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Heatherington, Tracey. "Environmental politics in a highland Sardinian community." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=68102.
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The movement to protect wilderness resources can conflict with local intentions for land use and development, particularly in economically marginal areas. In rural Italy, on the island of Sardinia, the plan to create a Gennargentu National Park has incited active opposition on the part of the communities affected. In the town of Baunei, responses to environmental legislation are motivated by the desire to maintain communal control over common lands. Political action, both formal and informal, is organised by local understandings about the impact of certain laws and institutions on the town economy, principally by the restriction of residents' usi civici (traditional rights of usufruct). This thesis considers the role and meaning of the usi civici in Baunei, and the implications of this for environmental politics in Sardinia.
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Lewis, Glennis M. "Protecting Canada's natural ecosystems from invasive alien plant species: Is sub-national weed control legislation up to the task?" Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27388.
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Invasive alien plant species pose a serious threat to Canada's natural ecosystems. It is the thesis of this paper that sub-national laws are important tools in combatting such species that are naturalized and spreading within provincial and territorial boundaries. Weed control acts in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island and the plant health protection acts in New Brunswick, and Newfoundland and Labrador are a strong basis to combat invasive alien plant species.
However, since these laws were enacted for weeds in agro-ecosystems, they are not up to the task of protecting natural ecosystems from invasive alien plant species. In some provinces and territories, there is a need to fill gaps in the law and ensure that it applies in a clear and uniform manner to all natural ecosystems. Numerous other revisions are recommended to make applicable provincial and territorial laws more effective.
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Chan, Ping-sum, and 陳冰心. "The impact of German packaging regulations and similar regulations in different countries on Hong Kong and the Hong Kong's economy." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31252564.
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Ma, Yiu-wa, and 馬耀華. "The impact of water pollution control ordinance on small and medium sized manufactures." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31252692.
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Zhou, Jia Lei. "EU water law : the right balance between environmental and economic considerations?" Thesis, University of Macau, 2005. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1637070.
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Chan, Yiu-wing, and 陳耀榮. "Impact of the water pollution control ordinance on small electroplating factories." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31252576.
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Kwok, Hon-chiu, and 郭漢超. "An overview of chemical waste management of printed circuit board manufacturing in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253428.
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Gardner, Alexander Walter. "Negotiation and agreements in integrated resources management." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26138.
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The purpose of this thesis is to propose a model of integrated resources management which uses techniques of negotiation and agreements to involve all interested parties in the decision making process. The thesis is developed in two parts. Part I defines the model and principles which are applied in Part II to a case study of forestry planning in community watersheds.
For some years now there have been calls for natural resources management on an ecological basis. To achieve this, the law must define legal rights and procedures which ensure that all affected human interests are taken into account in management decision-making. The decision-making is characterized as a bargaining process aimed at balancing the competing interests of all affected parties. Bargaining connotes a use of negotiation and agreement.
However, the established legal uses of these techniques are restricted to situations involving few parties. Complex integrated resources management has been conducted primarily through expert discretionary administration. But bureaucratic administration of complex issues is now understood as an inherently political process fraught with scientific and values uncertainties and lacking legitimacy because it is not effectively accountable to the parties whose interests are affected.
The recent experience with environmental alternative dispute resolution ("ADR") suggests techniques for all affected parties to be taken into account by representative negotiation and agreement. A review of examples of environmental ADR provides some principles about the use of negotiation and agreements to supplement the regulatory processes of integrated resources management. Those principles relate to the assertion of legal rights, the need to remedy dissatisfaction with judicial procedures and the adversary system as means to challenge regulatory decisions, the negotiation process itself, and the regulatory approval and implementation of negotiated agreements.
The case study commences with an analysis of the legal context. It reveals an uncertain regime of legal rights and authority. The Ministries involved have great discretionary authority; the forest licensee's legal relations are principally of a contractual nature with the Crown; and the water licensees' rights are ill-defined. This uncertain legal regime does not facilitate bargaining between the affected resource licensees.
The integrated resources management framework established under administrative authority does have the potential to facilitate bargaining. Whilst the new framework is innovative and establishes new institutions, rights and duties, it is difficult to determine authoritatively the elements of that framework because they are found only in a set of policy documents and are still subject to the uncertainty of administrative discretion.
Negotiation and agreements may occur in a number of different contexts in the integrated resources management framework, especially in the context of the Technical Review Committee which is the main arena for negotiation between the interested parties. There is a commentary on the negotiation process, much of the material for which was gathered in interviews with representatives of the parties involved. Various reforms of the framework should be considered to facilitate bargaining and confine administrative discretion. Principal among these are the right of all parties to appeal to an administrative tribunal when the regulatory decision is made without the consensus of the negotiating committee, and clarification of the method of adjudicating compliance with regulatory conditions.
In summary, the whole framework established by the policy documents should be revised and given a legislated base. In doing this, certain legal questions need to be considered. Ultimately, the utility of the model proposed depends upon the capacity of the law to define the various natural resource interests of all people in the community.<br>Law, Peter A. Allard School of<br>Graduate
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Ngesi, Hlekani Ntombizakithi. "The use of environmental impact assessments (EIAs) in promoting sustainable development." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1614.
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The overall aim of the case study was to investigate the effectiveness of EIAs in NMB and to determine whether EIA legislation and implementation can lead to the promotion of sustainable development practices. The research made use of the qualitative research methodology and followed the inductive approach by critically evaluating the EIA process in the NMBM using the case study approach. This was supported by a survey which was administered to willing participants chosen at random whose extensive experience is relevant to this research topic. Interviews involved direct personal contact with participants who were asked to respond to questions relating to the research study. The research sample consisted of eight participants. The local authority was represented by two participants, the Environmental Assessment Practitioners were represented by five participants and the Non-Governmental Organization was represented by 1 participant. The first objective of the study was to evaluate the role of government during the EIA process. The results showed that EAPs in NMB municipality are relatively satisfied with how the municipality is handling the EIA process with regards to commenting on both internal and external applications. There was however a view that most municipalities lack sufficient capacity to be able to comment on EIA applications as required by legislation and that human resource issues were one of the contributing factors where skills are concerned. The second objective of the study was to examine and evaluate the role of civil society and NGOs during the EIA process. The results showed that NGOs are quite vocal and very much involved in driving the sustainable development agenda and that in South Africa NGOs are usually the ones that are responsible for getting the message across in the form of environmental education and awareness through the translation of environmental knowledge into practical on the ground conservation. 4 The third objective of the study was to analyze the responsibilities of Environmental Assessment Practitioners (EAPs) in the EIA process. The EAPs had a very good knowledge of the EIA process and what was required of them in terms of the process. The fourth objective was to evaluate compliance to the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) by the applicant once Environmental Authorisation (EA) has been granted by the responsible authority. The results showed that all the participants were in agreement in terms of the need for EMPs but their lack of enforcement was highlighted as a very serious problem which is in need of urgent attention sooner rather than later. It was also highlighted that EMPs were generally not adhered to due to their lack of legal status and that many developers viewed EMPs as guideline documents rather than something that has legally enforceable provisions. The study concluded that EIAs are not effective in meeting the requirements of NEMA and promoting sustainable development agenda. The IEM planning process which has largely been focused on EIAs as a tool to support decision-making by specialists and hence promote sustainable development has its weaknesses and has not been successful in driving the sustainable development agenda in Nelson Mandela Bay
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Wells, Gordon Marshall. "Controlling nonpoint pollution in Virginia's urbanizing areas: an institutional perspective." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101332.
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This paper evaluates the effectiveness of the institutional framework of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the implementation and enforcement of nonpoint source (NPS) pollution control measures in the state's urbanizing areas. The institutional framework is developed primarily around the existing governmental framework. The federal, state and local roles are examined in terms of the relevant legislative and executive NPS control activities already taking place. The judicial function is considered in terms of constitutional guarantees of protection of private property and the potential for liability stemming from the implementation of structural and nonstructural best management practices (BMP's).
Three generic categories of BMP's are evaluated in light of this institutional environment: on-site BMP's, off-site BMP's and nonstructural BMP's. Where they are relevant, various subcategories of the institutional environment are examined: mechanisms and responsibility for financing and maintenance, managing future urban growth and mediating interjurisdictional arrangements. The introduction and first four chapters develop this material and the final chapter is an analysis of the existing state programs (the Erosion and Sediment Control Law and the State Water Control Board's voluntary Urban NPS Control and Abatement Program).
The product of this analysis is the conclusion that both state programs analyzed are weak due to a lack of state oversight. In addition, the Erosion and Sediment Control Program could be strengthened by amending the law to add a viable "stop work" order and by defining violations as being civil rather than criminal (misdemeanors) violations.<br>M.S.
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Tlhapane, Keatlaretse Kefilwe. "A case study exploring the level of awareness of NCP Chlorchem's staff of environmental costs associated with hazardous waste." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015639.
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[Integrative executive summary] NCP Chlorchem (Pty) Ltd manufactures and distributes Chlor alkali products such as chlorine, hydrochloric acid, caustic soda flakes, etc. and in the process generates both hazardous and general waste. Following changes in South African waste management legislation in 2011, the organisation’s waste service provider had to increase the costs associated with the handling of site’s hazardous waste. Top management of NCP Chlorchem (Pty) Ltd requested a meeting with the waste service provider in order to establish the reasons behind the price increase. In that meeting, which the researcher attended, the waste service provider explained the changes in waste legislation and how it was going to impact on their business. Top management understood the reasons behind the price increase; however, they requested the waste service provider to review the price increase. The waste service provider gave the top management of NCP Chlorchem (Pty) Ltd assurance that they were going to discuss the price reduction request with their own senior management and would provide feedback. The researcher did not participate in the feedback meetings; however, to this day, NCP Chlorchem (Pty) Ltd still uses the services of the same waste service provider. The effect the escalating annual waste handling costs has had on NCP Chlorchem (Pty) Ltd’s management team led to the study. Environmental impacts have costs that directly impact on company’s bottom line, such as the costs associated with the generation of waste. Although environmental costs are only one of the many costs incurred by businesses, they deserve management’s attention. According to Jasch (2003), there is an apparent lack of awareness and understanding of the magnitude of the environmental costs generated by organisations, and many opportunities for cost savings through good environmental management are lost. However, using a relatively new tool in environmental management, that is, environmental management accounting (EMA), management would ensure that relevant and significant environmental costs are considered when making business decisions (Jasch, 2003). The main purpose of the thesis is to explore the level of awareness of environmental costs associated with hazardous waste within NCP Chlorchem (Pty) Ltd. In order to carry out the study, literature about environmental and cost accounting as well as literature on waste management was reviewed. Questionnaires were distributed to staff members, and meetings were held with different senior personnel. This case study seeks to answer the following questions: What is NCP Chlorchem (Pty) Ltd’s staff members’ level of understanding of waste management? What is the level of awareness of NCP Chlorchem (Pty) Ltd’s staff of environmental costs with regard to the generation, handling, transportation and disposal of hazardous waste? How can the current traditional accounting within the organisation be integrated with environmental management accounting? The findings of the first research objective revealed that staff members knew the site’s waste streams as per the South African legal definition of waste and as identified in the site’s environmental management system documentation. The conceptual approach to waste management is underpinned by the waste hierarchy. The respondents support the waste hierarchy in its approach to waste management, which is prevention of waste, reduction, reuse, recycle and safe disposal of waste as the last resort. Lack of awareness of environmental management, among other things, was cited as the cause of waste. In addition to that, the respondents believe the waste hierarchy can be achieved by employing recycling facilities, following procedures and by carrying out environmental awareness campaigns. Improving process design and control and including changes in raw material was cited, among other things, as the respondents’ perception on how waste can be reduced. The findings of the respondents’ understanding of waste hierarchy revealed that staff members understood waste management. The respondents cited the impacts of waste on the business as financial impact on the business, impact on their bonuses, and possible loss of business. In relation to the second research objective, it was found that staff members knew the hazardous waste streams and identified amongst other waste, sludge and chlorine emissions as NCP Chlorchem (Pty) Ltd’s hazardous waste. However, with regard to environmental management accounting data, an average of 55.1% of respondents were not familiar with the physical and monetary components of EMA. An average of 19.6% of respondents who were aware of EMA might have been senior personnel. It could further be established that those who were familiar with EMA information were actually working with the data, either for reporting purposes, or for employing waste minimisation strategies, as well as awareness purposes, to their juniors. On average, 80% of the respondents perceived the production department as the area within site that has the EMA information.
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Li, Wen Jing. "Water governance in a changing climate : adaptation strategy of EU water law." Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2586411.
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Lam, Ding, and 林鼎. "An overview of pesticide consumption and management in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254585.
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Nolting, Janine. "Proposed South African management framework for the implementation of the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003907.
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South Africa, strategically situated at the southern tip of Africa, is edged on three sides by almost 3000 km of coastline surrounded by the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean (South African Tourism, 2011). This vast ocean expanse is responsible for conveying approximately 96% of South Africa’s exports (Brand South Africa, 2011). Despite the positive economic effects of the shipping industry, translocation of harmful organisms and pathogens via ballast water and sediments inside ballast water tanks has far reaching global environmental (and economic) impacts (Oliviera, 2008:1; David and Gollasch, 2008:1966). Ballast water is the water that is taken on in order to manage the draft of the ship, to help with propulsion, manoeuvrability, trim control, list and stability (Oliviera, 2008:2). The discharge of ballast water into the world’s oceans has resulted in the transfer of ecologically harmful sea-life into non-native environments (IMO, 2011), resulting in major environmental threats to our oceans (Bax, Williamson, Aguero, Gonzalez and Geeves, 2003:313). Various international documents have been developed to deal with the ballast water issue, culminating in the introduction of the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (“the Convention”) in 2004. The Convention aims at achieving a reduction in the transfer and subsequent impacts of aquatic organisms via the ballast water and sediment of ships. On a local level, South Africa does not have direct legislation or regulations dealing with ballast water (Duncan, 2007:34) and relies on the combination of a number of pieces of legislation relating to environmental management, coastal management, biodiversity, alien invasive species control, port control and ship safety (National Environmental Management Act, 1998, National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004, National Environmental Management: Integrated Coastal Management Act, 2009, National Ports Act, 2005 and Merchant Shipping Act, 1951). Although the Convention was ratified by South Africa in 2008 (Department of International Relations and Cooperation, 2011) it is still not in force and there still exists no other consolidated legal mechanism through which ballast water is managed. This research has investigated the various roles, responsibilities and mandates of South African competent authorities under the aforementioned legislation in managing ballast water, and has determined that there is definite legislative and institutional fragmentation as well as overlaps. A comparative analysis of management frameworks developed both locally and internationally was conducted in order to develop a management framework for ballast water management in South Africa. Various legislative, institutional and functional aspects were identified and adapted for inclusion in a South African management framework. A co-ordinated approach to ballast water management has been developed in the management framework which is anticipated to result in more definitive roles and responsibilities of the various South African departments involved in the management of ballast water and implementation of the Convention.
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Barnett, Turman Zachary. "A study of selected Indiana solid waste management districts." Virtual Press, 1999. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1137651.
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So, Tak-wing, and 蘇德榮. "Odour nuisance from restaurants and its control." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31252734.
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Prinz, William Ernst. "The management and regulation of the beneficial use of sewage sludge as an agricultural soil amendment in Riverside County." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1996. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1190.
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Choi, Ya-yin, and 蔡雅然. "A review of the control of motor vehicle fuel specifications and its effects on air quality." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31255450.
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Lam, Wing-yiu, and 林榮耀. "A study on the livestock waste control scheme." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253751.
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Tallier, Pierre Alain. "Forêts et propriétaires forestiers en Belgique, 1814-1914: histoire de l'évolution de la superficie forestière, des peuplements, des techniques sylvicoles et des débouchés offerts aux produits ligneux." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212281.
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Lai, Hung-kit, and 黎鴻傑. "Energy conservation in building services in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31252862.
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Muller, Matthew Justin. "Linking institutional and ecological provisions for wastewater treatment discharge in a rural municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013048.
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The Green Drop Certification Programme, launched in 2008 alongside the Blue Drop Certification Programme, aims to provide the Department of Water Affairs with a national overview of how municipalities and their individual wastewater treatment works (WWTW) are complying with licence conditions set by the National Water Act (NWA) (No. 36 of 1998; DWAF 1998) and the Water Services Act (No. 108 of 1997; DWAF 1998). By publishing the results of each municipality’s performance, the programme aims to ensure continuous improvement in the wastewater treatment sector through public pressure. The programme has been identified by this project as a necessary linking tool between the NWA and the Water Services Act to ensure protection and sustainable use of South Africa’s natural water resources. It does this through assisting municipalities to improve their wastewater treatment operations which in theory will lead to discharged effluent that is compliant with discharge licence conditions. These discharge licences form part of the NWA’s enforcement tool of Source Directed Controls (SDC) which help a water resource meet the ecological goals set for it as part of Resource Directed Measures (RDM). The link between meeting the required SDC and achieving the RDM goals has never been empirically tested. This project aimed to determine the present ecological condition of the Uie River, a tributary of the Sundays River which the Sundays River Valley Municipality (SRVM) discharges its domestic effluent into. It then determined whether the SRVM’s WWTW was complying with the General Standard licence conditions and what the impact of the effluent on the river was through the analysis of monthly biomonitoring, water chemistry and habitat data. Lastly, the project examined the effectiveness of the Green Drop Certification Programme in bringing about change in the SRVM’s wastewater treatment sector, which previously achieved a Green Drop score of 5.6 percent. It wanted to examine the underlying assumption that a WWTW which improves its Green Drop score will be discharging a better quality effluent that will help a water resource meets the RDM goals set for it. The Kirkwood WWTW did not have a discharge licence at the time of assessment and was thus assessed under the General Standard licence conditions. It was found that the Kirkwood WWTW was not complying with the General Standard discharge licence conditions in the Uie River. This was having a negative impact on the river health, mainly through high concentrations of Total Inorganic Nitrogen (TIN-N), orthophosphate and turbidity. The SRVM should see an improvement in its Green Drop score for the Kirkwood WWTW. However, the municipality showed no implementation of necessary programmes. Implementation of these programmes would help the SRVM meet the General Standard licence conditions (part of SDC) which would help the Uie River meet the RDM goals set for it.
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Pinheiro, Adilson Ivan Caropreso. "O Plano Diretor de Curitiba (Lei n° 14.771/2015) e sua relação com a função social da propriedade na perspectiva dos direitos urbanísticos e ambiental." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2016. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2335.
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A cidade de Curitiba já foi tida como sinônimo de vanguarda em desenvolvimento urbano e equilíbrio ecológico. Porém, como na maioria das grandes cidades brasileiras, ela enfrenta problemas sociais, sobretudo, na área da propriedade urbana e da própria preservação ambiental diante das invasões urbanas. Entretanto, a Constituição Federal garantiu aos administradores municipais um elemento essencial para a gestão de suas cidades, o Plano Diretor. Este instrumento, regulamentado pelo Estatuto da Cidade, suscita um planejamento estratégico do município, do seu desenvolvimento e uma maior gestão democrática dos próprios interesses dos cidadãos habitantes da cidade. Esta dissertação de Mestrado tem como objetivo analisar a eficácia jurídica da lei do Plano Diretor de Curitiba 2015 (Lei nº 14.771/2015), no tratamento dado por seus idealizadores (Sociedade, Poder Executivo municipal e Poder Legislativo municipal) à função social da propriedade, sob a perspectiva dos direitos Urbanístico e Ambiental. Por meio de pesquisa em bases de dados acadêmicos, na literatura especializada e na jurisprudência nacional, estabeleceu-se parâmetros para a classificação da eficácia dos ordenamentos contidos no plano diretor de Curitiba em plena (aplicável de imediato), contida (apenas parte pode ser aplicada) e limitado (necessita de uma regulamentação futura para ter eficácia). Entre os principais resultados da pesquisa, tem-se que de 96 artigos da lei do Plano Diretor de Curitiba, diretamente ligados à área do direito urbanístico, direito ambiental e à propriedade, 40% dos mesmos possuem eficácia limitada, 16% dos artigos possuem eficácia contida e 44% possuem a sua eficácia plena. Ou seja, 56% dos artigos, voltados ao tema da pesquisa, não possuem uma aplicabilidade plena de suas diretivas. Isto significa que a lei responsável pelo planejamento do desenvolvimento urbano da cidade, nos próximos 10 anos, não possui eficácia imediata e suficiente para transformar o aspecto nebuloso da distribuição justa e correta da propriedade e de sua função social dentro do território do município de Curitiba.<br>The city of Curitiba has been regarded as a forefront synonymous of urban development and ecological balance. However, as in most large Brazilian cities, Curitiba faces social problems, especially in the area of urban property and its own environmental preservation facing urban invasions motivated by that. However, the Federal Constitution guaranteed the municipal administrators an essential element for the management of their cities, the Master Plan. This instrument, the Master Plan, which was regulated by the City Statute, provided a strategic planning for the municipality, in its development and a greater democratic management of its own citizens interests, the townspeople. This Master's dissertation aims to analyze the legal force of Curitiba’s Master Plan 2015 (Law No. 14,771 / 2015) in the treatment given by its creators (Society, Municipal Administration and Municipal Legislature) to the social function of property. It was elected as a paradigm for analysis of this work the Urban Law and Environmental Law and their determinations that guide the use, exploitation of urban land and the preservation of the natural and urban environment within the legal orders generated by the approval of the project law update of the master plan of the city of Curitiba. Through research in academic databases, in specific literature and in national jurisprudence, parameters were established for ranking the effectiveness of the orders contained in the full master plan of Curitiba (immediately applicable) contained (only part can be applied) and limited (it needs a future regulation to be effective). The results obtained throughout this work are posted at the end of this paper and they express that from the 96 articles directly related to the urban law area, environmental law and the property contained in the new law of Curitiba’s Master Plan, 40% of them have limited effectiveness, 16% of the articles have contained efficiency and 44% have their full effect, that is, 56% of the articles focused on the theme’s work does not have full applicability of their policies, which imposes thinking to the external observer that the law responsible for the urban development of the city for the next 10 years, at this moment, does not have sufficient efficacy to transform the nebulous aspect of the fair and correct distribution of property and its social function in the municipality of Curitiba.
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Santos, José Altair Ribeiro dos. "Proposta de modelo inteligente de definição de produto para atendimento à diretiva RoHS." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1379.
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As empresas de manufatura necessitam integrar seus processos internos digitalmente para se tornarem mais competitivas e entregarem produtos com maior qualidade ao mercado consumidor. Informações definidas nas primeiras etapas de projeto precisam ser recuperadas em todas as fases do ciclo de vida de um produto. Para alcançar este objetivo são necessários modelos de informação que incorporem inteligência e permitam a representação do mundo real. Por outro lado, fabricantes de produtos eletroeletrônicos precisam cumprir requisitos ambientais presentes em marcos regulatórios, como a Diretiva RoHS, para poderem vender seus equipamentos em diversos países. O presente trabalho propõe a aplicação de modelos semânticos para ajudar as empresas a cumprir os requisitos estabelecidos pela Diretiva RoHS. O modelo, criado usando uma ontologia de referência, estabelece relações semânticas entre entidades que representam fases do ciclo de vida do produto, estruturas de produtos e objetos de negócios. Processos de negócio modelados permitem identificar fluxos de informação, bem como atividades que estão ligadas aos requisitos RoHS, percebidas por meio da geração de relatórios disponíveis no framework denominado Projeto Essential. O modelo semântico resultante é, portanto, útil para converter as necessidades relacionadas com o meio ambiente, endereçando requisitos através de um processo de desenvolvimento de produtos que aborda a diretiva RoHS. Um produto eletroeletrônico fabricado por indústrias nacionais foi selecionado para demonstrar a viabilidade da solução proposta.<br>Manufacturing companies need to integrate their internal processes digitally to become more competitive and deliver higher quality products to the consumer market. Information defined at early design stages needs to be recovered at all stages of the life cycle of a product. To accomplish this, information models that incorporate intelligence and enable the representation of the real world are necessary. On the other hand, electronic products manufacturers need to comply with environmental requirements present in regulatory frameworks as the RoHS Directive in order to offer their products in several countries. The present work proposes the application of semantic models for helping companies meet the requirements established by the RoHS Directive. A model, created using a reference ontology, establishes semantic relationships between entities that represent product lifecycle stages, product structure and business objects. Business processes, modeled in the form of activity and information flows, are linked to RoHS requirements that can be viewed through the reports in the Essential Project open source framework. The resulting semantic model is, therefore, useful for converting environment-related needs to design requirements through a product development process that addresses the RoHS Directive. A consumer electronics product has been selected for demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed solution.
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Polard, Audrey. "Un contrôle efficient des émissions d'azote et de phosphore dans le bassin de l'Escaut: analyse critique de la Directive Cadre sur l'Eau (DCE) et de la Politique Agricole Commune (PAC)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209638.
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Même si la réduction des apports de nutriments dans les écosystèmes aquatiques est généralement envisagée avec des approches « effects-based », ce n’est pas le cadre qui a été suivi dans cette thèse. En effet, dans une démarche de développement durable, il semble plus pertinent, de définir des mesures de contrôle de la pollution agissant sur les relations de cause à effet. Selon cette logique, la méthodologie proposée par la Directive Cadre sur l’Eau (DCE) pour protéger les écosystèmes aquatiques présente plusieurs faiblesses. Par le fait qu’elle réfère à certains principes de l’économie standard de l’environnement, l’analyse économique de la DCE pose plusieurs problèmes pour agir sur la causalité de la pollution. Néanmoins, la méthodologie proposée par la DCE est pertinente par le fait qu’elle recommande l’utilisation combinée de mesures techniques et d’instruments pour diminuer les dommages environnementaux. Conformément à cette disposition, l’effet de mesures techniques et d’instruments sur le secteur agricole et sur la chaine alimentaire l’englobant a été évalué puisque cette dernière est responsable de la majorité des émissions diffuses et ponctuelles d’azote et de phosphore dans les eaux de surface. La définition de mesures techniques en fonction de l’efficience de l’utilisation des nutriments (Nutrient Use Efficiency, NUE) dans la production agricole a été complétée par l’étude des instruments économiques utilisés dans la Politique Agricole Commune (PAC) pour développer une agriculture multifonctionnelle. Si la thèse concerne de manière générale l’eutrophisation des écosystèmes aquatiques, elle se penche plus particulièrement sur les pressions au sein du bassin de l’Escaut et sur leurs impacts jusqu’à la zone côtière de la mer du Nord. Des mesures techniques agissant sur les causes des émissions diffuses du secteur agricole et sur les émissions ponctuelles des stations d’épuration ont été proposées pour ce bassin. Ces mesures techniques ont été caractérisées prioritairement par leur efficacité environnementale (grâce aux modèles Sénèque-Riverstrahler et MIRO) et en fonction de leurs coûts directs. <p><p>/<p><p>Although reducing the load of nutrients in aquatic ecosystems is usually looked at through "effects-based" approaches, this is not the context which this paper has chosen to follow. In fact, keeping in line with sustainable development, it seems more relevant to define measures to control pollution which act on cause and effect relations. According to this way of thinking, the methodology proposed by the Water Framework Directive (WFD) to protect aquatic ecosystems presents a number of weaknesses. By the fact that it refers to certain standard economic principles for the environment, the WFD’s economic analysis poses several problems towards acting on the cause of the pollution. Nevertheless, the methodology proposed by the WFD is relevant, as it recommends the combined use of technical measures and of instruments to reduce environmental damage. In accordance with this disposition, an assessment has been made of the effect of technical measures and instruments on the agricultural sector and on the food chain encompassing it, since the food chain is responsible for the majority of diffuse and point emissions of nitrogen and phosphorus in surface waters. The definition of technical measures in terms of efficient use of nutrients (Nutrient Use Efficiency, NUE) in agricultural production has been complemented by a study of economic instruments used in the Common Agricultural Politicy (CAP) to develop a multifunctional type of agriculture. Although the paper deals with the eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems in a general way, it concentrates particularly on the increasing pressures in the Scheldt basin and on their impacts as far as the North Sea coastal zone. Technical measures acting on the causes of diffuse emissions in the agricultural sector and on point emissions in the water treatment plants have been proposed for this basin. These technical measures have been categorised in order of priority according to their environmental effectiveness (thanks to the Sénèque-Riverstrahler et MIRO models) and depending on their direct costs.<br>Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Tibbets, Ashlee. "Implications of the 2008 Lacey Act amendments : insights from the wood products industry." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/26108.
Full textAbstract:
Export-oriented illegal logging has been recognized as a major global problem in environmental, social, and economic terms. It has been argued that export-oriented illegal logging does not benefit the community or government that should be benefited by its own natural resources. The emergence of policy initiatives targeting illegal logging could have the potential to increase the competitiveness of legally sourced timber products by removing illegal products from the market of the consuming country.
The US Lacey Act amendments of 2008 set a precedent for the global trade in plants and plant products by putting in place incentives for US wood products importing companies to demand legally sourced and traded wood. This research addresses how the 2008 Lacey Act amendments have impacted the US wood industry, and how those affected by the amendments view the future of environmental policy and global illegal logging as impacted by the amendments.
The majority of respondents in this study agree that steps should be taken to decrease global illegal logging, but some aren't convinced that the Lacey Act amendments will ultimately have the desired effect. According to this research, most US wood importers have made small changes to their operational practices. This study indicates the possibility that though US wood importers feel the responsibility to ensure their companies are compliant with legislation, they are not sure the 2008 Lacey Act amendments will ultimately hinder global illegal logging. Included in this study are also suggestions from US wood importers regarding policy implementation. These suggestions include an increase in communication between the US government and US wood products companies, an increase in future research, and the possibility of focusing the Lacey Act on certain high-risk regions.<br>Graduation date: 2012
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Roelofsen, Aukje. "Approaches to modelling catchment-scale forest hydrology." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4566.
Full textAbstract:
South African commercial plantations occupy an estimated 1.5 million hectares of the country and as the demands for timber products increase, this area is expected to increase. However, further expansion is limited, not only by the suitability of land, but also by the pressures from other water users. As a result the need has arisen for simulation models that can aid decisionmakers and planners in their evaluation of the water requirements of forestry versus competing land uses at different spatial scales. Different models exist to perform such tasks and range from simple empirical models to more complex physically-based models. The policies of the National Water Act (1998) relating to forestry serve to highlight the requirements of a model used for the assessment of afforestation impacts and these are discussed in this document. There is a perception that physically-based distributed models are best suited for estimation of afforestation impacts on a catchment's water yield since their physical basis allows for extrapolation to different catchments without calibration. Furthermore, it is often stated that the model parameters have physical meaning and can therefore be estimated from measurable variables. In this regard, a review of physically-based modelling approaches and a comparison of two such hydrological models forms the main focus of this dissertation. The models evaluated were the South African ACRU model and the Australian topography-based Macaque model. The primary objective of this research was to determine whether topography-based modelling (Macaque model) provides an improved simulation of water yield from forested catchments, particularly during the low flow period, compared to a physically-based model (ACRU model) that does not explicitly represent lateral sub-surface flow. A secondary objective was the evaluation of the suitability of these models for application in South Africa. Through a comparison of the two models' structures, the application of the models on two South African catchments and an analysis of the simulation results obtained, an assessment of the different physically-based modelling approaches was made. The strengths and shortcomings of the two models were determined and the following conclusions were drawn regarding the suitability of these modelling approaches for applications on forested catchments in South Africa:• The ACRU model structure was more suited to predictive modelling on operational catchments, whilst the more complex Macaque model's greatest limitation for application in South Africa was its high input requirements which could not be supported by the available data. • Despite data limitations and uncertainty, the Macaque model's topography-based representation of runoff processes resulted in improved low flow simulations compared to the results from the ACRU simulations, indicating that there are benefits associated with a topographically-based modelling approach. • The Macaque model's link to the Geographic Information System, Tarsier, provided an efficient means to configure the model, input spatial data and view output data. However, it was found that the ACRU model was more flexible in terms of being able to accurately represent the spatial and temporal variations of input parameters. Based on these findings, recommendations for future research include the. verification of internal processes of both the ACRU and Macaque models. This would require the combined measurement of both catchment streamflow and processes such as evapotranspiration. For the Macaque model to be verified more comprehensively and for its application in operational catchments it will be necessary to improve the representation of spatial and temporal changes in precipitation and vegetation parameters for South African conditions.<br>Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal ,Pietermaritzburg, 2002.
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Pallangyo, Daniel Mirisho. "Environmental impact assesment [sic] for mining activities in Tanzania : legal analysis." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/5728.
Full textAbstract:
In this study, an analysis of laws pertaining to environmental protection in the mining in Tanzania is done. The study develops understanding of various environmental laws and institutions for the purposes of setting context and clarity for the subsequent chapters. The major discussion evolves around environmental protection offered in Tanzania mining and investment laws. In understanding this, a detailed discussion of coverage of environmental issues in the Tanzania Mining Act, 5 of 1998 and the Tanzania National Investment Act, 26 of 1997 is made. After this discussion, the recommendations are given. Despite Tanzania mining, especially large-scale mining being one of the main growing industries in Tanzania, it is concluded that environmental management in mining has been hindered by inadequate legal protection, lack of coordination,
insufficient funding and expertise. As a result there has been uncontrolled
extraction of minerals and the use of unsafe mining methods and severe
environmental damage and appalling living conditions in the mining
communities. The challenge associated with the mining sector today in Tanzania is ensuring sustainability and integrating environmental and social concerns into mineral development programmes. Sustainable mining development requires balancing the protection of the flora and fauna and the natural environment with the need for social and economic development. To address the environmental problems associated with mining, the Government's policy is to reduce or eliminate the adverse environmental effects of mining, improve health and safety conditions in mining areas, and address social issues affecting local communities. EIA is recommended as one of the major tools for achieving these solutions and
has been discussed.<br>Thesis (LL.M.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2005.
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Van, Niekerk L. "Prevention of environmental health hazards through effective building control." 2012. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1000955.
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M. Tech. Environmental Health<br>The purpose of the study was to determine the knowledge and perception of the Environmental Health Practitioner regarding enforcing environmental health legislation and the procedures which must be followed in terms of building control. The objectives of the study were: to determine the knowledge of the Environmental Health Practitioner regarding enforcing environmental health legislation on building plans; to determine the perceptions of the Environmental Health Practitioner towards their roles and responsibility to enforce environmental health legislation through building control; to determine the perceptions of the Environmental Health Practitioner regarding the working relationship between environmental health and building control; and to compare the practical application when building plans are scrutinised by Environmental Health Practitioner with the legal requirements needed to prevent environmental health hazards.
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Pole, Adrian Leonard. "Factors preventing the successful implementation of the polluter pays principle : a case study of the Bayne's Spruit." 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4553.
Full textAbstract:
Despite the pollution control provisions provided in national and local legislation that
explicitly or implicitly give effect to the polluter pays principle (PPP), certain rivers
continue to suffer from persistent industrial pollution. This research focuses on one such
river, the Bayne's Spruit, as a case study. The Bayne's Spruit is a small river that is
located within an urban catchment, and which has been subjected to wet industrial
pollution for over a decade. Much of this pollution is associated with the Pietermaritzburg
edible oil industry. This pollution impacts negatively on a downstream community that
uses the river for irrigation of subsistence crops, for recreation and for subsistence fish
harvesting. The pollution has also severely degraded the riverine ecosystem. This
research commenced with a literature review of the PPP in its international, national and
local context. It was noted that the current legislative framework for implementation of
the PPP with regard to pollution of rivers in South Africa comprises primarily of the
National Water Act 36 of 1998 (NWA), the National Environmental Management Act
107 of 1998, and the Pietermaritzburg-Msunduzi industrial effluent bylaws of November
1998. The case study was approached using a largely qualitative methodology, although
quantitative data was also relied upon where feasible. The historical context of the case
study was provided by conducting a review of newspaper reports, a review of.
government inspection records, and a review of water quality data (including biomonitoring
and chemical data). The current status of the Bayne's Spruit was then
explored by conducting in-depth historical interviews with community members, and by
conducting direct observation of the environmental status of the Bayne's Spruit. This data
was supplemented by an analysis of the test results of sampled industrial effluent, and by
information obtained from representatives of two edible oil companies. In-depth,
purposively selected interviews were conducted with various role players. (local
government, regional government and industry) to identify what factors are preventing
the successful implementation of the PPP in the case study area. Factors identified
include a lack of environmental ethic within the edible oil industry, with some of these
companies free riding on the Bayne's Spruit to maximize their profits. At a local level,
factors preventing implementation of the PPP include deficiencies in the local industrial effluent bylaws, failures to administer and implement provisions contained in the bylaws,
capacity restrictions and institutional paralysis. National legislation is not being
successfully implemented because the government agency empowered under the NWA is
deferring primary responsibility for dealing with pollution to the local authority. Factors
also include difficulties associated with monitoring of rivers, including lack of capacity to
engage in monitoring, and confusion over the functions of the various spheres of
government. Finally, enforcement complexities are a major factor preventing successful
implementation of the PPP. These problems relate to inadequate penalties, enforcement
arrangements, capacity problems, separation of authority to operate the municipal sewer
works and to enforce the industrial effluent bylaws, difficulties in identifying the
offending polluter (causation), problems with access to company premises, the open
access character of the storm water drainage system, previous failed prosecutions and
reliance on the criminal justice system.<br>Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, 2002.
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"Environmental mining frameworks for water pollution in the Democratic Republic of Congo and the Republic of South Africa." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/14017.
Full text
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Mathew, Brenda A. "The Link Between Smart Growth in Urban Development and Climate Change." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/3206.
Full text
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Davey, Jennifer. "A legislative and biophysical assessment of the regulation of off-road vehicles on South African beaches." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4117.
Full textAbstract:
The legislative management of Off-Road Vehicles (ORVs) on beaches has evolved over a
period of time in response to a range of influences and changing circumstances within the
various social, institutional, economic and biophysical systems.
The impact of ORVs on beaches in South Africa is multifaceted and when viewed holistically
incorporates the interaction between the biophysical, social, economic and institutional
environments. This Study focuses only on the legislative and biophysical environments
associated with the impact of ORVs on beaches.
Sustainable coastal development draws attention to the "process" character of sustainable
development that needs to be worked towards over time in an iterative manner. It highlights
the need to take into account the current reality of prevailing circumstances, the uncertainty of
the future, limited understanding of coastal ecosystems and communities, and the complex
interactions between and within the human and non human components of the environment.
An understanding of the ecological integrity and effective governance dimensions (being the
focus of Study), although only two of the five dimensions of sustainable coastal development,
contributes towards an understanding of the sustainability of the impact of ORVs on beaches
within the South African context.
The legislative environment is investigated from the management perspective of the national
Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism. This Study determines whether effective
governance is being achieved through the ongoing management of the impact of ORVs on
South African beaches. The institutional management at a national level has resulted in the
conditional banning of ORVs from beaches, which has resulted in promoting the ecological
integrity of beaches, therefore contributing towards sustainable coastal development.
The physical system is investigated where appropriate in terms of the biophysical parameters
within which ORVs are managed on beaches within the inter-tidal zone as per the ORV
General Policy (1994). In order to understand the biophysical system within which ORVs are
managed, the existing literature and research concerning the impact of ORVs on beaches is
reviewed, including existing literature on beach geomorphology and beach biota. A Case Study Area was selected for an experimental investigation to determine the biophysical impact of
ORVs on sandy beaches. The experiment was conducted at Leven Point, north of Cape Vidal
situated on the KwaZulu-Natal north coast within the St Lucia Marine Reserve.
The ORV General Policy (1994) has been superseded by the ORV Regulations (2001), which
do not however, specify the biophysical delineation of the management of ORVs on beaches.
This Study has included recommendations applicable to the management of ORVs on beaches
in South Africa in terms of the ORV Regulations (2001). These recommendations advocate
the conservation of the dynamic biophysical environment of the inter-tidal zone on beaches,
and the need to take a sustainable coastal development approach to applications for
Recreational Use Areas (RUAs) in terms of the ORV Regulations (dated 21 December 2001).<br>Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.
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Sithole, Ticharwa Patrick. "A legal and policy framework for addressing climate change in the Western Cape Province, South Africa." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/724.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.Phil. (Environmental Law and Management)) -- University of Limpopo, 2009<br>In recent years, a lot has been said about global warming and climate change. Governments and Institutions have been congregating more frequently all over the world. The subject of global warming and climate change is believed to be a ticking time bomb, which can have catastrophic effects on the existence of the human race and other living organisms. This led me to think and ponder about all our coastal towns in South Africa. What would happen if the melting of the glaciers continues and the sea levels rise by over two meters? This surely is a recipe for disaster and hence a look at the Western Cape Province was really necessary to find out on the province and the country‟s preparedness.
Climate change has been scientifically proven to be occurring and is being aggravated by industrialisation1. With South Africa being the 19th Green House Gas (GHG) emitter in the world, the government should definitely take action by either mitigating or adapting to these effects.2 Rightly so, something is being done not only at national level, but at a regional and international level. A number of treaties, conventions and protocols to do with climate change and its related effects have been passed and ratified by most countries. The most notable international protocol is the United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change‟s (UNFCCC) Kyoto protocol. At a regional level, New Partnership for Africa‟s Development (NEPAD) and the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC), have come in support of environmental initiatives like the Atmospheric Pollution Information Network for Africa (APINA). The Western Cape Province, in line with most of these agreements and national strategies, have come up with their own polices in trying to mitigate and/or adapt to climate change.
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Moffett, David. "Evaluation of the implementation of water supply and sanitation services to an in-situ upgrade housing project : a case study of Newtown, Pietermaritzburg." 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/3588.
Full textAbstract:
The provision of a basic water supply and sanitation service to the 12 million South
Africans without an adequate water supply and the 21 million without basic sanitation is a
mammoth task that is currently being undertaken by the Department of Water Affairs and
Forestry. Billions of rands have been spent on, and committed to, water and sanitation
projects that involve national, provincial and local spheres of government, as well as
parastatals, non-government organisations and private developers.
It is acknowledged that important successes have been achieved in the water and sanitation
sector. However, despite the provisions provided in national and local legislation,
internationally lauded policy directives, the numerous studies undertaken and
recommendations made by institutions such as the Water Research Commission, problems
have continued to emerge in the sustainable delivery of water and sanitation projects,
particularly in the peri-urban and rural areas. It is clear that the installation of physical
structures such as pipes, taps and ventilated improved pit latrines in these areas have
created a sense of 'delivery' however, little thought seems to have gone into how these
projects are to be sustained.
International experience has shown that the concept of 'community ownership' is very
important in providing sustainable water and sanitation services. The most important
principles in achieving sustainability are community participation and community
decision-making throughout both the development of the project as well as the further
operation and maintenance of the system. International experience has also shown that
financial contributions towards the scheme from the community (in cash, labour or
materials), also assists in obtaining community ownership.
Over the past decade emphasis in South Africa has shifted towards community
participation and the empowerment of previously disadvantaged communities where
communities play an active role in determining the level of service provided and the
manner in which these services are delivered. However, current government policy
advocates that water must be treated as an economic resource to achieve sustainability and
this does not always lie comfortably with the policy of delivering free basic water. As a result of these two often-juxtaposed concepts, the delivery of sustainable water and
sanitation services, a function performed by local government, is thus made more difficult.
This study assesses the importance of delivering a potable water supply and adequate
sanitation service to enhance the quality of lives of people. It also considers the key issues
that contribute towards sustainable water and sanitation service delivery, with particular
reference to the concept of 'community ownership'. The complex nature of the policy,
legislative and institutional framework for water supply and sanitation is considered along
with an analysis of the Msunduzi Municipality's water supply and sanitation policy and
objectives. The study then focuses on the delivery of water and sanitation services to one
such project, Edendale Unit RR (commonly known as Newtown), as an in-situ upgrade
case study. A Provincial Housing Board funded project has, over the last five years,
provided housing units, roads, stormwater drains, and water and sanitation infrastructure to
this community.
This initial research is undertaken with the intention of providing an evaluation of the
installation of the water supply and sanitation service to the in-situ upgrade of Newtown.<br>Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2003.
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Kudoma, Bongayi. "An evaluation of clinical waste management in Gaborone city council healthcare facilities." Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/14193.
Full textAbstract:
The management of clinical waste is of great importance due to its infectious and hazardous nature that can cause risks on environment and public health. The study was conducted to evaluate clinical waste management practices and to determine the amount of waste generated in five purposively selected healthcare facilities in Gaborone City Council. The surveyed healthcare facilities were of different size, specialization and category and included a referral hospital, two clinics and two health posts. To examine clinical waste management practices the study employed a range of methods including questionnaire survey which targeted 105 stratified randomly selected healthcare workers and ancillary staff, formal interviews with facility managers, field observations and literature reviews. Compliance with the Botswana Clinical Waste Management Code of Practice, 1996 and Waste Management Act, 1998 and other related documents were used as standards to assess clinical waste management practices. The waste management practices were analysed for a week in each healthcare facility to capture the daily management practices.
The generated clinical waste was weighed to compute the generation rates and was followed through the various management practices to the final disposal. Findings of the study revealed that clinical waste generation rates were: 0.75kg/patient/day for Princess Marina Hospital and 0.1 - 0.3kg/patient/day for clinics and health posts. Numerous aspects of clinical waste management were found to comply with the expected rules and standards at Princess Marina Hospital, but the clinics and health posts had less appropriate practices. Clinical waste generated at Princess Marina Hospital is quantified in reliable records and dedicated Infectious Control Officers are responsible for monitoring the management of clinical waste. The study revealed that clinics and health posts do not quantify clinical waste and there are no officers responsible for monitoring clinical waste and there are no documents for monitoring the management of clinical waste. The main treatment method of clinical waste for the surveyed healthcare facilities is incineration and it is being done properly. The study established that at least 80% of healthcare workers and ancillary staff have been vaccinated against hepatitis B and have received training in clinical waste management. Recommendations are given with the aim of improving clinical waste management practices in Gaborone City Council healthcare facilities.<br>Environmental Management<br>M. Sc. (Environmental Management)
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Samuel, Oluranti Sunday. "Environmental and sociological factors as determinants of occupational health and safety of workers in selected small and medium scale enterprises in Lagos State, Nigeria." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/22669.
Full textAbstract:
Work is an essential activity that provides goods or services of value to oneself and others. Paradoxically, in a bid for self-realisation, workers are seriously endangered. Work-related or induced diseases and
stresses pose serious threats to workers’ health and the general well-being, hence, the need to seriously consider the issue of occupational health and safety of workers. In terms of safety at work, the experience
of small and medium scale enterprises (SMSEs) worldwide is that of neglect. Their incomes are very low and uncertain, coupled with high levels of risk and hazard in their work, with little or no social protection
coverage (Chen, 2008). This study therefore examines how environmental and sociological factors determine occupational health and safety of workers in SMSEs in Lagos State, Nigeria. Ulrich Beck
“Risk Society” theory, Political Economy of Health framework (PEH) (Minkler et al 1994, Linnan et al, 2001) and Labour Process Theory (LPT) (Braverman, 1974; Marx, 1976; Bottome, 1991) underpinned
the study. The study adopts both the qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection. The qualitative method includes field observation of the selected workplaces, six Focus Group Discussion
(FGD) and eight In-depth interviews (IDIs). The quantitative involved the use of structured questionnaire. The sample survey involved 180 respondents in a multi-stage sampling technique from purposively
selected sawmills, mechanic villages and blacksmith cottages in three Local Government Areas in Lagos State. The quantitative data analysis uses simple percentile and univariate analyses, while the qualitative data are content-analysed, based on the objectives of the study. The findings identified low level of education (60.5%), and poor awareness of OHS in SMSEs (86.1%). It further reveals poor physical
(69.5%) and technological environment (70.5%), unavailability of OHS facilities (60.5%) and prevention methods by manager/owners (60.5%), carefree attitudes of workers/managers/owners to OHS (69.5), non-acquaintance of workers to OHS laws (86.1%), workers’ economic incapacitation to deal with issues of occupational hazard (76.1%), lack of enforcement of OHS (88.3%), and transferring knowledge on OHS (82.2%) in the selected SMSEs. The study recommends roles for managers/owners, workers, trade associations, government, non-governmental organisations to promote effective OHS in the selected SMSEs.<br>Sociology<br>D.Phil. (Sociology)
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Gernandt, Leon. "The protection of water during armed conflict." Diss., 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/16843.
Full textAbstract:
Water has been used for military purposes in the past and still continues today, i.e. poisoning of enemy water, attacking enemy water installations, etc. This conduct denies access to water, affects the supply of water, health, supply of electricity, etc. Public international law, such as treaties (e.g. The 1949 Geneva Conventions), customary international law, etc, regulate the protection of water during armed conflict.
Chapter I of the dissertation analizes the public international law ire the abovementioned. The application of public inteniational law, depends on the municipal law of the state concerned. This municipal law is, in the case of South Africa, found in the 1996 Constitution. The 1996 Constitution contains specific provisions regarding inter alia the legal obligations of the South African security services, the legal status of international agreements, as well as the application of customary international law and international law. Chapter II of the dissertation analizes the abovementioned wrt the legal obligations of the SA National Defence Force ire the subject matter.<br>Constitutional, International & Indigenous Law<br>LL.M. (Public International Law)
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Blok, Robert Edmund. "Transboundary conservation - towards an institutional framework for integrated management : a case study of the Ndumo-Tembe-Futi transfrontier conservation area." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/3332.
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Nkongolo, Kabange Jr. "Improving the governance of mineral resources in Africa through a fundamental rights-based approach to community participation." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/14186.
Full textAbstract:
This study makes the assumption that community participation in the governance of mineral
resources is a requirement of sustainable development and that through a fundamental
rights-based approach, it can be made effective. The concern is that an affected community
should not only be involved in the decision-making process, but its view must also influence
the outcome in respect of whether or not a mineral project should take place and how it
should address development issues at local level. It is assumed that this legal approach will
improve mineral governance by bringing more transparency and accountability. In many
African resource-rich countries, community participation has until now been practiced with
more of a soft approach, with the consequence that it has been unable to eradicate the
opacity existing in the management of revenues generated by mineral exploitation and also
deal efficiently with the recurrence of fundamental rights violations in the mineral sector.
Obviously, the success of the fundamental rights based-approach is not absolutely
guaranteed because there are preconditions that must be fulfilled. The synergy between
community participation and some relevant concepts like democracy, decentarlisation,
accountability, (good) governance and sustainable development must be well balanced for the participation process to bring positive outcomes. Also, because the fundamental rights
based-approach is conceived here within the framework of the African Charter of Human
and People’s Rights, its normative and institutional components, despite the potential to
make participation effective and successful, require that some critical challenges be
addressed in practice. The study ends with the conclusion that the fundamental rights based-approach
is appropriate to make community participation effective in the mineral-led
development process taking place at local level, provided that its implementation is kept reasonable.<br>Constitutional, International & Indigenous Law<br>D.Law