Academic literature on the topic 'Environmental aspects of Ground-effect machines'
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Journal articles on the topic "Environmental aspects of Ground-effect machines"
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Hosseini, Ahmad, Ola Lindroos, and Eddie Wadbro. "A holistic optimization framework for forest machine trail network design accounting for multiple objectives and machines." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 49, no. 2 (February 2019): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0258.
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Ground-based mechanized forestry requires the traversal of terrain by heavy machines. The routes that they take are often called “machine trails” and are created by removing trees from the trail and placing the logs outside it. Designing an optimal machine trail network is a complex locational problem that requires understanding how forestry machines can operate on the terrain, as well as the trade-offs between various economic and ecological aspects. Machine trail designs are currently created manually based on intuitive decisions about the importance, correlations, and effects of many potentially conflicting aspects. Badly designed machine trail networks could result in costly operations and adverse environmental impacts. Therefore, this study was conducted to develop a holistic optimization framework for machine trail network design. Key economic and ecological objectives involved in designing machine trail networks for mechanized cut-to-length operations are presented, along with strategies for simultaneously addressing multiple objectives while accounting for the physical capabilities of forestry machines, the impact of slope, and the operating costs. Ways of quantitatively formulating and combining these different aspects are demonstrated, together with examples showing how the optimal network design changes in response to various inputs.
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Manzone, Marco, Mattia Demeneghi, Paolo Marucco, Marco Grella, and Paolo Balsari. "Technical solutions for under-row weed control in vineyards: Efficacy, costs and environmental aspects analysis." Journal of Agricultural Engineering 51, no. 1 (March 16, 2020): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jae.2020.991.
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Weed control in vineyards is essential to allow optimal vines development. In this study, three different techniques (hoeing, chemical control, and mulching) used in vineyard’s under-row weed control were compared considering their: operative and economic aspects, energy consumptions and environmental impacts. Trials were performed in a vineyard located in Canelli (AT), Italy, characterized by 3 different gradient slopes (<5%, 10-15%, >20%). Each technique has been tested in 3 adjacent rows per each of the 3 vineyard slopes (randomized block test). Two weed control treatments were performed (at 50 days interval) during the peak vegetation growth period (from mid-April to mid-August). Major families of weeds in the test rows were described and scored (%), and weed control efficiency was measured by comparing the weeds cover area projected to the ground vs the test area. Results highlights that the use of mulching machine and the boom sprayer permits to maintain a weed coverage lower than 30% independently of slope gradient. The hoeing, characterized by low operational costs (26 € h–1) and energy requirement (550 MJ ha–1), scored acceptable working performances, but, in case of heavy rains, it can cause a runoff of the soil. The chemical weed control, also if results a valid choice in term of work quality, is not a valid solution from the environmental point of view. The mulching machine, although shows higher operating costs compared to other machines tested (30 € h–1), can be considered as the most viable alternative to chemical weed control because its working efficiency is comparable to that obtained by the sprayer.
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Cahyati, Sally, Triyono, M. Sjahrul Annas, and Ade Sumpena. "The Influence of Eco Maintenance on Power Consumption of the Lathe Machines." Applied Mechanics and Materials 842 (June 2016): 381–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.842.381.
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Generally, a maintenance process of a machine tool is oriented to maintain its reliability and availability in a relation of its productivity. This productivity will make a direct impact on the economic aspect of its plant. Ecomaintenance is a maintenance concept which sees maintenance in a different perspective. There is another effect on a machine that is maintained well on the environmental aspect beside its benefit of technology and economic aspects. If a machine is maintained with a proper maintenance, it will have a performance suitable with its age design condition. A machine with a good maintenance generally has a minimum rate of pollutant and waste which is possible emerging from the machining process. Then, if it uses for a machining process, it will produce a good quality product on its surface roughness and dimension accuracy. The electrical energy consumption of the machine also can be saved. It means that the GHG which usually emerges from the process of electrical energy generation in the power plant can be minimized, also the coal as fuel can be saved. The result of experiment has proven that the machine with bad maintenance will consume the electrical power higher in range 10%-60.81% than the machine with a good maintenance.
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Rabbani, Masoud, Parisa Hashemi, Pegah Bineshpour, and Hamed Farrokhi-Asl. "Municipal solid waste management considering NGO’s role in consumer environmental awareness and government regulations for air pollution." Journal of Modelling in Management 15, no. 3 (February 24, 2020): 783–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jm2-08-2018-0128.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is twofold: first, to examine the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in increasing customer environmental awareness (CEA) to decrease the municipal solid waste (MSW), and secondly, to examine the effect of government policies in the amount of air pollution caused by transfer stations (TSs). Design/methodology/approach This study proposes a mixed-integer nonlinear programming model. For solving this multi-objective problem, the authors use epsilon constraint method, which presented eight Pareto solutions. For selecting the best solution, the analytic hierarchy process approach is used. The presented model is applied on a real case study, and the results are discussed and sensitivity analysis is implemented on the parameters of the concern. Findings This study confirms the assumption that by allocating budget to NGOs for increasing CEA, the produced waste will be decreased. Research limitations/implications In the present study, the authors only investigate air pollution caused by TS. Future studies can investigate other types of pollution. Furthermore, uncertainty in the amount of produced waste can be variable making the problem closer to the real environment. In this case, robust optimization may have better results. Practical implications Based on the results of sensitivity analysis, some implications obtain that can highlight by managers in the decision-making process. The operational costs of TS have a critical aspect in founding TS, so using new technology and high-tech machines for operational processes of TSs, can result in decreasing the running cost of TSs. Also, the determination of TS capacity is a remarkable issue in optimization, which should be paid special attention to this for the design of TSs in the planning phase of the system. Moreover, collaborating with NGOs has a good effect on increasing CEA that results in a decrease of MSW. Originality/value The role of NGOs and government simultaneity has been considered in a green supply chain. Moreover, the authors considered TS between source and disposal that reduce the time of transferring waste. Therefore, this study can be beneficial for the MSW management system, which faces the problems in the lack of capacity and transportation problems and environmental issues by proposing solutions in three studies including economic, environmental and social aspects.
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Lyubimov, Victor E., Dmitry V. Romanov, Yuri A. Tsoi, Bulat G. Ziganshin, and Farit F. Sitdikov. "Results of application of frequency resonance therapy for treatment of cow mastitis." BIO Web of Conferences 17 (2020): 00254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20201700254.
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The physiological aspects of the implementation of the cow milk transfer reflex during machine milking are the result of exposure to the threshold force of a given value of a variable vacuum and simultaneous mechanical irritation by the teat rubber of the udder of the cow udder system. This effect leads to the discovery of sphincters with the subsequent release of the hormone oxytocin by the pituitary gland and the milk accumulation from the alveolar udder tissue. Signal environmental factors (sounds of a vacuum pump, milking machines, feeder) cause reactions in cows not only by irritation but also by frequency. It has been established that exposure to a high-frequency electromagnetic field destroys most of the common causative agents of mastitis-staphylococci, streptococci. For the treatment of mastitis, stimulation of lactation and the reflex of milk flow in cows, it is promising to apply the effect of a high frequency electromagnetic field modulated by radio frequencies, which contribute to the conversion of electromagnetic field energy into energy of nerve impulses and chemical reactions of mitochondrial cellular mechanisms of udder alveolar tissue cells. The use of alternating sets of specific frequencies of a modulating electromagnetic field of high frequency allows the alternation of “killer” frequencies for microbes with stimulating secretion of alveolar cells of the udder and with frequencies that act anti-inflammatory. It is essential to determine the frequencies that create protective inhibition from exposure to extreme irritations of milking factors (increased vacuum, durable worn nipple rubber). With prolonged exposure to an electromagnetic field, such frequencies a repeating conditioned stimulus of a weak strength, which precede and accompany the impact of the milking machine, and stimulate the activity of the nerve centers of the milk yield reflex in cows, creating a dominant lactation.
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Аладашвили, Иосиф, Iosif Aladashvili, Ольга Макарова, Ol'ga Makarova, Фанис Яруллин, and Fanis Yarullin. "THEORETICAL STUDY OF THE SUPPLY ADDITIONAL AIR PARAMETERS FOR FORCED TURBULENCE OF THE CHARGE." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 14, no. 3 (October 30, 2019): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5db963d29fd505.05753710.
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The article touches upon the problem of the power unit’s operation, which has been modernized in order to increase its technical, economic and environmental indicators. Namely, it addresses the main issues of quantitative and qualitative mixture formation, the correct location of the fittings for supplying additional air is selected, the effect of additional air on the physical processes occurring in the cylinder of the power unit during its operation is determined. In addition, it considers the theoretical aspects of the dynamics of additional air introduced at the end of the filling and at the beginning of compression in the cylinder of the power unit. All of the above must be done so that the measures taken to improve the technical, economic and environmental indicators of the power unit do not contradict the conditions and requirements that were originally laid down by the manufacturer when developing this power unit. Firstly, today it is quite difficult to achieve this, the reason for this is the fact that the power units each time become more powerful in order to meet all the requirements that arise in the context of fierce competition between different manufacturers, and secondly - a high degree of unification of the constituent parts of automotive - tractor equipment and other transport technological machines and equipment that are equipped with ICE. Based on this, any refinement, even the slightest, leads to significant changes in all the main output parameters of the nodes and assemblies of the machine. In addition, it is necessary, whenever possible, to take into account all types of modernization that have been done by other researchers to improve the abovementioned parameters of the power unit.
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Siryk, Zenoviy. "Features of forming the investment needs of local governments." Socio-Economic Problems of the Modern Period of Ukraine, no. 3(143) (2020): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.36818/2071-4653-2020-3-5.
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The paper researches some aspects of regulative maintenance of investment activity in Ukraine and at the level of territories (on the example of Lviv) in the condition of reforming local governments. The author suggests his interpretation of “an investment capacity of a territorial community”. The specifics of managing the investment activity of territories is outlined, and the groups of needs of local governments, the realization of which is the ground for territorial communities’ activity, are defined. The sources of funding of local governments’ investment needs are characterized. The scheme of balancing investment needs and investment opportunities (sources) as a component of management of a territory’s investment activity is suggested. The conditions of securing positive consequences of the process are examined. The analysis of directions of state support of economic and social development of territories in 2020 shows that regional development programs are funded at 12.7%, while other social, environmental, and innovative directions – at a level less than 5%. The paper emphasizes the need of local governments to independently search for ways to implement socio-cultural projects by efficient use of their investment resources and capacity. For a general analysis of investment activity, the investment in the socio-economic development of Lvivska oblast in 2017-2019 is analyzed. The growing volumes of capital investment and the prevailing share of investment in the purchase of machines and equipment are emphasized. The conclusion on insufficient growth of rural areas’ capacity is made. The problems in the attraction of investment in the economies of cities and consolidated territorial communities are defined. The solution of these problems will contribute to the implementation of new approaches to investment activity at the territories of local communities from the viewpoint of the need to secure their financial capacity and sustainable development of settlements.
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Sergeev, Aleksandr. "WORKING PROCESS OF SB-2 DRYER (DOZA-AGRO LLC) IN THE COMPOSITION OF FUEL PELLETS PRODUCTION LINES." Forestry Engineering Journal 10, no. 3 (October 2, 2020): 134–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/issn.2222-7962/2020.3/13.
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Waste-free wood processing technologies are conditioned by the economic and environmental aspects of human activity. One of the stages of such technologies is processing of wood waste into fuel pellets, for the production of which appropriate lines are used. They include a large number of different machines. The article presents the results of studies of the working process of SB-2 dryer produced by Doza-Agro LLC, which is a part of these lines. The paper presents its scheme and describes the principle of operation, evaluates the efficiency of the dryer working process depending on the feedstock parameters. Work process of the drying drum was carried out in the conditions of IP Kabanov, IP Bratchikov, Penza-Pellet LLC, Togliatinsky Pellet Plant LLC, Promlesilim LLC, Maslyaninsky LLC, Ekolesprom LLC, Bryansk Broiler LLC, Tandem VP LLC. The influence of feedstock moisture content, temperature of the feedstock and the particle size has been determined. The particle size was estimated by their surface area. The efficiency of the dryer was evaluated by its productivity, expressed as a percentage of the maximum possible one and obtained under optimal conditions. After processing statistical information, a second-order regression model has been obtained, which characterizes the drying process of crushed material the SB-2 dryer. It was revealed that feedstock moisture content has the greatest influence on the working process of SB-2 dryer. The drying process of crushed wood material differs from the drying process of chips. Namely, the temperature of the dryer has the smallest effect on the performance when drying the crushed material. When drying the shavings, their size has the smallest effect.
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Fajkiel, A., P. Dudek, and T. Reguła. "Mechanical Properties of Magnesium Die Castings Produced Utilizing Process Scrap." Archives of Foundry Engineering 14, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afe-2014-0081.
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Abstract Magnesium alloys are one of the lightest of all the structural materials. Because of their excellent physical and mechanical properties the alloys have been used more and more often in various branches of industry. They are cast mainly (over 90%) on cold and hot chamber die casting machines. One of the byproducts of casting processes is process scrap which amounts to about 40 to 60% of the total weight of a casting. The process scrap incorporates all the elements of gating systems and fault castings. Proper management of the process scrap is one of the necessities in term of economic and environmental aspects. Most foundries use the process scrap, which involves adding it to a melting furnace, in a haphazard way, without any control of its content in the melt. It can lead to many disadvantageous effects, e.g. the formation of a hard buildup at the bottom of the crucible, which in time makes casting impossible due to the loss of the alloy rheological properties. The research was undertaken to determine the effect of an addition of the process scrap on the mechanical properties of AZ91 and AM50 alloys. It has been ascertained that the addition of a specific amount of process scrap to the melt increases the mechanical properties of the elements cast from AZ91 and AM50 alloys. The increase in the mechanical properties is caused mainly by compounds which can work as nuclei of crystallization and are introduced into the scrap from lubricants and anti-adhesive agents. Furthermore carbon, which was detected in the process scrap by means of SEM examination, is a potent grain modifier in Mg alloys [1-3]. The optimal addition of the process scrap to the melt was determined based on the statistical analysis of the results of studies of the effect of different process scrap additions on the mean grain size and mechanical properties of the cast parts.
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Cui, Kai, and Weikang Lin. "Muck Problems in Subway Shield Tunneling in Sandy Cobble Stratum." Polish Maritime Research 23, s1 (October 1, 2016): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pomr-2016-0062.
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Abstract Experiments aiming at the muck improvement for Chengdu’s subway shield tunneling in water-rich sandy cobble ground initially finds out the kinds and ratio of muck improver suitable for the this strata, and through the field application determines the reasonable ratio of muck improver for shield tunneling in sandy cobble ground, providing a reference to other muck improvement for shied tunneling in similar ground. And the earth pressure balanced shield is widely used in tunnel engineering, with its characteristics as wide adaptability, safe operation, fast driving speed, low environmental noise and low cost. Taking Chengdu Metro Line as the background, aiming at the difficulty faced by EPB shield tunneling in water-rich sandy cobble ground, and based on the explorations and researches of the predecessors and scholars, engineering and technical personnel, the present paper combines with engineering examples to make a systematic summary and research on key construction technology of EPB shield tunneling through sandy cobble ground from the aspects of EPB shield adaptability, , structure and transformation of cutter and helical unearthed wares, settlement control method, and muck improvement measures. It has certain reference value and guiding significance to the selection of shield machine and the reconstruction of shield machine in complex geological condition.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Environmental aspects of Ground-effect machines"
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Akinwale, Abiodun Ebebezer. "The effect of South African quaternary supplementary cementitious blends on corrosion behaviour of concrete reinforcement in chloride and Sulphate media." Diss., 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/25242.
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The aim of this study was to assess the strength, durability properties and corrosion resistance of concrete samples using supplementary cementitious blended materials. In this investigation, three supplementary concrete materials (SCMs) were used together with ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) to form cementitious blends at different proportions. The supplementary materials are silica fume (SF), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and fly ash (FA). Sixteen (16) different proportions of the cementitious blends were produced. Tests carried out on concrete samples include slump test, compressive strength, oxygen permeability, sorptivity, porosity, chloride conductivity test, resistance to chloride and sulphate attack. The electrode potentials of tested samples were also observed using electrochemical measurements.
Concrete specimens prepared with 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, up to 60% of blended cements replacement levels were evaluated for their compressive strength at, 7, 14, 28, 90 and 120 days while the specimens were evaluated for durability tests at 28, and 90 days respectively. The results were compared with ordinary Portland cement concrete without blended cement. Voltage, and temperature measurements were also carried out to understand the quality of concrete. The corrosion performance of steel in reinforced concrete was studied and evaluated by electrochemical half-cell potential technique in both sodium chloride, and magnesium sulphate solutions respectively. The reinforced concrete specimens with centrally embedded 12mm steel bar were exposed to chloride and sulphate solutions with the 0.5 M NaCl and MgSO4 concentrations respectively. An impressed voltage technique was carried out to evaluate the corrosion resistance of the combination of quaternary cementitious blended cement, so as to get the combination with optimum performance. Improvement of strength, durability, and corrosion resistance properties of blended concrete samples are observed at different optimum percentages for binary, ternary and quaternary samples. The effect of cementitious blends is recognized in limiting the corrosion potential of the tested SCM concrete samples. Generally, the cementitious blends with limited quantity of SF to 10% have the potential to produce satisfactory concrete. These should however be used for low cost construction, where high quality concrete is not required.Civil and Chemical Engineering
M. Tech. (Chemical Engineering)
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Makuleke, Peace. "An assessment of impacts of landfill composition on soil quality, heavy metal and plant health : a case of Lumberstewart landfill in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe." Diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/27575.
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Landfills have served as the major sites for waste disposal in both developed and developing countries. Upon closure of a landfill site, the surface could be converted to a golf course, recreation park, playground, animal refuge, tennis court and industrial site. Even when closed, landfills still have the potential to contaminate the surrounding environment as a result of the migration of leachate from decomposing waste contained in the site. This study focused on assessing the
impacts of a closed landfill on soils and plants at Lumberstewart closed landfill site in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Soil samples were collected at three different depths (0-30 cm, 30 - 60 cm and 60-90 cm) at the landfill and a control site. The soil samples were analysed for their texture, pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter content, cation exchange capacity and concentrations of Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Ni and Zn. Samples of jimson weed and pigweed growing at the closed landfill and the control
site were collected from the same sites where soil samples were collected, and the concentrations of the same set of heavy metals in these weeds determined. Soil samples were digested using EPA
method 3050B: Acid Digestion of Sediments, Sludge and soils whereas nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide was used for digestion of plant samples. Both plant and soil digests were analyzed for heavy metals concentrations using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Soils from the landfill as well as the control site had a high content of sand with soil pH values which were alkaline. The electrical conductivity values of the soil samples were relatively low ranging from 0.39 to 1.67 dS/m, indicating low levels of salts in soils at the landfill. The concentrations of heavy metals at the closed landfill site were higher than the control site. Heavy metals concentrations in soils at the closed landfill followed the order Fe>Zn>Cu>Cr>Ni>Cd. Results indicated that Fe was exceptionally higher than the other metals with concentration values averaging 45690±17255 mg/kg. Cadmium on the other hand had the least concentration with values of 0.01±0.00 mg/kg.
Values of Enrichment Factors of heavy metals around the soil at different depths indicated that the enrichment of heavy metals increased with depth at the landfill up to 30-60 cm after which a
decrease was observed. Values for heavy metal Contamination Factor of soils around the landfill ranged from low concentration (CF<1) to very high concentration (CF>6). The Pollution Load Index (PLI) values for the soil at the Lumberstewart landfill indicated that all sites were polluted (PLI>1). Site 6 had significantly higher mean concentration of heavy metals in soils at the landfill whereas site 11 had the least. The concentrations of Cd and Ni in soils at the landfill were below
permissible limits of South African National Norms and Standards (NNS) as prescribed by NEMA (2008) in South Africa whereas Cr, Cu and Zn in soils were above the NNS permissible limits.
Heavy metal concentrations in soils at the landfill were above World Health (WHO) permissible limits except for Cd which was equal (0.01 mg/kg) to the permissible values of Cd in the soils at sites 5, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12. Mean concentrations of heavy metals in jimson weed and pigweed were in the order Fe>Zn>Cu>Cr>Ni>Cd. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe and Zn in both plants from all sites at the landfill were significantly higher than the control site. Heavy metal transfer coefficient for both plants indicated that heavy metal uptake was more species dependent than soil heavy metal concentration dependent. The results from this research indicate that though the Lumberstewart Landfill has been closed, it is still affecting the soils in the vicinity of the
landfill. Plants and water around the Lumberstewart closed landfill could be at risk from heavy metal contamination. High concentrations of heavy metals observed in the soil could present a health risk to communities should they decide to use the landfill site for arable purposes.Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Environmental Science)
Books on the topic "Environmental aspects of Ground-effect machines"
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Holtschlag, David J. Vulnerability of ground water to atrazine leaching in Kent County, Michigan. Lansing, Mich: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1997.
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Holtschlag, David J. Vulnerability of ground water to atrazine leaching in Kent County, Michigan. Lansing, Mich: U.S. Geological Survey, 1997.
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Holtschlag, David J. Vulnerability of ground water to atrazine leaching in Kent County, Michigan. Lansing, Mich: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1997.
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Doyle, Marie. The effect of forest-harvesting machine traffic on the aeration and pore size distribution in a blanket peat. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1997.
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Reuber, Eric J. Shallow ground-water quality in the coastal plain of Columbia, South Carolina, 1996: National Water-Quality Assessment Program. [Reston, Va: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1999.
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Reuber, Eric J. Shallow ground-water quality in the coastal plain of Columbia, South Carolina, 1996: National Water-Quality Assessment Program. [Reston, Va: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1999.
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Holtschlag, David J. Assessment of ground-water vulnerability to atrazine leaching in Kent County, Michigan: Review, comparison of results of other studies, and verification. Lansing, Mi: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998.
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Holtschlag, David J. Assessment of ground-water vulnerability to atrazine leaching in Kent County, Michigan: Review, comparison of results of other studies, and verification. Lansing, Mi: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998.
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Kline, N. W. Effect of moisture-dependent anisotropy and enhanced recharge around underground storage tanks. Richland, Wash: Westinghouse Hanford Co., 1995.
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Reuber, Eric J. Shallow ground-water quality in the coastal plain of Columbia, South Carolina, 1996: National Water-Quality Assessment Program. [Reston, Va.?: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1999.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Environmental aspects of Ground-effect machines"
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"Long term environmental effect of tunnel construction in weak soils." In Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in Soft Ground, 1045–50. CRC Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b12748-137.
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Cai, Tianxing. "Application of Biologically Inspired Techniques for Industrial and Environmental Research via Air Quality Monitoring Network." In Advances in Data Mining and Database Management, 272–98. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6078-6.ch013.
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Industrial and environmental research will always involve the study of the cause-effect relationship between the emissions and the surrounding environment. Qualitative and mixed methods researchers have employed a variety of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools, simulated or virtual environments, information systems, information devices, and data analysis tools in this field. Machine-enhanced analytics has enabled the identification of aspects of interest such as correlations and anomalies from large datasets. Chemical facilities have high risks to originate air emission events. Based on an available air-quality monitoring network, the data integration technologies are applied to identify the scenarios of the possible emission source and the dynamic pollutant monitor result, so as to timely and effectively support diagnostic and prognostic decisions. In this chapter, the application of artificial neural networks for such applications have been developed according to the real application purpose. It includes two stages of modeling and optimization work: 1) the determination of background normal emission rates from multiple emission sources and 2) single-objective or multi-objective optimization for impact scenario identification and quantification. They have the capability to identify the potential emission profile and spatial-temporal characterization of pollutant dispersion for a specific region, including reverse estimation of the air quality issues. The methodology provides valuable information for accidental investigations and root cause analysis for an emission event; meanwhile, it helps evaluate the regional air quality impact caused by such an emission event as well. Case studies are employed to demonstrate the efficacy of the developed methodology.
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Cai, Tianxing. "Data Integration Technology for Industrial and Environmental Research via Air Quality Monitoring Network." In Enhancing Qualitative and Mixed Methods Research with Technology, 158–92. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6493-7.ch007.
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Industrial and environmental research will always involve the study of the cause-effect relationship between emissions and the surrounding environment. Qualitative and mixed methods researchers have employed a variety of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools, simulated or virtual environments, information systems, information devices, and data analysis tools in this field. With the collection and representation of information in a range of ways, software tools have been created to manage and store this data. This data management enables more efficient searching ability of various types of electronic and digitized information. Various technologies have made the work of research more efficient. The results of the qualitative or mixed methods research may be integrated to reach the research target. Right now, a lot of software tools are available for analysis to identify patterns and represent new meanings. The programs extend the capabilities of the researcher in terms of information coding and meaning-making. Machine-enhanced analytics has enabled the identification of aspects of interest such as correlations and anomalies from large datasets. Chemical facilities, where large amounts of chemicals and fuels are processed, manufactured, and housed, have high risks to originate air emission events, such as intensive flaring and toxic gas release caused by various uncertainties like equipment failure, false operation, nature disaster, or terrorist attack. Based on an available air-quality monitoring network, the data integration technologies are applied to identify the scenarios of the possible emission source and the dynamic pollutant monitor result, so as to timely and effectively support diagnostic and prognostic decisions. In this chapter, several systematic methodologies and preliminary data integration system designs for such applications are developed according to the real application purpose. It includes two stages of modeling and optimization work: 1) the determination of background normal emission rates from multiple emission sources and 2) single-objective or multi-objective optimization for impact scenario identification and quantification. They have the capability of identifying the potential emission profile and spatial-temporal characterization of pollutant dispersion for a specific region, including reverse estimation of air quality issues. The chapter provides valuable information for accidental investigations and root cause analysis for an emission event, and it helps evaluate the regional air quality impact caused by such an emission event as well. Case studies are employed to demonstrate the efficacy of the developed methodology.
Conference papers on the topic "Environmental aspects of Ground-effect machines"
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Grant, Peter, Jeffrey S. Freeman, Rob Vail, and Frank Huck. "Preparation of a Virtual Proving Ground for Construction Equipment Simulation." In ASME 1998 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc98/dac-5614.
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Abstract A multi-phased evaluation of the Iowa Driving Simulator as a virtual proving ground for construction equipment simulation is presented. In Phase I the Iowa Driving Simulator was evaluated in an “open-loop” mode to assess its capability to simulate a typical maneuver common to wheel loader operation, and its viability as a test platform for human subject evaluation of those maneuvers. A typical wheel loader truck loading cycle involves numerous directional shifts. Cycle productivity is increased if these shifts are executed at full engine throttle. Jerk and acceleration levels associated with full throttle shifts, however, can cause both operator discomfort and spillage of loaded material. Electronically controlled transmissions have the potential to both minimize directional shift times and material loss while optimizing operator comfort. This optimization will require an understanding of the factors which affect operator comfort during shifts. A study was therefore devised to determine those aspects of the motion generated by a directional shift which affect operator comfort. The Iowa Driving Simulator motion system was used to present operators with a series of acceleration time histories which are representative of various shift strategies. The operators rated the relative comfort of each strategy during paired comparison tests. Limitations of the simulator motion system prevented definitive results from being drawn; however, results did confirm shift comfort criteria previously established by the machine manufacturer. Success of the Phase I effort was sufficient to warrant a more in-depth study. In Phase II a complete VPG environment for wheel loader operation on the IDS was developed and qualitatively evaluated. This VPG environment included a visual model of a mine pit, developed for Caterpillar, Inc. by engineers at its National Center for Supercomputing Applications office, combined with the immersive motion capability of the Iowa Driving Simulator. A real-time dynamics model of a generic wheel loader along with a menu driven interface to the data set used to simulate a particular wheel loader were developed at Center for Computer Aided Design. This combination of programs allows changes to the design of a loader to be rapidly evaluated within a virtual proving ground environment or off-line at an engineering workstation. The machine model was then combined with an implement/soil interaction model, also developed at Caterpillar’s National Center for Supercomputing Applications office. The resulting machine model can be evaluated either off-line at a workstation or driven in response to operator input within the Iowa Driving Simulator virtual proving ground environment. A comparison of the offline model’s predictions of machine response to swept-sinewave steering input is shown to compare favorably with measured performance of the actual machine.
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Muroyama, Alexander, Mahesh Mani, Kevin Lyons, and Bjorn Johansson. "Simulation and Analysis for Sustainability in Manufacturing Processes." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-47327.
Full textAbstract:
“Sustainability” has become a ubiquitous term in almost every field, especially in engineering design and manufacturing. Recently, an increased awareness of environmental problems and resource depletion has led to an emphasis on environmentally friendly practices. This is especially true in the manufacturing industry where energy consumption and the amount of waste generated can be high. This requires proactive tools to be developed to carefully analyze the cause-effect of current manufacturing practices and to investigate alternative practices. One such approach to sustainable manufacturing is the combined use of Discrete Event Simulation (DES) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to analyze the utilization and processing of manufacturing resources in a factory setting. On an economic aspect such method can significantly reduce the financial and environmental costs by evaluating the system performance before its construction or use. This project considers what-if scenarios in a simplified golf ball factory, using as close to real-world data as possible, to demonstrate DES and LCA’s ability to facilitate decision-making and optimize the manufacturing process. Plastic injection molding, an energy-intensive step in the golf ball manufacturing process, is the focus of the DES model. AutoMod, a 3-D modeling software, was used to build the DES model and AutoStat was used to run the trials and analyze the data. By varying the input parameters such as type and number of injection molding machines and material used, the simulation model can output data indicating the most productive and energy efficient methods. On a more detailed level, the simulations can provide valuable information on bottlenecks or imbalances in the system. Correcting these can allow the factory to be both “greener” and more cost-effective.
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Kim, Jung Sub, Jin Woo Kim, Young Chang Kim, and Sang Won Lee. "Experimental Study on Environmentally-Friendly Micro End-Milling Process of Ti-6Al-4V Using Nanofluid Minimum Quantity Lubrication With Chilly Gas." In ASME 2016 11th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2016-8748.
Full textAbstract:
This research experimentally investigates the characteristics of micro end-milling process of titanium alloy using nanofluid minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) with chilly CO2 gas. In the nanofluid MQL, hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) particles having a lamellar structure are used. They have high aspect ratio and enable sliding against other particles, which can provide better lubricity. In addition, the chilly CO2 gas enhances a cooling effect during the micro end-milling process. A series of micro end-milling experiments are conducted in the meso-scale machine tool system, and milling force, coefficient of friction, surface roughness and tool wear are observed and analyzed according to varying lubrication and cooling conditions. The results show that the nanofluid MQL with chilly gas can be effective for reducing milling forces, coefficient of friction, tool wear and improving surface quality.
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Nikhare, Chetan P. "Effect of Metal-Composite Layer Thickness on Springback After U-Bending." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23155.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A sudden increase in the usage of automotive vehicles results in sudden increases in the fuel consumption which results in an increase in air pollution. To cope up with this challenge federal government is implying the stricter environmental regulation to decrease air pollution. To save from the environmental regulation penalty vehicle industry is researching innovation which would reduce vehicle weight and decrease the fuel consumption. Thus, the innovation related to light-weighting is not only an option anymore but became a mandatory necessity to decrease fuel consumption. To achieve this target, the industry has been looking at fabricating components from high strength to ultra-high strength steels or lightweight materials. With the usage of advanced high strength steels, the lightweight was achieved by reducing a gage thickness without compromising the strength aspect. However due to their high strength property often challenges occurred are higher machine tonnage requirement, sudden fracture, geometric defect, etc. The geometric defect comes from the elastic recovery of a material, which is also known as a springback. Springback is commonly known as a manufacturing defect due to the geometric error in the part, which would not be able to fit in the assembly without secondary operation or compensation in the forming process. It is learned that the springback of the material increases with an increase in the material strength and/or decrease in material thickness. In advanced high strength steels, higher strength and lower gage thickness options make the part prone to higher springback. Due to these many challenges, other research route involved is composite material, where light materials can be used with high strength material to reduce the overall vehicle weight. This generally includes, tailor welded blanks, multilayer material, mechanical joining of dissimilar material, etc. Due to substantial use of dissimilar materials, these parts are also called as hybrid components. It was noted that the part weight decreases with the use of hybrid components without compromising the integrity and safety. In the previously published paper in IMECE2017 the study was focused on equal layer thickness of metal and composite in bilayer material. In this paper, a springback analysis was performed considering bilayer metal by varying the thickness of the metal as well as the composite. For this two dissimilar materials aluminum and composite was considered as bonded material. This material was then bent on a free bend die. The bilayer springback was compared with different layer thickness of metal and composite and in different condition like aluminum layer on punch side and then on die side. These results were then compared with the baseline springback of only aluminum thin and thick layer.
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Suda, Mitsunori, Takanori Kitamura, Ratchaneekorn Wongpajan, and Zhiyuan Zhang. "Effect of Paper Property on Mechanical Property of Paper Tube." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-51392.
Full textAbstract:
Paper recycling is an effective way in reducing deforestation and energy consumption. Therefore recycling paper and paper products has been widely applied in many areas, such as packaging industry, film rolls, adhesive-tape industry, furniture decoration and temporary structures in building. They can be produced into various structure according to different requirement, such as paper tube, corrugated paperboard and normal paperboard. Paper-tubes gain more and more applications as a traditional structure due to their excellent mechanical property and environmentally friendly property. In order to meet various needs of paper-tube and produce high performance paper-tubes, designing for paper-tubes fabrication is needed. It is necessary to research the lateral compression strength of paper tube because various paper-tubes are used as packages, cores, poles and structure materials. To establish a relation of mechanical property between paperboards and paper-tubes is an important aspect. The current study is to investigate this relation. Paperboards are built from cellulose fibers jointed by hydrogen bonds and some additional elements like talc. The fibers are distributed randomly on the paperboards. However due to the tension action during fabrication process, more fibers are distributed in machine rolling direction which is defined as machine direction (MD, TD for transverse direction). The material expresses obvious anisotropic property. On the other hand, due to the laminated structure of paper materials, it is possible to generate interlaminar fracture in the usage process, especially in the construction made of paper such as paper tubes. The mechanical property of three kinds of paperboards used for paper-tubes fabrication was investigated included tension, compression and peeling combining with anisotropic property. These three kinds of paperboards have different mechanical properties but same dimension for paper-tubes fabrications. By this method, the effects of different properties including tension, compression and peeling on mechanical property of paper-tube could be evaluated. A series of paper-tubes with different layers was fabricated and the lateral compression test was carried out and evaluated. The fracture form of paper-tubes and fracture position on paper-tube were discussed together with paperboards. The cause of delamination behavior of laminated paper was analysis based on the detailed observation. The optical observation were employed to evaluate the fracture properties of paper-tubes after lateral compression test. It was found that the initial fracture of paper-tubes occurred inside the paperboards rather than between layers and the peeling property of paperboard has a signification effects on lateral compression property of paper-tubes.
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Barthel, R., W. Goldammer, and M. Helming. "Exemption Levels for the Recycling and Disposal of Residues With Enhanced Levels of Natural Radioactivity (TENORM) in Germany." In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1267.
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Abstract The new German Radiation Protection Ordinance contains for the first time a systematic framework of regulations protecting workers and the public against radiation exposures from residues of industrial and mining processes containing enhanced levels of naturally occurring radionuclides (TENORM). These regulations will satisfy the requirements of the European Council Directive 96/29/EURATOM and serve as a common basis for the radiation protection activities of the German states in this field. The consideration of exposures from materials containing naturally occurring radionuclides gains on this basis an increased level of significance within the German radiation protection efforts. The overall goal of the new regulations is to keep the additional effective dose for the population from the recycling and disposal of TENORM below 1 mSv/a. In order to achieve this objective, companies in which such residues arise have to carry out representative measurements of activity concentrations in these materials. If exemption levels defined in the new regulations are exceeded, restrictions on the recycling and disposal come into effect. These exemption levels are nuclide specific and distinguish between material types and different recycling and disposal options. This specific definition of exemption criteria serves the goal to minimise the number of companies and the amount of residues affected by the new regulations to the extent possible, focussing the efforts of operators and regulators to those materials having the potential to actually cause radiation exposure problems. The specific exemption criteria were derived on the basis of an analysis of typical amounts and activity concentrations of industrial and mining residues with enhanced radioactivity contents in Germany. In a second step, practically applied options for the recycling and disposal of these materials were investigated. On this basis, generic scenarios for the radiation exposure of the workforce and the public were defined and doses were estimated. All relevant pathways including possible long term effects (ground water) were considered in these analyses. Based on the 1 mSv/a criterion, a catalogue of relevant materials, potentially requiring radiation protection measures, was developed. For these materials the practically applied recycling or disposal options were grouped into categories, for which specific exemption levels were derived. The derivation of these criteria was based on realistic estimates of radiation exposure, for example taking into account the dilution of the residues with other materials in technological processes or during the disposal in landfills. The residues subject to the new regulations mostly arise in large quantities over extended periods of time. This leads to significant variations of radionuclide concentrations depending on feed materials and process parameters. To carry out representative measurements without the necessity of taking a too large number of samples, therefore, requires an adequate measurement strategy. Particular aspects to be considered are uncertainties of the measurements themselves and the heterogeneity of the residues. In addition, the measurement strategy has to be compatible with diverse situations in the different industries affected. The framework developed for designing individual strategies for the various industries and types of residues satisfies these requirements and can also provide guidance for measurement campaigns in other areas. The paper outlines the general situation with regard to TENORM in Germany. The main streams of residues and options for their recycling or disposal are described. On this basis, scenarios used for the radiological evaluation are defined and examples for resulting radiation exposures are given. The exemption levels derived from this analysis are discussed. Finally, the framework for the design and implementation of an adequate measurement strategy is outlined.
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Nikhare, Chetan P. "A Numerical Study on Channel Deformation and Springback Using Tool Rollers." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23084.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A sudden increase in the usage of automotive vehicles results in sudden increases in the fuel consumption which results in an increase in air pollution. To cope up with this challenge federal government is implying the stricter environmental regulation to decrease air pollution. To save from the environmental regulation penalty vehicle industry is researching innovation which would reduce vehicle weight and decrease the fuel consumption. Thus, the innovation related to light-weighting is not only an option anymore but became a mandatory necessity to decrease fuel consumption. To achieve this target, the industry has been looking at fabricating components from high strength to ultra-high strength steels or lightweight materials. With the usage of advanced high strength steels, the lightweight was achieved by reducing a gage thickness without compromising the strength aspect. However due to their high strength property often challenges occurred are higher machine tonnage requirement, sudden fracture, geometric defect, etc. The geometric defect comes from the elastic recovery of a material, which is also known as a springback. Springback is commonly known as a manufacturing defect due to the geometric error in the part, which would not be able to fit in the assembly without secondary operation or compensation in the forming process. It is learned that the springback of the material increases with an increase in the material strength and/or decrease in material thickness. In advanced high strength steels, higher strength and lower gage thickness options make the part prone to higher springback. Due to these many challenges with the materials and their properties which affect the springback, other research routes involved are innovative forming processes which would reduce the springback such as applying electricity through the material after forming and before the release of the load, performing warm or hot forming, die compensation, etc. One such innovative and patented process which is studied in the paper is using rollers in the tool i.e., in die and punch during the forming process. In this paper, the 2D channel strip of the aluminum 2024 high strength and thin material will be used in the bending processes. The process will be simulated in ABAQUS finite element software. First, the conventional channel bending process will be performed and springback will be analyzed as compared to the desired shape. Then the tool rollers will be implied to the die and punch corner radius and then the channel bending process will be performed and springback will be analyzed. The roller rotations will be set constant in this study, but the motion i.e., clockwise or counterclockwise in both die and punch will be studied on the springback of the channel. In addition, the no rotation of the roller effect on the springback will be studied and results will be compared. Further the maximum stress before and after springback and the stress distribution all cases will be analyzed and presented.