natural fibers from the bark of banana trees (banana fibers), a material available in Vietnam. Banana fibers are extracted from banana peels, pretreated with NaOH 5%, and then cut to an average length of 30 mm. Banana fiber is reinforced for epoxy resin Epikote 240 with mass percents: 10 wt.%, 15 wt.%, 20 wt.%, and 25 wt.%. The results were evaluated through structural morphology (SEM), mechanical properties, fire resistance, and thermal properties. Experimental results show that the tensile, compressive, and impact strengths of biosynthetic materials up to 20% by weight have increased compared to epoxy neat. Flame retardant and thermal properties are kept stable; 20 wt.% banana fiber gives a limiting oxygen index of 20.8% and satisfactory thermal stability.
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VIVCHAR, Oksana, Inna ZAITSEVA-KALAUR, and Mariia ZIAILYK. "REGULATORY ASPECTS OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION: NON-SAFETY CONTEXTS." Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics 6, no. 2 (May 30, 2021): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2021-2-15.
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In order to approximate the laws of the EU Member States in the field of handling classified information and to establish a comparable level of protection of such information from illegal receipt, use or disclosure throughout the EU, Directive 2016/943 on the protection of undisclosed information was developed and approved in June 2016. how and business information (trade secrets) from illegal receipt, use and disclosure (hereinafter - the Directive). The Directive introduces the concept of "trade secret", defines the lawful and illegal acquisition, use and disclosure of trade secrets, establishes procedures and remedies for the illegal acquisition, use or disclosure of trade secrets in the context of the application of security conditions. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the essential characteristics of trade secrets, as well as to study the legal framework of domestic experience and international cooperation on the basis of a practical mechanism for ensuring safe operating conditions. The article examines the conceptual and categorical apparatus of trade secrets and the regulatory framework for international cooperation, respectively. The practical set of measures to preserve the confidentiality of trade secrets is substantiated. As a result of scientific research, the essential and substantive characteristics of provision the Directive as the main legal vector of ensuring safety conditions have been identified. Based on this, the implementation the legal aspects of international cooperation in the context of secure measurement at trade secrets is demonstrated. Summarizing scientific research, it should be noted that a country like Belgium, taking into account the Directive, has adopted a law aimed at protecting undisclosed know-how and commercial information (trade secrets) from illegal possession, use and disclosure. This Law has implemented all the above-mentioned recommendations on the protection of trade secrets during court proceedings. It is investigated that the German parliament passed the Law on Trade Secrets of the Federal Government. This law implements European Parliament Directive (EU) 2016/943 on the protection of undisclosed know-how and trade information (trade secrets) against their illegal acquisition, use and disclosure in German national law in order to establish uniform protection of trade secrets. The law provides for the confidentiality of court proceedings. In civil proceedings, by granting jurisdiction to certain specialized courts in cases of commercial secrecy, the possibility of classifying the proceedings as confidential at the request of one of the parties, and the potential limitation of the number of persons entitled to access evidence and / or hearings. Keywords: international cooperation, normative-legal base, Directive, trade secret, security contexts, security conditions.
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Salgado de Assis, Foluke, Frederico Muylaert Margem, Pedro Amoy Netto, Roberto da Trindade Faria Jr., Thallis Custódia Cordeiro, Fabio de Oliveira Braga, and Sergio Neves Monteiro. "Characterization of Epoxy Matrix Reinforced with Banana Fibers Thermal Properties by Photoacoustic Technique." Materials Science Forum 869 (August 2016): 331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.869.331.
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Synthetic fibers are being replaced gradually by natural materials such as lignocellulosic fibers. Compared to synthetic fibers, natural fibers have shown advantages in environmental, societal, economical and technical aspects. Thus, there is a growing worldwide interest in the use of those fibers. The banana fiber, extracted from the pseudo-stem of the plant, displays significant properties yet to be studied. Few thermal properties on banana fiber as reinforcement of epoxy matrix were fully evaluated. Therefore, the present work had as its objective to investigate, by photoacoustic spectroscopy and photothermal techniques the thermal diffusivity, specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity of epoxy composites reinforced with banana fibers .The epoxy matrix was added with up to 30% in volume of continuous and aligned banana fibers. The results indicated that these composites have good insulation capacity.
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Fritz Carrapatoso, Astrid. "Environmental aspects in free trade agreements in the Asia-Pacific region." Asia Europe Journal 6, no. 2 (May 28, 2008): 229–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10308-008-0178-y.
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Van der Laan, L. "Regional Differentiation in Trade Union Density." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 25, no. 2 (February 1993): 255–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a250255.
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In general, regional economic analysis of trade unions is particularly directed at the effects of labour unions, whereas the conditions and causal aspects which influence the presence of labour unions in regions are studied far less. In this paper an attempt is made to fill part of this gap in knowledge by means of an analysis of the causes of the regional differentiation in labour union membership in the Netherlands. A theoretical survey into the causes of variation in regional membership is reported on. Subsequently, the effects of the potential causes of this regional differentiation are analysed empirically. First, it was found that several potentially important aspects do not explain the regional variation in membership. Second, those aspects that were relevant can be reduced to two common factors. Third, it can be concluded that the rather low level of explanation of the regional differentiation suggests that present economic locational analysis should be supplemented by an approach in which the economic historical context is taken into account too. Regional differentiation in trade union membership can only fully be understood from a regional economic historical approach.
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Feddersen, Christoph. "Recent EC Environmental Legislation and its Compatibility with WTO Rules: Free Trade or Animal Welfare Trade?" European Energy and Environmental Law Review 7, Issue 7 (July 1, 1998): 207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr1998034.
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The "free trade" or "fair trade" debate has various aspects. One facet is the possible contradiction between national environmental law and rules governing international trade. Different levels of national environmental protection - as recently exemplified in the well-known "Tuna I Dolphin" controversy - can lead to serious legal problems. This article analyzes a recent EC Regulation regarding the ban on cruel leghold traps and its compatibility with WTO rules, searching for the answer to the question "free trade or animal welfare trade?"
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Difei, Zhao, and Zheng Weiteng. "The Empirical Analysis on Environmental Effects Caused by China Foreign Trade." Journal on Innovation and Sustainability. RISUS ISSN 2179-3565 3, no. 3 (November 15, 2012): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24212/2179-3565.2012v3i3p53-63.
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Since reform and opening up, as an important factor of economic growth, trade has promoted the development of China’s economy sharply, at the same time, it brought about the destruction of the ecological environment which is the focus of academic debate. There is still not any definite conclusion about the impact of trade on the environment. In this paper, by establishing a measurement model, we calculate the environmental effects of trade from scale, technology and structure three aspects, conclusion shows that the structure effect and technology effect of liberalization of trade will improve the level of China’s environment, but the scale effect of trade while promoting economic expansion will cause environmental damage
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Selviyanti, Selviyanti, Sukmawati Sukmawati, and Sirajuddin Sirajuddin. "Acceptability of Dangke Cookies with the Substitution of Raja Banana Flour as Supplementary Feeding for Toddlers Aged 24-59 Months." Media Gizi Pangan 26, no. 2 (October 18, 2019): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.32382/mgp.v26i2.393.
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Malnutrition in toddlers is a form of nutritional problems in Indonesia which are influenced by environmental factors such as food intake. Malnutrition in toddlers affects the physical disruption, decreased intelligence and productivity when adults. One way to overcome the problem of malnutrition in toddlers is with Supplementary Feeding. Food products that are attractive, easy to digest, and fulfill the nutrition needs of toddlers. This dangke cookies substitution of Raja Banana Flour is modified from typical local food ingredients from Enrekang, namely Dangke which is rich of animal protein content and substitution of Raja Banana Flour which gives a good influence on the physical properties and taste of cookies. This study aims to know the acceptability of Dangke Cookies with the substitution of Raja Banana flour as supplementary feeding for toddlers aged 24-59 months, with substitution of plantain flour 50%, 30% and 0%. This type of research was Pre-Experiment with post-test group design. The rather trained panelists used were third-grade students and four-year Nutrition Department of Makassar Health Polytechnic. Statistical analysis of the preference test using the Kruskall Wallis test was followed by the Mant Whitney test. The results of this research showed that there were significant effects on aspects of color and texture, and did not give a significant different effect on the taste and aroma aspects. Based on the total test score of the acceptability Dangke Cookies, the most like of panelists were the Dangke coockies substitution of Raja banana flour with concentration 50%, followed by a 30% concentration and finally the 0% concentration.The conclusion from the research results that the best Dangke Cookies with Raja Banana Flour Substitution in terms of color and texture are concentrations of 30% and 50%.
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Krasikov, D. V. "PROVISIONS ON ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN PREFERENTIAL TRADE AGREEMENTS: PROBLEMS OF ECONOMIC EFFECT AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFICIENCY." Pravovedenie IAZH, no. 3 (2021): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/rgpravo/2021.03.06.
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The inclusion of provisions on various aspects of environmental protection into multilateral and bilateral preferential trade agreements has become a traditional practice for most developed and developing countries. The present paper provides an overview of a number of foreign studies on specific problems of economic effect and environmental efficiency of the respective provisions.
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Wysokinska, Zofia Maria. "Foreign Trade in Environmental Products; The WTO Regulations and Environmental Programs." Global Economy Journal 5, no. 3 (September 2005): 1850043. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1076.
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The aim of this paper is to present some aspects related to the Multilateral Trade Regulations and transnational and national environmental programs, from the point of view of their implications for foreign trade in environmental products. It should be noted that the elimination of trade barriers increases the efficiency of the world economic system by enabling countries to specialize in those sectors in which they possess economic advantages, which includes those sectors in which they possess favorable natural environmental conditions. In the latter half of the 1990’s one could observe a rapid and dynamic increase in the environmental protection industry’s share in the world economy. The overall global value of production in the environmental protection industry was estimated at 550 billion USD in the year 2001. In relative terms, this environmental market is not as large as the steel or agriculture markets, but roughly the same size as the pharmaceuticals and information technology markets. The environmental policy in the “old” and also “new” EU countries contributes to the achievement of the main goals of the global sustainable development strategy via the development of cleaner production and by the support for foreign trade in environmental friendly goods. The results of the empirical foreign trade analysis of trade in environmental products which are presented in the paper cover 11 countries of the OECD, including the USA, seven “old” EU member states, and one “new” member state - Poland . It is based on an international comparable database for environmental friendly goods, calculated by the author according to the OECD requirements (OECD-EUROSTAT, WTO, 1999). The analysis enables the author to present some important trends in foreign trade affecting the main exporters and importers of environmental goods in the USA and the EU. The analysis is also related to some regulations issued by the Committee for Trade and Environment of the WTO, with special reference to the conclusions of the Fourth and Fifth Ministerial Conferences in Doha and Cancun. The paper will also examine the effects of environmental measures on market access within the multilateral liberalization process.
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BRAGIN, Leonid Aleksandrovich, Gennady Gennadjevich IVANOV, Albina Nikolaevna MAYOROVA, Elena Aleksandrovna MAYOROVA, and Alexander Fedorovich NIKISHIN. "Environmental Performance of Retail Trade Companies in Russia." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 9, no. 1 (June 24, 2018): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v9.1(25).22.
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An important condition for a sustainable and balanced development of the Russian economy is to increase the environmental performance of commercial companies, including trade ones. The purpose of the study is to assess the environmental performance of retail trade companies operating in the Russian Federation. The index, calculated based on the data included in their annual reports, taking into account thirteen parameters characterizing various environmental aspects of trading activity, is used to assess the environmental performance of retail trade companies. The results obtained have made it possible to draw the following conclusions: first, in recent years, the environmental performance of Russian retail trade companies has shown the upward trend; secondly, the environmental performance of foreign retail trade companies operating in the Russian Federation is higher than the environmental performance of Russian companies. Despite the positive dynamics, the problem of increasing the environmental performance of retail trade companies remains of significant importance both for individual economic entities and for the entire state. A further increase in the environmental performance of retail trade companies will improve their competitiveness and the resulting social and economic performance, and will also contribute to the formation of a balanced, environmentally oriented model for the development of the Russian economy.
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Hoare, A. G. "Geographical Aspects of British Overseas Trade: A Framework and a Review." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 20, no. 10 (October 1988): 1345–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a201345.
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This paper is an overview of geographical studies into the British involvement in international trade. A conceptual framework comprising three elements is presented: internal regional economies, British trading ports, and overseas trading partners. The interactions among these three elements are discussed in order to review the rationale for an academic interest in British geography of overseas trade. The existing literature on the subject is also briefly discussed.
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Varese, Erica, Christian Bux, Vera Amicarelli, and Mariarosaria Lombardi. "Assessing Dry Ports’ Environmental Sustainability." Environments 9, no. 9 (September 7, 2022): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments9090117.
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Sustainable development and environmental issues related to ports and sea trade have highlighted the need to enhance transport and trade systems to include green practices, such as the realisation of dry ports. However, among the current studies investigating dry ports’ implications, only few papers explore their environmental impacts. Moreover, these latter papers approach the argument in a general way, leaving the ecological concerns associated with dry ports under-researched or marginally explored. In light of these premises, with the present review, the authors aim to develop a new conceptual framework on the dry ports’ environmental aspects in order to drive and support future academic research in this field. The methodology used by the authors is a systematic literature review on Scopus and Web of Science. They identified 107 relevant articles, of which 43 were included according to the authors’ propositions. The main results show that (i) there is no coordination between the various studies and systemic debates on dry ports’ environmental aspects; (ii) there are no standardised applicable tools; and (iii) there is no involvement among the various stakeholders. Additionally, a debate is also lacking under the lens of the Sustainable Development Goals of the Agenda 2030.
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Svatoš, M. "Specific aspects of globalization." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 53, No. 2 (January 7, 2008): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1423-agricecon.
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The decisive role of globalization processes and development tendencies has many positive and negative effects in economic (foreign-trade), environmental, and (bio) technological areas. From the evolution point of view still very successful human adaptation strategy hit the basic limit given by the capacity of the Earth biosphere. The evolution determinants of human society and their economic or technological activities manifesting themselves by global problems can find way out of sustainable development. The application of the so-called preventive principle represents a great dilemma.
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Raschke, Anna, J. Sebastian Hernandez-Suarez, A. Pouyan Nejadhashemi, and Kalyanmoy Deb. "Multidimensional Aspects of Sustainable Biofuel Feedstock Production." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 29, 2021): 1424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031424.
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Bioenergy is becoming increasingly relevant as an alternative to fossil fuels. Various bioenergy feedstocks are suggested as environmentally friendly solutions due to their positive impact on stream health and ability to sequester carbon, but most evaluations for bioenergy feedstocks have not evaluated the implications of bioenergy crop production holistically to date. Through the application of multi-objective optimization on 10 bioenergy feedstock rotations in a Michigan watershed, a Pareto front is searched to identify optimal trade-off solutions for three objective functions representing stream health, environmental emissions/carbon footprint, and economic feasibility. Various multi-criteria decision-making techniques are then applied to the resulting Pareto front to select a set of most-preferred trade-off solutions, which are compared to optimal solutions from each individual objective function. The most-preferred trade-off solutions indicate that a diverse mix of rotations are necessary to optimize all three objectives, whereas the individually optimal solutions do not consider a diverse range of feedstocks, thereby making the proposed multi-objective treatment an important and pragmatic strategy.
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Ocimati, Walter, Jeroen C. J. Groot, Guy Blomme, Carl J. Timler, Roseline Remans, Godfrey Taulya, Jules Ntamwira, and Pablo Tittonell. "A Multi-Objective Model Exploration of Banana-Canopy Management and Nutrient Input Scenarios for Optimal Banana-Legume Intercrop Performance." Agronomy 11, no. 2 (February 10, 2021): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020311.
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Bananas on smallholder farmers in the African Great Lakes region are often pruned to illuminate shorter understory intercrops, reducing overall farm profitability. The impact of this practice on environmental and nutritional indicators are not known. This study determined the effect of this practice on operating profit, protein yield, soil organic matter (SOM) balance, and nitrogen input; and the management options for optimal performance of the intercrops. Alternative scenarios for improving soil nutrient balances of the system were also explored. Data from an experiment intercropping bush beans with banana at three leaf pruning levels (i.e., retaining all, seven, and four leaves) was used as the input for the multi-objective optimization FarmDESIGN model. Retention of four functional leaves mimicked a worst-case scenario observed on farms. Banana and bush bean monocrops served as controls. The model maximized operating profit, protein yield, and SOM, and minimized nitrogen input. Nutrient input scenarios in which (i) farmyard manure was only applied at planting (business as usual (‘BaU’)); and ‘BaU’, was combined with (ii) hedges, (iii) inorganic fertilizers, (iv) hedges and goat manure, (v) hedges and inorganic fertilizers, (vi) inorganic fertilizers and goat manure, and (vii) hedges, inorganic fertilizers, and goat manure, were also explored. Severe banana leaf pruning reduced profitability, SOM, and protein yield, although it’s less nutrient demanding. In contrast, the “un-pruned banana-bush bean intercrop” and “sole banana crop” had a higher profitability, SOM balance, and protein yield, whereas they demand more soil nutrients. No profound improvements in operating profit, SOM balance, and protein yield occurred for ‘BaU’, while hedges resulted in mild improvements. Profound improvements in all objectives occurred with the addition of the inorganic fertilizers, while goat manure resulted in a high SOM balance and N input. For ‘BaU’ and hedges, “severely pruned banana-bush bean intercrop” dominated the optimal solution set for improving farm performance. In contrast, when the inorganic fertilizers and/or goat manure was introduced, “un-pruned banana-bush bean intercrop” and/or “sole un-pruned banana crop” were the optimal solutions. The study confirms severe leaf pruning to negatively impact profitability, while the more profitable un-pruned crop options are unsustainable without external input of nutrients. Thus, investments in external inputs are crucial for a sustainable banana-intercrop system. The FarmDESIGN model made the trade-offs and synergies in this complex intercrop system explicit, thus was also helpful for field-level decision making.
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Haddad, E. A., J. Bonet, G. J. D. Hewings, and F. S. Perobelli. "Spatial aspects of trade liberalization in Colombia: A general equilibrium approach." Papers in Regional Science 88, no. 4 (November 2009): 699–732. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5957.2009.00268.x.
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Vaerenbergh, Pieter Van. "The EU’s Commitment to Social and Environmental Standards in its Modernised Trade Defence Instruments." Zeitschrift für europarechtliche Studien 25, no. 4 (2022): 843–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/1435-439x-2022-4-843.
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Since the modernisation of the Basic Regulations in 2017 and 2018, the EU explicitly exerts social and environmental goals through the application of its trade defence instruments. Whereas the Commission portrayed the new rules as a guarantee that high European standards would not disadvantage the European industry in application of trade defence instruments, commentators were quick to question the EU’s true intentions behind the inclusion of social and environmental considerations. This article reviews three major aspects of social and environmental considerations in trade defence practice: the significant distortions methodology, the new calculation of the injury margin and the application of the Union interest test. This article commends the EU’s effort to reconcile the two seemingly opposing goals of trade defence and social and environmental protection, and identifies areas of improvement as well as possibilities to options to further “green” the trade defence instruments.
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He, Mingjun. ""One belt – one road": historical aspects development and regulation of trade." International Trade and Trade Policy 7, no. 3 (October 14, 2021): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2021-3-79-89.
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The article is devoted to a topic that has been significantly updated in the last 5 years – the study of the ancient Great Silk Road as the historical predecessor of the Chinese initiative "One Belt – One Road". This initiative has involved dozens of countries on all continents of the Earth in its sphere. Many of them continue to wonder about the effectiveness of this project for China, other countries, the world economy and trade in general. The purpose of the article is to study the deep historical roots and significance for the socio-economic evolution in the past – with an emphasis on foreign trade aspects-and their role in general economic and humanitarian processes. The historical objectivity and validity of both the ancient Silk Road and the modern "One Belt, One Road" initiative are shown. The author comes to the conclusion that the ancient Great Silk Road played an extremely important role in the socio-economic development of China and other countries along the way, and at the same time provided the opportunity for intercivilizational communication, which together is extremely important in the conditions of the modern unstable world. The following research methods were used in the article: historical and economic analysis, induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis.
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He, Mingjun. ""One belt – one road": historical aspects development and regulation of trade." International Trade and Trade Policy 7, no. 3 (October 14, 2021): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2021-3-79-89.
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The article is devoted to a topic that has been significantly updated in the last 5 years – the study of the ancient Great Silk Road as the historical predecessor of the Chinese initiative "One Belt – One Road". This initiative has involved dozens of countries on all continents of the Earth in its sphere. Many of them continue to wonder about the effectiveness of this project for China, other countries, the world economy and trade in general. The purpose of the article is to study the deep historical roots and significance for the socio-economic evolution in the past – with an emphasis on foreign trade aspects-and their role in general economic and humanitarian processes. The historical objectivity and validity of both the ancient Silk Road and the modern "One Belt, One Road" initiative are shown. The author comes to the conclusion that the ancient Great Silk Road played an extremely important role in the socio-economic development of China and other countries along the way, and at the same time provided the opportunity for intercivilizational communication, which together is extremely important in the conditions of the modern unstable world. The following research methods were used in the article: historical and economic analysis, induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis.
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Figge, Frank, and Tobias Hahn. "Is green and profitable sustainable? Assessing the trade-off between economic and environmental aspects." International Journal of Production Economics 140, no. 1 (November 2012): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2012.02.001.
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Kuznetsova, O. V. "Trade-offs of spatial development priorities choice." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 146–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2019-1-146-157.
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The article deals with some aspects of the Spatial Development Strategy 2018: the role and place of the Strategy among other strategic documents, the challenges addressed by the Strategy, the accomplished transition to the work with “space” instead of “administrative regions”, and the still debatable questions related to the problems of regional development and the role of agglomerations in it.
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O'Connor, K. "The Location of Services Involved with International Trade." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 19, no. 5 (May 1987): 687–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a190687.
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Services that link buyer and seller across nations and continents have long been a part of city and port development, but have not attracted much research interest, perhaps because they remain (like their statistical record) ‘invisible’. Technical and structural change in the organisation of shipping, reflected largely in containerisation, have changed the context for these services and they have responded in a variety of ways. Data in this paper trace the location of a selection of these services in the USA and Australia, indicating a separation between services and negotiations on aspects of trade services, and new patterns of physical activity in trade. It is suggested that this separation may be facilitated by the standardisation that has come with containerisation, the importance of intercorporate linkages, the role of official markets, and the application of modern communication technology. These aspects account for the clustering of services in large cities and their separation from day-to-day trade business, and could provide insights for producer-service location in general. The paper indicates the need for survey work to test these ideas.
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Carpenter, David O. "The Need for Global Environmental Health Policy." NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 13, no. 1 (May 2003): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/gpn8-df42-dt0m-9bv4.
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The world economy has been growing by an average of 3.5% a year. Continued global development is sustainable if overall social assets remain constant or rise over time, including manufactured, human, and environmental capital. Sustainable development requires that society not decrease its overall assets. But unregulated global trade may result in long-term loss of environmental capital. Multilateral governance is needed. Classical business models tend to view environmental damage as an externality—an impact on a third party's welfare that is neither compensated nor appropriated. The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development clearly states that economic development must err on the side of environmental integrity. Whereas UN Environmental Program policy requires precaution in the face of scientific uncertainty, World Trade Organization policy requires scientific certainty before precaution can be used. The conflict is obvious. In fact, there is gross lack of policy coordination across institutions. This article looks at some environmental strains and concludes that trade policy must address all aspects of human welfare, not merely the economic.
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Rosa, Rafaela Henriques, Melina Ribeiro Fernandes, Elaine Silva de Pádua Melo, Daniela Granja Arakaki, Nayara Vieira de Lima, Luana Carolina Santos Leite, Paulo Renato Espindola, et al. "Determination of Macro- and Microelements in the Inflorescences of Banana Tree Using ICP OES: Evaluation of the Daily Recommendations of Intake for Humans." Scientific World Journal 2020 (November 16, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8383612.
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The inflorescence of Musa paradisiaca, known as “banana heart” is a structure that includes flowers and bracts of banana, commonly used as food source worldwide. The aims of this study were (1) to determine the mineral components of Musa paradisiaca and (2) to compare the obtained results with previously reported data of Recommendation Dietary Allowances (RDAs) and edible plant permissible limits set by FAO/WHO. The samples were digested using microwave-assisted equipment, while elemental contents were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP OES). Metal (Mg, Ca, Cr, Ni, Cu, Fe, and Zn) and nonmetal (S and P) contents were detected. According to RDA, the inflorescences could be excellent sources of Mg, P, Cr, Cu, Zn, and Fe for females, males, and pregnant women, all age 31–50 y, as well as children (4–8 y). Bracts are good source of Zn for male and pregnant women and good source of Fe for children. All the samples contained considerable amounts of Mg, Ca, P, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Fe, which were quite low to induce deleterious effects (UL). FAO/WHO limits for edible plants have not yet been established for S, P, Mg, and Ca, but Ni and Zn are below of those limit values. However, Cr and Cu concentrations are higher than the values established for edible plants and may pose a threat to human health. Farmers should be encouraged by government agencies, not only for sustainability of production but also to ensure the storage and trade of banana tree inflorescence.
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Febrina, Monica Yesica, and Sardjana Orba Manullang. "Trade Secret Protection as Part of Intellectual Property System: a Comparative Study of Indonesian and United States of America Trade Secret Law." Jurnal Mahkamah : Kajian Ilmu Hukum Dan Hukum Islam 5, no. 2 (December 28, 2020): 193–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.25217/jm.v5i2.1189.
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Legal protection of intellectual property is an important element in supporting creativity and trade. Indonesia has ratified the Agreement and Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights and has enacted Law number 30 of 2000 concerning Trade Secret. Legal protection of trade secrets aims to protect business actors in trade practices both regionally and internationally. In addition, protection of trade secrets can prevent unfair business competition. Thus, business people have wider opportunities to develop their creativity and business. This research method is a normative research with comparative research type. This study examines the comparison of intellectual property protection laws specifically regarding trade secrets with laws in United States. The purpose of this comparative normative study to examine the extent to which the Trade Secret Act can be effective in its application as can be applied in the Supreme Court Decision.
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Corbin, LaRue, Lisa Kirby, Bill Stith, and Debra Weldon. "The Environment, Free Trade, and Hazardous Waste: A Study of the U.S.-Mexico Border Environmental Problems in the Light of Free Trade." Texas Wesleyan Law Review 1, no. 1 (March 1994): 183–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/twlr.v1.i1.6.
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This paper will examine the environmental issues that currently affect this relationship, as well as the potential effect of free trade. Section I examines the current problems in the border area, including the maquiladora industry and its impact on these concerns. Section II addresses the environmental regulatory schemes of the United States and Mexico and what current laws might contribute possible solutions to the environmental problems presented by NAFTA. Then, Section III discusses existing international environmental accords, such as the Integrated Border Environmental Plan. Section IV describes and critiques the environmental aspects of NAFTA. Finally, Section V addresses ways to minimize and resolve environmental disputes in order to expedite cleanup.
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Bart, Thomas N. "Parallel Trade of Pharmaceuticals: A Review of Legal, Economic, and Political Aspects." Value in Health 11, no. 5 (September 2008): 996–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4733.2008.00339.x.
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Correa, Carlos M. "Flexibilities provided by the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 96, no. 3 (March 1, 2018): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/blt.17.206896.
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Puspitawati, Puspitawati, Riswanto Riswanto, and Nyoto Suseno. "Variation of Mixed Banana peel Substrate and Cow Dung in Biogas Pressure as a Learning Source for Renewable Energy Sources." Indonesian Review of Physics 2, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/irip.v2i1.855.
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The supply of world energy resources is increasingly depleted. The abundance of cow manure and banana peel can cause environmental pollution. It can be used as raw material for biogas because both materials have a high methane gas ratio. This research is an experiment with six variations in the amount of mixture in each experiment. Results of the research on gas pressure and the best biogas production results using 1-litre banana peel substrate and 4-litre cow dung. Data shows that the gas pressure is faster and is greater when the pH of the mixture is acidic 6.2, the mixture is thick green and has a strong odour. Gas pressure on day 20 is obtained by 106421 Pascal. The average value of the results of the validation of the learning resources of the three aspects of an assessment is 82.3%; it shows that the poster can be used as a learning resource.
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Loos, Gregory P. "Trade Policy and Public Goods." NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 13, no. 1 (May 2003): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/2qum-5nv3-8du1-fr0q.
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The World Trade Organization (WTO) was formed in 1994 as the first multilateral trade organization with enforcement authority over national governments. A country's domestic standards cannot be more restrictive than international standards for trade. WTO seeks to “harmonize” individual domestic policies into uniform global standards and encompasses trade-related aspects of health, public safety, and environmental protection. These issues are transnational and pose enormous challenges to traditional governance structures. Most governments are not equipped to manage problems that transcend their borders. Moreover, international governance in social issues—with the possible exception of public health—is still in its infancy. Many groups are concerned that local public interests will be subjugated to global corporate interests. The article looks at the social ramifications of world trade policy and concludes that world trade must be balanced with sustainable environments and human health.
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DRAZHNYTSIA, Serhii, and Oleh DRAZHNYTSIA. "COMMODITY ASPECTS OF THE INSURANCE STOCK OF GOODS IN THE STORE: FEATURES OF CALCULATION AND FORMATION." HERALD OF KHMELNYTSKYI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY 300, no. 6 Part 2 (December 2021): 96–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2021-300-6/2-15.
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The main prerequisite for the stability and continuity of trade is the formation of optimal inventories of trade entities and their effective management. It depends on how much the range of goods of the store will meet the demands of consumers, and hence the social and economic efficiency of the store. However, excessive, irrational accumulation of inventories by the business entity leads to “freezing” of working capital and reduce their turnover, which in turn reduces the efficiency of their use and profitability of the store as a whole. In addition, inventories and their volume in the trading company are influenced by a number of factors, including the characteristics of the commodity characteristics of the goods themselves. Thus, given the peculiarities of economic activity of trade entities at the present stage of national and world economy, including those caused by the global pandemic Kovid-19 and the post-quarantine period, it is extremely important to ensure the smooth functioning of trade entities through the formation and effective management insurance stock. Thus, the competent formation and management of insurance stocks of goods in the store, including taking into account the commodity characteristics of the goods themselves, provides retailers with stable and uninterrupted trade. and unavoidable costs that do not always pay off. Therefore, we offer the following steps to save on the insurance reserve: increase or decrease the planning horizon or supply frequency, increase supplier discipline, aggregate data on several product items, increase the number of available statistics over time through sales statistics, aggregate sales history by several warehouses. These methods will help reduce the amount of excess inventory in the warehouse, without compromising the quality of service, sales and peace of mind of the entrepreneur.
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Gusev, A., and M. Yurevich. "Trade and industrial aspects of regional integrationin Russia: Solidity Evaluations and Possibilitiesfor Strengthening." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 10 (October 20, 2014): 56–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2014-10-56-72.
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The paper focuses on regional economic integration provided by interregional railway freight. The analysis reveals two realized models of spatial integration: “all-with-all” and “hauberk”. A set of indicators for regional integration evaluation is proposed and verified with statistical data. The ranking of regions by their integration performance is presented. It discovers a macro-region of higher integration impact that consists of 5 neighboring regions of the Ural and Volga federal districts. Special government support is suggested for macro-regions of this kind.
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Mikhnevich, S. "Multifunctionality of Agriculture and Its Influence on the Process of International Trade Liberalization." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 1 (January 20, 2003): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2003-1-117-127.
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The essence of the modern concept of multifunctionality of agriculture is analysed in the article. Three multifunctional aspects of agricultural sector, the influence of the concept of multifunctionality on the process of trade policy negotiations in the framework of the WTO, the impact of the said concept on the process of liberalization of the international trade of agricultural produce are considered.
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POPOVIC, TANJA, ØRJAN OLSVIK, PAUL A. BLAKE, and KAYE WACHSMUTH. "Cholera in the Americas: Foodborne Aspects." Journal of Food Protection 56, no. 9 (September 1, 1993): 811–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-56.9.811.
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Over 100 serotypes of Vibrio cholerae exist, but generally the toxigenic strains of the serogroup O1 cause cholera and possess documented epidemic potential. The main symptom of cholera is a profuse diarrhea resulting in dehydration, that if untreated, leads to death. Seven pandemics of this contagious disease have been recorded during the last 200 years. A sick person secrets in his stool billions of organisms daily, and water and food contaminated with such a stool are the primary sources of infection during the epidemics. With the increase of the international food trade, food is often shipped from countries with endemic or epidemic cholera. With one exception, no documented cases of cholera have been reported, as a result of the internationally regulated food trade. However, during the present Latin American epidemic, inadequately cooked seafood has been implicated as a source of cholera. As a result of the epidemic, over 100 cases of cholera have occurred in the United States related to seafood consumed during a visit to Latin America or after its noncommercial transport into the country. Furthermore, V. cholerae persists as a free-living organism in environmental reservoirs in Australia and the U.S. Gulf Coast; there have been 65 domestically acquired cases of cholera in the United States since 1973. Molecular typing methods have enabled us to identify and characterize endemic and epidemic strains, and to document transmission of cholera when food was implicated epidemiologically as a vehicle of transmission.
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Kulshreshtha, Suren. "Integrated Economic and Environmental Assessment of Nitrogenous Fertilizer Application in Canadian Prairies." Journal of Agriculture and Environment 11 (September 16, 2010): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v11i0.3654.
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Adoption of mitigation measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions may affect other members of the society, producing a situation of trade-offs. In this study, such a trade-off is has been analyzed using three aspects of the Canadian society: producers (farm level adopter), environment (through reduction in the GHG emissions),; and regional economy (including rest of the society through lost / gained economic activities). The nutrient management strategy involving the switching nitrogen fertilizer application from a combination of fall and spring application to a 100 percent spring application. Results suggest that the adoption of such a measure creates a 'win-win' situation, being both environmentally and economically desirable. Under the scenario, fertilizer expenditures decreased by $43 million (giving rise to an equivalent increase in farm income), GHG emissions (in CO2E) by 2.15 percent of the 2000 level of emissions, Canadian economy as a whole showed improvements, although on a regional basis the results were mixed.Key words: Canadian prairie agriculture; Greenhouse gases; Mitigation; Nitrogen fertilizer Use; Trade-off analysisThe Journal of AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT Vol. 11, 2010Page: 70-82Uploaded date: 15 Septembre, 2010
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Wu, Zhenjun. "Problems and Countermeasures of International Trade Financing of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in China." Proceedings of Business and Economic Studies 4, no. 4 (August 27, 2021): 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/pbes.v4i4.2408.
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Small and medium-sized enterprises are the foundation of China’s national economy, and they are important forces to promote economic and social development. They play an irreplaceable role in promoting scientific and technological progress, increasing social employment, expanding foreign trade, and other aspects in which they have become an important part of China’s socialist market economy. Based on the research background of international trade financing, this paper analyzes the problems existing in the international trade financing of small and medium-sized enterprises in China to put forward countermeasures and suggestions, hoping to help these small and medium-sized enterprises solve the financing problem so as to achieve a healthy development in the international trade market environment.
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Gruni, Giovanni. "Towards a Sustainable World Trade Law? The Commercial Policy of the European Union After Opinion 2/15 CJEU." Global Trade and Customs Journal 13, Issue 1 (January 1, 2018): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2018002.
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Opinion 2/15 provides an undisputable exclusive competence to the EU for the inclusion of labour and environmental standards in EU Free Trade Agreements (FTAs). However, most of the possible policies to include sustainable development in world trade law would affect trade clauses of FTAs and World Trade Organization law for which the exclusive competence of the EU was not in doubt (e.g. free movement of goods and services, intellectual property). Accordingly, a holistic approach of the EU considering sustainability issues when negotiating any aspects of international trade treaties is required if sustainable development is to play a role in the future of world trade law. The article highlights potential consequences of Opinion 2/15 for the trade policy of the European Union in three areas: sustainable development clauses, trade negotiations and the participation of the EU in the WTO.
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Yastrebov, Oleg A., and Arina A. Tinkova. "Legal services global market: current state and development prospects." RUDN Journal of Economics 29, no. 3 (December 15, 2021): 510–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2021-29-3-510-523.
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The article answers the question: what are the distinctive features of the global legal services market in the context of globalization, as well as what place and role it occupies in international trade and trade policy? The study is divided into 3 parts. The first part structures the main theoretical aspects concerning the legal services world market: the concept and classification of legal services, forms and methods of international trade in legal services. The second part analyzes the market indicators of the global legal services market, characterizes the main problems and trends in its development. The place and role of Russia in the global legal services market are revealed. The third part deals with the foreign trade policy issues, mechanisms for protecting the internal market. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the Services Trade Restrictiveness Index for legal services. The mechanism of countries foreign trade policies influence on the British legal services sector is illustrated in the context of Brexit.
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Yastrebov, Oleg A., and Arina A. Tinkova. "Legal services global market: current state and development prospects." RUDN Journal of Economics 29, no. 3 (December 15, 2021): 510–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2021-29-3-510-523.
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The article answers the question: what are the distinctive features of the global legal services market in the context of globalization, as well as what place and role it occupies in international trade and trade policy? The study is divided into 3 parts. The first part structures the main theoretical aspects concerning the legal services world market: the concept and classification of legal services, forms and methods of international trade in legal services. The second part analyzes the market indicators of the global legal services market, characterizes the main problems and trends in its development. The place and role of Russia in the global legal services market are revealed. The third part deals with the foreign trade policy issues, mechanisms for protecting the internal market. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the Services Trade Restrictiveness Index for legal services. The mechanism of countries foreign trade policies influence on the British legal services sector is illustrated in the context of Brexit.
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Lavranos, Nikolaos, and Nicolas Vielliard. "Competing Jurisdictions Between MERCOSUR and WTO." Law & Practice of International Courts and Tribunals 7, no. 2 (2008): 205–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180308x373103.
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AbstractThe wider issues raised by the Brazilian Tyres case are discussed in this contribution. Regarding the institutional aspects, this case examines the difficulties between regional dispute settlement systems and the global WTO dispute settlement system. In particular, the WTO Appellate Body showed no deference towards the prior report of the MERCOSUR Arbitral Tribunal. Indeed, the WTO Appellate Body is espousing a supremacy of WTO law – not only vis-à-vis regional dispute settlement bodies, but also regarding WTO panels. It is argued that this attitude is not sustainable in the light of the increasing proliferation of international courts and tribunals, which inevitably results into disputes being adjudicated by different courts and tribunals at different levels. Regarding the substantive aspects, this case is a prime example of the difficulties of balancing non-trade interests and trade interests. At the end, trade interests superseded the nontrade interests. It is argued that the way Article XX GATT has been interpreted and applied by the WTO Appellate Body leaves states insufficient room to address urgent environmental and health problems by restricting trade. It is argued that in this case Brazil's non-trade interests should have been given preference over the trade interests of the EC and Uruguay.
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Khan, Abdul Salam, Catalin Iulian Pruncu, Razaullah Khan, Khawar Naeem, Abdul Ghaffar, Pakeeza Ashraf, and Shah Room. "A Trade-off Analysis of Economic and Environmental Aspects of a Disruption Based Closed-Loop Supply Chain Network." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (August 29, 2020): 7056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12177056.
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Closed-loop supply chain networks are gaining research popularity due to environmental, economic and social concerns. Such networks are primarily designed to overcome carbon footprints and to retrieve end of life products from customers. This study considers a multi echelon closed-loop supply chain in the presence of machine disruption. A multi-objective model is presented to optimize the total cost, the total time and emissions in a closed-loop supply chain network. The aim is to analyze the trade-off between the objectives of cost, time, and emissions and how these decisions are impacted by the selection of different available machines. A number of solution approaches are tested on a case study from the tire industry. The results suggest the improved performance of the hybrid heuristic and the importance of controlling disruption in a closed-loop supply chain network. Furthermore, there is a trade-off between the different objective functions which can help the decision maker to choose a particular solution according to the preference of an organization. Finally, conclusion and future research avenues are provided.
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Liu, Yun, Rouling Liao, and Ting Wang. "A Study on Guangdong Province Foreign Trade Business Environment Evaluation and Optimization Research." Proceedings of Business and Economic Studies 5, no. 4 (August 18, 2022): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/pbes.v5i4.4156.
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By constructing a comprehensive evaluation system for Guangdong’s foreign trade business environment based on the annual data from 2015 to 2019, factor analysis and entropy weight method are adopted to analyze Guangdong’s foreign trade business environment in recent years. This study discusses the aspects that the government should focus on in order to improve the foreign trade business environment more effectively. The results of the study are as follows: first, the overall differences in the foreign trade business environment of the Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration are small, and the cities play an important role in improving the foreign trade business environment; second, the foreign trade business environment is not fully constrained by economic development, so the foreign trade business environment can be more advanced than the city’s economic level and serve as the impetus for economic growth; third, there has been an improvement in how the attractiveness of foreign capital influences the foreign trade business environment. The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) agreement should be implemented in local cities, in order to construct an institutional framework of fair competition, enhance the transparency of investment barriers, and strengthen the protection of foreign investors’ rights.
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Oláh, Judit, Nicodemus Kitukutha, Hossam Haddad, Miklós Pakurár, Domicián Máté, and József Popp. "Achieving Sustainable E-Commerce in Environmental, Social and Economic Dimensions by Taking Possible Trade-Offs." Sustainability 11, no. 1 (December 24, 2018): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010089.
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The Internet revolution has led to the advancement of online business all over the world. The environmental, social, and economic aspects are significant to the e-commerce sector, on both the retailer and consumer sides. It cannot be over-emphasized how important the sustainability of e-commerce in all three dimensions is. E-commerce will allow consumers to shop online easily, at any hour of the day, using secure payment systems; furthermore, trust in retailers’ websites is of paramount importance to consumers. This calls our attention to the gap in previous studies, and consequently, the purpose of this study is to fill the gap, to ensure sustainable e-commerce in three dimensions; environmental, social, and economic. The question and aim under investigation are: How to integrate three dimensions into e-commerce to ensure that sustainability is achieved now and for future generations, while thriving as an industry? Collaboration is required, and all stakeholders in the virtual market must take appropriate responsibility. The methodology adopted is a review of previous studies done on each individual dimension of sustainability, since no joint studies have been carried out and integrated into the same literature framework. Furthermore, a case study involving companies in Kenya and Jordan is used in order to collect empirical data. The findings of the study show that: First, integration is essential for the sustainability of e-commerce in its three dimensions; second, trade-offs must be taken in the various dimensions in order for companies to realize sustainable e-commerce. This will go in hand with the realization of the maximum benefits of integrating the three dimensions in e-commerce to make it more sustainable. In conclusion, by applying these aspects of sustainability in e-commerce, it is clear that everyone wins. This is achieved by improving and safeguarding the quality of life by protecting the environment, preserving natural resources, and maintaining and sustaining the economy. The implications of the study are that, in order to make e-commerce more sustainable, to make decisions and take action, social/environmental/economic aspects must be considered as a fundamental element, and must be treated as a group and not separately as in previous studies. In this way, we can realize greater benefits, not only in online business sustainability, but also in policy-making and environmental protection, while companies will create economic value as well as avoiding labor unrest.
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Chisholm, M. "Accessibility and Regional Development in Britain: Some Questions Arising from Data on Freight Flows." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 17, no. 7 (July 1985): 963–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a170963.
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Economic potential measures generalised accessibility but the use of this model depends on the extent to which the different regions within the defined area do in fact trade with all areas in the system. From inland freight data for 1982 and 1983, and oversea trade figures for 1978, some aspects of the actual behaviour of regional trade flows are explored in this paper. At the standard region level, the “peripheral” regions are relatively self-sufficient and also engage in oversea trade to a comparatively large extent. However, whereas the “peripheral” regions draw a large proportion of their imports from deep-sea locations, their exports are biassed toward the near Continent. From the evidence it can be seen that the economic potential model is substantially inadequate, in that the firms in the regions do in fact adapt in some measure to regional circumstances.
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Eiser, David, Nicola McEwen, and Graeme Roy. "The Trade Policies of Brexit Britain: the Influence of and Impacts on the Devolved Nations." European Review of International Studies 8, no. 1 (April 7, 2021): 22–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/21967415-bja10034.
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Abstract This paper examines the extent to which the UK’s three devolved governments have sought and achieved influence on the UK Government’s evolving post-Brexit international trade policy, distinguishing their influence at key stages of the trade policy cycle (mandate, negotiations and implementation). Despite carrying the legal responsibility to implement those aspects of trade deals that fall within areas of devolved competence, the devolved governments’ attempts to secure meaningful influence on the UK’s trade agreements have largely been frustrated. This reflects a lack of trust between the devolved and UK governments, weaknesses in the framework for and operation of intergovernmental relations, and a strong desire of the UK government to retain control centrally wherever possible. The resulting tensions have exacerbated devolved governments’ concerns over the authority of the devolved institutions post-Brexit.
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Lazarev, Vladimir A., Andrey I. Fisenko, and Petr V. Kurenkov. "ASPECTS OF PROVIDING ECOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY OF THE NORTHERN SEA ROUTE CONTAINER TRANSPORT SYSTEM." Vestnik Gosudarstvennogo universiteta morskogo i rechnogo flota imeni admirala S. O. Makarova 14, no. 3 (September 2, 2022): 374–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21821/2309-5180-2022-14-3-374-384.
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One of the important tasks of environment conservation, such as reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by commercial fleet, which is under special consideration of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and becoming a basis of world trade policy, is considered in the paper. The analysis of the container transportation system in world trade demonstrates its growing role. The dynamics and trends of the modern container fleet for the period of 2015-2020 confirm the thesis of the growing importance of the container system in world trade. The volumes of greenhouse gas emissions and contributions by the tanker, bulk carrier and container segments of the world merchant fleet are considered, the conclusion about the low environmental efficiency of the container fleet toward the volume of cargo flow is presented. Options and consequences of including the Northern Sea Route in the global logistics network to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are proposed. Based on early studies, the comparative calculations linking variation of ship speed with reduction of carbon dioxide emissions for four types of container ships on the routes including the Northern Sea Route and through the Suez Canal are given. Estimates for the mentioned reduction due to shortening the route between Europe and Asia are proposed. The practical applicability of the calculated estimates and their impact on the overall environmental friendliness of transport corridors in the case of more active use of the Northern Sea Route as a transit route for the goods flow from the Asia- Pacific region is discussed.