Relevant bibliographies by topics / Environmental aspects of Flotation reagents

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Environmental aspects of Flotation reagents'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 13 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Environmental aspects of Flotation reagents"

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Kalmykova, T. D., and V. V. Kuznetsov. "Kineticand thermodynamic aspects of flotation beneficiation of polymetallic raw materials." E3S Web of Conferences 266 (2021): 02015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126602015.

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The article presents the results of the development of a method-ological approach to the analysis of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters for improving the efficiency of flotation processing of polymetallic raw materials.The kinetic dependences of flotation, the hydrophobizing ability of butyl potassium xanthogenate, and the effect of reagents on preliminary mechanical activation were studied, and flotation modeling with and with-out an oxidizer was performed. The best results of convergence with the kinetic dependences of flotation are shown by the Beloglazov equation, the Kelsall and the modified Kelsall models. Technological indicators of sul-fide flotation in the presence of oxidants are higher, which can be ex-plained by the intensive oxidation of the formed transient ions on the sur-face of minerals, which contributes to the alignment of the flotation properties of the surface.It is possible to integrate the proposed research methods into technological schemes in order to optimize technological in-dicators and increase profits.
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Deo, Namita, and K. A. Natarajan. "Biodegradation of some organic flotation reagents bybacillus polymyxa." Bioremediation Journal 2, no. 3-4 (December 1998): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10889869809380378.

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Deo, Namita, and K. A. Natarajan. "Biodegradation of Some Organic Flotation Reagents by Bacillus polymyxa." Bioremediation Journal 2, no. 3 (December 1, 1998): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10889869891214321.

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Sablin, A. V. "Intensifying coal flotation by means of oxyethylated reagents." Coke and Chemistry 51, no. 8 (August 2008): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068364x08080024.

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Petukhov, V. N., A. V. Sablin, L. I. Kovaleva, and A. A. Yunash. "Intensification of coal flotation by means of oxyethylated reagents." Coke and Chemistry 51, no. 3 (March 2008): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068364x08030010.

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Derhy, Manar, Yassine Taha, Rachid Hakkou, and Mostafa Benzaazoua. "Review of the Main Factors Affecting the Flotation of Phosphate Ores." Minerals 10, no. 12 (December 10, 2020): 1109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10121109.

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The way to successfully upgrade a phosphate ore is based on the full understanding of its mineralogy, minerals surface properties, minerals distribution and liberation. The conception of a treatment process consists of choosing the proper operations with an adequate succession depending on the ore properties. Usually, froth flotation takes place in phosphate enrichment processes, since it is cheap, convenient, and well developed. Nevertheless, it is a complex technique as it depends on the mineral’s superficial properties in aqueous solutions. Aspects such as wettability, surface charge, zeta potential, and the solubility of minerals play a basic role in defining the flotation conditions. These aspects range from the reagents type and dosage to the pH of the pulp. Other variables namely particles size, froth stability, and bubbles size play critical roles during the treatment, as well. The overall aim is to control the selectivity and recovery of the process. The following review is an attempt to add to previous works gathering phosphate froth flotation data. In that sense, the relevant parameters of phosphate ores flotation are discussed while focusing on apatite, calcite, dolomite, and quartz as main constituent minerals.
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IOANA CORINA, MOGA, MATACHE MIHAI GABRIEL, and COVALIU ILEANA CRISTINA. "Advanced wastewater treatment stage for textile industry." Industria Textila 69, no. 06 (January 1, 2019): 478–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/it.069.06.1501.

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Dissolved air flotation represents an important stage for wastewater treatment and was used during the last sixty years for different pollutants such as: suspended solids, greases, oils etc. Nowadays, the dissolved air systems are generally applied in industrial wastewater treatment plants, where the amount of pollutants is above the average (textile and leather industry). The research team members developed an innovative DAF unit and realized a laboratory demonstrator (figure 1). The laboratory installation was tested and the efficiency of wastewater treatment was demonstrated. The latest researches proved that flotation reagents have an essential role in the removal of different pollutants. The scientific literature demonstrates that these reagents can be used to remove the pollutants as sludge or foam, Reagents are divided into modifiers, flocculants, depressants, collectors and frothers, depending on their role the flotation process. Nanomaterial utilization in wastewater treatment has become an intensely studied topic. Collectors reagents, based on hydrophobic nanoparticles, can adsorb a larger quantity of pollutants due to the hydrophilic particle surfaces that facilitate the attachment of pollutants to air bubbles generated by the DAF unit. In the present paper, the researchers present that the role of nanoparticles is to facilitate particle-bubble attachment and/or to minimize detachment. The goal of the study is to consider the influence of nanoparticle parameters on the various stages of particle flotation to demonstrate the key role of nanoparticles in removal of pollutants from textile wastewaters.
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Chettibi, M., A. Abramov, and A. Boutrid. "Physico-chemical models of galena flotation system." World Journal of Engineering 11, no. 5 (November 1, 2014): 447–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1708-5284.11.5.447.

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Main idea to prevent the ground contamination by heavy metals is to extract them maximally with minimum consumption of chemical reagents. So, a perfect studying of pulp ionic structure, an adjustment of the sulphuric ores flotation parameters and modelling of minerals selectivity variables, by using the thermodynamic method of analysis, the behavior of lead xanthenes surface state in solution and experimental investigation results, allow obtaining quantitative physico-chemical models of minimum necessary xanthenes concentration of lead sulphide complete flotation.The optimal pH values, ensuring a complete flotation of galena agree with the potential of zero or minimum charge of its surface, and the optimal composition of the collector sorption layer consisting both of chemisorbed xanthenes and physically adsorbed dixanthenes.In additional, it was obtained quantitative models for the necessary xanthenes concentration of lead sulphide complete flotation in the case of different oxidation products from the galena surface in pH values from 7,0 up to 12,0.The models derived can be used as the criteria for functional units of automation systems to control and regulate the flotation process in mineral processing plants. All these should conduct to increasing of metals extraction degree with minimum chemical reagents consumption and providing good environmental protection.
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Żak, Sławomir. "Treatment of the Processing Wastewaters Containing Heavy Metals with the Method Based on Flotation." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 19, no. 3 (January 1, 2012): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10216-011-0033-8.

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Treatment of the Processing Wastewaters Containing Heavy Metals with the Method Based on FlotationThe aim of the studies carried out at full technological scale was to indicate optimal systems of the two-stage precipitation and coagulation (PIX 113 - SAX 18, PAX XL1 - SAX 18, ALCAT 102 - lime milk and SAX 18 - PAX 16) in the process of eliminating heavy metals from wastewaters made in the processing plant producing sub-systems for domestic appliances. Precipitated pollutions were thickened by flocculation and separated by hydrogen peroxide enhanced pressure flotation. The experimental installation of maximal flow capacity: 10.0 m3/d consisted of: the storage-equalization tank, the processing pipe reactor, the pressure flotation station, and the reagent preparation and dosing station. Optimal doses of reagents and a flocculent as well as pressure and saturation time were defined for which maximal reductions in the load of heavy metals were achieved. The usefulness of hydrogen peroxide as a means of enhancing flotation was tested. The use of two-stage precipitation permitted the reduction in heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Sn, Zn), eg by applying ALCAT 102 - lime milk at the level exceeding 80%.
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Ksenofontov, B. S., and M. V. Ivanov. "A novel multistage kinetic modeling of flotation for wastewater treatment." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 4 (August 1, 2013): 807–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.303.

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This study develops a new model for description of flotation kinetics. It defines flotation as a process that consists of several stages: separated air bubbles and particles, air bubbles and particles forming an aggregate, aggregate rising to the froth layer. This description significantly differs from known models, which are much simplified. The multistage model gives a novel in-depth description and considers different aspects of flotation, i.e. aggregate formation, which is critically important for flotation to take place. Experimental approval of the new model resulted in its accuracy. The model is to be used for a description of kinetics of all flotation processes in wastewater treatment. It helps in accurate design of flotation treatment plants and may be used for further research of the flotation process.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Environmental aspects of Flotation reagents"

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Xie, Ting 1971. "Heavy metal removal from soil by complexing reagents with recycling of complexing reagents." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30838.

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Heavy metals in the environment are a source of some concern because of their potential reactivity, toxicity, and mobility in the soil. Soil contamination by metals is placing human and environmental health at risk through possible contamination of food chain.
Soil washing can be used to remove metals from the soil. Chemical treatment involves the addition of extraction agents that react with the contaminant and leach it from the soil. The liquid, containing the contaminants, is separated from the soil resulting in a clean solid phase. Six chelating reagents, EDTA, Citric acid, ADA, DTPA, SCMC, and DPTA, were employed to determine the relative extraction efficiencies of the six chelating reagents for the target metals. Recycling of chelating reagent was the main interest of this study. The experiments were divided into four parts: (1) preliminary studies on the preparation and characterization of soil that included grinding, sieving, soil texture measurements, total metals content post digestion and the distribution of metals in different soil fractions as well as (2) a comparison of the extraction efficiencies of six chelating reagents toward Cu, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn. Additionally, the chelating reagent was liberated and recycled by treatment of the metal-complexes with disodium diethyl dithiocarbomate (DEDTC). Additionally, supercritical CO2 was used to extract metal-DEDTC complexes using various surfactants to maintain the metal-DEDTC complexes in suspension. Finally, (4) magnesium metal was evaluated as an alternative method for liberating the water-soluble chelating reagent from the complex so as to be able to recycle this reagent as well.
The different approaches were promising in terms of recycling the chelating reagents that suggests a means of optimizing the experimental conditions in future applications.
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Ager, Patrick. "Recycle of complexing reagents during mechanical pulping." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82813.

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The stability of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a critical factor for the brightening of mechanical pulps. Inorganic ions, including Fe, Mn and Cu catalytically decompose H2O2. These troublesome metals promote the rapid transformation of H2O2 to nonselective hydroxyl radicals that degrade the cellulose fibres and decrease yields.
The interaction of aqueous metal•complexes with magnesium metal (Mg°) or bimetallic mixtures of magnesium with either palladium (Pd°/Mg°) or silver (Ag°/Mg°) were optimized to remove metals (Mn, Cu and Fe) from solution with concomitant release of the complexing reagent. The analyte metals were removed by both cementation on the surfaces of the excess Mg° and by precipitation as hydroxides. Overall, the reactions were rapid (3 or 10 min) and very efficient. The accelerators (Ag or Pd) were deposited on the surfaces of the Mg°. In a separate study, the excess of Mg° could be reused to mediate more metals removal without apparent loss of reactivity. Among the other iminodiacetate analogs (CDTA, MEDTA, EGTA, HEDTA, DPTA and MTBE), the EGTA and HEDTA proved to be possible substitutes for both efficient metal removal of Mn, Cu and Fe from solution and efficient release of chelating reagent. The measurement of particle size, performed by laser granulometry, demonstrated that smaller particles of precipitate were generated from metal-EDTA complexes by reaction with NaOH than by reaction with Pd°/Mg° bimetallic mixture. If the suspensions of particles were analyzed in the absence of ultrasound, the particles became aggregated into large flocs (up to 150 mum3 ). The reactivity of the bimetallic mixtures was exploited to remove Cu, Mn, Fe, Zn and Al that had been initially chelated with EDTA or DTPA from a thermomechanical pulp (TMP). After 15 min, the metals had been removed efficiently with the bimetallic mixtures. The EDTA released from the TMP filtrate could be recycled efficiently for a total of three cycles. On the other hand, the DTPA was not released as efficiently. Measurements of turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD) indicated no appreciable difference between the pulp samples with either chelating reagent. Residual H2O2 and ISO brightness measurements indicated no apparent differences among pulps that had been treated wi
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Moore, Bronwyn Ann. "Investigation into the technical feasibility of biological treatment of precious metal refining wastewater." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002013.

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The hydrometallurgical refining of platinum group metals results in large volumes of liquid waste that requires suitable treatment before any disposal can be contemplated. The wastewater streams are characterized by extremes of pH, high inorganic ion content (such as chloride), significant residual metal loads and small amounts of entrained organic compounds. Historically these effluents were housed in evaporation reservoirs, however lack of space and growing water demands have led Anglo Platinum to consider treatment of these effluents. The aim of this study was to investigate whether biological wastewater treatment could produce water suitable for onsite reuse. Bench-scale activated sludge and anaerobic digestion for co-treatment of an acidic refinery waste stream with domestic wastewater were used to give preliminary data. Activated sludge showed better water treatment at lab scale in terms of removal efficiencies of ammonia (approximately 25%, cf. 20% in anaerobic digestion) and COD (70% cf. 43% in digestion) and greater robustness when biomass health was compared. Activated sludge was consequently selected for a pilot plant trial. The pilot plant was operated on-site and performed comparably with the bench-scale system, however challenges in the clarifier design led to losses of biomass and poor effluent quality (suspended solids washout). The pilot plant was unable to alter the pH of the feed, but a two week maturation period resulted in the pH increasing from 5.3 to 7.0. Tests on algal treatment as an alternative or follow-on unit operation to activated sludge showed it not to be a viable process. The activated sludge effluent was assessed for onsite reuse in flotation and it was found that there was no significant difference between its flotation performance and that of the process water currently used, indicating the effluent generated by the biological treatment system can be used successfully for flotation. Flotation is the method whereby minerals refining operations recover minerals of interest from ore through the addition of chemicals and aeration of the ore slurry. Target minerals adhere to the bubbles and can be removed from the process.
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Books on the topic "Environmental aspects of Flotation reagents"

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Patel, Shailesh K. Fate and consequences to the environment of reagents associated with rock phosphate processing: Final report. Bartow, Fla: The Institute, 2001.

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Office, General Accounting. Toxic substances: EPA's chemical testing program has made little progress : report to the chairman, Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources Subcommittee, Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1990.

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Patrick, Zhang, and Florida Institute of Phosphate Research., eds. A screening study on phosphate depressants for beneficiating Florida phosphate minerals: Final report. Bartow, Fla: Florida Institute of Phosphate Research, 2002.

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Office, General Accounting. Toxic substances: Federal programs do not fully address some lead exposure issues : report to the chairman, Subcommittee on Health and the Environment, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: GAO, 1992.

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Toxic substances: EPA needs more reliable source reduction data and progress measures : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Health and the Environment, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1994.

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Toxic substances: Few states have considered reporting requirements for chemical use data : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Committee on Commerce, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1997.

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Office, General Accounting. Toxic substances: Status of EPA's efforts to reduce toxic releases : report to the Chairman, Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources Subcommittee, Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: U.S. General Accounting Office, 1994.

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Office, General Accounting. Toxic substances: PCB enforcement in Kansas City region substantiates need for further program improvements : report to the chairman, Subcommittee on Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources, Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1988.

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Office, General Accounting. Toxic substances: Few states have considered reporting requirements for chemical use data : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Committee on Commerce, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: U.S. General Accounting Office, 1997.

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Office, General Accounting. Toxic substances: PCB spill at the Guam naval power generating plant : report to Congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Environmental aspects of Flotation reagents"

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Bulatovic, Srdjan M. "Summary of the Theoretical Aspects of Flotation." In Handbook of Flotation Reagents, 87–124. Elsevier, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-044453029-5/50015-0.

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Shahid, Mohd, Hridesh Mishra, Hemant Kumar Mishra, Trivendra Tripathi, Haris M. Khan, Farrukh Sobia, and Anuradha Singh. "Pharmaco-EcoMicrobiology and Its Potential Role in Medical and Environmental Sciences." In Pharmacoinformatics and Drug Discovery Technologies, 291–302. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-0309-7.ch018.

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Despite the call of the World Health Organization (WHO) for “Pharmacovigilance,” i.e. the monitoring, detection, assessment, and prevention of any adverse reactions, poor attention has been given to identify the long term and short term Adverse Effects (ADEs) of antimicrobial agents on the environment. It is obvious that most of the health sectors across the globe are occupied by infectious diseases (e.g. tuberculosis, HIV, and hepatitis), and to combat such threats, the pharmaceutical industries are pouring tons of drugs and reagents into a market worth billions of dollars. The discharge of these products into the ecosystem is potentially a threat to the environment and human health. In this chapter, the authors depicted a recently described terminology, “Pharmaco-EcoMicrobiology” (PEcM), that could cover these problems and their possible solutions on medical and environmental aspects. In this regard, the role of pharmacoinformatics could also be crucial, since it can provide swift information for implementation and use of information technologies for the discovery and development of drugs as well as in pharmacy education and also the detection and combat of adverse drug effects.
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Conference papers on the topic "Environmental aspects of Flotation reagents"

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Artemev, Alexandr. "FLOCCULATION OF FINE APATITE AIMED AT REDUCING ENVIRONMENTAL WATER USE PROBLEMS IN MINERAL PROCESSING PLANTS." In GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b1/v3/48.

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"Water treatment technologies involving pre-treated industrial effluents without transporting them to the tailing dump are of interest primarily from an environmental point of view, as they reduce the environmental burden. The paper studies the possibility of purification of process waters from apatite concentrate production from suspended particles and water-soluble impurities using polyacrylamide flocculants. By studying the processes of adsorption of H+ and OH- ions from aqueous solutions, the acid-base properties of the surface of the solid phase of the most polluted technological product - the drain of the apatite concentrate thickener - the mineral composition of which is 90% apatite have been studied. The influence of the reagents present in the processing technology on the quantitative ratio of acid-base centres on the apatite surface has been evaluated. It has been shown that the interaction of these reagents with the mineral creates prerequisites for a greater efficiency of the anionic flocculant. The electro-surface properties of apatite treated with various reagents were studied using the laser Doppler electrophoresis method. The mechanism of fixation of ions present in the dispersion medium on the surface of apatite was studied by infrared spectroscopy. In order to determine the conditions under which various flocculants are in the most ionized state, studies were conducted on the change in the viscosity of the polyelectrolyte solution at different pH values. The position of the isoionic point for samples of cationic and anionic flocculants in the presence of reagents used in the apatite flotation and dehydration of apatite concentrate was studied. A research has been carried out on ""model"" and real suspensions in circulating water for a number of cationic, anionic and nonionic flocculants. The kinetic and concentration dependences of the flocculating capacity of the studied reagents were determined, which confirmed the high efficiency of the anionic type reagents"
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Rudko, Georgii, and Maksym Ozerko. "ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES DURING MINING OF FELDSPAR DEPOSITS IN UKRAINE." In GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b1/v3/29.

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"Possible negative impacts on the environment during mining of feldspar deposits with open-pit and underground mine are defined. The main changes have been identified, which are as follows: air pollution, soil destructions, change of relief, a local decrease in groundwater level, pollution by sewage and waste. Destructions of the soil cover are fixed under the dumps of the quarry and in the path of the movement of quarry equipment. Through the development of a pit and dumps, the primary relief acquires significant changes and the action of forces caused primarily by gravity is activated, aimed at smoothing out negative and positive relief forms. An increase in the height difference from the dump ridge to the bottom of the quarry and the formation of a significant, pronounced depression of the relief redirects the surface runoff, increases its speed, and reduces infiltration into the soil. Mining development caused drainage of groundwater due to its release to the surface and evaporation. Air pollution has a bigger scale than other components of negative impacts. The main impact of mining activities is due to emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere as a result of blowing dust from the surface of dumps and emissions from quarry transport and their deposition on the soil and storage of industrial waste. The main pollutants are inorganic dust with content of SiO2 - 65-82% and Al2O3 - 11-21%. Separately, the article discusses the impact on the environment during multi-components deposits` exploitation, where feldspar concentrates are produced as by-products. Several deposits in Ukraine belong to the group: Bakhtyn (fluorite ores), Nosachivske (titanium-ilmenite ores), Perzhanske deposits of rare metals, Mazurivske (tantalum and niobium ores). Most of them are planned to be mined underground, which saves more land resources in comparison with open workings. The placement of mine shafts and industrial sites for their maintenance requires an area of about 30 hectares. All of them have a complex ore processing with the separation of several concentrates, which necessitates the use of flotation and other reagents. The development of such deposits involves the organization of tailings and circulating water supply of the processing plant."
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Artemev, Alexandr, and Valentin Biryukov. "REDUCTION OF THE VOLUME OF PUMPING OF LIQUID WASTE FROM THE PRODUCTION OF APATITE CONCENTRATE DUE TO THE TECHNOLOGY OF PARTIALLY CLOSED WATER CIRCULATION." In GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b1/v3/51.

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"The use of recycled water supply technology in mineral dressing plants solves current environmental and economic problems for the mining and processing industry. Usually, water treatment takes a long time and requires constructing large-volume tailing dumps. The paper proposes a technology of a partially closed water circulation with the purification of watered production waste from suspended particles and water-soluble impurities that negatively affect the flotation process, based on the regularities describing the interaction of flocculants with the phases of a heterogeneous system of process waters. The authors have determined the most effective reagents providing optimal indicators of recycled water. The proposed technology is implemented in hardware in a radial thickener and eliminates the discharge of process water into an external tailings dumps facility, which will reduce the area occupied by production waste. Based on the particle size distribution data for various preliminary treatment options, differential and integral particle size distribution curves have been obtained. Analytical expressions of the obtained curves have been used to create discrete functions of volume fractions of particles with different sizes when constructing a model of the initial feed. The hydrodynamic processes of highly diluted suspension flows in the thickener’s body were studied using computational experiments on a model developed in the ANSYS Fluent software package, which is based on the real 3D geometry of a radial thickener. To build the geometry, the authors used a standard module GAMBIT. A computational experiment on cleaning the apatite concentrate discharge was performed on a virtual stand. The distributions of the concentrations of volume fractions of particles and the velocities of their movement in the thickener’s volume were obtained. The results of laboratory studies and computer simulation data allow the authors to tell about the prospect implementation of the technology of intra-plant water circulation, which will reduce by 10% the amount of wastewater discharged into the tailing dump. The use of the most efficient reagents will provide optimal water parameters for the content of suspended particles and hardness cations and, ultimately, will increase the technological and environmental performance of the Khibiny apatite-nepheline ores processing."
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Khawaji, Akili D., and Jong-Mihn Wie. "Seawater Scrubbing for the Removal of Sulfur Dioxide in a Steam Turbine Power Plant." In ASME 2005 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pwr2005-50051.

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The most popular method of controlling sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions in a steam turbine power plant is a flue gas desulfurization (FGD) process that uses lime/limestone scrubbing. Another relatively newer FGD technology is to use seawater as a scrubbing medium to absorb SO2 by utilizing the alkalinity present in seawater. This seawater scrubbing FGD process is viable and attractive when a sufficient quantity of seawater is available as a spent cooling water within reasonable proximity to the FGD scrubber. In this process the SO2 gas in the flue gas is absorbed by seawater in an absorber and subsequently oxidized to sulfate by additional seawater. The benefits of the seawater FGD process over the lime/limestone process and other processes are; 1) The process does not require reagents for scrubbing as only seawater and air are needed, thereby reducing the plant operating cost significantly, and 2) No solid waste and sludge are generated, eliminating waste disposal, resulting in substantial cost savings and increasing plant operating reliability. This paper reviews the thermodynamic aspects of the SO2 and seawater system, basic process principles and chemistry, major unit operations consisting of absorption, oxidation and neutralization, plant operation and performance, cost estimates for a typical seawater FGD plant, and pertinent environmental issues and impacts. In addition, the paper presents the major design features of a seawater FGD scrubber for the 130 MW oil fired steam turbine power plant that is under construction in Madinat Yanbu Al-Sinaiyah, Saudi Arabia. The scrubber with the power plant designed for burning heavy fuel oil containing 4% sulfur by weight, is designed to reduce the SO2 level in flue gas to 425 ng/J from 1,957 ng/J.
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