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1
Lesley, Michael Patrick. "The fluxes and fates of arsenic, selenium, and antimony from coal fired power plants to rivers." Thesis, Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004:, 2003. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-04082004-180307/unrestricted/lesley%5fmichael%5fp%5f200312%5fms.pdf.
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May, John R. (John Robert) 1978. "Sustainability of electricity generation using Australian fossil fuels." Monash University, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 2003. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/9537.
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Yeung, Hon-chung, and 楊漢忠. "Clean technology advancement in the power industry." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253908.
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Davidson, Gregg Randall 1963. "The applicability of boron isotopes in determining fate and transport of leachate from electric utility solid waste." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276980.
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The boron isotopic ratios of three contaminated ground water samples and of leachate from four fly ash samples are shown to be significantly different than the isotopic ratio of naturally occurring boron in a selected ground water. Analysis is performed using thermal ionization mass spectrometry with a precision of less than 1 per mil. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry is shown to be ineffective for this application. Boron is isolated from solution and concentrated using Amberlite IRA-743 resin with no isotopic fractionation observed. Boron desorption from fly ash is shown to be rapid. Boron isotopic analysis is shown to be a superior method to boron concentration analysis for identifying leachate in a ground water, (1) at the outer limits of a leachate plume, and, (2) when the difference between the boron concentration of the leachate and background water is small. The degree of contamination can be determined if both end members are known.
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Liu, Xinghua, and 刘兴华. "Power system operation integrating clean energy and environmental considerations." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43085866.
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Greenwood, M. F. D. "The fish populations of the Lower Forth Estuary, including the environmental impact of cooling water extraction." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/22856.
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The present study investigated the fish populations of the lower Forth Estuary, east Scotland. Cooling water extraction by the 2400 MW Longannet Power Station (LPS) inevitably removes a certain quantity of fish from the estuary, all of which experience mortality. The present study employed a sampling regime of greater intensity than previous studies to investigate the extent of mortalities from January 1999 - December 2000. Collections of fish impinged on intake screens were made eight times monthly, at LW or HW of spring or neap tides during the day or by night. Marine species dominated the assemblage of fish collected, with sprat, herring, and whiting contributing > 80% of total abundance. Sprat was twice as abundant as herring in 1999, while the proportions were very similar in 2000. Total abundance of all species collected in 1999 was estimated at 1. 09 x 107, while the value of 3.29 x 107 in 2000 was three times larger. These figures were the largest recorded among British estuarine and marine power stations, but were precisely the correct order based on an exponential relationship between total impingement and water abstraction rate established from data from other locations. Validation of the estimated total biomass of fish removed was given by comparison with the known total mass of all materials disposed to landfill. Statistical analysis of impingement data showed that tidal range and season were the most important environmental variables influencing the rate of removal of fish from the estuary. That light was not significant for most species is attributed to high levels of turbidity and the resulting low visibility by day and night. Demersal and benthic fish abundances collected from 1982 - 2000 in 30 annual trawls at three sites in the mid-lower Forth Estuary were analysed. Species tended to be present in greatest abundance at the most seaward of the sites. Patterns of seasonal abundance reflected those observed in the impingement study at LPS, and catches tended to be greatest at L W. Total species richness showed no significant trend over time, whilst total annual abundance of fish captured in trawls showed a significant negative trend. This was largely due to significant declines in the two most abundant species, namely whiting and eel pout, attributable in the latter case to increasing temperatures. Changes in the ichthyofaunal composition were largely driven by whiting, eel pout, cod and plaice. Eight of ten common species showed no significant trend in abundance over the length of the time series, suggesting them to perhaps be at equilibrium densities. Quantities of commercially fished species above minimum landing size limits that were removed by LPS were very low, and restricted to herring and occasional whiting. The quantity of juveniles that could have recruited into the fished populations was expressed as equivalent adults. The values were larger than any previously reported in the UK, primarily due to the quantities of juvenile fish impinged being greater than at any other British power station, and the importance of the Forth as a nursery area for marine species. It was concluded that LPS is the dominant UK power station in terms of magnitude of impingement losses. It may be prudent to consider a precautionary approach to mitigate losses, and to this end options for reduction of the magnitude of impingement are discussed.
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Jones, Sophia Christina Acle. "Micro-cogeneration optimal design for service hot water thermal loads." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16016.
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Lawson, Allan Brett. "Environmental impact assessment in the routing of high voltage overhead transmission lines : theory and practice in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16103.
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Includes bibliographies.This study resulted from a perception held by the author that more attention is afforded to complying with the procedural elements of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in South Africa, than to ensuring the validity of its technical content. The routing of high voltage overhead transmission lines provides a relevant field of study in which to address this perception. An initial literature review to contextualise the perceived problem showed that the questionable validity of the technical content of EIA was one of six shortcomings identified. To address the problem, an inductive approach was adopted to focus on the interpretation and prediction activities of EIA and two propositions, stated as research questions for discussion, were developed. These referred to the theoretical question of whether methods are specified for high voltage overhead transmission line EIAs, and to the practical question of whether the environmental impacts that are known to result from transmission line projects are effectively addressed in such EIAs in South Africa. Investigating these questions provides insights into whether the technical content of transmission line EIA is sufficiently rigorous in South Africa. The method of study takes the form of a sequentially more focused examination of the literature on EIA, from the strategic level, to the sectoral level and culminating at the project level. EIA methods specified for linear developments were identified at the sectoral level, while at the project level the known environmental impacts that result from high voltage overhead transmission lines were determined. A theoretical background was compiled in this way, which allowed for comparison with the practice as determined from benchmark and case study Environmental Impact Reports (EIRs).
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Vosloo, Wallace L. (Wallace Lockwood). "A comparison of the performance of high-voltage insulator materials in a severely polluted coastal environment." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52625.
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Thesis (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The main aim of this research programme was to compare the relative performance of different insulator materials used in South Africa when subjected to a severe marine pollution environment. A test programme and procedure, test facility and instrumentation were established. Some novel instrumentation and monitoring equipment were developed and built specifically for this research programme, supported by data analysing software programs. In order to compare material performance only, all non-material design variables between the test insulators had to be removed (e.g. creepage distance, connecting length, inter-shed spacing, profile, etc.). To achieve this some of the test insulators had to be specially manufactured. Leakage current, electrical discharge activity, climatic and environmental data was collected successfully over a one-year test period, starting with new test insulators. The peak and energy values of the leakage current were identified as the two main parameters needed to describe the leakage current activity on the test insulators. A correlation was found between the climatic and environmental data and the leakage current data, and it was found that the leakage current can be determined successfully from some of the climatic and environmental parameters monitored by using multiple regression techniques. Surface conductivity and energy were found to be the best parameters to show the maximum and continuous interaction of the insulator material surface with the electrolytic pollution layer. A natural ageing and pollution test procedure was developed, which has become a South African standard and is gaining international acceptance. A model and hypothesis are proposed to describe the electrical discharge activity that takes place on the test insulators and explain the difference in leakage current performance of the various materials. Keywords: Insulator, Pollution, High Voltage, Leakage current, Material performance.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die hoofdoel van hierdie navorsingsprogram was om die relatiewe prestasie van verskillende isolatormateriale wat in Suid-Afrika gebruik word te vergelyk in 'n swaar besoedelde marine omgewing. 'n Toetsprogram en prosedure, toets fasiliteit en instrumentasie is gevestig. 'n Paar nuwe instrumente en moniteer toerusting is ontwikkel en gebou spesifiek vir hierdie navorsingsprogram, gesteun deur data analise sagteware programme. Ten einde slegs materiaalprestasie te vergelyk, moes alle nie-materiaal ontwerpsveranderlikes tussen die toetsisolators verwyder word (bv. kruipafstand, konnekteer lengte, tussen-skerm spasiëring, profiel, ens.). Om dit reg te kry moes sommige van die toetsisolators spesiaal vervaardig word. Lekstroom, elektriese ontladingsaktiwiteit, klimaat en omgewingsdata is suksesvol versameloor 'n een-jaar toetsperiode, beginnende met nuwe toets isolators. Die piek en energie waardes van die lekstroom is identifiseer as die twee hoof parameters wat nodig is om die lekstroomaktiwiteit op die toetsisolators te beskryf. 'n Korrelasie is gevind tussen die klimaat- en omgewingsdata en die lekstroom data, en dit is gevind dat die lekstroom data suksesvol bepaal kan word van sekere van die klimaat- en omgewingsparameters wat gemoniteer is deur veelvoudige regressie tegnieke te gebruik. Oppervlakskonduktiwiteit en energie is gevind die beste parameters te wees om die maksimum en kontinue interaksie van die isolatormateriaaloppervlak met die elektrolitiese besoedelingslaag aan te toon. 'n Natuurlike veroudering en besoedeling toetsprosedure is ontwikkel, wat 'n Suid-Afrikaanse standaard geword het en besig is om internastionale aanvaarding te wen. 'n Model en hipotese word voorgestelom die elektriese ontladingsaktiwiteit wat op die toetsisolators plaasvind te beskryf en om die verskil in lekstroomprestasie van die verskeie materiale te verduidelik. S/eufelwoorde: Isolator, Besoedeling, Hoog Spanning, Leek stroom, Materiaal prestasie.
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Foran, Tira. "Rivers of contention : Pak Mun Dam, electricity planning, and state-society relations in Thailand, 1932-2004." Connect to full text, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1984.
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PhDThis study investigates how actions – especially narratives and claims – of civil society advocates influenced electricity generation planning and hydropower project implementation, in the context of a democratising authoritarian state. To pursue this research agenda, I use a critical realist philosophy of science to ground a conceptual framework whose fundamental components consist of institutions, interests, and discourses. The research presents three case studies from Thailand, a nation-state with distinct authoritarian legacies, as well as significant economic and political dynamism in the late 20th century. The cases step from macro to micro levels of analysis: (1) Electricity generation planning: an overview and critique of the social construction of peak power demand and supply options in Thailand, 1960s–2004. I focus on the rise of energy conservation advocacy in the early 1990s, and the rise of more confrontational energy activism in the late 1990s; (2) Pak Mun Dam: contention between EGAT, anti-dam villagers, and other state and civil society actors, 1989–2003; (3) Pak Mun Dam: analysis of how knowledge discourses shaped debates over fisheries and local livelihoods in the lower Mun river basin, 1999–2004. I pursue these cases in the larger context of Thai state–society relations, 1932–early 2000s: from the Khana Ratsadorn (People’s Party) and its founders’ increasingly authoritarian struggles to shape the state; through to the rise of civil society in the Indochina-war era; through the emergence of parliamentary politics and NGO evolution in the 1980s and early 1990s; to the Thai Rak Thai “money politics” party that emerged in 1998. Specific research questions focus on patterns and outcomes of state–society interaction, the role of lay and expert knowledge discourses in structuring conflict, and plausible causal connections between outcomes and concepts used in the conceptual framework. The study is based on fieldwork conducted between 2001 and 2005, with 18 months of intensive work concentrated in 2002 and 2004. Recurrent procedures consisted of collecting policy narratives and arguments and re-constructing actors’ interests (including those of leaders in organizations) via participant observation, interviews, and textual analysis. The thesis argues that anti-dam advocates influenced project implementation practices at Pak Mun Dam by forming social change networks, gaining contingent recognition as new political actors. Through innovative and disruptive action, through claims for transparency and justice, through mass performances of worthiness, unity, and commitment, and through the production of local knowledge, they helped set agendas. They triggered elite intervention, as well as reactive counter-mobilization and occasional violence. The escalation of uncertainty from unintended outcomes challenged elites – aided by deliberative exchanges – to reconsider unfavourable decisions, to reconsider their preferences, and to make concessions. At the same time, a number of events made the Assembly of the Poor, the main anti-dam movement organization, vulnerable to destabilizing action at the local and national levels. These include: the formation of competitive organizations in the lower Mun basin; complex and intractable issues (such as multiple rounds of compensation); and inability to take credit for championing the interests of vulnerable small farmers. Destabilizing interactions occurred particularly in the restricted media space of the post-financial and economic crisis years. Populist platforms put forward by Thai Rak Thai and Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra pre-empted the AOP’s influence. Sustainable energy advocates influenced practices of power system planning by teaching new techniques of energy conservation, and diffusing new norms. In the recent period, however, as some of them engaged in more contentious interaction, such as intervening in conflicts over new coal and hydroelectric power plants (in southern Thailand and Laos respectively) they disrupted dominant rationalities, and found themselves confronting some of the same core practices of a power-wielding bureaucracy and an authoritarian state, namely rhetorical strategies that police the boundaries of policy-relevant knowledge. The thesis, intended to contribute to social science methodology and theory, concludes with a critical appraisal of the conceptual framework. I suggest new research agendas for analysts interested in mechanisms of civil society advocacy in the context of democratising states.
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Mainganye, Dakalo. "Synthesis of zeolites from South African coal fly ash: investigation of scale-up conditions." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/915.
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Thesis submitted in fulfilment of requirements for the degree
Magister Technologiae: Chemical Engineering
In the FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
At the CAPE PENINSULA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, 2012The generation of electricity from coal in South Africa results in millions of tons of fly ash being produced each year. Less than 10 % of the fly ash generated is being used constructively and the remaining unused ash is currently inducing disposal and environmental problems. Intensive research on the utilisation of fly ash has been conducted either to reduce the cost of disposal or to minimise its impact on the environment. It has been shown that South African fly ash can be used as a feedstock for zeolite synthesis due to its compositional dominance of aluminosilicate and silicate phases. Most of the studies conducted on zeolite synthesis using South African fly ash are performed on small laboratory scale. Therefore, production of zeolites on an industrial/pilot plant scale would, in addition to producing a valuable product, help abate the pollution caused by the disposal of fly ash in the country. This research focuses on the investigation of the scale-up opportunity of zeolite synthesis from South African fly ashes with the view of understanding the effects of some reactor and operational parameters on the quality of the zeolite produced. Two types of zeolites (zeolite Na-P1 and zeolite A) were synthesised via two different routes in this study: (1) a two stage hydrothermal synthesis method (zeolite Na-P1) and (2) alkaline fusion prior to hydrothermal synthesis (zeolite A). The synthesis variables evaluated in this study were; the effect of impeller design and agitation rates during the aging step (zeolite Na-P1) using three different impellers (anchor, 4-flat-blade and Archimedes screw impeller) at three agitation speeds (150, 200 and 300 rpm), the effect of fly ash composition and solvents (water sources) on the phase purity of both zeolite Na-P1 and zeolite A, and the effect of the hydrothermal reaction time during the synthesis of zeolite Na-P1 using low amorphous phase fly ash i.e. aging time (12-48 hours) and hydrothermal treatment time (12-48 hours). The raw materials (fly ashes from Arnot, Hendrina, Tutuka, Lethabo and Matla power stations) and the synthesised zeolite product were characterised chemically, mineralogically and morphologically by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Other characterisation techniques used in the study were 1) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to provide structural information and also monitor the evolution of the zeolite crystals during synthesis and 2) inductively coupled plasma atomic emission (ICP-AES) and mass spectrometry for multi-elemental analysis of the synthesis solution and the solvents used in this study. The experimental results demonstrated that the phase purity of zeolite Na-P1 was strongly affected by agitation and the type of impeller used during the aging step of the synthesis process. A high crystalline zeolite Na-P1 was obtained with a 4-flat-blade impeller at a low agitation rate of 200 rpm. Although a pure phase of zeolite Na-P1 was obtained at low agitation rates, the variation in the mineralogy of the fly ash was found to affect the quality of the zeolite produced significantly. The results suggested that each batch of fly ash would require a separate optimisation process of the synthesis conditions. Therefore, there is a need to develop a database of the synthesis conditions for zeolite Na-P1 based on the fly ash composition. As a consequence, the scale-up synthesis of zeolite Na-P1 would require step-by-step optimisation of the synthesis conditions, since this zeolite was sensitive to the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio, agitation and the mineralogy of the fly ash. On the other hand, zeolite A synthesis had several advantages over zeolite Na-P1. The results suggested that a pure phase of zeolite A can be produced at very low reaction temperature (i.e. below 100 °C, compared to 140 °C for zeolite Na-P1), shorter reaction times (i.e. less than 8 hours compared to 4 days for zeolite Na-P1), with complete dissolution of fly ash phases and more importantly less sensitive to the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio of the raw materials. The zeolite A synthesis process was found to be more robust and as a result, it would be less rigorous to scale-up despite the energy requirements for fusion. This study showed for the first time that different impeller designs and agitation during the aging step can have a profound impact on the quality of the zeolite produced. Therefore, it is not only the hydrothermal synthesis conditions and the molar regime but also the dissolution kinetics of the feedstock that influence the outcome of the zeolite synthesis process. This study has also shown for the first time that a pure phase of zeolite A can be synthesised from various sources of South African fly ash containing different mineralogical and chemical compositions via the alkali fusion method under the same synthesis conditions. Therefore, the effective zeolitisation of fly ash on a large scale would assist to mitigate the depletion of resources and environmental problems caused by the disposal of fly ash.
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De, Villiers Cecile A. "Demand for green electricity amongst business consumers in the Western and Northern Cape of South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/8473.
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Thesis (MBA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.Climate change is one of the most serious issues the world is facing today. With an economic slowdown globally, huge food shortages and record-high fuel prices, it has never been so important for countries to guard their natural resources to ensure future sustainability. The South African energy generation industry, of approximately 40 000 Mega Watt (MW), consists largely (90%) of coal-fired power stations, with the remainder comprising of nuclear and pumped storage schemes which are regarded as environmentally neutral. It is only recently that Eskom and independent power producers (e.g. Darling Independent Power Producer Wind farm with an estimated 10 MW) embarked on utilising South Africa's natural resources to generate electrical power. South Africa's access to inexpensive coal and paid off coal-fired power stations has made it difficult to justify the investment in renewable energy. However, on 31 March 2009 South Africa became the first African country to introduce a feed-in-tariff for renewable energy (Gipe, 2009). The hope is that this initiative would stimulate the investment in green energy generation. Eskom and municipalities are currently the only entities that have licences from the National Energy Regulator of South Africa (NERSA) to buy bulk electricity from power producers. The question therefore arises: if green electricity is more expensive to generate and is sold at a price premium to Eskom and municipalities, would they pass the premium on to consumers; can they differentiate the green electricity product and will consumers be willing to buy at a premium price? This research study aims to answer if businesses would be willing to pay a premium for green electricity, why they would be willing to buy it, which factors influence the purchasing decision and what barriers exist that will deter a purchase. A survey was conducted on businesses in the Western and Northern Cape of South Africa. The businesses sampled have a notified maximum demand of 50kVA or higher and excludes the re-distributor (City of Cape Town) customers. Approximately ten per cent of businesses would be willing buy green electricity. Most of these businesses have indicated that they are willing to pay a premium of five to nine per cent for green electricity. The businesses that are willing to pay the largest premiums (>10%) are in the electricity, gas, water, finance, insurance, real estate, business services, manufacturing, transport, storage and communications sector. Businesses that are willing to buy green electricity: • Have a strategy to reduce their carbon footprint; • Want to be community leaders (altruistic motivators); • Have as their biggest barrier the additional cost of green electricity; and • Feel that power utilities should be required to include a minimum percentage of green energy in their energy mix.
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Pinheiro, Maria Fernanda Bacile. "Problemas sociais e institucionais na implantação de hidreletricas : seleção de casos recentes no Brasil e casos relevantes em outros paises." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263911.
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Orientador: Arsenio Oswaldo Seva FilhoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T01:58:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pinheiro_MariaFernandaBacile_M.pdf: 4359236 bytes, checksum: 7bd15ce5870579751ed1f36e487a1957 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007
Resumo: Esta dissertação procura selecionar e estudar casos de projetos de hidrelétricas construídas em outros países, durante o século XX e no Brasil, desde 2002 até a presente data; além de identificar os problemas sociais e institucionais nestes casos selecionados. Para isso, o texto inicialmente discute as mudanças ocorridas no setor elétrico brasileiro, introduzindo informações sobre a formação e mudanças da indústria elétrica brasileira, as empresas representativas da indústria hidrelétrica, e a reestruturação e reconstrução do setor elétrico brasileiro; assim como as mudanças para o território e sociedade nas regiões de implantação e de projetos de usinas hidrelétricas. Em seguida, este trabalho estuda casos relevantes de usinas hidrelétricas selecionadas em outros países, com destaque para a usina hidrelétrica binacional Yacyretá, no rio Paraná, Argentina/Paraguai. Para o estudo dos casos nacionais, foram selecionadas algumas hidrelétricas que tiveram suas represas formadas entre 2003 e 2006; uma hidrelétrica de pequeno porte, onde foi realizado um estudo de caso, a PCH Mosquitão, no rio Caiapó, GO; e outros casos de projetos de hidrelétricas incluídos nos leilões de energia feitos pela ANEEL em 2005 e 2006. Ao fazer um tipo de análise comparativa a partir dessas situações, pôde-se verificar a presença da ¿dam industry¿ tratando com descaso os problemas sociais que envolvem a implantação das hidrelétricas. Conclui-se o trabalho afirmando-se que as dificuldades encontradas pelo governo e pela ¿dam industry¿ para a implantação de usinas hidrelétricas no Brasil são crescentes, mas que estes agentes permanecem com força nas suas tentativas para implantação de novos projetos
Abstract: Hydro power plants, which were constructed in several countries, during century XX, and in Brazil, since 2002, are evaluated in this thesis, as far as their social and institutional problems are concerned. Initially, the evolution of the Brazilian electric power industry is discussed, with emphasis on the role played by the companies making up the so-called ¿dam industry¿, the recent re-organization of the Brazilian power sector; and the social changes that have been occurring in the regions the hydro power plants have been implemented, or are planned to be built. Next, some selected cases of hydro power plants in other countries were studied, with special attention for the binational Yacyretá Hydro Power Plant, in the Paraná river, border between Argentina and Paraguay. For the Brazilian study-cases, some dams formed between 2003 and 2006 were selected; together with a Small Hydro Power Plant named Mosquitão, located at the river Caiapó, in the State of Goiás, and some projects included in the auctions of hydro power plant concessions carried out by the Brazilian power sector¿s independent regulatory agency (ANEEL) in the years 2005 and 2006. A comparative analysis of these cases revealed that the ¿dam industry¿ does not deal fairly with the social problems related to the hydro power plants. The thesis is concluded showing the increasing difficulties faced by the government and the ¿dam industry¿ to build new hydro power plants in the country, despite all their efforts
Mestrado
Mestre em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos
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Kotoane, Mapule. "Modelling risk of Blue Crane (Anthropoides paradiseus) collision with power lines in the Overberg region." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50024.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study addresses the problem of Blue Crane (Anthropoides paradiseus) collisions with power lines in the Overberg region, home to approximately 50% of South Africa's national bird's global population. The low visibility of power lines against the landscape is considered to be the major cause of collisions. These claim at least 20 birds annually, which is a considerable loss to a vulnerable species. For this study, expert knowledge of the Blue Cranes' biology, general behaviour and use of its habitat were compiled. These were then translated into rules that were integrated into a Geographic Information System (GIS) to establish a predictive model, which attempts to identify and quantify risk power lines that Blue Cranes are most likely to collide with. The criteria that were considered included landscape proximity of power lines to water bodies arid congregation sites, land cover, power lines orientation in relation to predominant wind directions (North Westerly and South Easterly) and visibility of the power lines against the landscape. The power lines were ranked as highest, high, medium, low and no risk. It is recommended that this classification be used to prioritize the proactive marking of power lines with bird flappers in order to reduce collisions. The results show that 27% of the power lines in the study area pose the highest risk and should therefore be marked immediately. The power lines classified as high (1%), medium (28%) and low risk (21 %) should be marked over short, medium and long term, respectively .. The study demonstrated the potential of GIS in the conservation of Blue Crane. The GIS model developed in this study can be applied in areas of similar habitat such as the Swartland or with some modifications in a slightly different habitat such as the Karoo. It is envisaged that the results of this study will be of great value to the ESKOM (South African Electricity Commission) and Endangered Wildlife Trust (EWT) Partnership and conservation authorities in the effort to save the Blue Crane.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie het die probleem van botsings deur Bloukraanvoëls met kraglyne in die Overberg-omgewing van die Wes-Kaap ondersoek. Die Overberg-omgewing huisves ongeveer 50% van Suid Afrikaanse nasionale voël se wêreldbevolking van Bloukraanvoëls, en aangesien kraglyne normaalweg nie maklik sigbaar is teen die landskapsagtergrond nie, verhoog dit, tesame met die biologiese eienskappe van Bloukraanvoëls, die waarskynlikheid dat die voëls met kraglyne sal bots. Hierdie botsings met kraglyne eis minstens 20 Bloukraanvoëls per jaar, wat 'n aansienlike en beduidende aantal vir 'n kritiese bedreigde spesie is. Die studie het gepoog om spesialiskennis oor Bloukraanvoël-biologie, algemene gedrag en habitatgebruik, om te sit in 'n stel reëls, wat in 'n Geografiese Inligtingstelsel (GIS) geïntegreer is om 'n voorspellingsmodel te bou. Hierdie voorspellingsmodel is aangewend om kraglyne wat 'n hoë risiko vir Bloukraanvoëls inhou, te identifiseer en die waarskynlikheid vir botsings te kwantifiseer. Die model aanvaar dat die volgende omgewingsfaktore in die Overberg-omgewing verband hou met die waarskynlikheid van botsings, naamlik: die nabyheid van kraglyne aan waterliggame of gebiede waar voëls saamtrek, die voorkoms van natuurlike veld, die heersende windrigtings (Noordwes en Noordoos) en lae sigbaarheid van kraglyne teen die donker landskapsagtergrond. Die geïdentifiseerde kraglyne is as eerste-, tweede, derde. en vierderangse prioriteit geprioritiseer om as riglyn te dien vir die proaktiewe aanbring van flappers (wat dit ten doel het om voëlbotsings te verminder) deur ESKOM. Die studie het bevind dat 27% van die kraglyne in die Overberg-omgewing eersterang prioriteite is, en dat hierdie kraglyne onmiddellik gemerk sal moet word. Die tweederang prioriteit kraglyne (1%) saloor die mediumtermyn gemerk word, terwyl die derderangse prioriteit kraglyne (28%) oor die langtermyn gemerk sal word. Die vierde prioriteit kraglyne (21 %) kon oor die langertermyn gemerk word. Die studie het die omvang van die probleem, sowel as die rol van GIS in die bewaring van die Bloukraanvoëls beklemtoon. Die GIS-model wat in die studie ontwikkel en gebruik is, kan in soortgelyke gebiede soos die Swartland, of in ietwat verskillende omgewings soos die Karoo getoets word, met die doelom die habitatvoorkeure van Bloukraanvoëls beter te verstaan en navorsers te help om 'n beter begrip van die model te ontwikkel en sodoende die resultate te verbeter. Dit word voorsien dat hierdie studie en verslag baie belangrik sal wees vir die ESKOM-EWT Vennootskap en ander betrokke bewaringsorganisasies in 'n poging om Bloukraanvoël-bewaring aan te help.
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Ötsch, Rainald. "Stromerzeugung in Deutschland unter den Rahmenbedingungen von Klimapolitik und liberalisiertem Strommarkt : Bewertung von Kraftwerksinvestitionen mit Bayes’schen Einflussdiagrammen." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2012. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2014/6905/.
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Mit der Liberalisierung des Strommarkts, den unsicheren Aussichten in der Klimapolitik und stark schwankenden Preisen bei Brennstoffen, Emissionsrechten und Kraftwerkskomponenten hat bei Kraftwerksinvestitionen das Risikomanagement an Bedeutung gewonnen. Dies äußert sich im vermehrten Einsatz probabilistischer Verfahren. Insbesondere bei regulativen Risiken liefert der klassische, häufigkeitsbasierte Wahrscheinlichkeitsbegriff aber keine Handhabe zur Risikoquantifizierung. In dieser Arbeit werden Kraftwerksinvestitionen und -portfolien in Deutschland mit Methoden des Bayes'schen Risikomanagements bewertet. Die Bayes'sche Denkschule begreift Wahrscheinlichkeit als persönliches Maß für Unsicherheit. Wahrscheinlichkeiten können auch ohne statistische Datenanalyse allein mit Expertenbefragungen gewonnen werden.
Das Zusammenwirken unsicherer Werttreiber wurde mit einem probabilistischen DCF-Modell (Discounted Cash Flow-Modell) spezifiziert und in ein Einflussdiagramm mit etwa 1200 Objekten umgesetzt. Da der Überwälzungsgrad von Brennstoff- und CO2-Kosten und damit die Höhe der von den Kraftwerken erwirtschafteten Deckungsbeiträge im Wettbewerb bestimmt werden, reicht eine einzelwirtschaftliche Betrachtung der Kraftwerke nicht aus. Strompreise und Auslastungen werden mit Heuristiken anhand der individuellen Position der Kraftwerke in der Merit Order bestimmt, d.h. anhand der nach kurzfristigen Grenzkosten gestaffelten Einsatzreihenfolge. Dazu wurden 113 thermische Großkraftwerke aus Deutschland in einer Merit Order vereinigt. Das Modell liefert Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilungen für zentrale Größen wie Kapitalwerte von Bestandsportfolien sowie Stromgestehungskosten und Kapitalwerte von Einzelinvestitionen (Steinkohle- und Braunkohlekraftwerke mit und ohne CO2-Abscheidung sowie GuD-Kraftwerke).
Der Wert der Bestandsportfolien von RWE, E.ON, EnBW und Vattenfall wird primär durch die Beiträge der Braunkohle- und Atomkraftwerke bestimmt. Erstaunlicherweise schlägt sich der Emissionshandel nicht in Verlusten nieder. Dies liegt einerseits an den Zusatzgewinnen der Atomkraftwerke, andererseits an den bis 2012 gratis zugeteilten Emissionsrechten, welche hohe Windfall-Profite generieren. Dadurch erweist sich der Emissionshandel in seiner konkreten Ausgestaltung insgesamt als gewinnbringendes Geschäft. Über die Restlaufzeit der Bestandskraftwerke resultiert ab 2008 aus der Einführung des Emissionshandels ein Barwertvorteil von insgesamt 8,6 Mrd. €. In ähnlicher Dimension liegen die Barwertvorteile aus der 2009 von der Bundesregierung in Aussicht gestellten Laufzeitverlängerung für Atomkraftwerke. Bei einer achtjährigen Laufzeitverlängerung ergäben sich je nach CO2-Preisniveau Barwertvorteile von 8 bis 15 Mrd. €. Mit höheren CO2-Preisen und Laufzeitverlängerungen von bis zu 28 Jahren würden 25 Mrd. € oder mehr zusätzlich anfallen.
Langfristig erscheint fraglich, ob unter dem gegenwärtigen Marktdesign noch Anreize für Investitionen in fossile Kraftwerke gegeben sind. Zu Beginn der NAP 2-Periode noch rentable Investitionen in Braunkohle- und GuD-Kraftwerke werden mit der auslaufenden Gratiszuteilung von Emissionsrechten zunehmend unrentabler. Die Rentabilität wird durch Strommarkteffekte der erneuerbaren Energien und ausscheidender alter Gas- und Ölkraftwerke stetig weiter untergraben. Steinkohlekraftwerke erweisen sich selbst mit anfänglicher Gratiszuteilung als riskante Investition.
Die festgestellten Anreizprobleme für Neuinvestitionen sollten jedoch nicht dem Emissionshandel zugeschrieben werden, sondern resultieren aus den an Grenzkosten orientierten Strompreisen. Das Anreizproblem ist allerdings bei moderaten CO2-Preisen am größten. Es gilt auch für Kraftwerke mit CO2-Abscheidung: Obwohl die erwarteten Vermeidungskosten für CCS-Kraftwerke gegenüber konventionellen Kohlekraftwerken im Jahr 2025 auf 25 €/t CO2 (Braunkohle) bzw. 38,5 €/t CO2 (Steinkohle) geschätzt werden, wird ihr Bau erst ab CO2-Preisen von 50 bzw. 77 €/t CO2 rentabel.
Ob und welche Kraftwerksinvestitionen sich langfristig rechnen, wird letztlich aber politisch entschieden und ist selbst unter stark idealisierten Bedingungen kaum vorhersagbar.Power plant investors face large uncertainties due to ongoing liberalization, climate policy, and long investment horizons. This study provides a probabilistic appraisal of power plant investments within the framework of Bayesian decision theory. A Bayesian influence diagram is used for setting up a discounted cash flow model and analysing the profitability of power plants. As the study explicitly models merit order pricing, the pass-through of random fuel and carbon costs may be analysed. The study derives probabilistic statements about net present values of single investments and company portfolios and explores the sensitivity of profits to variations of select input variables. In the majority of cases, an increase in the price of emission allowances also increases the net present value of existing power plant portfolios. A substantially increased carbon prices also is the prerequisite to diversify power plant portfolios by gas and CCS plants. For the currently prevailing German electricity market, we argue that investors may lack incentives for new investments in fossil generation, a finding that holds true also with implementation of CCS. Our estimates are conservative, as profitability will further deteriorate with the build-up of renewables.
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Weiland, Daniel Albert. "Rooftop pv impacts on fossil fuel electricity generation and co2 emissions in the pacific northwest." Thesis, Portland State University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1547603.
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This thesis estimates the impacts of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) capacity on electricity generation and CO2 emissions in America's Pacific Northwest. The region's demand for electricity is increasing at the same time that it is attempting to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions. The electricity generated by rooftop PV capacity is expected to displace electricity from fossil fueled electricity generators and reduce CO2 emissions, but when and how much? And how can this region maximize and focus the impacts of additional rooftop PV capacity on CO2 emissions? To answer these questions, an hourly urban rooftop PV generation profile for 2009 was created from estimates of regional rooftop PV capacity and solar resource data. That profile was compared with the region's hourly fossil fuel generation profile for 2009 to determine how much urban rooftop PV generation reduced annual fossil fuel electricity generation and CO2 emissions. Those reductions were then projected for a range of additional multiples of rooftop PV capacity. The conclusions indicate that additional rooftop PV capacity in the region primarily displaces electricity from natural gas generators, and shows that the timing of rooftop PV generation corresponds with the use of fossil fuel generators. Each additional Wp/ capita of rooftop PV capacity reduces CO2 emissions by 9,600 to 7,300 tons/ year. The final discussion proposes some methods to maximize and focus rooftop PV impacts on CO2 emissions, and also suggests some questions for further research.
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Lo, Yu-hong Alex, and 盧宇航. "Sustainability between the conflicts: problems and prospects of the electricity policy of Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45013755.
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Otto, Willem Liebrecht. "Investigating the introduction of e-mobility in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95956.
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Memon, Ejaz. "Environmental effects of thermal power plant emissions : a case study /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0016/MQ55524.pdf.
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Oliver, Henry. "The demand for green electricity amongst residential consumers in the Cape Peninsula." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/921.
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Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study is to determine whether residential electricity consumers within the Cape Peninsula would be willing to voluntarily purchase green electricity if it is sold at a premium price. International experience in the field of green marketing shows that while niche markets for green electricity clearly existed, few programmes however exceeded a 5% penetration in the residential market. This study therefore methodologically drew on recent development in the literature of norm-motivated behaviour to identify testable factors that could influence residential consumers’ willingness to purchase premium-priced green electricity. After identifying these core testable factors, they were used to test various hypotheses. This was done through the testing of primary data that was collected through a telephone market survey of 405 respondents within the Cape Peninsula. These respondents were all identified as financial decision makers within their electricity consuming households. This study subsequently found that residential electricity consumers in the Cape Peninsula are very concerned about the future of the environment and that a large percentage of them (more than 40%) from almost all income levels might voluntary buy premium-priced green electricity. However, as it did identify that consumers must truly be convinced of the positive effects that green electricity would have on the environment before voluntarily supporting such a campaign, it found that consumers might not be well enough informed on environmental and climate change issues to ensure their actual support. To be at all successful, such a green electricity marketing campaign should be very informative and specifically focused on the positive effects that such a purchase would have on the environment. This study also found that supportive residential consumers would on average be willing to pay a maximum premium of 26% or approximately 15c/kWh. The combined maximum potential value of these premiums amount to R39 million per month. This serves as indication that there is much room for future development of the green electricity market. This study also identified that the majority of residential consumers believe that excessive users of electricity should be forced to make a larger financial contribution towards the generation of green electricity than low usage consumers. Based on its findings, the study closes with recommendations to role players in the green electricity market, i.e. the City of Cape Town Municipality, Darling Wind Farm and Eskom.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie is om te bepaal of residensiële elektrisiteitsverbruikers in die Kaapse Skiereiland gewillig sou wees om vrywilliglik groen elektrisiteit teen ’n premie aan te koop. Internasionale ervaring op die gebied van groen elektrisiteit het getoon dat, alhoewel daar verseker nismarkte vir groen elektrisiteit bestaan, baie min programme meer as 5% van die residensiële mark kon wen. Hierdie studie steun dus metodologies op onlangse verwikkelinge in die literatuur rakende normgemotiveerde gedrag om sodoende toetsbare faktore te identifiseer wat moontlik verbruikers se bereidwilligheid om groen elektrisiteit teen ’n premie te koop, kan verbeter. Na die identifisering van hierdie toetsbare faktore is hulle gebruik om verskeie hipoteses te toets. Dit is gedoen deur die toets van primêre data wat deur middel van telefoon-marknavorsing by 405 respondente binne die Kaapse Skiereiland ingesamel is. Hierdie respondente was almal geïdentifiseer as finansiële besluitnemers van huishoudings wat elektrisiteit gebruik. Hierdie studie het bevind dat residensiële elektrisiteitsverbruikers in die Kaapse Skiereiland baie besorg is oor die toekoms van die omgewing en dat ’n groot hoeveelheid van hierdie huishoudings (meer as 40%) van amper alle inkomstegroepe moontlik gewillig sou wees om groen elektrisiteit teen ’n premie aan te koop. Die studie het ook bevind dat omdat hierdie bereidwilligheid van die residensiële verbruikers onderhewig is aan hul oortuiging dat groen elektrisiteit ’n werklike positiewe effek op die omgewing uitoefen, residensiële verbruikers dalk huidiglik nie werklik goed genoeg ingelig is rakende omgewingsbewaring- en klimaatsveranderingskwessies nie. Hierdie gebrek aan kennis kan dus moontlik hul bereidwilligheid om groen elektrisiteit teen ’n premie aan te koop, negatief beïnvloed. Om suksesvol te wees sal groen elektrisiteit-bemarkingsveldtogte baie volledige inligting moet verskaf en sterk gefokus moet wees op die omgewingsvoordele wat die aankoop van groen elektrisiteit inhou. Die studie het ook bevind dat residensiële ondersteuners bereid sou wees om gemiddeld ’n maksimum premie van 26% of 15c/kWh te betaal. Die gesamentlike maksimum potensiële waarde van hierdie premies is R39 miljoen per maand wat daarop dui dat daar heelwat ruimte mag wees vir toekomstige uitbreiding van die mark vir groen elektrisiteit. Hierdie studie het ook geïdentifiseer dat die meerderheid residensiële elektrisiteitsverbruikers glo dat oormatige elektrisiteitsverbruikers gedwing moet word om ‘n groter finansiële bydrae tot die opwekking van groen elektrisiteit te maak as lae elektrisiteitsverbruikers. Gebaseer op die bevindinge van hierdie studie, sluit dit af met aanbevelings tot verskeie rolspelers in die mark vir groen elektrisiteit, soos die Kaapstadse Munisipaliteit, Darling Windplaas en Eskom.
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Lam, Wai-wai Vivian. "The Tap Shek Kok Power Plant, Hong Kong : a marine environmental impact assessment /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1987. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B12355355.
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Choma, Ernani Francisco. "Avaliação de impactos ambientais da oferta e demanda de energia para automóveis no Brasil utilizando avaliação do ciclo de vida." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2014. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1355.
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CAPESVeículos elétricos (VEs) são vistos como uma das potenciais soluções para os problemas ambientais associados com os veículos de combustão interna (VCIs). VEs, no entanto, também causam impactos ambientais ao longo do ciclo de vida e aumento no consumo de eletricidade, sendo também necessário incluí-los no planejamento energético. Estudos de Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) realizados para avaliar os impactos ambientais de VEs em outros países mostram que a fonte de eletricidade é significativa para determinar se estes apresentam melhores resultados que VCIs. O caso brasileiro, contudo, pode apresentar resultados diferentes, em função da matriz elétrica diferente e da possibilidade de utilização de etanol pelos VCIs. O objetivo geral deste estudo é identificar como atender a demanda por transporte de pessoas por automóveis com menor impacto ambiental, para diferentes categorias de impacto, no Brasil. Para realizar o estudo, foram realizadas quatro etapas: (i) definir dados gerais, como o ano de projeção; (ii) identificar a frota de automóveis e a respectiva demanda energética e opções de atendimento; (iii) realizar ACV por veículo; e (iv) avaliar o impacto ambiental da frota, comparando e selecionando opções de menor impacto. Foram considerados dois horizontes de tempo: 2022 e 2030. Foi utilizada a base de dados de inventário do ciclo de vida (ICV) do ecoinvent v.3.01, com adaptações para o contexto brasileiro utilizando dados de literatura. Especificamente na definição da fonte de eletricidade, utilizou-se a abordagem decisional de ICV para 2022, enquanto que, para 2030, foram definidas possíveis tecnologias marginais/incrementais. Utilizou-se o método de avaliação do impacto do ciclo de vida CML 2000 v.2.05, sendo que para 2030 foram selecionadas três categorias (depleção de recursos abióticos; aquecimento global; depleção da camada de ozônio), em conjunto com resultados de ICV para ocupação da terra. Para 2030, utilizou-se, também, em análise de sensibilidade, o método EDIP 2003 v.1.04. Esses métodos estão disponíveis no software SimaPro v.8.0.2, utilizado para os cálculos. Os resultados para 2022 mostraram que, com recarga em horários de menor demanda, o VE é melhor para algumas categorias e o VCI melhor para outras. Já para 2030, contudo, uma inclusão de aproximadamente 35% de VEs na frota pode reduzir bastante os impactos para as três categorias do método CML e para o indicador único do método EDIP, embora cause aumento significativo na área ocupada. Deste modo, esses resultados poderiam ser comparados com outros tipos de ocupação da terra que visem reduzir impactos ambientais. Conclui-se que os VEs têm potencial de grande redução de impactos ambientais, de forma que poderiam ser alvos de políticas públicas que visem reduzir tais impactos. Entre as incertezas do estudo incluem-se: a simplificação na identificação das fontes de energia; a utilização de parâmetros médios para os veículos, em parte relativos apenas a veículos novos; a definição da tecnologia marginal/incremental apenas para a eletricidade; a não consideração de outras tecnologias, como VCIs a etanol de segunda e terceira geração; e a utilização de dados de inventário do presente ou passado para estimar condições futuras. Estas poderiam ser tratadas em trabalhos futuros.
Electric Vehicles (EVs) are seen as a potential solution for the environmental problems associated with Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEVs). EVs, on the other hand, also cause environmental impacts throughout their life cycles and increases in the demand for electricity, so that they need to be included in the energy planning. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies carried out to assess the environmental impacts of EVs in other countries, indicated that the electricity source is significant to determine whether these present better results than ICEVs or not. For Brazil, however, results might be different, due to the different electricity mix and to the possibility of ICEVs to use sugarcane ethanol. The main purpose of this study is to analyze how to meet the demand for passenger transport by automobiles in Brazil with a smaller environmental impact, for different impact categories. In order to attain this objective, four steps were executed: (i) to define general data, such as the year of projection; (ii) to identify the automobile fleet and the respective energy demand and fulfillment options; (iii) to perform LCA, per vehicle; and (iv) to assess the environmental impact of the fleet, comparing and selecting options with smaller impact. Two time horizons were considered: 2022 and 2030. The ecoinvent database v.3.01 was used as the Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) data source, with some adaptations for the Brazilian context using literature data. Specifically for the identification of the electricity source, the decisional LCI approach was used, for 2022, while, for 2030, possible marginal/incremental technologies were identified. The Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) method CML 2000 v.2.05 was used, from which three categories were chosen for 2030 (abiotic resource depletion; climate change; and ozone layer depletion), together with LCI results for land occupation. The single score of the LCIA method EDIP 2003 v.1.04 was used in a sensitivity analysis. These methods are available in SimaPro 8.0.2, used for calculations. The results for 2022 showed that, with battery charge during off-peak hours, the EV is better in some impact categories, while the ICEV is better in others. For 2030, however, an EV market penetration of approximately 35% can significantly reduce the impacts for the three CML categories and for the EDIP single score, albeit causing a significant increase in land occupation. These results, therefore, can be compared with other types of land occupations which aim to reduce environmental impacts. It was concluded that EVs have good environmental impacts reduction potentials, in a way that they could be targeted by public policies that address such impacts. Among the uncertainties of this study are included: the simplified identification of energy sources; the use of average parameters for the transportation sector, in part associated only with new vehicles; the definition of the marginal/incremental technology only for electricity; the fact that other vehicle technologies, such as ICEVs powered by second and third generation ethanol; and the use of present or past LCI data to assess future conditions. These could be dealt with in future studies.
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程明錦 and Ming-kam Eric Ching. "A regional atmospheric dispersion model for Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1990. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31209634.
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Callwood, Concha Maria. "The role of legislative processes and electric utilities in effecting global environmental goals." Thesis, This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-11182008-063050/.
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Lam, Wai-wai Vivian, and 林慧慧. "The Tap Shek Kok Power Plant, Hong Kong: a marine environmental impact assessment." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1987. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31231214.
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Hodalski-Champagne, Lynne M. "Tampa Electric Company's Big Bend Utility Plant in Hillsborough County, Florida: A Case Study." Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5703.
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This is an in-depth analysis of coal fire burning power plants, their effects on human health and the environment. It also employed case study data from Tampa Electric Company’s Big Bend facility to examine environmental infractions at that facility. Tampa Electric Company’s Big Bend Utility Plant, violated the Clean Air Act, which led to a lawsuit filed by the Department of Justice on behalf of the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the Florida Department of Environmental Protection in 1997. This case study details the lawsuit, and subsequent settlement as well as Tampa Electric Company’s record of compliance since 2000. This study examines the area surrounding the plant, and impacts the facility may cause local residents and the ecosystem in this part of Florida. Several questions are explored in this case study revolving around environmental justice and environmental racism. Did the actions taken by the Department of Justice in 2000 on behalf of the Environmental Protection Agency and the people of the State of Florida through its Department of Environmental Protection fit the corporate crimes that Tampa Electric were accused of in the lawsuit? Has this company been compliant with state and federal law as required by the settlement? Finally, has the Tampa Electric Company maintained their commitment to provide environmental justice for the communities surrounding the Big Bend Utility Plant or would their actions fit a definition for the crime of corporate environmental violence?
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Seres, Stephen. "The power generation sector's demand for fossil fuels : a quantitative assessment on the viability of carbon fees for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31535.
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The demand for fossil fuels by Ontario's conventional steam power generation sector is examined. It is hypothesised that the enactment of a carbon fee policy will induce a change in the relative prices of the three fuels used in this sector (coal, natural gas and heavy fuel oil). This would lead to substantial interfuel substitution and greenhouse gas abatement. The demand share equations for the three fuels are derived from the translog functional form and set in a simulation model to estimate the value of a carbon fee necessary, to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in compliance with the Kyoto Protocol. Results suggest that a fuel specific carbon fee policy would be successful in achieving the desired emissions reduction at a negligible net cost to society.
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Alvarez-Dalama, Alina 1960. "CALCIUM-SULFITE HEMIHYDRATE CRYSTALLIZATION IN LIQUORS WITH HIGH TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (GROWTH, SIZE DISTRIBUTION, NUCLEATION, HABIT)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275528.
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Menzies, Greig Hamilton. "An economic evaluation of a wind power electricity generating farm in South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/18156.
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Thesis (MComm (Economics)--Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Renewable energy technology has received much attention over recent years. The depletion of known fossil fuel reserves and the volatility of international fuel prices require that society looks beyond the current coal-dominated electricity generation methods. Wind energy is an internationally well-established technology with large markets in major countries around the world, such as the USA and Germany. South Africa has the potential to generate large amounts of electricity from the wind because of the strength of the country’s wind resource. The long coast line and open areas are ideal for the exploitation of wind energy.
Sponsored by the Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies
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Campos, Henrique Marin van der Broocke. "Geração distribuída de energia solar fotovoltaica na matriz elétrica de Curitiba e região: um estudo de caso." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2004.
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Este trabalho objetiva contribuir com o planejamento da geração de energia elétrica por meio da utilização de geração fotovoltaica de forma distribuída, ou seja, instalada e em operação em paralelo junto com a rede de distribuição de energia elétrica. Utiliza-se uma abordagem hipotético-dedutiva, buscando hipóteses, na forma de questões orientadoras, que serão testadas por meio do tratamento dos dados coletados e sua posterior análise e interpretação. O método de procedimento é o estudo de caso, sendo escolhida a cidade de Curitiba e o restante dos municípios compreendendo sua Região Metropolitana. A partir da elaboração da revisão na literatura, visando constituir a fundamentação teórica desta pesquisa, é elaborado um breve inventário estatístico e do aspecto de geração de energia elétrica da cidade de Curitiba, no contexto do estado do Paraná. Os procedimentos metodológicos envolvem a simulação de cenários de inserção de geração fotovoltaica distribuída, considerando diferentes níveis de penetração, e seus efeitos sobre curvas de carga reais para a cidade de Curitiba. Foram selecionados 12 dias, considerados críticos, para a análise que contemplou a contribuição fotovoltaica em termos da redução do consumo de energia elétrica, redução de emissões de CO2 e, por fim, capacidade do sistema fotovoltaico em reduzir a demanda máxima do sistema elétrico. Constatou-se que o intervalo de capacidade instalada em energia solar fotovoltaica situa-se entre 40,80 MWp e 55,68 MWp, desconsiderando exceções, e remete a valores de máximo Fator Efetivo de Capacidade de Carga (FECC), para condição de irradiação máxima e irradiação típica, no inverno e verão. Dessa forma, este intervalo é considerado apropriado do ponto de vista do aumento da capacidade do sistema elétrico, devido à presença de geradores fotovoltaicos distribuídos. Além disso, o referido intervalo além de aumentar em mais de 50% a capacidade do sistema elétrico, acarreta em redução anual do consumo de energia elétrica entre 50,8 GWh e 69,4 GWh, além de evitar a emissão de 18.501 toneladas de CO2-eq a 25.251 toneladas de CO2-eq, sendo, portanto, um importante vetor para o aumento da oferta de energia elétrica, aumento da capacidade do sistema elétrico e, por fim, redução de emissões de Gases do Efeito Estufa, principalmente o CO2.This study aims to deepen knowledge in the item electricity generation planning through the use of distributed generation using solar photovoltaic energy, which means that photovoltaic systems are able to operate in parallel with the electricity distribution network. A hypothetical-deductive approach was developed, seeking hypotheses in the form of guiding questions, which will be tested by treatment of the collected data and their analysis and interpretation. The method of procedure is the case study, being applied to the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba. The literature review aims to be the theoretical basis of this research, therefore it mainly consists of a brief statistical and electrical energy inventory of the city of Curitiba in Paraná state. The methodological procedures involve the simulation of different scenarios for distributed PV generators by varying their Penetration Level, so that the effects on actual load curves for the region analyzed were quantified. 12 critical days were selected to the analysis that included the photovoltaic contribution in terms of reducing electrical energy consumption, reducing CO2 emissions and, finally, the capacity of the photovoltaic systems to reduce the maximum demand of the electrical system of the city. It was concluded that the most appropriate PV Penetration Level, in terms of power, regards with 40,80 MWp up to 55,68 MWp, disconsidering exceptions. This result leads to maximum values of Effective Load Carrying Capacity (ELCC), for maximum and typical solar radiation, during the seasons of winter and summer. In result, this proposed interval represents the better peak shaving capability of PV, because of its higher ELCC parameter. Furthermore, in addition to increase more than 50% in the capacity of the electrical system, there is an annual amount of energy generated about 50.8 GWh and 69.4 GWh, which represents 18,501 to 25,251 tons of CO2-eq avoided. For this reason, solar PV energy is an extremely important and feasible strategy to enhance the electricity generation, the capacity of the electrical system and to reduce greenhouse gases emission, especially CO2.
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Reed, Donna K. "Impact zone delineation for biological assessment of power plant effluent effects on snail populations in the Clinch River." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/38639.
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Cruickshank, Kyle Mark. "The perceived visual impacts and attitudes of the Grahamstown community towards the Waainek Wind-Farm." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011768.
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Renewable energy has become an important feature of most modern economies with clean and non-exhaustible sources of power being given a greater significance. Wind energy is one of the favoured renewable, as it is (2013) generally the cheapest and most mature technology available for commercial use. The South African government, as outlined by the Department of Energy's Integrated Resource Plan (IRP), aims to install 5 GW (Gigawatts) of wind energy by 2020. However, South Africa has had little experience in the wind energy industry which is limited to two projects, Klipheuwel (2002) and Darling (2008). Much effort has been dedicated to calculating balance sheet costs, which carries uncertainty due to the high reliance on country specific and site specific variables. An aspect which deserves more attention, and is often ignored, is the public‟s attitudes towards local wind farm developments, which have been known to "make or break" a project during the planning stages. Public backlashes have mostly been concerned with the visual "intrusiveness" of wind farms in the landscape. Detrimental effects on scenery, while seemingly innocuous, are acknowledged as being the single largest barrier to successful wind farm development. Individuals within an area become sentimentally attached to their surroundings, where significant rapid changes in the landscape are viewed as "damage". Economics recognises such declines in scenic resources as market failures, where an externalised cost is passed on to the public and is often not accounted for by private parties responsible for the liability. The primary objective therefore was to measure the magnitude of the visual impact, caused by the Waainek Wind Farm, on the Grahamstown community. Conventional NIMBY¹ (not in my back yard) reasoning, which seeks to explain local wind farm resistance, has attracted criticism with regard to its simplistic approach to wind farm problem identification. Contemporary arguments propose that NIMBY is a poor explanation for the trouble experienced on the local level because it groups problems into one all-encompassing term, leaving much of the discontent unexplained. Instead, the NIMBY explanation is really a broad set of unattended problems, largely resulting from the unsound practices present in the public participation process. Insufficient community involvement and disparities in the negotiation power structures have become the recent focus in wind farm literature. Essentially, these disparities force opposition groups to select factors which may seem more serious to developers, leading to ineffective remedial measures because the core underlying problems are not being remedied. Thus these considerations formed an additional area of investigation. No NIMBY effect was found for the Grahamstown community, as support for both the local and general level was roughly 80%. The public participation process on the other hand revealed that while many found the practices of the developer to be unfair, attitudes towards the wind farm were not adversely affected, especially for the lower income Grahamstown East areas. While the public participation process in this instance did not have any effect on people’s attitudes, careful inspection of the circumstances need to be given. Wind farms are new to South Africa, where the novelty and benefits are the focus of enthusiasm. Job opportunities as well as clean energy are positive drivers for attitudes; however given time, once the anticipation for wind farms dulls, real problems may be revealed. Thus it is crucial to implement good practice procedures during the public participation process, especially when national adoption rates of wind energy are low. Early implementation of an effective public participation process system will ensure that when major problems do arise in future projects, experience and institutional processes would have had ample opportunity to evolve appropriately over a period of time. The double bounded Contingent Valuation Method was used to value the impact of the wind farm on the Waainek scenery through a hypothetical scenario based procedure which presented pictures of the landscape before and after the wind farm had been installed. Based on the perceived impact of the wind farm, respondents were asked their Willingness to Pay to relocate the development, based solely on visual impacts. Learning design Contingent Valuation (Bateman et al., 2008) is a novel technique employed to familiarize respondents with the hypothetical market institution as well as the scenic goods being valued. Average Willingness to Pay was found to be R67 per month, with a final total monthly negative visual impact of R104,000 to R121,000 per month for the entire Grahamstown community. Grahamstown Central (middle-high income) residents were more likely to pay than Grahamstown East (low-middle income) East residents because of socio-economic differences present in each area. A ranking exercise determined that while negative visual impacts are present, the overall benefits derived from the wind farm are potentially much higher. Additionally, positive scenic improvements were found, but were not measured due to time constraints, and would have worked to reduce the net visual impact of the Waainek Wind Farm. ¹Problem where individuals support the general concept of wind power, but when it comes to local implementation, opposition to the development arises within the same group.
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Schmidt, Douglas Stephen. "Electrochemical removal of SOx from flue gas." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/10235.
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Huggett, Jenny A. "The effect of chlorine, heat and physical stress on entrained plankton at Koeberg Nuclear Power Station." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17079.
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Bibliography: pages 112-138.The large volume of seawater used for cooling at Koeberg Nuclear Power Station contains many planktonic organisms which are exposed to heat, chlorine and physical stress during their passage through the system. Phytoplankton biomass, measured as chlorophyll a, was reduced by an average of 55.32% due to entrainment, and productivity was decreased by 38.30% on average, mainly due to chlorination. Zooplankton mortality averaged 22.34% for all species and 30.52% for copepods, the dominant group. The copepod Paracartia africana was used in laboratory experiments designed to simulate entrainment. Latent mortality was monitored up to 60 hours after a 30-minute application of stress factors (physical stress was not simulated), and approximately 75% of the total mortality occurred within the 30-minute period. Male Paracartia experienced higher mortalities than females. Extrapolation of these results predicts an overall entrainment mortality (including latent mortality) of 40% for copepods and 29.04% for total zooplankton, although the latter cannot be substantiated. Plankton entrainment at Koeberg was not considered to be overly detrimental to the marine environment because of the very localised area affected, rapid dispersion of heat and chlorine, rapid regeneration times of phytoplankton and some zooplankton, low abundance of commercially important species and potential recruitment from the surrounding productive Benguela upwelling region.
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Zakariya, Nasiru Imam. "Development of nuclear-radiological facility monitoring system." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2182.
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Thesis (DTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.The widespread application of nuclear science and technology has been the subject of much concern as well as nuclear safety issues. And to ensure the safety of public life, property and environment, it is indispensable to improve the emergency system for nuclear accidents and the environmental monitoring system for nuclear radiation, so that the occurrence of nuclear accidents, terrorist incidents and the resulting hazards can be prevented or minimized. Due to the benefits of radiation which were earlier and now recognized in the use of X-rays for medical diagnosis and then later with the discoveries of radiation and radioactivity, there was rush in exploiting the medical benefits which eventually led fairly to the recognition of the risks and induced harm associated with it. Thus, only the most obvious harms resulting from high doses of radiation, such as radiation burns, were initially observed and protection efforts were focused on their prevention, mainly for practitioners rather than patients. Subsequently, it was gradually recognized that there were other, less obvious, harmful radiation effects such as radiation-induced cancer, for which there is certain risk even at low doses of radiation.
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Dushnisky, Kelvin Paul Michael. "An adaptive impact monitoring and management strategy for resource development projects." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26251.
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This thesis advances a conceptual model of adaptive impact monitoring that is designed to overcome many of the criticisms plaguing conventional monitoring strategies. The potential for applying the adaptive model is demonstrated for the Peace River Site C dam proposed for northeastern British Columbia.
Environmental impact assessment (EIA) has progressed considerably from its early biophysical orientation to a more comprehensive, interdisciplinary process concerned with the breadth of environmental and socio-economic impacts of development. Impact monitoring, an essential EIA component, has also progressed but in a less innovative fashion. Consequently, conventional monitoring strategies often contain significant deficiencies including insufficient use of past experience, poor monitoring design, and failure to recognize the learning opportunity offered by each project.
Adaptive impact monitoring offers significant advantages over traditional strategies. An adaptive strategy is based on a series of impact hypotheses established and tested by an interdisciplinary design team and has two fundamental stages: design and evaluation.
A review of the potential environmental impacts of hydroelectric production indicates that the reservoir impact paradigm is beginning to provide a comprehensive basis for assessing development effects. Although the Site C EIA adequately reflects the reservoir impact paradigm, it has three significant weaknesses. First, the potential impacts on downstream ecology and distant downstream users are ill-considered. Second, the potential for increased Site C fisheries parasitism is neglected. Finally, estimates of maximum sustainable yield for the Site C reservoir and Peace River fisheries are unreliable.
While opportunities for future impact monitoring were recognized through the Site C panel hearings, they lacked flexibility. The potential impacts on downstream water temperature and fisheries resources are used to illustrate the applicability of the adaptive strategy and the advantages derived from collecting only relevant, statistically credible data to permit testing impact hypotheses in a cost-effective manner. On the basis of these findings, six major policy recommendations are provided for improving the effectiveness of impact monitoring and management for future resource developments.Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies
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Cheng, Kit-yan Ruby, and 鄭潔茵. "Nuclear emergency preparedness model based on Daya Bay Nuclear Power stations for educational purposes." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B36168464.
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Pinger, Andrew James. "Application of GIS and Spatial Analysis of Golden Eagle Fatalities Caused by Wind Turbines at the Altamont Pass Wind Resource." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/197.
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The Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area (Altamont) near Livermore, California is the oldest and largest wind farm in the United States. It is known as a location of high avian mortality, especially for diurnal raptors such as the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). Using the avian monitoring data collected at Altamont for over thirteen years (1998-2003, 2005- 2011), records were analyzed of 134 golden eagle deaths caused by wind turbine collisions. All wind turbines present during the same temporal range were characterized according to turbine variables, and geographic placement characteristics. Values of turbines that killed golden eagles were compared to values of turbnes that did not. It was discovered that turbines that have killed golden eagles (kill turbines) share characteristics that are significantly different from those that have not. Kill turbines are more often situated on lattice structure towers, have larger rotor blade-swept areas, placed in less dense turbine arrays, are further away from the next nearest turbine and are less often placed on top of ridgelines compared to nonkill turbines. Finally, kill turbines are more often situated at the end of a turbine row than are nonkill turbines. The differences between kill and nonkill turbine model, hill slope, tower height, generating capacity, array diversity, row count of turbines and placement in a hill saddle were found to be not significant. These findings support in part, earlier turbine studies at Altamont, but do not concur with all previous findings. The methods used in this study can be applied to any bird species at Altamont and at any wind resource area throughout the world. As the wind industry continues to grow, techniques used in studies such as this are an important tool that can be used to direct wildlife conservation policies.
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Lombard, Andrea. "Wind energy landscapes, place attachment and tourism in the Route 27/West Coast Region of South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79872.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The West Coast Region (WCR) of the Western Cape Province in South Africa is earmarked for at least 13 windfarm developments. These proposed developments represent an investment in and a movement towards cleaner and alternative ways of energy generation. All developments that will alter the environment or landscape are usually received with some sort of opposition. The aim of this study was to determine whether or not the presence of wind turbines in the form of wind farms will have any affect on the sense of place of insiders of (residents) and outsiders (visitors) to the West Coast Region, the insiders’ attachment to their natural landscapes and the outsiders’ experiences of the region. In the context of multiple issues arising from a very complex discourse around the possible effects that the proposed windfarms are perceived to have in the WCR, this study approached the research topic from three perspectives of inquiry: (1) windfarms and people’s place attachment; (2) windfarms and landscape aesthetic and function interference; and (3) windfarms and its effect on tourism. The study area includes 15 towns of three subregions of the WCR, namely the Swartland, West Coast Peninsula and Bergrivier subregions. The research objectives are seven fold, namely (1) to establish a solid base and understanding of the concepts and constructs related to wind energy, landscape aesthetics and place attachment; (2) to review appropriate case studies reported in the international literature and apply relevant methodologies in this study; (3) investigate theories, types and models of public decision making to explore the degree to which these could be applied to windfarm support or objection in the WCR; (4) to critique current policies in windfarm establishment and discover whether and how these shape social objection to or support for windfarm development in the WCR; (5) to establish the perceptions and attitudes relating to wind turbines of three groups of actors (tourism industry, tourists and residents) in the WCR by conducting questionnaire surveys in 15 West Coast towns and villages and interpret these views in relation to the impacts of wind turbines on the local landscape; (6) to determine the insiders’ place attachments to the WCR, whether the presence of wind turbines will affect these attachments and whether their attachments influence decisions to support or oppose the proposed windfarm developments; and (7) to assess the extent to which the presence of wind turbines will affect the tourism value of the region. Primary data was further strengthened by semi-structured interviews, informal conversations and observation at public participation and specialized group meetings. Data was analysed using SPSS, Excel and ArcGIS. The findings indicate that respondents are concerned with issues related to the sustainability of the natural environment and that the residents of the WCR possess a strong sense of attachment to the region, but no clear indication was found that their place attachment serve as a reason for their opposition to the proposed windfarm developments. Although the support for windfarm development decreases from a national to a regional level and to the local level of in or close to the towns in which respondents reside, their opposition to windfarm development in the region cannot only be regarded as simple not-in-my-backyard (NIMBY) attitudes. Seventy-five per cent of the respondents regard the physical landscape of the WCR as very special, but would still support the development of windfarms in the region indicating that the respondents do not believe the construction of wind turbines in the WCR landscapes will influence the special character of landscapes negatively. There is no indication presently that the tourism industry would be affected negatively by windfarm development in the region as both residents and visitors do not believe that windfarms deter tourists from visiting certain areas and more than 90% of visitors indicated they would return to the WCR after a number of windfarms have been developed. It is recommended that a post-development impact study be conducted to determine the attitudes toward windfarm development in the WCR following the deployment of wind turbines.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Weskus-streek in die Wes-Kaap provinsie van Suid-Afrika word geoormerk vir ten minste 13 windplaas ontwikkelinge. Hierdie voorgestelde ontwikkelinge verteenwoordig ‘n belegging in en ‘n beweging na skoner en alternatiewe maniere van energieopwekking. Alle ontwikkelinge wat die omgewing of landskap sal verander word gewoonlik ontvang deur ‘n mate van teenkanting. Die doel van hierdie studie was om te bepaal of die teenwoordigheid van windturbines in die vorm van windplase enige invloed op die plekbewustheid van inwoners van en besoekers aan die Weskus-streek, hulle gehegdheid aan die streek se natuurlike landskappe en besoekers se ervarings van die streek sal uitoefen. Binne die konteks van verskeie kwessies met hul oorsprong vanuit ‘n baie komplekse diskoers rondom die moontlike effekte wat vermeen word die voorgestelde windplase op die Weskus-streek sal hê, benader hierdie studie die navorsingsonderwerp vanuit drie navraagsperspektiewe: (1) windplase en mense se plekgehegdheid; (2) windplase en landskap estetiese en funksie steuring; en (3) windplase en die effek daarvan op toerisme. Die studie area sluit 15 dorpe uit drie substreke van die Weskus-streek in, naamlik die Swartland, Weskus Skiereiland en Bergrivier substreke. Die navorsingsdoelwitte is sewevoudig, naamlik (1) om ‘n konseptuele basis en verstaan van konsepte en konstrukte geassosieerd met windenergie-opwekking, landskap estetika en plekgehegdheid te kweek; (2) om toepaslike gevallestudies te hersien en sommige relevante metodologie vir die studie aan te wend; (3) om teorieë, tipes en modelle van publieke besluitneming te ondersoek ten einde te bepaal tot watter graad dit aangewend kan word tot windplaasondersteuning of teenkanting in die Weskus-streek; (4) om kritiek te lewer op huidige beleide van windplaasontwikkeling en te ontdek tot watter mate en hoe dit sosiale teenkanting of ondersteuning van windplaasontwikkeling in die Weskus-streek vorm; (5) om die persepsies en houdings van drie groepe deelnemers (die toerisme industrie, toeriste en inwoners) in die Weskus-streek te bepaal deur vraelysopnames in 15 Weskus dorpe te doen en hierdie sienings in verhouding met die impakte van windturbines op die plaaslike landskap te interpreer; (6) om die inwoners se plekgehegdheid tot die Weskus-streek te bepaal en of die teenwoordigheid van wind turbines hierdie gehegdheid sal affekteer en of hul gehegdheid besluitneming rakende die ondersteuning vir, of teenkanting teen, windplaasontwkkeling beïnvloed; en (7) om te bepaal tot watter mate die teenwoordigheid van windturbines die toerisme waarde van die streek sal affekteer. Primêre data is verder versterk deur semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude, informele gesprekke en waarneming by publieke deelname sessies en gespesialiseerde groepsvergaderings. Data is ontleed deur middel van SPSS, Excel en ArcGIS. Daar is bevind dat respondente besorg is oor kwessies rondom die volhoubaarheid van die natuurlike omgewing en dat die inwoners van die Weskus-streek ‘n sterk gehegtheid aan die streek het, maar geen definitiewe aanduiding is gevind dat hulle gehegdheid aan die streek as ‘n behoorlike rede vir hul teenstand teen die voorgestelde windplase aangevoer kan word nie. Alhoewel ondersteuning vir windplase afneem vanaf nasionaal na streeksvlak en die plaaslike vlak van binne of naby die dorp waar respondente woon, kan teenkanting teen die ontwikkeling van windplase in die streek nie slegs eenvoudig as ‘n nie-in-my-agterplaas houding (NIMAP) beskou word nie. Vyf-en-sewentig persent van die respondente ag die fisiese landskap van die Weskus-streek as baie spesiaal, maar ondersteun steeds windplaasontwikkeling in die streek wat aandui dat die respondente nie van mening is dat die oprigting van windturbines in die Weskus-streek landskappe die spesiale karakter van hierdie landskappe negatief sal beïnvloed nie. Daar is tans geen aanduiding dat die toerismebedryf negatief deur windplaasontwikkeling beïnvloed sal word nie aangesien beide inwoners en besoekers aangedui het dat hul nie van mening is dat windplase toeriste sal verhinder om sekere areas te besoek nie. Negentig persent van besoekers het aangedui dat hul steeds sal terugkeer na die Weskus-streek ná die ontwikkeling van ‘n aantal windplase. Dit word aanbeveel dat ‘n ná-ontwikkeling impakstudie onderneem word om die houdings jeens windplaasontwikkeling in die Weskus-streek ná oprigting van die turbines te ondersoek.
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Payne, Jill. "Hydroelectricity and landscape protection in the Highlands of Scotland, 1919 - 1980." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/562.
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This thesis employs twentieth-century hydroelectric development ventures in the Highlands of Scotland as a means of exploring conflicting demands of socio-economic development and landscape protection in cherished places. In Scotland, twentieth-century landscape protection ideals were founded upon a landscape aesthetic shaped by the principles and objectives of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Romanticism. The concept that the ‘natural’ world somehow existed separately from the world of humans, as a potential refuge from a rapidly industrialising European society, meant that the Romantic landscape aesthetic left little or no room for the incorporation of visible elements of industrialisation. This aesthetic has seen only limited change over time. As a result, satisfactory compromises between land-use and landscape protection have seldom been reached: a situation thrown into sharp relief by efforts to develop Highland water systems for the generation of hydroelectric energy during the period 1919 to 1980. The debate over hydroelectric development in the Highlands is instructive for a number of reasons, not least its parallels with the current focus on the placement of wind turbines in significant landscapes. Thanks to the Romantic legacy, attempts to modify landscapes as valued as those of the Highlands are fraught with complexity, even when development is undertaken in the interests of socio-economic enhancement. The thesis outlines the progression of both sides of the argument, assesses the significance of the compromises attempted and evaluates the lessons learned from nearly six decades of policymaking initiatives in this sphere. Core aesthetic ideals broadened, but did not change. Landscape protection progressed on the basis of protectionists’ ability to adjust the focus of their opposition; increased articulation of the idea of the collective ownership of important landscapes superseded the need to confront the viability of entrenched aesthetic orthodoxies.
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Ross, Boulianne Michael 1982. "Assessing the effects of the Baie-des-Sables (Quebec) wind farm on the spring migratory behaviour and abundance of raptors." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=116036.
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Despite their environmental benefits, wind farms, have attracted controversy with regard to their impacts on birds. These impacts include collision risks, direct and indirect habitat loss and barrier effects. The main objectives of this study were to determine whether the Baie-des-Sables wind farm, located on the south shore of the St-Lawrence River, is having an impact upon the spring migration of raptors. Emphasis was placed on comparing the differences between both behaviour and abundance of migrating raptors between the wind farm and a contr9l area. Three aspects of behaviour were recorded; altitude, change in direction and flight type. No significant differences were found between the wind, farm area and the control area with respect to migratory behaviour and abundance of any species. Low-lying topography and the fact most migratory raptors flew above blade height likely explain why no differences were found between the wind farm and control area.
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Potts, Glynn Shirley. "An exploratory study of an environmental conflict : the case of Thyspunt, Oyster Bay in the Eastern Cape." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/861.
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As the global energy crisis continues to have an impact on developing countries such as South Africa, stakeholders form an increasingly significant role especially around the concerns of development and the impact on the environment. Environmental conflicts have risen to the forefront in many areas in South Africa. Environmental conflicts fall under public disputes, which often occur as a result of human needs. This study is an attempt to explore the environmental conflict surrounding the proposed Nuclear Power station at Thyspunt, Oyster Bay in the Eastern Cape. Stakeholders are an integral part of environmental conflicts, and analyzing interests of stakeholders is vital in understanding environmental conflicts. This explorative study, seeks explore and to describe the interests of homeowners who are one of the key stakeholders involved the environmental conflict at Thyspunt, Oyster Bay in the Eastern Cape. The homeowners are represented by the St Francis Residents/ Ratepayers Association. The researcher conducted extensive face-face interviews with these homeowners. The organizations official documents, minutes of their meetings, letters to the media and various publications in which homeowners expressed their feelings were also made use of by the researcher in order to triangulate findings, as well as for data collection methods. The major themes were constructed from the study include: Security, Trust, Power and the various sources thereof, as well as a need for self-actualization based on values, and a final theme of the positive functions of conflict. The challenges facing the homeowners in terms of human security and environmental impact of the nuclear development are highlighted. Further recommendations for a more in-depth study are also made.
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van, Niekerk Melanie. "Understanding aquatic carbon loss from upland catchments in south west Scotland during land use change from commercial forest to wind farm." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/13064.
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High concentrations and fluxes of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in fluvial systems are associated with the dark brown water colour familiar in many upland, peat-dominated areas and may indicate a depletion of the terrestrial carbon store. The removal of this colour can also be problematic and expensive for water companies as well as affecting the ecological functioning of the water body through factors such as reduced light penetration through the water column. Disturbance resulting from activities such as land use change can also enhance the loss of carbon and this may manifest itself in elevated concentrations and fluxes of DOC from aquatic systems. This thesis describes and explains patterns of change in DOC quantity and quality from the Crosswater, Crosswater of Luce and Tig catchments draining Arecleoch Forest, a peatland in south Ayrshire, Scotland, from 2008 to 2010. This time period incorporates the installation of a 60-turbine wind farm built and operated by Scottish Power Renewables (SPR). Water samples were collected from Arecleoch at different spatial scales ranging from catchments to soil pore water and temporal scales ranging from daily to seasonally. Concentrations of DOC were measured and fluxes estimated at the catchment scale. DOC concentrations from all three catchments exhibited the well-established seasonal pattern with maxima in late August/early September and minima seen in February/March. The Tig catchment experienced the greatest burden of disturbance from the wind farm development and returned the highest DOC concentrations and fluxes. The Crosswater catchment, used as a control site due to its isolation from wind farm activities, had higher DOC concentrations than the Crosswater of Luce throughout the monitoring period possibly due to a greater proportion of forest cover. ii DOC flux ranged from 35.0 g C m-2 yr-1 from the Crosswater of Luce catchment in 2008 to 55.0 g C m-2 yr-1 from the Crosswater in 2009. The Tig catchment was not monitored for the whole period but returned the highest DOC fluxes of the three catchments between January and June 2010 (15.7 g C m-2). These values are considered high for UK peatlands. It is possible to make a tentative estimate of an extra 12 g C m-2 being exported from the Crosswater of Luce in 2009 that may have been a result of wind farm and/or forestry activities in the catchment. At the sub-catchment scale, “hot spots” of high DOC concentrations (up to 113.4 mg L-1) were found during the final survey of headwater streams inside the development area of the wind farm site during construction in August 2010. Further surveys are recommended to assess whether DOC concentrations have decreased since completion of the wind farm. Daily water samples were collected upstream and downstream of turbine 33 during the excavation of the turbine base. DOC concentrations were higher downstream before work began on the turbine base and although the gap between upstream and downstream DOC concentrations increased over the monitoring period, statistical comparisons of these differences before and after the start of excavation work were not significant at the 95 % confidence level. Challenges arose from the practicability of conducting robust research on a construction site and novel approaches to monitoring DOC were developed. Activity scores were used to quantify the effect of peatland disturbance on DOC concentrations at the catchment scale. The results suggest that this approach may have merit but requires comprehensive site records from the developer. The non-linear nature of the individual wind farm development and forestry activities made it impractical to disentangle the impact of each, particularly for forest harvesting. iii Activity scores could, together with other information gathered from site records, be useful to developers as an indicator of the most likely periods for peat disturbance. Knowledge of the differing disturbance potential of the various activities could also provide useful information to feed into the carbon payback calculator. DOC quality was explored using ultraviolet (UV) absorbance, specific UV absorbance (SUVA) and E4/E6 ratios. The latter metric identified changes in the composition of DOC related to disturbance with water samples from areas draining land subject to disturbance having lower E4/E6 ratios indicating a greater degree of humification of the DOC. This research provides one of only three studies to investigate concentrations and fluxes of DOC in water courses draining land subject to disturbance relating to wind farm construction. It is the only study that incorporates a period of time prior to work beginning and takes in the whole of the development phase. In this respect it provides a valuable addition to our understanding of the way in which peatlands respond to land use change and may provide useful tools to assist developers in minimising the impact of their activities on these valuable carbon stores.
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Li, Sujuan. "Evaluating ambient fine particulate matter source regions in the Ohio River Valley Region." Ohio : Ohio University, 2003. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1070550479.
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Noonan, Christine F. "Federal City revisited : atomic energy and community identity in Richland, Washington." Virtual Press, 2000. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1180787.
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This study examines the relationship between atomic energy production and community identity in Richland, Washington. Over the past fifty years, the identity of southeastern Washington has been intimately tied to production and industry at the Hanford Site. Today, however, environmental restoration and waste management programs have replaced plutonium production. The decline of the nuclear industry has influenced reinterpretations of local history and community identity through public display, commodity goods, and the re-scripting of historical texts.Department of Anthropology
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Kliman, Douglas Hartley 1963. "Detection of phenological change in cultivated and uncultivated vegetation with multispectral video." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276600.
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Multispectral video (MSV) images were used to measure phenological changes in cultivated and uncultivated vegetation communities surrounding the Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station (PVNGS). Multispectral video imagery was acquired from aircraft on seven dates between the middle of June and the end of September, 1986. Images representing three sites near the PVNGS were selected to calculate Ratio Vegetation Index (RVI) values for seven surface cover types. Mean RVI values were tested sequentially for change, plotted as a function of time, and then compared to a moisture index and the crop calendar. MSV detected changes in cultivated vegetation corresponding to the crop calendar. Changes in natural vegetation and the non-vegetated cover types were also detected, but did not correlate to the moisture index. There is insufficient evidence to determine if detected changes in uncultivated vegetation were the result of phenological changes or electronic noise.
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Schuchmann, Carla. "Alinhamento das estratégias de sustentabilidade do setor elétrico com os principais desafios ambientais da atualidade." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/24021.
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Se, por um lado, o meio ambiente é fundamental para o crescimento econômico no modelo capitalista, as crises ambientais, devido ao não respeito dos limites planetários, representam uma ameaça para humanidade. As empresas são cobradas para contribuir com a solução desse problema, por historicamente terem contribuído para essa situação. Por outro lado, ainda existem poucos estudos que tratam a sustentabilidade empresarial e seus impactos para melhorar a qualidade do meio ambiente (WHITEMAN, WALKER E PEREGO, 2013). Este estudo buscou avaliar se as estratégias de sustentabilidade do setor elétrico estão alinhadas aos principais desafios ambientais da atualidade. Para definir esses desafios, o estudo se baseou, principalmente, na teoria dos limites planetários de Steffen et al. (2015). Além de revisões bibliográficas, também foi realizada uma análise Multi Estudos de Casos, que contou com análises documentais (websites e relatórios de sustentabilidade) e entrevistas com três líderes da estratégia de sustentabilidade de empresas do setor elétrico, que são referências no tema (estão na carteira do ISE). Como resultado desse estudo, observou-se que, dos nove limites planetários (mudança do clima, integridade da biosfera, redução da camada de ozônio, acidificação dos oceanos, uso de água doce, fluxo bioquímico (nitrogênio e fósforo), alteração no território , carga de aerossol atmosférico e novos contaminantes), seis deles (mudança do clima, integridade da biosfera, alteração no território, uso de água doce, carga de aerossol atmosférico e novos contaminantes) tiveram historicamente o setor elétrico como uma de suas principais ameaças. Dois desses temas (mudança do clima e novos contaminantes) são considerados prioritários por todas as empresas estudadas. No entanto, quando se analisa o alinhamento das empresas para enfrentar os principais impactos causados pelo setor nos limítes planetários, observa-se que: I) todos os impactos relacionados ao tema ‘alteração no território’ são geridos por, ao menos, uma estratégia de cada empresa estudada; II) todos os impactos relacionados a uso de água doces e carga de aerossóis atmosféricos são gerenciados por uma ou duas das empresas estudadas; III) um ou mais impactos relacionados aos temas ‘mudança do clima’, ‘integridade da biosfera’ e ‘novos contaminantes’ não são gerenciados pela estratégia de sustentabilidade de nenhuma empresa estudada. Ao final, são sugeridos alguns estudos futuros relacionados aos temas estudados.
The environment is essential for economic growth in capitalism. In contrast, environmental crisis, due to not respecting planetary boundaries, represent a threat to humanity. Corporations are charged to help solving this problem, since historically they were the contributors of this issue. Nonetheless, there still are few studies that deal with corporate sustainability and its impacts to improve environment quality (Whiteman, Walker and Perego, 2013). This paper tried to evaluate if the sustainable strategies within the Brazilian electric Power companies are aligned with the main environmental challenges of current times. To describe these challenges, this research was mainly based on the planetary boundaries theory , done by Steffen et al. (2015). Among several bibliographic reviews, it was done a an Multiple Case Study analysis, that took into account documental reviews (websites and sustainability reports), interviews with three sustainable strategy leaders from benchmark companies of the Brazilian electric power sector (present at ISE portfolio).As a result of this research, it was realized that out of the nine planetary boundaries described (climate change, biosphere integrity, stratospheric ozone depletion, ocean acidification, freshwater use, biochemical flows (nitrogen and phosphorus), land-system change, atmospheric aerossol loading, novel entities) , the electric power sector represents a historically threat over six of them (climate change, biosphere integrity, land-system change, freshwater use, atmospheric aerossol and novel entities). The companies studied consider as a priority two of these boundaries (climate change and novel entities). Notwithstanding that, observing these companies alignment to deal with these main impacts caused by the electric sector Power on the boundaries, we can point that: I) all companies have their own strategies to manage all impacts on land-system change ; II) at least one company manages each freshwater use or atmospheric aerossol loading impacts; III) one or more impacts caused by climate change, biospheric integrity or novel entities are not dealt with any of these companies. It is possible to conclude that sustainable strategies among the Brazilian eletric power sector companies are partially aligned with the main environmental challenges of current times. Lastly, futures studies related to these cases are suggested.
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Poiencot, Brandon Keith. "Preliminary Feasibility of Transporting and Geologically Sequestering Carbon Emissions in the Florida Pan-Handle." UNF Digital Commons, 2012. http://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/593.
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According to the United States Department of Energy, fossil-fueled power plants account for 78% of stationary source CO2 emission in the United States and Canada. This has led electric utilities across the globe to research different alternatives for energy. Carbon sequestration has been identified as a bridge between fossil fuels and clean energy.
This thesis will present research results regarding the transportation costs of CO2 and the suitability of geology in the Florida Pan-Handle for sequestration infrastructure. The thesis will utilize various evaluation tools including GIS, numerical models, and optimization models.
Analysis performed for this thesis and review of published literature produced estimated carbon storage capacities for two areas in and near the Florida Pan-Handle. These areas were labeled Disposal Area 1 and Disposal Area 3. Disposal Area 1 was estimated to contain capacity for the storage of 5.58 gigatonnes of CO2. Disposal Area 3 was estimated to contain capacity for the storage of 2.02 gigatonnes of CO2. Transportation scenarios were analyzed over a 25 year period and the capacities above are sufficient to store the CO2 emissions from the Pan-Handle network of power plants for the study period.
Four transportation routing scenarios were investigated using transportation costs from the Poiencot and Brown CO2 pipeline capital cost model. The scenarios (models) consisted of the Right-Of-Way, Solo-Funded, Piece-Wise, and Authority models. Each presents a different method for the overall funding of the Florida Pan-Handle CO2 network and produced different total levelized and mean unit costs. The cheapest network on a mean unit cost basis was the network for Disposal Area 1 in the Authority Model, producing a mean unit cost of $0.64 per tonne of CO2.
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Burger, Bruce Jonathan. "The voluntary appliction of the integrated environmental management guidelines by Eskom in KwaZulu-Natal, 1989 to 1997." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4164.
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The end of the last century saw a meteoric rise in Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and its implementation worldwide subsequent to it being legislated by the United States in 1970. The South African Government's Council for the Environment
attempted to emulate international developments in EIA and compiled the Integrated Environmental Management (IEM) guidelines of 1989 which delineated the procedure for undertaking EIAs for development projects in South Africa. It was envisaged that these guidelines would ultimately be made law. The period between 1989 and 1997 was a window period when the IEM guidelines were implemented voluntarily. This period therefore constitutes an important era in the history of EIA in South Africa to which constant reference is made and upon which further
development in EIA in South Africa has been reliant. The period 1989 to 1997 also coincided with a major increase in the bulk electricity supply to KwaZulu-Natal by Eskom, the national electricity utility. Eskom had actively tracked the evolution of Environmental Management globally and was considered to be at the forefront of Industrial Environmental Management in South
Africa and there was therefore an expectation that Eskom would implement the IEM guidelines. In this study twelve EIAs for Eskom powerlines and substations constructed in KZN for the period were analysed and trends in the implementation of the IEM guidelines extrapolated. This study highlights the extent to which the IEM guidelines were implemented. It discusses the problems attendant to its implementation, which were found to be common to the implementation of EIA globally. From this research it became clear that factors external to the IEM guidelines needed to be resolved before the IEM guidelines could be implemented. The administrative requirement was one of the most important and necessary requirements for successful implementation, but this had not been thoroughly anticipated by Eskom nor the guidelines themselves. This required that there was major reform to policy and company procedure, which had to be clearly understood and accepted, before IEM could be effectively implemented. As a consequence, the implementation of the various steps of the IEM guidelines seldom revealed consistent and satisfactory implementation. Even where the IEM guidelines were more closely followed and implemented, previously entrenched technocentrist procedures and ideals persisted and therefore IEM was subverted and implemented with the wrong goal in mind. There was also an expectation that there would be an improvement in EIA practice with time. It was found that there was a greater association between the quality of the EIA conducted and the Eskom Environmental Officer responsible for it, rather than a consistent improvement with time. Thus integration into the project process of environmental procedure is a complex process and it requires firstly that a company is reformed. Reform has subsequently begun to transpire in Eskom. This reform includes education of company employees, which in turn is linked to political will which is necessary to effect the changes required to apply a procedure such as the IEM guidelines. This study reviews the implementation of the IEM guidelines in Eskom during this important development phase. It therefore reflects on a key portion of the history of EIA implementation in this country. The study provides insight into organisational reform and the voluntary commitments required for successful implementation of EIA. Benefit can be drawn from this study for future implementation of EIA even though EIA legislation now exists, as some form of voluntariness, political will and
organisational reform is always imperative for ETA's successful and effective implementation.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.
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Naidoo, Kribashen. "Bird streamer initiated breakdowns under HVDC conditions." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/2231.
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This dissertation describes the role played by bird streamers in transmission line faults under HVDC conditions. The research was initiated due to the lack of knowledge of these faults under HVDC conditions. An explanation as to what bird streamers faults are, the role they play in the breakdown of air-gaps and a means of preventing bird streamer caused faults from occurring is made Experimental work has been carried out in order to gain an understanding of these faults under HVDC conditions. The overall aim of the experiments was to find a horizontal distance (protected zone) on an HVDC tower top, in order to prevent birds from perching around the centre of the tower. This will lead to a reduction of bird streamer caused faults. A brass rod was used as the artificial streamer in the experiments, under both negative and positive polarity (voltages in the range 0 to 220 kV DC were applied). Later in the experimental phase, a string soaked in a saline solution was used as a more realistic simulation of a bird streamer. QuickField™, an FEM package, was used to simulate the electric field in the region of the live conductor fitting and the tip of the bird streamer, to assess the degree of distortion of the electric field caused by the introduction of the bird streamer. These simulations served as means of verifying the laboratory experiments. This dissertation has proposed a relationship between the breakdown voltage and the protected zone length, based on the air-gap breakdown voltages for both I-String and V-String insulator configurations in the air-gap range 0 to 350 mm. These curves can be used in the design of transmission lines, as a means of reducing bird streamer faults.Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2007.