To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Environmental aspects of Ground-effect machines.
Journal articles on the topic 'Environmental aspects of Ground-effect machines'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Environmental aspects of Ground-effect machines.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Hosseini, Ahmad, Ola Lindroos, and Eddie Wadbro. "A holistic optimization framework for forest machine trail network design accounting for multiple objectives and machines." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 49, no. 2 (February 2019): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0258.
Full textAbstract:
Ground-based mechanized forestry requires the traversal of terrain by heavy machines. The routes that they take are often called “machine trails” and are created by removing trees from the trail and placing the logs outside it. Designing an optimal machine trail network is a complex locational problem that requires understanding how forestry machines can operate on the terrain, as well as the trade-offs between various economic and ecological aspects. Machine trail designs are currently created manually based on intuitive decisions about the importance, correlations, and effects of many potentially conflicting aspects. Badly designed machine trail networks could result in costly operations and adverse environmental impacts. Therefore, this study was conducted to develop a holistic optimization framework for machine trail network design. Key economic and ecological objectives involved in designing machine trail networks for mechanized cut-to-length operations are presented, along with strategies for simultaneously addressing multiple objectives while accounting for the physical capabilities of forestry machines, the impact of slope, and the operating costs. Ways of quantitatively formulating and combining these different aspects are demonstrated, together with examples showing how the optimal network design changes in response to various inputs.
2
Manzone, Marco, Mattia Demeneghi, Paolo Marucco, Marco Grella, and Paolo Balsari. "Technical solutions for under-row weed control in vineyards: Efficacy, costs and environmental aspects analysis." Journal of Agricultural Engineering 51, no. 1 (March 16, 2020): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jae.2020.991.
Full textAbstract:
Weed control in vineyards is essential to allow optimal vines development. In this study, three different techniques (hoeing, chemical control, and mulching) used in vineyard’s under-row weed control were compared considering their: operative and economic aspects, energy consumptions and environmental impacts. Trials were performed in a vineyard located in Canelli (AT), Italy, characterized by 3 different gradient slopes (<5%, 10-15%, >20%). Each technique has been tested in 3 adjacent rows per each of the 3 vineyard slopes (randomized block test). Two weed control treatments were performed (at 50 days interval) during the peak vegetation growth period (from mid-April to mid-August). Major families of weeds in the test rows were described and scored (%), and weed control efficiency was measured by comparing the weeds cover area projected to the ground vs the test area. Results highlights that the use of mulching machine and the boom sprayer permits to maintain a weed coverage lower than 30% independently of slope gradient. The hoeing, characterized by low operational costs (26 € h–1) and energy requirement (550 MJ ha–1), scored acceptable working performances, but, in case of heavy rains, it can cause a runoff of the soil. The chemical weed control, also if results a valid choice in term of work quality, is not a valid solution from the environmental point of view. The mulching machine, although shows higher operating costs compared to other machines tested (30 € h–1), can be considered as the most viable alternative to chemical weed control because its working efficiency is comparable to that obtained by the sprayer.
3
Cahyati, Sally, Triyono, M. Sjahrul Annas, and Ade Sumpena. "The Influence of Eco Maintenance on Power Consumption of the Lathe Machines." Applied Mechanics and Materials 842 (June 2016): 381–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.842.381.
Full textAbstract:
Generally, a maintenance process of a machine tool is oriented to maintain its reliability and availability in a relation of its productivity. This productivity will make a direct impact on the economic aspect of its plant. Ecomaintenance is a maintenance concept which sees maintenance in a different perspective. There is another effect on a machine that is maintained well on the environmental aspect beside its benefit of technology and economic aspects. If a machine is maintained with a proper maintenance, it will have a performance suitable with its age design condition. A machine with a good maintenance generally has a minimum rate of pollutant and waste which is possible emerging from the machining process. Then, if it uses for a machining process, it will produce a good quality product on its surface roughness and dimension accuracy. The electrical energy consumption of the machine also can be saved. It means that the GHG which usually emerges from the process of electrical energy generation in the power plant can be minimized, also the coal as fuel can be saved. The result of experiment has proven that the machine with bad maintenance will consume the electrical power higher in range 10%-60.81% than the machine with a good maintenance.
4
Rabbani, Masoud, Parisa Hashemi, Pegah Bineshpour, and Hamed Farrokhi-Asl. "Municipal solid waste management considering NGO’s role in consumer environmental awareness and government regulations for air pollution." Journal of Modelling in Management 15, no. 3 (February 24, 2020): 783–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jm2-08-2018-0128.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose The purpose of this study is twofold: first, to examine the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in increasing customer environmental awareness (CEA) to decrease the municipal solid waste (MSW), and secondly, to examine the effect of government policies in the amount of air pollution caused by transfer stations (TSs). Design/methodology/approach This study proposes a mixed-integer nonlinear programming model. For solving this multi-objective problem, the authors use epsilon constraint method, which presented eight Pareto solutions. For selecting the best solution, the analytic hierarchy process approach is used. The presented model is applied on a real case study, and the results are discussed and sensitivity analysis is implemented on the parameters of the concern. Findings This study confirms the assumption that by allocating budget to NGOs for increasing CEA, the produced waste will be decreased. Research limitations/implications In the present study, the authors only investigate air pollution caused by TS. Future studies can investigate other types of pollution. Furthermore, uncertainty in the amount of produced waste can be variable making the problem closer to the real environment. In this case, robust optimization may have better results. Practical implications Based on the results of sensitivity analysis, some implications obtain that can highlight by managers in the decision-making process. The operational costs of TS have a critical aspect in founding TS, so using new technology and high-tech machines for operational processes of TSs, can result in decreasing the running cost of TSs. Also, the determination of TS capacity is a remarkable issue in optimization, which should be paid special attention to this for the design of TSs in the planning phase of the system. Moreover, collaborating with NGOs has a good effect on increasing CEA that results in a decrease of MSW. Originality/value The role of NGOs and government simultaneity has been considered in a green supply chain. Moreover, the authors considered TS between source and disposal that reduce the time of transferring waste. Therefore, this study can be beneficial for the MSW management system, which faces the problems in the lack of capacity and transportation problems and environmental issues by proposing solutions in three studies including economic, environmental and social aspects.
5
Lyubimov, Victor E., Dmitry V. Romanov, Yuri A. Tsoi, Bulat G. Ziganshin, and Farit F. Sitdikov. "Results of application of frequency resonance therapy for treatment of cow mastitis." BIO Web of Conferences 17 (2020): 00254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20201700254.
Full textAbstract:
The physiological aspects of the implementation of the cow milk transfer reflex during machine milking are the result of exposure to the threshold force of a given value of a variable vacuum and simultaneous mechanical irritation by the teat rubber of the udder of the cow udder system. This effect leads to the discovery of sphincters with the subsequent release of the hormone oxytocin by the pituitary gland and the milk accumulation from the alveolar udder tissue. Signal environmental factors (sounds of a vacuum pump, milking machines, feeder) cause reactions in cows not only by irritation but also by frequency. It has been established that exposure to a high-frequency electromagnetic field destroys most of the common causative agents of mastitis-staphylococci, streptococci. For the treatment of mastitis, stimulation of lactation and the reflex of milk flow in cows, it is promising to apply the effect of a high frequency electromagnetic field modulated by radio frequencies, which contribute to the conversion of electromagnetic field energy into energy of nerve impulses and chemical reactions of mitochondrial cellular mechanisms of udder alveolar tissue cells. The use of alternating sets of specific frequencies of a modulating electromagnetic field of high frequency allows the alternation of “killer” frequencies for microbes with stimulating secretion of alveolar cells of the udder and with frequencies that act anti-inflammatory. It is essential to determine the frequencies that create protective inhibition from exposure to extreme irritations of milking factors (increased vacuum, durable worn nipple rubber). With prolonged exposure to an electromagnetic field, such frequencies a repeating conditioned stimulus of a weak strength, which precede and accompany the impact of the milking machine, and stimulate the activity of the nerve centers of the milk yield reflex in cows, creating a dominant lactation.
6
Аладашвили, Иосиф, Iosif Aladashvili, Ольга Макарова, Ol'ga Makarova, Фанис Яруллин, and Fanis Yarullin. "THEORETICAL STUDY OF THE SUPPLY ADDITIONAL AIR PARAMETERS FOR FORCED TURBULENCE OF THE CHARGE." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 14, no. 3 (October 30, 2019): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5db963d29fd505.05753710.
Full textAbstract:
The article touches upon the problem of the power unit’s operation, which has been modernized in order to increase its technical, economic and environmental indicators. Namely, it addresses the main issues of quantitative and qualitative mixture formation, the correct location of the fittings for supplying additional air is selected, the effect of additional air on the physical processes occurring in the cylinder of the power unit during its operation is determined. In addition, it considers the theoretical aspects of the dynamics of additional air introduced at the end of the filling and at the beginning of compression in the cylinder of the power unit. All of the above must be done so that the measures taken to improve the technical, economic and environmental indicators of the power unit do not contradict the conditions and requirements that were originally laid down by the manufacturer when developing this power unit. Firstly, today it is quite difficult to achieve this, the reason for this is the fact that the power units each time become more powerful in order to meet all the requirements that arise in the context of fierce competition between different manufacturers, and secondly - a high degree of unification of the constituent parts of automotive - tractor equipment and other transport technological machines and equipment that are equipped with ICE. Based on this, any refinement, even the slightest, leads to significant changes in all the main output parameters of the nodes and assemblies of the machine. In addition, it is necessary, whenever possible, to take into account all types of modernization that have been done by other researchers to improve the abovementioned parameters of the power unit.
7
Siryk, Zenoviy. "Features of forming the investment needs of local governments." Socio-Economic Problems of the Modern Period of Ukraine, no. 3(143) (2020): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.36818/2071-4653-2020-3-5.
Full textAbstract:
The paper researches some aspects of regulative maintenance of investment activity in Ukraine and at the level of territories (on the example of Lviv) in the condition of reforming local governments. The author suggests his interpretation of “an investment capacity of a territorial community”. The specifics of managing the investment activity of territories is outlined, and the groups of needs of local governments, the realization of which is the ground for territorial communities’ activity, are defined. The sources of funding of local governments’ investment needs are characterized. The scheme of balancing investment needs and investment opportunities (sources) as a component of management of a territory’s investment activity is suggested. The conditions of securing positive consequences of the process are examined. The analysis of directions of state support of economic and social development of territories in 2020 shows that regional development programs are funded at 12.7%, while other social, environmental, and innovative directions – at a level less than 5%. The paper emphasizes the need of local governments to independently search for ways to implement socio-cultural projects by efficient use of their investment resources and capacity. For a general analysis of investment activity, the investment in the socio-economic development of Lvivska oblast in 2017-2019 is analyzed. The growing volumes of capital investment and the prevailing share of investment in the purchase of machines and equipment are emphasized. The conclusion on insufficient growth of rural areas’ capacity is made. The problems in the attraction of investment in the economies of cities and consolidated territorial communities are defined. The solution of these problems will contribute to the implementation of new approaches to investment activity at the territories of local communities from the viewpoint of the need to secure their financial capacity and sustainable development of settlements.
8
Sergeev, Aleksandr. "WORKING PROCESS OF SB-2 DRYER (DOZA-AGRO LLC) IN THE COMPOSITION OF FUEL PELLETS PRODUCTION LINES." Forestry Engineering Journal 10, no. 3 (October 2, 2020): 134–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/issn.2222-7962/2020.3/13.
Full textAbstract:
Waste-free wood processing technologies are conditioned by the economic and environmental aspects of human activity. One of the stages of such technologies is processing of wood waste into fuel pellets, for the production of which appropriate lines are used. They include a large number of different machines. The article presents the results of studies of the working process of SB-2 dryer produced by Doza-Agro LLC, which is a part of these lines. The paper presents its scheme and describes the principle of operation, evaluates the efficiency of the dryer working process depending on the feedstock parameters. Work process of the drying drum was carried out in the conditions of IP Kabanov, IP Bratchikov, Penza-Pellet LLC, Togliatinsky Pellet Plant LLC, Promlesilim LLC, Maslyaninsky LLC, Ekolesprom LLC, Bryansk Broiler LLC, Tandem VP LLC. The influence of feedstock moisture content, temperature of the feedstock and the particle size has been determined. The particle size was estimated by their surface area. The efficiency of the dryer was evaluated by its productivity, expressed as a percentage of the maximum possible one and obtained under optimal conditions. After processing statistical information, a second-order regression model has been obtained, which characterizes the drying process of crushed material the SB-2 dryer. It was revealed that feedstock moisture content has the greatest influence on the working process of SB-2 dryer. The drying process of crushed wood material differs from the drying process of chips. Namely, the temperature of the dryer has the smallest effect on the performance when drying the crushed material. When drying the shavings, their size has the smallest effect.
9
Fajkiel, A., P. Dudek, and T. Reguła. "Mechanical Properties of Magnesium Die Castings Produced Utilizing Process Scrap." Archives of Foundry Engineering 14, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afe-2014-0081.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Magnesium alloys are one of the lightest of all the structural materials. Because of their excellent physical and mechanical properties the alloys have been used more and more often in various branches of industry. They are cast mainly (over 90%) on cold and hot chamber die casting machines. One of the byproducts of casting processes is process scrap which amounts to about 40 to 60% of the total weight of a casting. The process scrap incorporates all the elements of gating systems and fault castings. Proper management of the process scrap is one of the necessities in term of economic and environmental aspects. Most foundries use the process scrap, which involves adding it to a melting furnace, in a haphazard way, without any control of its content in the melt. It can lead to many disadvantageous effects, e.g. the formation of a hard buildup at the bottom of the crucible, which in time makes casting impossible due to the loss of the alloy rheological properties. The research was undertaken to determine the effect of an addition of the process scrap on the mechanical properties of AZ91 and AM50 alloys. It has been ascertained that the addition of a specific amount of process scrap to the melt increases the mechanical properties of the elements cast from AZ91 and AM50 alloys. The increase in the mechanical properties is caused mainly by compounds which can work as nuclei of crystallization and are introduced into the scrap from lubricants and anti-adhesive agents. Furthermore carbon, which was detected in the process scrap by means of SEM examination, is a potent grain modifier in Mg alloys [1-3]. The optimal addition of the process scrap to the melt was determined based on the statistical analysis of the results of studies of the effect of different process scrap additions on the mean grain size and mechanical properties of the cast parts.
10
Cui, Kai, and Weikang Lin. "Muck Problems in Subway Shield Tunneling in Sandy Cobble Stratum." Polish Maritime Research 23, s1 (October 1, 2016): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pomr-2016-0062.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Experiments aiming at the muck improvement for Chengdu’s subway shield tunneling in water-rich sandy cobble ground initially finds out the kinds and ratio of muck improver suitable for the this strata, and through the field application determines the reasonable ratio of muck improver for shield tunneling in sandy cobble ground, providing a reference to other muck improvement for shied tunneling in similar ground. And the earth pressure balanced shield is widely used in tunnel engineering, with its characteristics as wide adaptability, safe operation, fast driving speed, low environmental noise and low cost. Taking Chengdu Metro Line as the background, aiming at the difficulty faced by EPB shield tunneling in water-rich sandy cobble ground, and based on the explorations and researches of the predecessors and scholars, engineering and technical personnel, the present paper combines with engineering examples to make a systematic summary and research on key construction technology of EPB shield tunneling through sandy cobble ground from the aspects of EPB shield adaptability, , structure and transformation of cutter and helical unearthed wares, settlement control method, and muck improvement measures. It has certain reference value and guiding significance to the selection of shield machine and the reconstruction of shield machine in complex geological condition.
11
Smith, Christopher W., Santosh K. Panda, Uma S. Bhatt, Franz J. Meyer, Anushree Badola, and Jennifer L. Hrobak. "Assessing Wildfire Burn Severity and Its Relationship with Environmental Factors: A Case Study in Interior Alaska Boreal Forest." Remote Sensing 13, no. 10 (May 18, 2021): 1966. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13101966.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, there have been rapid improvements in both remote sensing methods and satellite image availability that have the potential to massively improve burn severity assessments of the Alaskan boreal forest. In this study, we utilized recent pre- and post-fire Sentinel-2 satellite imagery of the 2019 Nugget Creek and Shovel Creek burn scars located in Interior Alaska to both assess burn severity across the burn scars and test the effectiveness of several remote sensing methods for generating accurate map products: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR), and Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) supervised classification. We used 52 Composite Burn Index (CBI) plots from the Shovel Creek burn scar and 28 from the Nugget Creek burn scar for training classifiers and product validation. For the Shovel Creek burn scar, the RF and SVM machine learning (ML) classification methods outperformed the traditional spectral indices that use linear regression to separate burn severity classes (RF and SVM accuracy, 83.33%, versus NBR accuracy, 73.08%). However, for the Nugget Creek burn scar, the NDVI product (accuracy: 96%) outperformed the other indices and ML classifiers. In this study, we demonstrated that when sufficient ground truth data is available, the ML classifiers can be very effective for reliable mapping of burn severity in the Alaskan boreal forest. Since the performance of ML classifiers are dependent on the quantity of ground truth data, when sufficient ground truth data is available, the ML classification methods would be better at assessing burn severity, whereas with limited ground truth data the traditional spectral indices would be better suited. We also looked at the relationship between burn severity, fuel type, and topography (aspect and slope) and found that the relationship is site-dependent.
12
Soltangazinov, A. R. "THE STATE AND PROSPECTS OF THE ECONOMY OF RURAL AREAS OF PAVLODAR REGION IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT." BULLETIN 389, no. 1 (February 10, 2021): 208–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2021.2518-1467.28.
Full textAbstract:
At the present stage in the domestic scientific environment, the problems of ensuring sustainable development of rural areas are insufficiently studied and require further study. The goal of sustainable development of rural areas is a balanced development of the economic, social and environmental spheres, aimed at ensuring a favorable life of the population. The article considers the economic aspects of the functioning of rural territories of Pavlodar region and provides a comprehensive assessment to solve the problems of socio-economic development of these territories in the current and long-term perspective. As a base of analysis and assessment used statistical data of the official website of the Committee on statistics of MNE of RK, and also empirical observation and informational resources of local Executive bodies region. Based on the results, which identified systemic problems of the rural economy that have a negative impact on the level and quality of life of the rural population. These include, first and foremost, the dominant raw material orientation of the rural economy, low labour productivity, due to the significant moral and physical deterioration of the production-technical base, including the excess of the lifespan of the majority of equipment, as well as the rate of fleet renewal machines relevant regulatory requirements, using a separate are subject obsolete resource-intensive technologies. It is shown positive dynamics of key indicators of agriculture, which developed in the first place, due to government regulation of agriculture and the creation of an enabling environment through the extension of the relevant package of measures of state support aimed at the development of this sector of the national economy. Recommendations aimed at activating the processes of rural economy diversification have been developed. Analysis of the state of domestic beekeeping shows that this market niche in the national economy is not sufficiently developed and this industry has a significant unrealized potential. Significant benefits of the development of the beekeeping industry are shown, which will have a positive impact on strengthening the export positions of non-resource orientation, increasing employment of the rural population, crop yields, solving the problems of degraded agricultural land, etc. The economic feasibility and effectiveness of investment projects in the field of beekeeping development, which simultaneously provide a significant social effect, are justified. For the transition of rural territories to a qualitatively new level of development, based on the conclusions made about the priorities of rural development, the authors justify strategic prospects for further development using the internal mechanism of their functioning, reserves of economic growth and taking into account the specifics and features of administrative-territorial units.
13
Dikshit, Abhirup, Biswajeet Pradhan, and Abdullah M. Alamri. "Temporal Hydrological Drought Index Forecasting for New South Wales, Australia Using Machine Learning Approaches." Atmosphere 11, no. 6 (June 3, 2020): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11060585.
Full textAbstract:
Droughts can cause significant damage to agriculture and water resources leading to severe economic losses. One of the most important aspects of drought management is to develop useful tools to forecast drought events, which could be helpful in mitigation strategies. The recent global trends in drought events reveal that climate change would be a dominant factor in influencing such events. The present study aims to understand this effect for the New South Wales (NSW) region of Australia, which has suffered from several droughts in recent decades. The understanding of the drought is usually carried out using a drought index, therefore the Standard Precipitation Evaporation Index (SPEI) was chosen as it uses both rainfall and temperature parameters in its calculation and has proven to better reflect drought. The drought index was calculated at various time scales (1, 3, 6, and 12 months) using a Climate Research Unit (CRU) dataset. The study focused on predicting the temporal aspect of the drought index using 13 different variables, of which eight were climatic drivers and sea surface temperature indices, and the remainder were various meteorological variables. The models used for forecasting were an artificial neural network (ANN) and support vector regression (SVR). The model was trained from 1901–2010 and tested for nine years (2011–2018), using three different performance metric scores (coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE). The results indicate that ANN was better than SVR in predicting temporal drought trends, with the highest R2 value of 0.86 for the former compared to 0.75 for the latter. The study also reveals that sea surface temperatures and the climatic index (Pacific Decadal Oscillation) do not have a significant effect on the temporal drought aspect. The present work can be considered as a first step, wherein we only study the temporal trends, towards the use of climatological variables and drought incidences for the NSW region.
14
Shafik, Wasswa, S. Motjaba Matinkhah, Solagbade Saheed Afolabi, and Mamman Nur Sanda. "A 3-dimensional fast machine learning algorithm for mobile unmanned aerial vehicle base stations." International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijaas.v10.i1.pp28-38.
Full textAbstract:
<p>The 5G technology is predicted to achieve the unoptimized millimeter Wave (mmWave) of 30-300 GHz bands. This unoptimized band because of the loss of mm-Wave bands, like path attenuation and propagation losses. Nonetheless, because of: (i) directional transmission paving way for beamforming to recompense for the path attenuation, and (ii) sophisticated placement concreteness of the base stations (BS) is the best alternative for array wireless communications in mmWave bands (that is to say 100-150 m). The advance in technology and innovation of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) necessitates many opportunities and uncertainties. UAVs are agile and can fly all complexities if the terrains making ground robots unsuitable. The UAV may be managed either independently through aboard computers or distant controlled of a flight attendant on pulverized wireless communication links in our case 5G. Although a fast algorithm solved the problematic aspect of beam selection for 2-dimensional scenarios. This paper presents 3-dimensional scenarios for UAV. We modeled beam selection with environmental responsiveness in millimeter Wave UAV to accomplish close optimum assessments on the regular period through learning from the available situation.</p>
15
Valuntaitė, Vaida, and Raselė Girgždienė. "INVESTIGATION OF OZONE EMISSION AND DISPERSION FROM PHOTOCOPYING MACHINES." JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT 15, no. 2 (June 30, 2007): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2007.9636910.
Full textAbstract:
Ozone concentration at the ground level of the atmosphere is constantly monitored, but people spend about 90 per cent of their time inside. Therefore, elevated level of ozone in premises is a matter of great concern. High indoor ozone concentration can cause respiratory failure, hacking cough, pain during deep breath, gnawing in breast and sometimes even nausea. According to the Lithuanian hygiene standard HN 35:2002, a marginal ozone concentration of eight hour average in a workplace is 200 μg/m3. Investigation of ozone distribution from its emission source ‐ a copying machine ‐ in a room were caried out. Simulation showed that an equilibrium state, when ozone formation is equal to ozone decay, was observed only in 40 minutes after the emission source was started up in the room. The study of both vertical and horizontal distribution of ozone was analysed. The results showed that an average concentration near the floor varied in the interval 8–22 μg/m3, at the level of the machine it was from 10 to 380 μg/m3, and the interval of concentration was 10–110 μg/m3 at the ceiling. Assessment of ventilation influence on ozone distribution was performed. Ozone concentration varied in the interval 2–815 μg/m3 near the source at a different intensity of copying without ventilation, and using ventilation the concentration decreased up to 0–686 μg/m3. It was established that at 0,5 m distance from a copying machine ozone concentration decreased two times, therefore, a person working with a copying machine should be at a far enough distance from the ozone source in order to reduce its effect on his health.
16
Flores, Hernan, Sandra Lorenz, Robert Jackisch, Laura Tusa, I. Contreras, Robert Zimmermann, and Richard Gloaguen. "UAS-Based Hyperspectral Environmental Monitoring of Acid Mine Drainage Affected Waters." Minerals 11, no. 2 (February 9, 2021): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11020182.
Full textAbstract:
The exposure of metal sulfides to air or water, either produced naturally or due to mining activities, can result in environmentally damaging acid mine drainage (AMD). This needs to be accurately monitored and remediated. In this study, we apply high-resolution unmanned aerial system (UAS)-based hyperspectral mapping tools to provide a useful, fast, and non-invasive method for the monitoring aspect. Specifically, we propose a machine learning framework to integrate visible to near-infrared (VNIR) hyperspectral data with physicochemical field data from water and sediments, together with laboratory analyses to precisely map the extent of acid mine drainage in the Tintillo River (Spain). This river collects the drainage from the western part of the Rio Tinto massive sulfide deposit and discharges large quantities of acidic water with significant amounts of dissolved metals (Fe, Al, Cu, Zn, amongst others) into the Odiel River. At the confluence of these rivers, different geochemical and mineralogical processes occur due to the interaction of very acidic water (pH 2.5–3.0) with neutral water (pH 7.0–8.0). This complexity makes the area an ideal test site for the application of hyperspectral mapping to characterize both rivers and better evaluate contaminated water bodies with remote sensing imagery. Our approach makes use of a supervised random forest (RF) regression for the extended mapping of water properties, using the samples collected in the field as ground-truth and training data. The resulting maps successfully estimate the concentration of dissolved metals and related physicochemical properties in water, and trace associated iron species (e.g., jarosite, goethite) within sediments. These results highlight the capabilities of UAS-based hyperspectral data to monitor water bodies in mining environments, by mapping their hydrogeochemical properties, using few field samples. Hence, we have demonstrated that our workflow allows the rapid discrimination and mapping of AMD contamination in water, providing an essential basis for monitoring and subsequent remediation.
17
Hagino, Masahiro, Takashi Inoue, Masanobu Mizoguchi, Wataru Aoki, and Fumiaki Matsumoto. "Dust Collection Validity and Effect of Hole Shape Accuracy of CFRP with Developed Hollow-Type Drill and Dust Collector." International Journal of Automation Technology 10, no. 3 (May 2, 2016): 324–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2016.p0324.
Full textAbstract:
The drilling of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) has many important aspects, such as collecting the fine cutting chips. Serious problems relating to machining accuracy can arise when the fine cutting chips diffused into the air are deposited or mixed in the sliding surface and spindle unit of a machine tool. Moreover, the environmental aspects of fine cutting chips can seriously affect the health and safety of workers. Our group has developed a new hollow-type drilling device with a cyclone-type dust collection system, which aspirates and ejects fine cutting chips from a penetration hole in the central part of the drill shank to outside the cutting area. We produced the tools with drills both without a point angle for the counter-boring hole processing and with a point angle for general drilling. In this study the effect of the dust collection rate for cutting chip and the drilling hole shape accuracy are evaluated for the hollow-type drill with two different cutting edge shapes. The results demonstrate the possibility of suppressing the occurrence of fine cutting chips when the hollow-type drill edge is similar to the shape of general twist drill edges. The hole-finish surface properties were improved, and we obtained a higher dust collection rate.
18
Athanasiadis, K., B. Helmreich, and P. A. Wilderer. "Infiltration of a copper roof runoff through artificial barriers." Water Science and Technology 54, no. 6-7 (September 1, 2006): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.599.
Full textAbstract:
On-site infiltration of a copper roof runoff may contribute to deterioration of the ground and ground water. To avoid such a negative effect the performance of two different technical systems, equipped with four different barrier materials, regarding copper elimination was examined in a field study. During the period March 2004 to January 2005, 16 rain events were examined. Copper concentrations between 200 and 11,000 μg/L in the roof runoff during a rain event were observed. The cover material of the roof and the drainage system were responsible for the high concentrations of copper in the roof runoff. It was evident that roof aspects facing towards the wind direction were receiving higher rainfall, thus were establishing higher copper runoff rates. The retention facilities have reached a performance of up to 97% regarding copper elimination.
19
AILENI, RALUCA MARIA, LAURA CHIRIAC, ADRIANA SUBTIRICA, SILVIA ALBICI, and LAURENTIU CRISTIAN DINCA. "Aspects of the hydrophobic effect sustainability obtained in plasma for cotton fabrics." Industria Textila 70, no. 03 (2019): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/it.070.03.1475.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents several aspects concerning the life cycle assessment (LCA) for 100% cotton fabric treated with different types of Fluor compounds using RF plasma technology and foulard technology, in order to obtain the hydrophobic effect. To highlight the effects obtained by RF (radio frequency) plasma technology was conducted in parallel a study about hydrophobic effect obtained using a dispersion of fluorine compound (NUVA TTC) on foulard. The conclusions of the study were that if we use the plasma treatment for hydrophobic effect then this would influence the environment negatively by warming generated by gases and power consumption, when using the foulard method and chemical substances already established, the impact would consist of increasing the consumption of fossil flues, respiratory inorganics, and climate change. We analyzed the life-cycle inventory (LCI) and life-cycle assessment (LCA) using SimaPro software and Eco-indicator 99. For obtaining the LCI, we used to input and output technical data, from the plasma / foulard process, and the SimaPro software for generating the LCA based on these data. The input data about raw material, energy, chemical substances, have been collected by direct measurements on machinery, device logs and specifications of the equipment (technical books) and processes. The output data (waste energy and chemicals) were obtained using statistics, internet databases, and SimaPro software. The objective of our scientific initiative has been to study the sustainability of the RF plasma technology used for hydrophobization, and we obtained that plasma technology used for hydrophobic effect is less eco-friendly than foulard technology for a functional unit of 1 kg treated material.
20
Hamdani ; Nancy Yusnita Nugroho, Natalia. "EFFECT OF BUILDING FORM WITH INNER COURT AND HEIGHT VARIATIONS ON THERMAL COMFORT OUTDOOR SPACE IN SUDIRMAN SUITES APARTMENT BANDUNG." Riset Arsitektur (RISA) 3, no. 04 (October 5, 2019): 414–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.26593/risa.v3i04.3523.414-431.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract- Designing apartment as a vertical residence should not only pay attention to aesthetics value but also aspects comfort aspects, such as thermal comfort. Apartment thermal comfort is not only limited to indoor units but also outdoor space as residents’ communal area. Sudirman Suites Apartment built in the center of Bandung City with limited land availability is selected as the research object because of the uniqueness of the building form with inner court and height variation that allows the availability of outdoor space on the floor above. Sudirman Suite Apartments’ building form and height can affect the site’s microclimate and outdoor space thermal comfort. This study aims to determine the effect of building form with inner court and height variation to thermal comfort of apartment outdoor space as well as the right solution to improve it. This study used quantitative method, with descriptive evaluative type of research. Measurements were taken on the Sudirman Suite Apartment outdoor space such as ground floor parking area, terrace, and aisle, 1st floor inner court, 2nd floor roof garden, and sky garden on 9th and 11th floor. The measurement data then calculated into thermal comfort perception and analyzed based on theories of literature study result to reach conclusion. Influence of the building form and height to outdoor space thermal comfort the thermal comfort of Sudirman Suites Apartment analysis divided into: outdoor space on the main mass with inner court and height variations, pilotis on the ground floor of the main mass, and supporting mass addition. Besides of the building form and height, environmental factors also affect the outdoor space thermal comfort such as wind and radiative temperatures in each outdoor space. Based on this study, it is known that there is significant effect of the apartment’s form with inner court, where the comparison between blocking tower height and comparable distance between towers makes inner court area air flow tend to be low. Pilotis on the ground floor increases the speed of air flow on the ground floor. Sun radiation reduction occurs in the sky garden area overshadowed by building form with height variation. Outdoor space elements optimization is considered less optimal in supporting thermal comfort, such as the lack of plants and rooftop surface area dominated by hardscape. Key Words: apartment, outdoor space, thermal comfort, Bandung Sudirman Suites
21
Nagarajan, R., and R. Welker. "Size Distributions of Particles Extracted from Disk Drive Parts: Comparison with the MIL-STD-1246 Distribution." Journal of the IEST 36, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.2.36.1.u054676r064552x9.
Full textAbstract:
MIL-STD-1246B states that naturally occurring particulate contamination on surfaces follows a lognormal distribution with a geometric mean of 1 micron. Thus, when the logarithm of cumulative particle count is plotted against the square of the logarithm of particle size, an approximate straight line should result. However, deviations from this "natural" behavior have been observed in many manufacturing environments involving specialized machining or cleaning. Complex disk drive components, such as machined castings or ground surfaces, must be inspected by first extracting contaminants into a fluid by some means (e.g., ultrasonically, or with a pressurized spray), and then monitoring the particle population in the fluid. The cleaning method and the extraction method, in particular, can cause a significant departure from the lognormal approximation. The substrate material also influences the extent of this departure, as does its cleanliness level. These aspects are brought out by the plotting of actual particle size distributions obtained by extracting particles from substrates that are cleaned using a variety of methods. These are compared against the MIL-STD-1246 distribution. Conclusions are drawn regarding the effects of the cleaning process and the measurement procedure on the applicability of the MIL-STD distribution for various substrates. Implications of these conclusions for the derivation of particulate cleanliness specifications and for modifying MIL-STD-1246B are pointed out.
22
Cardona, E., and A. Piacentino. "A Validation Methodology for a Combined Heating Cooling and Power (CHCP) Pilot Plant." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 126, no. 4 (December 1, 2004): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1803849.
Full textAbstract:
A great number of variables significantly influence the energetic, environmental and economic results of CHP (Combined Heating and Power) and CHCP (Combined Heating Cooling and Power) plants operation, and as a consequence their project activity is rather complex. In order to select the best layout and properly size the machines, detailed data on hourly electric, thermal, and cooling demand are necessary, so that a series of plant life cycle simulations may have to be carried out. Unfortunately, such detailed data are rarely available, because energy consumptions data for existing buildings are usually derived from aggregated monthly or bimonthly gas and electricity bills. Even more difficulties are encountered for new types of buildings, for which no consumptions data are available. In such cases, the most common procedure consists in performing, using case-oriented criteria, an estimate of the thermal and cooling consumption levels, and to refine it during construction, if necessary. This is the case of an existing medium size CHCP pilot plant for office buildings that covers the electrical, thermal, and cooling loads of two office buildings situated in a Mediterranean area (Palermo, Sicily, Italy). Estimated demand profiles were used; the effect on thermal demand of the conversion of the cooling load into thermal one through an absorption chiller was assessed. This is a very significant aspect in all warm climates zones. Cumulative curves were obtained for the aggregate thermal demand, by summing the heat direct applications and the heat consumptions for feeding the absorption chiller. In this paper the existing plant was compared with other plant configurations, varying both for machine sizes and management criterion, in order to affirm whether or not the plant selected by the designer in a simplified manner was or not an appropriate solution. The comparison was performed from an energetic and economic viewpoint.
23
Zhao, Caiyou, and Wang Ping. "Effect of elastic rubber mats on the reduction of vibration and noise in high-speed elevated railway systems." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 232, no. 6 (January 11, 2018): 1837–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409717752201.
Full textAbstract:
In the development of a high-speed railway system, controlling the vibration and noise caused by the system plays an important issue, since the vibration and noise have an influence on the surrounding environment. This study describes the field experiment conducted in September 2015 on the Chengdu–Dujiangyan high-speed railway system where elastic rubber mats – the only countermeasure that is currently applied to reduce vibration and noise in high-speed elevated railway systems in China – were installed in September 2010. The effects of mats under the tracks on noise and vibration were evaluated and analyzed systematically compared to the tracks without mats in the following three aspects: vertical wheel–rail forces; vibration characteristics of the track system, bridge, and ground in combination with the environmental noise characteristics in several frequency domains; and the ride comfort and the interior noise of the vehicle. The results indicate that mats have a negligible effect on the vertical wheel–rail forces, ride comfort, and the interior noise of the vehicle. However, even though they significantly reduce the vibration of the base slab, bridge, and the ground below the mats, vibration of the rails and track slabs above the mats is increased, especially at low frequencies. Mats can also effectively reduce the bridge-borne noise but have little influence on the far-field noise. Furthermore, their control effect on environmental noise and vibration was evaluated in September 2010 and September 2015, showing that mats could effectively minimize the environmental vibration and bridge-borne noise after five years of practical operation, although their control effect declined as their stiffness increased.
24
Bayat, Mahmoud, Harold Burkhart, Manouchehr Namiranian, Seyedeh Kosar Hamidi, Sahar Heidari, and Majid Hassani. "Assessing Biotic and Abiotic Effects on Biodiversity Index Using Machine Learning." Forests 12, no. 4 (April 10, 2021): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12040461.
Full textAbstract:
Forest ecosystems play multiple important roles in meeting the habitat needs of different organisms and providing a variety of services to humans. Biodiversity is one of the structural features in dynamic and complex forest ecosystems. One of the most challenging issues in assessing forest ecosystems is understanding the relationship between biodiversity and environmental factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of biotic and abiotic factors on tree diversity of Hyrcanian forests in northern Iran. For this purpose, we analyzed tree diversity in 8 forest sites in different locations from east to west of the Caspian Sea. 15,988 trees were measured in 655 circular permanent sample plots (0.1 ha). A combination of machine learning methods was used for modeling and investigating the relationship between tree diversity and biotic and abiotic factors. Machine learning models included generalized additive models (GAMs), support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF) and K-nearest–neighbor (KNN). To determine the most important factors related to tree diversity we used from variables such as the average diameter at breast height (DBH) in the plot, basal area in largest trees (BAL), basal area (BA), number of trees per hectare, tree species, slope, aspect and elevation. A comparison of RMSEs, relative RMSEs, and the coefficients of determination of the different methods, showed that the random forest (RF) method resulted in the best models among all those tested. Based on the results of the RF method, elevation, BA and BAL were recognized as the most influential factors defining variation of tree diversity.
25
Mani, Dharmendra, Suresh Sivan, Hafiz Muhammad Ali, and Udaya Kumar Ganesan. "Investigation to Improve the Pool Boiling Heat Transfer Characteristics Using Laser-Textured Copper-Grooved Surfaces." International Journal of Photoenergy 2020 (February 4, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3846157.
Full textAbstract:
Improving the performance of pool boiling with critical heat flux of pool boiling and enhancing the coefficient of heat transfer through surface modification technique have gained a lot of attention. These surface modifications can be done at different scales using various techniques. However, along with the performance improvement, the durability and stability of the surface modification are very crucial. Laser machining is an attractive option in this aspect and is gaining a lot of attention. In the present experimentation research work, pool boiling attributed performance of copper-grooved surfaces obtained through picosecond laser machining method is investigated. The performance of the modified surfaces was compared with the plain surface serving as reference. In this, three square grooved patterns with the same pitch (100 μm) and width (100 μm) but different depths (30, 70, and 100 μm) were investigated. Different depths were obtained by varying the scanning speed of the laser machine. In addition to the microchannel effect, the grain structuring during the laser machining process creates additional nucleation sites which has proven its effectiveness in improving the pool boiling performance. In all aspects, the pool boiling performance of the grooved laser-textured surface has showed increased surface characterisation as compared with the surface of copper.
26
Li, Zhang Ming, and Wen Xiu Zeng. "Vibration Propagation Law and Control Test of Ultra Soft Soil Ground under Impact Load." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 2030–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.2030.
Full textAbstract:
Through in situ tests on the impact vibration of a typical muck ground treatment major project directed by the first author, the vibration propagation law under the impact load for the ultra soft soil ground is obtained, and quantitative environmental safe control distance on the vibration influence is also gained. The main results are the two aspects. (1) The attenuation law of both level and vertical peak vibration acceleration with the horizontal distance can be described well by the negative power function; and the ground vibrations caused by tamping impact can be distinguished between two types, i.e. near-field and far-field. Near-field tamping vibration influence is confined to a small range of the tamping center, which decays obviously faster than the one of far-field. (2) The radius of influence of tamping vibration depends not only on the tamping energy but also the soil type. Loose, slightly dense soft soil has a larger energy absorption capacity and a smaller effect radius of tamping vibration than the dense and hard soil; and the vibration safe control distance is determined as 27.3m in the tests according to the safe boundary determined code of industrial and civil architecture in China.
27
Tagawa, Masahito, and Timothy K. Minton. "Mechanistic Studies of Atomic Oxygen Reactions with Polymers and Combined Effects with Vacuum Ultraviolet Light." MRS Bulletin 35, no. 1 (January 2010): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2010.614.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis article focuses on mechanistic aspects of hyperthermal atomic oxygen reactions with polymers, which are the major contributor to material degradation in low Earth orbit. Due to the importance of well-controlled experiments in the understanding of the reaction mechanisms, ground-based experimental results obtained by a hyperthermal atomic oxygen beam generated by laser detonation facilities are mainly surveyed. Combined effects of atomic oxygen and vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light on fluorinated polymers are also described. Such combined effects of hyperthermal atomic oxygen and VUV light are important not only from a fundamental point of view but also for engineering purposes (i.e., methodology for ground-based space environmental simulation). The VUV-sensitive polymers, poly(methyl methacrylate), and Teflon fluorinated ethylene-propylene do not show significant synergistic effects. Instead, the effect of combining atomic oxygen and VUV light produces erosion of the polymer that is the sum of the erosion caused by atomic oxygen and UV light acting individually. The experimental results suggest that material erosion in a complicated space environment may be quantitatively predicted if the erosion yields caused by the individual action of atomic oxygen and VUV light are known.
28
AL-Khaleefa, Ahmad, Isa, AL-Saffar, Esa, and Malik. "MFA-OSELM Algorithm for WiFi-Based Indoor Positioning System." Information 10, no. 4 (April 18, 2019): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info10040146.
Full textAbstract:
Indoor localization is a dynamic and exciting research area. WiFi has exhibited a tremendous capability for internal localization since it is extensively used and easily accessible. Facilitating the use of WiFi for this purpose requires fingerprint formation and the implementation of a learning algorithm with the aim of using the fingerprint to determine locations. The most difficult aspect of techniques based on fingerprints is the effect of dynamic environmental changes on fingerprint authentication. With the aim of dealing with this problem, many experts have adopted transfer-learning methods, even though in WiFi indoor localization the dynamic quality of the change in the fingerprint has some cyclic factors that necessitate the use of previous knowledge in various situations. Thus, this paper presents the maximum feature adaptive online sequential extreme learning machine (MFA-OSELM) technique, which uses previous knowledge to handle the cyclic dynamic factors that are brought about by the issue of mobility, which is present in internal environments. This research extends the earlier study of the feature adaptive online sequential extreme learning machine (FA-OSELM). The results of this research demonstrate that MFA-OSELM is superior to FA-OSELM given its capacity to preserve previous data when a person goes back to locations that he/she had visited earlier. Also, there is always a positive accuracy change when using MFA-OSELM, with the best change achieved being 27% (ranging from eight to 27% and six to 18% for the TampereU and UJIIndoorLoc datasets, respectively), which proves the efficiency of MFA-OSELM in restoring previous knowledge.
29
Nixon, Zachary, Jacqueline Michel, and Scott Zengel. "Remotely-Sensed Oil and Shoreline Interaction Modeling." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 2600–2619. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.2600.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT No. 2017-233 The broad adoption of remotely sensed data and derivative products from satellite and aerial platforms available to describe the distribution of spilled oil on the water surface was an important factor during Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill both for tactical response and damage assessment. The availability and utility of these data in describing on-water oil distribution provide strong temptation to make estimates about on-shoreline oil distribution. The mechanisms by which floating oil interact with the shoreline, however, are extremely complex, heterogeneous at fine spatial scales, and generally not well described or quantified beyond broad conceptual or spill-specific empirical models. In short, oil on water does not necessarily lead to oil on adjacent shorelines. We combine data derived from NOAA’s National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) using a variety of satellite platforms of opportunity describing the remotely-sensed, daily composite anomaly polygons representing oil on water over multiple months with ground observations made in the field, collocated in time and space extracted from a newly compiled database of ground survey data (SCAT, NRDA and others) from the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Because this new compiled dataset is very large (100,000s of observations) and spans a wide range of habitats, geography, and time, it is particularly suitable for inference and predictive modeling. We use these combined datasets to make inference about the relative influence on shoreline oiling probability and loading of distance from on-water oil observation via multiple distance metrics, shoreline morphology, water levels and ranges, wind direction and speed, wave energy, shoreline aspect and geometry. We also construct predictive models using machine-learning modeling methods to make predictions about shoreline oiling probability given observed distributions of on-water oil. The importance of this work is three part: firstly, the relationships between these parameters can assist hind-cast modeling of shoreline oiling probability for the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Secondly, these data and models can permit similar modeling for future spills. Lastly, we propose that this dataset serve as a nucleus that can be expanded using data from subsequent or future spills to allow iteratively improvements in shoreline oil probability modeling using remotely sensed data, as well as an improved understanding of oil-shoreline interactions more generally.
30
Ciobanu, Gheorghe, Cornelia Ciobanu, Cornel Domuta, Nicolae Csep, and Petru Burescu. "Environmental Consequences of Efficient Use of Nitrogen Fertilizers." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 1 (May 12, 2002): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/1/3535.
Full textAbstract:
Nitrogen fertilizer represents major economic burden. For this reason, although the efficiency of nitrogen utilization varies highly, its actual use generally remains at low levels; these averaging between 25 and 50%. We set up an experiment at the Oradea Research Station, using 15N labeled fertilizers, in order to investigate the possibility of increasing N fertilizer efficiency in winter wheat under irrigation conditions.Fertilizers labeled with 15N allows us to individually determine its effect on yield formation, as well as the use efficiency of N from fertilizer following application rate and time. The amount of N derived from fertilizer as determined in straw and grain yield is high. When the labeled fertilizer is applied at tillering time, the values of this indicator rise when higher N levels we applied.In separate experiments, we investigated a series of aspects connected to chemical fertilizer regarding the determination of the type of fertilizer, optimum time and rates of application; all these as a function of the special pedoclimatic conditions.The results obtained in the field show that the effectiveness of N utilization in wheat is most variable and generally low, often ranging between 25 and 33%, owing to N loss within the system through leaching and NH3 volatilization.A readily achievable increase in efficiency of 5 percentage points would result in considerable savings, and can be brought about by reducing nitrogen losses. The added benefits to the environment in terms of reduced ground/water contamination and lowered nitrous oxide (N20) emissions would also be substantial.The figures for N fertilizer use efficiency (% N range from 35.5 to 72.6, the highest value being recorded with an N application of 120 kg/ha at tillering, when the previous crop was sunflower).INTRODUCTION
31
Fauzi, Norashikin, and Nur Izzah Awaluddin. "Evaluating the Urban Heat Effects of High Rise Non-Green Buildings: A Case Study in Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia." Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (JTRSS) 5, no. 2 (November 16, 2017): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.47253/jtrss.v5i2.599.
Full textAbstract:
This study provides an overview of the urban heat effect of the high rise non-green building in theurban area located in Kota Bharu, Kelantan by collecting and analyzing related data using skyview factor (SVF).The SVF is one of the essential aspects related to pollution, temperaturevariations, heat island and several other environmental specifications. A common method throughfish-eye photographs were taken at ground level with a digital camera together with a detachable180’ fish-eye lens. The result highlighted the SVF value at six high rise non-green buildings wasin a range between 0.24 and 0.67. The highest temperature recorded was 42°C on rooftop ofKelantan Trade Center building whilst the lowest was 30°C on rooftop of Ibu Pejabat PolisKontinjen Kelantan. The surrounding and building materials were found to have a persistentinfluence on the formation of urban heat.
32
Gemmell, Brad J., Kevin T. Du Clos, Sean P. Colin, Kelly R. Sutherland, and John H. Costello. "The most efficient metazoan swimmer creates a ‘virtual wall’ to enhance performance." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1942 (January 6, 2021): 20202494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2494.
Full textAbstract:
It has been well documented that animals (and machines) swimming or flying near a solid boundary get a boost in performance. This ground effect is often modelled as an interaction between a mirrored pair of vortices represented by a true vortex and an opposite sign ‘virtual vortex’ on the other side of the wall. However, most animals do not swim near solid surfaces and thus near body vortex–vortex interactions in open-water swimmers have been poorly investigated. In this study, we examine the most energetically efficient metazoan swimmer known to date, the jellyfish Aurelia aurita , to elucidate the role that vortex interactions can play in animals that swim away from solid boundaries. We used high-speed video tracking, laser-based digital particle image velocimetry (dPIV) and an algorithm for extracting pressure fields from flow velocity vectors to quantify swimming performance and the effect of near body vortex–vortex interactions. Here, we show that a vortex ring (stopping vortex), created underneath the animal during the previous swim cycle, is critical for increasing propulsive performance. This well-positioned stopping vortex acts in the same way as a virtual vortex during wall-effect performance enhancement, by helping converge fluid at the underside of the propulsive surface and generating significantly higher pressures which result in greater thrust. These findings advocate that jellyfish can generate a wall-effect boost in open water by creating what amounts to a ‘virtual wall’ between two real, opposite sign vortex rings. This explains the significant propulsive advantage jellyfish possess over other metazoans and represents important implications for bio-engineered propulsion systems.
33
Davies-Jones, Robert, and Paul Markowski. "Lifting of Ambient Air by Density Currents in Sheared Environments." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 70, no. 4 (April 1, 2013): 1204–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-12-0149.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Two aspects of vorticity associated with cold pools are addressed. First, tilting of horizontal vortex tubes by the updraft at a gust front has been proposed as a means of getting near-ground rotation and hence a tornado. Theory and a numerical simulation are used to show that this mechanism will not work because warm air parcels approaching the gust front decelerate in strong adverse pressure gradient. The near-surface horizontal vorticity available for upward tilting is greatly reduced by horizontal compression before it is tilted. Consequently, uplifting of vortex tubes produces little vertical vorticity near the ground. Second, it is shown that the baroclinic vorticity generated at the leading edge of the cold pool is transported rearward in the vortex sheet along the interface between cold and warm air, and the barotropic vorticity associated with environmental shear is conserved along streamlines. Warm parcels away from the interface do not acquire baroclinic vorticity to offset their barotropic vorticity, as assumed in a theory for long-lived squall lines. The vortex sheet has a far-field effect on the circulation in the warm air. A steady-state vortex method is used to propose why there is a steady noncirculating density current only when a lid is present and at a specific height.
34
Doull, Katie E., Carl Chalmers, Paul Fergus, Steve Longmore, Alex K. Piel, and Serge A. Wich. "An Evaluation of the Factors Affecting ‘Poacher’ Detection with Drones and the Efficacy of Machine-Learning for Detection." Sensors 21, no. 12 (June 13, 2021): 4074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21124074.
Full textAbstract:
Drones are being increasingly used in conservation to tackle the illegal poaching of animals. An important aspect of using drones for this purpose is establishing the technological and the environmental factors that increase the chances of success when detecting poachers. Recent studies focused on investigating these factors, and this research builds upon this as well as exploring the efficacy of machine-learning for automated detection. In an experimental setting with voluntary test subjects, various factors were tested for their effect on detection probability: camera type (visible spectrum, RGB, and thermal infrared, TIR), time of day, camera angle, canopy density, and walking/stationary test subjects. The drone footage was analysed both manually by volunteers and through automated detection software. A generalised linear model with a logit link function was used to statistically analyse the data for both types of analysis. The findings concluded that using a TIR camera improved detection probability, particularly at dawn and with a 90° camera angle. An oblique angle was more effective during RGB flights, and walking/stationary test subjects did not influence detection with both cameras. Probability of detection decreased with increasing vegetation cover. Machine-learning software had a successful detection probability of 0.558, however, it produced nearly five times more false positives than manual analysis. Manual analysis, however, produced 2.5 times more false negatives than automated detection. Despite manual analysis producing more true positive detections than automated detection in this study, the automated software gives promising, successful results, and the advantages of automated methods over manual analysis make it a promising tool with the potential to be successfully incorporated into anti-poaching strategies.
35
Alamdari, Mehrisadat Makki, Nguyen Lu Dang Khoa, Yang Wang, Bijan Samali, and Xinqun Zhu. "A multi-way data analysis approach for structural health monitoring of a cable-stayed bridge." Structural Health Monitoring 18, no. 1 (August 30, 2018): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475921718790727.
Full textAbstract:
A large-scale cable-stayed bridge in the state of New South Wales, Australia, has been extensively instrumented with an array of accelerometer, strain gauge, and environmental sensors. The real-time continuous response of the bridge has been collected since July 2016. This study aims at condition assessment of this bridge by investigating three aspects of structural health monitoring including damage detection, damage localization, and damage severity assessment. A novel data analysis algorithm based on incremental multi-way data analysis is proposed to analyze the dynamic response of the bridge. This method applies incremental tensor analysis for data fusion and feature extraction, and further uses one-class support vector machine on this feature to detect anomalies. A total of 15 different damage scenarios were investigated; damage was physically simulated by locating stationary vehicles with different masses at various locations along the span of the bridge to change the condition of the bridge. The effect of damage on the fundamental frequency of the bridge was investigated and a maximum change of 4.4% between the intact and damage states was observed which corresponds to a small severity damage. Our extensive investigations illustrate that the proposed technique can provide reliable characterization of damage in this cable-stayed bridge in terms of detection, localization and assessment. The contribution of the work is threefold; first, an extensive structural health monitoring system was deployed on a cable-stayed bridge in operation; second, an incremental tensor analysis was proposed to analyze time series responses from multiple sensors for online damage identification; and finally, the robustness of the proposed method was validated using extensive field test data by considering various damage scenarios in the presence of environmental variabilities.
36
Kalantar, B., N. Ueda, H. A. H. Al-Najjar, M. B. A. Gibril, U. S. Lay, and A. Motevalli. "AN EVALUATION OF LANDSLIDE SUSCEPTIBILITY MAPPING USING REMOTE SENSING DATA AND MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS IN IRAN." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-2/W5 (May 29, 2019): 503–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-2-w5-503-2019.
Full textAbstract:
<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Landslide is painstaking as one of the most prevalent and devastating forms of mass movement that affects man and his environment. The specific objective of this research paper is to investigate the application and performances of some selected machine learning algorithms (MLA) in landslide susceptibility mapping, in Dodangeh watershed, Iran. A 112 sample point of the past landslide, occurrence or inventory data was generated from the existing and field observations. In addition, fourteen landslide-conditioning parameters were derived from DEM and other topographic databases for the modelling process. These conditioning parameters include total curvature, profile curvature, plan curvature, slope, aspect, altitude, topographic wetness index (TWI), topographic roughness index (TRI), stream transport index (STI), stream power index (SPI), lithology, land use, distance to stream, distance to the fault. Meanwhile, factor analysis was employed to optimize the landslide conditioning parameters and the inventory data, by assessing the multi-collinearity effects and outlier detections respectively. The inventory data is divided into 70% (78) training dataset and 30% (34) test dataset for model validation. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve or area under curve (AUC) value was used for assessing the model's performance. The findings reveal that TRI has 0.89 collinearity effect based on variance-inflated factor (VIF) and based on Gini factor optimization total curvature is not significant in the model development, therefore the two parameters are excluded from the modelling. All the selected MLAs (RF, BRT, and DT) shown promising performances on landslide susceptibility mapping in Dodangeh watershed, Iran. The ROC curve for training and validation for RF are 86% success rate and 83% prediction rate implies the best model performance compared to BRT and DT, with ROC curve of 72% and 70% prediction rate, respectively. In conclusion, RF could be the best algorithm for producing landslide susceptibility map, and such results could be adopted for the decision-making process to support land use planner for improving landslide risk assessment in similar environmental settings.</p>
37
Laamrani, Ahmed, and Osvaldo Valeria. "Ranking Importance of Topographical Surface and Subsurface Parameters on Paludification in Northern Boreal Forests Using Very High Resolution Remotely Sensed Datasets." Sustainability 12, no. 2 (January 13, 2020): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12020577.
Full textAbstract:
The accumulation of organic material on top of the mineral soil over time (a process called paludification) is common in Northern Boreal coniferous forests. This natural process leads to a marked decrease in forest productivity overtime. Topography both at the surface of the forest floor (i.e., above ground) and the subsurface (i.e., top of mineral soil which is underground) is known to play a critical role in the paludification process. Until recently, the availability of more accurate topographic information regarding the surface and subsurface was a limiting factor for land management and modeling of spatial organic layer thickness (OLT) variability, a proxy for paludification. However so far, no research has assessed which of these two topographic variables has the greatest influence on paludification. This study aims to assess which topographic variable (surface or subsurface) better explains paludification, using high-resolution remote sensing technology (i.e., Light Detection and Ranging: LiDAR and Ground Penetrating Radar: GPR). To this end, field soil measurements were made in over 1614 sites distributed throughout the reference Valrennes Experimental site in Canadian northern coniferous forests. Then, a machine learning model (i.e., Random Forest, RF) was implemented to rank a set of selected predictor topographic variables (i.e., slope, aspect, mean curvature, plan curvature, profile curvature, and topographic wetness index) using the Mean Decrease Gini (MDG) index as an indicator of importance. Results showed that overall 83% of the overall variance was explained by the RF selected model, while the derived subsurface topography predictors had the lowest MDGs for predicting paludification. On the other hand, the surface slope predictor had the highest MDGs and better explained paludification. This finding would be particularly useful for implanting sustainable management strategies based on the surface variables of paludified northern boreal forests. This study has also highlighted the potential of LiDAR data to provide surface topographic spatial detail information for planning and optimizing forest management activities in paludified boreal forests. This is even of great importance when we know that LiDAR variables are easier to obtain compared to GPR derived variables (subsurface topographic variables).
38
Herweyers, Laure, Camilla Catarci Carteny, Linda Scheelen, Regan Watts, and Els Du Bois. "Consumers’ Perceptions and Attitudes toward Products Preventing Microfiber Pollution in Aquatic Environments as a Result of the Domestic Washing of Synthetic Clothes." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 13, 2020): 2244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062244.
Full textAbstract:
Microfibers released by synthetic clothes have a significant negative effect on the environment. Several solutions have been proposed and evaluated for their effectiveness, but studies have failed to address the human-centered aspects of these products. In this research, the possibilities and needs from a consumer perspective for a new filtering system for domestic washing machines were examined. First, a quantitative (questionnaire) and a qualitative (interviews and observations) exploration were done to understand the desired requirements from a user perspective. Next, the acceptance of various existing solutions for microfiber catching was investigated. To verify these requirements, a new concept was designed and evaluated with a questionnaire. The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics. It can be concluded that the problem of microfibers is not well known, and the impact of people’s washing behavior is underestimated. Since microfibers are almost invisible, the effectiveness needed to be proven. Effectiveness is seen as the most important characteristic of a product that captures microfibers, followed by durability. Both factors ensure long-term usage. However, changing washing habits is not evident, and usage should be straightforward and user-friendly to save time, especially considering the new cleaning actions, which should be clear and unambiguous.
39
Hui, Kang, and Jing Li. "Application and Research on Ergonomics and Kansei Engineering in Human-Computer Interface Design." Applied Mechanics and Materials 563 (May 2014): 245–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.563.245.
Full textAbstract:
This article aims to analyze the interaction and human-computer interaction interface, and relying on Kansei engineering theory, make the analysis for the design of man-machine interface and how to better. This paper puts forward three aspects to consider ergonomics to embody the role of user interface design, fully confirms the "people-oriented" is the source of product design and user experience, can be solved by the met in the design field, in order to improve and optimize the machine and user interface of human-computer interaction, the better and more efficient. In the course of development of the society, human and social relations more closely, technology is also more and more intense challenge for human. [1] For the design of user interface, the material is caused by mechanical industrial production in large quantities of. Industrial production continued to stimulate the generation and development of the industrial society, social mass production technology as the center gradually as a measure of social progress bar. The quantity and quality of material satisfaction as the industrialized society, fully reflect the people's standard of living and the pursuit of the standard, but the contrary is immaterial society "emotion and experience", the quality of this factor to measure a person's life, the designer must break the existing way of thinking and logic to solve design practice from different social and cultural background, so the ergonomics and perceptual study very good application in. [2] 1 Study of human-machine interface Good design products as local a holographic system, a product includes all the information of our goods in society. [3] A design of excellent products, is the inevitable product, environmental, economic, technological, cultural and other factors the ingenious fusion and balance. Human computer interaction is no exception, it is on the needle and the computer how to effectively link as a starting point. [4] The perfect computer technology humanization only maximum achieve human-computer interaction harmony. In the interface design, to achieve the most convenient and efficient user experience, we should make full use of people easy memory and understanding of graphics and accurate small amounts of text, with different color and picture effect, only in this way in the process of operating the computer and the computer feedback and people, in order to achieve the full interaction. [5]
40
Liu, Jingjing, and Haoyu Zhang. "Research on Sponge Campus Application Based on Low Impact Development Measures--A Case Study of Wuhan Polytechnic University." E3S Web of Conferences 118 (2019): 04021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911804021.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, China has vigorously promoted the construction of sponge cities and achieved good results. The university campus is a relatively independent existence in the city. Due to historical planning and construction reasons, it is easy to accumulate water when the city has a large amount of precipitation. Taking Wuhan Polytechnic University as an example, this paper analyzes the causes of waterlogging on campus from the aspects of urban precipitation, campus planning, rainwater harvesting and utilization, and proposes a series of low-impact development (LID) measures, such as increasing the permeability of paving area, building vegetative ditch, setting up infiltration green belt, and renovating the artificial lake in the school. The author adopted the SWMM model of urban stormwater management developed by the U.S.EPA as a carrier to construct a low-impact rainwater system model, The SWMM model which funded by the US Environmental Protection Agency was used to construct a low-impact development rainwater system model to evaluate the effect of low-impact development measures on ground runoff control.
41
Brimacombe, Cedric A., Hao Ding, Jeanette A. Johnson, and J. Thomas Beatty. "Homologues of Genetic Transformation DNA Import Genes Are Required for Rhodobacter capsulatus Gene Transfer Agent Recipient Capability Regulated by the Response Regulator CtrA." Journal of Bacteriology 197, no. 16 (June 1, 2015): 2653–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00332-15.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTGene transfer agents (GTAs) morphologically resemble small, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) bacteriophages; however, their only known role is to package and transfer random pieces of the producing cell genome to recipient cells. The best understood GTA is that ofRhodobacter capsulatus, termed RcGTA. We discovered that homologues of three genes involved in natural transformation in other bacteria,comEC,comF, andcomM, are essential for RcGTA-mediated gene acquisition. This paper gives genetic and biochemical evidence that RcGTA-borne DNA entry into cells requires the ComEC and ComF putative DNA transport proteins and genetic evidence that putative cytoplasmic ComM protein of unknown function is required for recipient capability. Furthermore, the master regulator of RcGTA production in <1% of a cell population, CtrA, which is also required for gene acquisition in recipient cells, is expressed in the vast majority of the population. Our results indicate that RcGTA-mediated gene transfer combines key aspects of two bacterial horizontal gene transfer mechanisms, where donor DNA is packaged in transducing phage-like particles and recipient cells take up DNA using natural transformation-related machinery. Both of these differentiated subsets of a culture population, donors and recipients, are dependent on the same response regulator, CtrA.IMPORTANCEHorizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a major driver of bacterial evolution and adaptation to environmental stresses. Traits such as antibiotic resistance or metabolic properties can be transferred between bacteria via HGT; thus, HGT can have a tremendous effect on the fitness of a bacterial population. The three classically described HGT mechanisms are conjugation, transformation, and phage-mediated transduction. More recently, the HGT factor GTA was described, where random pieces of producing cell genome are packaged into phage-like particles that deliver DNA to recipient cells. In this report, we show that transport of DNA borne by theR. capsulatusRcGTA into recipient cells requires key genes previously thought to be specific to natural transformation pathways. These findings indicate that RcGTA combines central aspects of phage-mediated transduction and natural transformation in an efficient, regulated mode of HGT.
42
Gołaszewski, Jacek, Tomasz Ponikiewski, Aleksandra Kostrzanowska-Siedlarz, and Patrycja Miera. "The Influence of Calcareous Fly Ash on the Effectiveness of Plasticizers and Superplasticizers." Materials 13, no. 10 (May 13, 2020): 2245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13102245.
Full textAbstract:
Due to the rational shaping of the environment and the management of environmental resources in accordance with the principle of sustainable development, calcareous fly ash (CFA)—high-calcium as a by-product of lignite combustion—is a valuable addition to concrete. This additive, however, due to its high-water demand lowers the workability of the concrete mix, which is a problem, especially in the first 90 min after mixing the components of the mix. In order to meet this challenge, plasticizers (P) and superplasticizers (SP) for concrete are used with various effects which are designed to reduce the yield value and plastic viscosity. To check the technical efficiency of admixtures P and SP with different chemical bases, the main objective of this research was to investigate the influence of raw and ground CFA on the rheological properties and other side effects of admixtures, such as the amount of air in the mixture and the amount of heat of hydration. The use of P, particularly SP, effectively improves the workability of the mortar containing CFA, especially ground CFA. With these admixtures, it is possible to obtain mortars containing ground CFA with similar rheological properties to mortars without its addition. To obtain a specific workability of mortar with CFA, it is usually necessary to introduce a higher dose of P or SP than used for mortars without CFA. The presence of raw CFA does not alter the effectiveness of P and strongly reduces the effectiveness of SP. The reduced effectiveness of SP manifests primarily as a high workability lost. The presence of ground CFA does not change the effectiveness of P (or is higher). The effectiveness of the superplasticizer SNF (with a chemical base of naphthalene sulfonate) and PE (with a chemical base of polycarboxylate ether) is slightly lower or does not change. The effectiveness of the superplasticizer SMF (with a chemical base of melamine sulfonates) is significantly lower. We found that the presence of ash affects the efficiency of P and SP, while processing via the grinding of ash makes the effect negligible. These results are novel in both their cognitive and practical aspects.
43
Nguyen, Phong Tung, Duong Hai Ha, Huu Duy Nguyen, Tran Van Phong, Phan Trong Trinh, Nadhir Al-Ansari, Hiep Van Le, Binh Thai Pham, Lanh Si Ho, and Indra Prakash. "Improvement of Credal Decision Trees Using Ensemble Frameworks for Groundwater Potential Modeling." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (March 26, 2020): 2622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072622.
Full textAbstract:
Groundwater is one of the most important sources of fresh water all over the world, especially in those countries where rainfall is erratic, such as Vietnam. Nowadays, machine learning (ML) models are being used for the assessment of groundwater potential of the region. Credal decision trees (CDT) is one of the ML models which has been used in such studies. In the present study, the performance of the CDT has been improved using various ensemble frameworks such as Bagging, Dagging, Decorate, Multiboost, and Random SubSpace. Based on these methods, five hybrid models, namely BCDT, Dagging-CDT, Decorate-CDT, MBCDT, and RSSCDT, were developed and applied for groundwater potential mapping of DakLak province of Vietnam. Data of 227 groundwater wells of the study area were utilized for the construction and validation of the models. Twelve groundwater potential conditioning factors, namely rainfall, slope, elevation, river density, Sediment Transport Index (STI), curvature, flow direction, aspect, soil, land use, Topographic Wetness Index (TWI), and geology, were considered for the model studies. Various statistical measures, including area under receiver operating characteristic (AUC) curve, were applied to validate and compare the performance of the models. The results show that performance of the hybrid CDT ensemble models MBCDT (AUC = 0.770), BCDT (AUC = 0.731), Dagging-CDT (AUC = 0.763), Decorate-CDT (AUC = 0.750), and RSSCDT (AUC = 0.766) improved significantly in comparison to the single CDT (AUC = 0.722) model. Therefore, these developed hybrid models can be applied for better ground water potential mapping and groundwater resources management of the study area as well as other regions of the world.
44
Magomedov, Gazibeg O., I. V. Plotnikova, M. G. Magomedov, and V. L. Cheshinsky. "SANITARY-TECHNOLOGICAL EVENTS OF BREAD PRODUCTION WITHOUT YEAST." Hygiene and sanitation 98, no. 7 (October 28, 2019): 777–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2019-98-7-777-782.
Full textAbstract:
A method of bread production without using baker’s yeast by using whole-ground wheat flour according to fundamentally new technology through the mechanical loosening of dough was developed. To produce the product, the work was carried out in three stages: at the first stage - the quality of grain was studied at separate stages of its preparation for grinding; on the second - the quality of whole-grain flour obtained by the disintegrating-wave method with a weak microwave information effect was analyzed; in the third - the quality of bread was assessed. Thorough cleaning of the grain and it’s repeated passing through scouring machines, grinding by the wave-disintegrating method with the energy of the electromagnetic field of ultra-high frequency has been proven to provide effective disinfection of grain from various pollutants and reduce the microbiological seeding of whole flour and bread obtained by a mechanical method of dough loosening. To improve the taste characteristics, nutritional value and microbiological purity of bread the concentrated apple juice was added to the bread’s recipe. The obtained indices of microbiological contamination of the cooked bread, which packed in a transparent polypropylene film “BIAXPLEN”, after 7 days of storage, show that in the bread from the whole-grain wheat flour the contamination is lower by 32.6% compared to the bread from entire wheat flour. Improving the microbiological purity of whole-wheat flour became possible by using traditional methods of grain preparing for milling, using the wave-disintegrating method of grinding grain into flour by disinfecting the product with electromagnetic energy of ultra-high frequency, adding concentrated apple juice to the bread’s recipe. Compared with the traditional bread made from wheat flour, the developed bread has increased nutritional value and reduced calorie content.
45
CONFALONIERI, R., C. DEBELLINI, M. PIRONDINI, P. POSSENTI, L. BERGAMINI, G. BARLASSINA, A. BARTOLI, et al. "A new approach for determining rice critical nitrogen concentration." Journal of Agricultural Science 149, no. 5 (February 15, 2011): 633–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859611000177.
Full textAbstract:
SUMMARYA reliable evaluation of crop nutritional status is crucial for supporting fertilization aiming at maximizing qualitative and quantitative aspects of production and reducing the environmental impact of cropping systems. Most of the available simulation models evaluate crop nutritional status according to the nitrogen (N) dilution law, which derives critical N concentration as a function of above-ground biomass. An alternative approach, developed during a project carried out with students of the Cropping Systems Masters course at the University of Milan, was tested and compared with existing models (N dilution law and approaches implemented in EPIC and DAISY models). The new model (MAZINGA) reproduces the effect of leaf self-shading in lowering plant N concentration (PNC) through an inverse of the fraction of radiation intercepted by the canopy. The models were tested using data collected in four rice (Oryza sativaL.) experiments carried out in Northern Italy under potential and N-limited conditions. MAZINGA was the most accurate in identifying the critical N concentration, and therefore in discriminating PNC of plants growing under N-limited and non-limited conditions, respectively. In addition, the present work proved the effectiveness of crop models when used as tools for supporting education.
46
Busse, Przemysław. "Some aspects of the occurrence and behaviour of the crane Grus grus in Poland in light of pre-investment wind-farm monitoring." Ring 38, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ring-2016-0001.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Ornithological pre-investment monitoring at planned wind farm sites is a standard and obligatory procedure in Poland and other EU countries. Pre-investment wind farm monitoring has a very important ‘side effect’ to its main goal (the safety of bird populations), namely the collection of valuable avifaunistic data from many localities that most probably would never be studied if not for the obligation to prepare environmental reports when wind energy investments are planned. The main aim of this paper is to show what we can learn from obligatory pre-investment monitoring when the standard field monitoring procedure and unified evaluation methodology are used. As an example the Common Crane Grus grus was selected, as a bird listed in Annex 1 of Directive 2009/147/EC and easy to identify and count. The data were collected at 155 controlled monitoring sites all over Poland, but mainly along the Baltic coast and in the Masurian Lake District. The methodology of the data collection and evaluation of results was strictly according to a paper by Busse (2013). The presentation of the results includes the numerical distribution of cranes in all seasons and some details of their behaviour - observations of birds on the ground and those using the air space: below the future rotor swept area of the wind turbines, at the rotor swept height, and flying above it. The estimated collision rates vary depending on the area, season and local heights of movements. It was concluded that such an evaluation of data already collected could be helpful in evaluating a particular site in comparison with other, previously studied localities.
47
Al Bakri, A. M. Mustafa, J. Liyana, M. N. Norazian, H. Kamarudin, and C. M. Ruzaidi. "Mechanical Properties of Polymer Composites with Sugarcane Bagasse Filler." Advanced Materials Research 740 (August 2013): 739–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.740.739.
Full textAbstract:
Natural fibers reinforced polymer composites have gained more interest because of their biodegradable, light weight, less expensive sources, easy processing, high specific modulus and also environmentally friendly appeal. This paper presents an overview of a study aimed at showing on how the bio-composites which is bagasse fibers combined with resins as an alternative of bagasse-fiber-based composites panel. Transforming bagasse fibers into panel products provides a prospective solution. Bagasse-fiber-based composites offer potential as the core material replacing high density and expensive wood-based fiberboard. Biodegradable composites reinforced with bagasse fibres after being modified or treated by alkali treatment were prepared and also the mechanical properties were investigated. The bio-composites panel samples were processed by hot press machine. All panels were made with aspect ratios between bagasse fibers and polystyrene thermoplastics resins and also the sieve size of bagasse fibers which has short fibers and combination of short fiber and granules fibers. The polystyrene was added as a modified from natural fibers to determine the effect it had on physical and mechanical properties of the panel. Resin content level and panel density were very important in controlling the strength properties of the panels. Surface hardness value, compressive strength, bending strength and bending modulus values all increases in resin content level and panel density. Bagasse-based-panel products can be commercialize successfully if have good development of a cost manufacturing process on an establishment of a market base for the products.
48
Saillio, Mickael, Véronique Baroghel-Bouny, and Sylvain Pradelle. "Effect of Carbonation and Sulphate on Chloride Ingress in Cement Pastes and Concretes with Supplementary Cementitious Materials." Key Engineering Materials 711 (September 2016): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.711.241.
Full textAbstract:
The main cause of premature deterioration of reinforced concrete structures is the corrosion of steel bars, induced by chloride ions (for example in marine environment) and/or by carbonation (atmospheric CO2). At the same time, environmental-induced degradations of concrete can also affect the structure, such as sulphate attack. This can lead to the formation of ettringite, inducing expansion inside the materials and finally degradation. Carbonation, chloride and sulphate ingress are usually studied separately in the literature. This is not representative of in-situ conditions since they can occur at the same time and can have an influence on each other. In this paper, chloride ingress are studied for concretes and cement pastes partially carbonated or/and in presence of sulphate in chloride contact solution. The mixtures contain OPC alone or with supplementary cementitious materials (SCM). SCMs are here pozzolanic materials (Fly Ash or Metakaolin) or alkali-activated materials such as ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). The materials, partially carbonated (2 months in chamber at 1.5 % of CO2) or not, are put in contact with chloride solutions in presence of sulphate. This study focuses on the apparent chloride diffusion coefficients, as well as chloride binding isotherms which are obtained by the profile method. In addition, some aspects of the microstructure and of the pore structure are investigated, by using Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry and 27Al NMR, in order to better understand the results obtained relatively to the apparent chloride diffusion coefficients and to the chloride binding. Chloride ingress increases when sulphates are present in the contact solution for all cement materials tested (partially carbonated or not). In addition, chloride ingress is faster when the material is partially carbonated before contact with chloride solution. It appears that both carbonation or presence of sulphate decrease chloride binding, thus explaining the results. The results show an evolution of the properties as a function of the cement replacement ratio by SCMs.
49
He, Yaqing, Kim Fung Tsang, Richard Yuen-Chong Kong, and Yuk-Tak Chow. "Indication of Electromagnetic Field Exposure via RBF-SVM Using Time-Series Features of Zebrafish Locomotion." Sensors 20, no. 17 (August 26, 2020): 4818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20174818.
Full textAbstract:
This paper introduces a novel model based on support vector machine with radial basis function kernel (RBF-SVM) using time-series features of zebrafish (Danio rerio) locomotion exposed to different electromagnetic fields (EMFs) to indicate the corresponding EMF exposure. A group of 14 adult zebrafish was randomly divided into two groups, 7 in each group; the fish of each group have the novel tank test under a sham or real magnetic exposure of 6.78 MHz and about 1 A/m. Their locomotion in the tests was videotaped to convert into the x, y coordinate time-series of the trajectories for reforming time-series matrices according to different time-series lengths. The time-series features of zebrafish locomotion were calculated by the comparative time-series analyzing framework highly comparative time-series analysis (HCTSA), and a limited number of the time-series features that were most relevant to the EMF exposure conditions were selected using the minimum redundancy maximum relevance (mRMR) algorithm for RBF-SVM classification training. Before this, ambient environmental parameters (AEPs) had little effect on the locomotion performance of zebrafish processed by the empirical method, which had been quantitatively verified by regression using another group of 14 adult zebrafish. The results have demonstrated that the purposed model is capable of accurately indicating different EMF exposures. All classification accuracies can be 100%, and the classification precision of several classifiers based on specific parameters and feature sets with specific dimensions can reach higher than 95%. The speculative reason for this result is that the specified EMF has affected the zebrafish neural aspect, which is then reflected in their behaviors. The outcomes of this study have provided a new indication model for EMF exposures and provided a reference for the investigation of the impact of EMF exposure.
50
Solanki, Pranshoo, Gaurav Sancheti, and Saurabh Singh. "Sustainable Use of Waste Glass in Pavement Systems–Review, Limitations and Potential Application." Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 47, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 235–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2021.235.
Full textAbstract:
Transportation sector due to increased pavement lengths is one of main sources of greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption. With increased environmental awareness and focus on recycling, many studies used recycled material in pavement systems to implement the sustainability. The recycling of waste glass in pavement systems has attracted much interest worldwide due to increased disposal costs. As a pavement material, waste glass could be used as an aggregate substitute in Portland cement concrete, asphalt mixtures and base/sub-base courses. When finely ground, glass can also be used as supplementary cementitious material for substituting partial cement. This paper reviews the different uses of waste glass in pavement systems and the effect of the glass properties on the performance of pavement materials. This review compared the test results reported by different researchers and discusses limitations of using recycled glass in pavement systems along with potential applications. Further, many aspects of the local markets were found to be supportive of diverting recycled glass to concrete products, however, the cost of glass milling and the limited use of concrete products containing glass locally make such diversion uneconomical at the present time. The findings from this review study are expected to advance knowledge in recycling waste glass in pavement systems and offer an effective technique for diverting a large amount of waste glass from landfills.