Academic literature on the topic 'Environmental aspects of Oil well drilling'
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Journal articles on the topic "Environmental aspects of Oil well drilling"
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Glibovytska, Nataliia, and Lesya Plaksiy. "The drilling solution components’ impact on the environment and directions of its reduction." Biolohichni systemy 12, no. 1 (June 25, 2020): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/biosystems2020.01.052.
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The problem of the oil wells operation influence on the environmental ecological state is considered. The technical and biological aspects of the impact of drilling solution components used in the process of oil production on the biotic and abiotic environment are analyzed. The methods of preserving the cleanliness of reservoirs and soil during the wells operations and preventing pollutants from entering the environment are described. Possible effects of the toxic compounds of the drilling fluid on living organisms, in particular plants, have been identified. The components of drilling fluids of different types are characterized by different levels of environmental hazard. The lowest level of threat to environmental safety is inherent in the clay type of solution, and the polymer-potassium solution is characterized by the highest potentially dangerous impact on the biota. Despite belonging to the third class of moderately hazardous substances, sodium salts, calcium and chlorides, as components of drilling fluids, have the highest destructive effects on the environment. Soil salinization has the most detrimental effect on plants, as it breaks the osmotic equilibrium in the soil-plant system, disrupts the transport of organogenic elements throughout the plant, and reduces the availability of moisture and minerals. Increasing soil pH due to the ingress of calcium and sodium hydroxides as components of drilling fluids adversely affects plant growth and development. Stability of some groups of plants to the influence of components of drilling fluids and ability of phytoobjects to resist stress influence are noted. Halophytes are well adapted to the growth in conditions of excessive soil salinization due to the specific metabolic and structural features of the organization. Low oil content in drilling fluids can be released into the environment and, when accumulated in the aquatic and soil environments, lead to a number of destructive processes in living systems. Plants sensitive to oil pollution respond by reducing growth processes, increasing catabolic processes, and reducing assimilation function. In order to minimize the negative impact of chemicals on the environment of oil production territories, it is necessary to apply a comprehensive approach that combines the technical aspects of pollution control with effective biological methods. The urgent task of modern environmental science is to search for oil-resistant plant species that are effectively capable of converting toxic petroleum products to biota-safe compounds. Technological recommendations for the prevention of environmental pollution by drilling fluids are proposed, as well as phytorecultivation methods for controlling already polluted ecosystems.
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Liu, Fei, and Yan Ling Wang. "Synthesis and Performance Study of the Nanomaterial Used to Stabilize the Reversible Invert Emulsion Drilling Fluid." Key Engineering Materials 744 (July 2017): 498–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.744.498.
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The reversible invert emulsion drilling fluids can achieve performance of oil based drilling fluid and solve the disadvantages associated by the oil based drilling fluid. This reversible invert emulsion drilling fluid can also focus the advantages of both oil based and water based drilling fluids. The surfactant emulsifier is the currently reported emulsifier used in the reversible invert emulsion. The stability of the reversible invert emulsion drilling fluid is very poor that can be known from the low emulsion breaking voltage. The dosage of the surfactant emulsifier is so much that it can increase the drilling cost and environmental pollution. In this paper, organic amine surfactant-modified nanoparticles are prepared and the modified nanoparticle which can be used to stabilize the reversible invert emulsion drilling fluid is chosen. The stability of the reversible invert emulsion drilling fluid stabilized by modified nanoparticles (emulsion breaking voltage>1100V) is better than the reversible invert emulsion drilling fluid stabilized by surfactant (450V<emulsion breaking voltage<600V). The dosage of the organic amine surfactant-modified nanoparticle emulsifier (2.4 wt.%) is less than the dosage of the surfactant emulsifier (4 wt.%), hence, reducing the drilling cost and environmental threat. The reversible invert emulsion drilling fluid stabilized by modified nanoparticles perform similar to the reversible invert emulsion drilling fluid stabilized by surfactant in the aspect of oiliness cuttings treatment. The reversible invert emulsion drilling fluid stabilized by modified nanoparticles also perform well in the aspect of oiliness cuttings treatment.
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Rossi, Arley Silva, Marina Seixas Pereira, Jéssika Marina dos Santos, Irineu Petri Jr., and Carlos Henrique Ataíde. "Fundamentals of Microwave Heating and Drying of Drilled Cuttings." Materials Science Forum 899 (July 2017): 528–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.899.528.
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Drilled cuttings contaminated by non aqueous drilling fluids are the major waste from oil well drilling activities. More restrictive environmental legislation has led to the search for alternative technologies to promote cuttings decontamination according to the law. The mixture of cuttings and fluid returning from the well goes through a set of separation equipments, called solids control systems, in order to recover the drilling fluid for reuse. The cuttings from the solids control system must be decontaminated before they can be discharged into the sea. Microwave heating has been studied over the past few years as an alternative to promote the decontamination of this waste and has been shown to be a promising technology. This work aimed to investigate fundamental aspects of microwave heating and drying of drilled cuttings. The heating curve of two different drilling fluids commonly employed in well-drilling operations was obtained. The kinetics of drying of cuttings contaminated with these drilling fluids was also investigated. It was evaluated the behavior of organic phase and water removal in the microwave drying process.
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STAN, Marius, Valentin Paul TUDORACHE, Lazăr AVRAM, Mohamed Iyad AL NABOULSI, Claudiu TĂNASĂ, and Georgeta ALECU. "Elements constituent for the design of a riser system in areas deep water and extreme deep water applied for offshore drilling." EMERG - Energy. Environment. Efficiency. Resources. Globalization 6, no. 3 (2020): 127–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.37410/emerg.2020.3.10.
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Riser systems are integral components of the offshore developments used to recover oil and gas stored in the reservoirs below the earth’s oceans and seas. These riser systems are used in all facets of the development offshore process including exploration and exploitation wells completion/intervention, and production of the hydrocarbons. Their primary function is to facilitate the safe transportation of material, oil and gases between the seafloor oceans and seas and the marine platform. As the water depth increases, the working conditions of this system becomes challenging due to the complex forces and extreme environmental conditions which are impacting the operational mode as well as the stability. In this paper several aspects concerning riser mechanics and the behaviour of the riser column will be evaluated against different operational situations.
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Gaurina-Međimurec, Nediljka, Borivoje Pašić, Petar Mijić, and Igor Medved. "Deep Underground Injection of Waste from Drilling Activities—An Overview." Minerals 10, no. 4 (March 27, 2020): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10040303.
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Oil and gas exploration and production activities generate large amounts of waste material, especially during well drilling and completion activities. Waste material from drilling activities to the greatest extent consists of drilled cuttings and used drilling mud with a smaller portion of other materials (wastewater, produced hydrocarbons during well testing, spent stimulation fluid, etc.). Nowadays, growing concerns for environmental protections and new strict regulations encourage companies to improve methods for the reduction of waste material, as well as improve existing and develop new waste disposal methods that are more environmentally friendly and safer from the aspect of human health. The main advantages of the waste injection method into suitable deep geological formations over other waste disposal methods (biodegradation, thermal treatment, etc.) are minimizing potentially harmful impacts on groundwater, reducing the required surface area for waste disposal, reducing the negative impact on the air and long-term risks for the entire environment. This paper gives a comprehensive overview of the underground waste injection technology, criteria for the selection of the injection zone and methods required for process monitoring, as well as a comprehensive literature overview of significant past or ongoing projects from all over the world.
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Duarte, Victor Magalhães, Luciano Matos Queiroz, Ednildo Andrade Torres, and Asher Kiperstok. "Energetic aspects and opportunities for reusing water on offshore platforms in Campos Basin, Brazil." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 12, no. 5 (August 23, 2017): 786. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2121.
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In the drilling and production of oil at sea, a large quantity of potable water used is most commonly transported to oil platforms using offshore supply vessels (OSVs). Sea water desalination is used as well, but only in a few oil platforms. To minimize energy consumption, water supply options were studied. The desalination of seawater and the reusing of streams of grey water and black water were evaluated and compared with the characteristics of the current supply via OSVs. In both desalination and OSV water supply options an electrolytic wastewater treatment plant is used. The objective of this study was to analyze the current situation regarding water supply on offshore platforms located in the Campos Basin, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and to propose measures to take advantage of opportunities to reuse water and reduce energy expenditure. Two alternative scenarios were developed that involved the reuse of water that comes from the effluent of a biological wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Information on the logistics of supplying water to platforms was obtained through direct consultation with companies and sources in the literature. The results show that annual energy consumption (uptake, treatment, transportation, use and waste water treatment) of water on offshore platforms is currently 1.89 GWh, and that a reduction of 1.8 GWh of the energy consumed can be achieved using advanced reuse treatments. Energy consumption in the water reuse treatment is more competitive than those of transport by OSVs or seawater desalination.
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Di Martino, Gianluca, Roumen Sankoff, Craig Marshall, and Bobby Chopra. "The Coniston development: another offshore challenge in Western Australia." APPEA Journal 54, no. 2 (2014): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj13048.
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This extended abstract discusses the key challenges associated with the Coniston development; particular emphasis is on engineering, operations, and project management aspects. The Coniston development will produce oil and gas from the Coniston and Novara hydrocarbon accumulations, located in permit WA-35-L, about 100 km north of Exmouth, in water depths of about 400 m. The Coniston development will consist of a sub-sea tieback to the existing Van Gogh sub-sea infrastructure and the Ningaloo Vision FPSO, currently producing from the Van Gogh Field. The project was sanctioned by Apache in 2011 and will be on production in 2Q 2014. To maximise reservoir exposure, multilateral wells will be drilled, and completed, employing inflow control devices of latest generation and monitoring production with the installation of tracers. To take advantage of project synergies, gas lift will be provided by Van Gogh wells through a dedicated gas production manifold. The Coniston development represents a remarkable multidisciplinary effort to develop a relatively small-size oil reservoir offshore WA. Some of the challenges achieved are the high oil viscosity, the complexity of the engineering to install new sub-sea infrastructure while minimising the impact on Van Gogh production and maximising the synergies of the tie back, the constant increase in drilling and facilities costs while maintaining attractive project economics, and the more stringent regulations environmental permits and the ability to optimise drilling and operation to achieve production as quickly as possible.
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Miller, Jessica, and Nick Quinn. "EXERCISE WESTWIND – A COLLABORATIVE OIL SPILL RESPONSE BY OIL & GAS OPERATORS AND AGENCIES." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 2851–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.2851.
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Abstract On June 9th, 2015, ACME Oil Company’s rig suffered a dynamic positioned ‘run-off’. The mobile drilling unit lost its station above the wellhead and a loss of well control was experienced. “A massive environmental emergency unfolded…affecting pristine coastline and masses of wildlife”. Incident Management and Field Response Teams were activated in a multi-agency operation, bringing together 200 personnel from 16 oil and gas companies and 18 government agencies and third party providers. Source control, aerial, offshore, nearshore, shoreline and oiled wildlife response capabilities were deployed and national/international support was utilised. Jointly managed by the Australian Marine Oil Spill Centre (AMOSC), the Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA), the Federal Department of Industry and Science, and the Western Australian Department of Transport -Exercise Westwind was a successful multi-faceted marine spill response, demonstrating Australia’s collective Industry/Government capacity to respond to a large, offshore loss of well control incident in a remote and isolated location. ACME Oil Company was a fictitious company formed to enable the amalgamation of Australian petroleum companies to exercise industry arrangements under one ‘banner’ during the exercise period. ACME Oil Company had its own set of credentials, company website and Oil Pollution Emergency Plan. The company also held real time memberships with a number of service providers including AMOSC, Oil Spill Response Ltd, Trendsetter Engineering International, Oceaneering Australia and addenergy. Representing an innovative approach to spill response exercising, ACME Oil Company was a valuable and critical aspect to industry and governments participation under a non-attributable banner. Additionally, it enabled safe, widespread lessons to be observed, allowed for real-time testing of arrangements and provided a safe environment for regulators, stakeholder and industry interplay. The exercise was an efficient and practical solution for Industry titleholders and their third party supporting organisations, to test shared response resources and to ensure Industry arrangements for responding to oil pollution are in accordance with the Offshore Petroleum and Greenhouse Gas Storage (Environment) Regulations 2009. This paper will discuss the development program behind the exercise and the experience of managing an exercise of this nature. It will highlight the successes including the creation and implementation of a fictitious company and the extensive collaboration between the industry and government personnel involved. It will also look forward – where are we 11-months later? Can the history of exercising and/or response help us improve for the future-implementation of change and continued testing is critical in furthering our oil spill response capability and capacity.Exercise Westwind – Operational Phase TwoExercise Westwind – Operational Phase Two
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Wiesłw, Wiesław, and Marcin Rzepka. "Zjawiska chemiczno-technologiczne podczas zabiegu cementowania otworu w aspekcie projektowania rur okładzinowych." Nafta-Gaz 77, no. 2 (February 2021): 92–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.18668/ng.2021.02.04.
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Borehole design is a complex and multidimensional question in terms of the number of issues to be resolved in terms of mechanical, environmental and public safety engineering requirements. In this article contains a review and evaluation of chemical phenomena and processes (not always correctly evaluated) that occur during the preparation of cement slurry and after its displacement during the formation of the gel structure of cement and cement sheath. As a result of the chemically complicated process of slurry gelation, a new structure is formed, i.e. steel pipe – sheath (cement stone) – a rock which in a specific way produces a specific type of load and stress in the annular space, and thus influences changes in hydrostatic pressure distribution. Such phenomena described in this article allow to understand the methodical approach to the process of designing pipes, especially in the aspect of collapse and burst of pipes with big diameter >13⅜″ and thin wall (in the 4th load regime). This does not mean that the tensile strength of pipes is not an important issue in pipe design, but it mainly concerns very deep boreholes, while collapse and burst of pipes occurs in special (often unforeseen) cases of full or partial evacuation for shallow pipe foundation in the hole. The article is based on extensive professional literature, as well as on numerous tests carried out at Oil and Gas Institute – National Research Institute on different types of cement slurries and drilling muds, and, moreover, on the relevant experience of the authors of the article, both in the field of slurry design and supervision of cement operations, as well as in the design and supervision of works related to drilling of various types of boreholes, including cement job and running casing.
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Herber, R., and J. de Jager. "Geoperspective Oil and Gas in the Netherlands – Is there a future?" Netherlands Journal of Geosciences - Geologie en Mijnbouw 89, no. 2 (September 2010): 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001677460000072x.
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AbstractThe impact of oil and, in particular, gas fields discovered in the Dutch subsurface has been very significant. However, 50 years after the discovery of the giant Groningen gas field the Netherlands has become very mature for exploration of oil and gas, and the gas volume left to be discovered in conventional traps is insignificant compared to what has been found already. The total portfolio of conventional prospects held by the industry contains several 100s of billions of cubic metres (bcm), as reported by the Ministry of Economic Affairs, but many of these prospects are unattractive to drill because of their small size or other geologically unfavourable aspects. Hence, for planning purposes of future national gas production the risk should be taken into account that the size of the conventional portfolio is overestimated. The major E&P companies have reduced their exploration efforts and the number of wells drilled as well as the size and total volume of discovered gas reserves has seen a steady decline over the last 10 years. Some surprises may still be in store and can occasionally add a welcome addition of gas. But the follow-up potential of new play and trapping concepts has been disappointing for many years now, and it is concluded that this is unlikely to be different in the future. Remaining conventional discoveries will mainly be in small near-field targets that as a result of technological advances made in the last few decades can be drilled with high confidence, despite their small volumes.This leaves the so-called unconventional gas (UG) resources for a real and significant increase in the exploration potential of the Netherlands. UG resources occur outside conventional structural or stratigraphic traps in tight (low permeability) rocks and are of regional or sub-regional extent, without well-defined hydrocarbon-water contacts. The potential for Basin Centred Gas, Shale Gas and Coal Bed Methane is reviewed. As, according to present-day technology, development of UG requires very dense drilling at low costs with well spacing of a few 100s of metres, only the onshore potential can be commercial, even in the longer term.Recent geological uplift is a characteristic for all North American commercial UG developments. Uplift helps bringing the resources close to the surface and facilitates development of fractures, which are essential for achieving commercial flow rates. This significantly reduces the area where commercial UG resources may occur in the Netherlands. In addition, sweet spots, where commercial flow rates and ultimate recovery per well can be achieved, represent only a fraction of the total ‘play area’. The UG plays in the Dutch subsurface remain to be proven, and there is still a significant technical risk associated with these plays, on top of the commercial risk. Therefore, despite potentially enormous in-place gas volumes in these unconventional plays, recoverable volumes are much less. If UG resources can be proven and are commercially developable, their cumulative volume potential is estimated by us in the order of a few tens to one or two hundreds bcm of recoverable gas at best. Finally, as UG resources produce at very low rates and require large numbers of wells to develop, the environmental impact in a densely populated country like the Netherlands is enormous, and needs to be seriously considered, already in the exploration phase.In a mature area like the Netherlands, industry focus should be on technology development to reduce risk, increase recovery, reduce cost and minimize surface impact. Cooperation between Operators to build multi-well campaigns is therefore strongly recommended to reduce mobilisation cost. In addition, government incentives should be targeted at the development phase, in order to increase economic attractiveness for difficult reservoirs, both conventional and unconventional. In this way State and industry will both be able to maximize their returns on the remaining potential for gas and oil in the next two to three decades.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Environmental aspects of Oil well drilling"
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Dudo, Anthony David. "An environmental controversy how newspapers framed coverage of the Bush administration's proposal to drill for oil and gas in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (Alaska) /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file 0.65Mb., 129 p, 2005. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1428181.
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Havens, David Loran. "Assessment of Sediment Runoff from Natural Gas Well Development Sites." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3665/.
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Storm water sediment runoff from disturbed landscapes has the potential to impair aquatic environments. Small construction sites of 1-5 acres in the United States are currently regulated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency to minimize storm water runoff damages to the environment. Gas well construction sites are similar to other construction sites in how the landscape is altered, but are not similarly regulated. This study identified sediment runoff from gas well development sites by collecting it in traps and weirs, and by measuring sediment debris lobes. Sediment primarily consisted of silt and clay sized particles. Sediments from two gas well sites formed five debris lobes that ranged in size from 325 to 3,290 square feet. Sediment loadings estimated from the debris lobes averaged 57.1 tons per year/acre. Future studies should focus on further quantification of sediment movement off of gas well sites and identify effective erosion control methods.
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Bayagbon, Anthony Mamurhomu. "Impact assessment of the environmental protection policies in the upstream oil industry in Nigeria / A.M. Bayagbon." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/6276.
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The need for energy and the associated economic benefits from the oil and gas deposits found mainly in
the Niger Delta region of Nigeria necessitated the exploration and exploitation activities being carried
out by the oil and gas Companies. However, these exploration and exploitation activities due to their
unpredictable nature have a huge potential for environmental pollution as been experienced in the form
of oil spills, gas flaring, irresponsible disposal of waste and several other activities that have resulted in
the environmental degradation of the Niger Delta region.
In the light of these, the Federal Government of Nigeria having experienced the consequences of
pollution of the environment during the Koko Toxic Waste Dump incident in the then Bendel State in
1987 established a regulatory body tasked with the responsibility of harmonizing the economic interest
from the oil and gas exploration and exploitation activities with the sustainability of the natural
environment by developing well structured and articulated policies aimed at guiding the operations of
the oil and gas operators, track their compliance and administer appropriate punitive measures for non
compliance.
However, this research work which is aimed at evaluating the impact of the environmental protection
policies in upstream oil and gas activities in the Niger Delta region, involved the use of questionnaires
and interviews. These questionnaires were completed by the management and staff of three major oil
and gas companies operating within the area, the Department of Petroleum Resources and members of
the Host communities. The interview was carried out to provide relevant feedback on their assessment
of the impact made by the environmental protection policies on the upstream oil and gas activities in
their operational areas/host communities.
The study however concluded that “Although there is a regulatory body tasked with the responsibility to
develop, implement and track compliance of the environmental protection policies in the upstream oil
industry, the body is ineffective and as such the impact of the environmental protection policies is
inadequate.
Appropriate informed recommendations on the improvement strategies to the identified gaps that
resulted in the unfavorable conditions were also provided.Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011
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Albertus, Randal Marius Colin. "Ecotoxicity and environmental fate of diesel and diesel blends produced by Sasol’s Fischer-Tropsch processes using natural gas and coal as feedstock as well as biodiesel and biodiesel blends." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71807.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: World crude oil demand and production is set to increase in the long term and is projected to increase from 82 barrels per day in 2007 to an estimated 104 million barrels per day in 2030 according to the International Energy Agency. The environmental challenges posed by the current and projected increased future fuel use, with specific reference to air, aquatic and terrestrial impact, are driving producers and legislators to change fuel specifications and consequently fuel properties to be less harmful to the environment. Traditionally transportation fuels are produced through crude oil refining but in South Africa more than one third of the liquid fuels are produced synthetically through catalytic conversion of gassified coal via the Fischer-Tropsch process by Sasol. Diesel from syncrude is referred to as synthetic diesel and the refiner must blend various hydrocarbon streams, effectively tailoring the diesel to its final composition. Biodiesel from renewable sources like vegetable oils is considered environmentally more acceptable than petrodiesel because of its high biodegradability in the environment, lower sulphur and aromatic hydrocarbon content as well as lowered particulate content in the exhaust emissions. The present research was aimed at evaluating whether the composition of diesels derived from different feed stocks, that included coal, natural gas, crude oil and soybean oil, would influence its biodegradability and ecotoxicity. Acute aquatic tests that included freshwater fish, crustaceans, algae and marine bacteria were used to determine the acute toxicity of diesels. In addition, quantitative structure activity relationship models were used to estimate the biodegradation and ecotoxicity properties of the diesels in an attempt to develop a cost effective tool to determine those properties. The results indicated that the 2-D GC technique quantitatively and qualitatively identified the hydrocarbon constituents in the diesels. The relevance of using the 2-D GC technique was in identifying and quantifying the hydrocarbon breakdown products and being used in a mass balance to confirm the potential biological breakdown processes of the materials used in the present study. The differences in theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD) of the different experimental diesel blends using various blending materials and biodiesel, emphasised and confirmed the importance of calculating the ThOD for the respective blending materials when measuring the biodegradation rates. Furthermore, the biodegradation hierarchy of Pitter and Chudoba (1990) in order of decreasing biodegradability: alkanes > branched alkanes > cyclo-alkanes > aromatic hydrocarbons, could be expanded to include FAME: FAME > alkanes > branched alkanes > cyclo-alkanes > aromatic hydrocarbons. The biochemical pathways identified for the biodegradation of all the diesels was enzyme-enhanced β-oxidation. The present research also indicated that biodiesel addition to crude-derived diesels to increase the density to within the current required specifications for diesels cannot be a reality in SA because of the underdeveloped biodiesel industry. To increase the density by using biodiesel to within the specification for GTL diesel, more than 27% biodiesel would be required, which is currently is not achievable from an economic perspective as well as governmental national strategy perspective. The addition of biodiesel as lubricity enhancer seems more plausible, because less than 5% would be required for petrodiesels. The results on the ecotoxicity of the diesels and diesel blends demonstrated a general lack of acute toxic effect, especially for the fish and crustaceans used during the present study. Although algal and bacterial tests showed an effect at most of the WAF loading rates, none were high enough to enable the calculation of a median effect loading rate (EL50). QSAR‟s, like EPI Suite, together with prediction models, like the Fisk Ecotoxicity Estimation Model, can be used to screen for ecotoxicity and biodegradability of hydrocarbons found in Petrodiesels. It was less applicable for the prediction of biodiesel constituents. The use of different cut-off values for the constituents of biodiesel could be developed in future research. The use of this combination enabled the present research into the potential toxicity of hydrocarbon mixtures to be conducted, especially since tests on individual constituents are impractical. QSAR‟s may provide a relatively cost-effective way to screen for potential environmental acceptability of such mixtures. The contributors to the toxicity of mixtures of hydrocarbons found in diesels were evaluated and it appears that paraffins contribute more to the overall toxicity than previously thought and aromatics less. By putting well-defined policies and incentives in place, a robust biodiesel industry could be created that will enable SA to contribute to the mitigation of the threat of climate change, to become less dependent on foreign oil and to develop rural agriculture. The key to energy security is not one solution to South Africa‟s energy needs, but a multifaceted approach to the complex subject of sustainable energy security. The end of the hydrocarbon era of energy is not in sight, at least for the near future, but soon even hydrocarbon energy in the form of coal and crude oil will have to be re-evaluated as SA‟s major energy resource for economic and energy security. In SA the potential of developing natural gas resources through fracking, nuclear, solar, wind, biological and even wastes to energy processes as well as better energy efficiency, in a balanced and diverse energy portfolio, could pave the way toward energy security in the long run.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ru-olie aanvraag en produksie wêreldwyd is besig om toe te neem en die Internasionale Energie Agentskap projekteer dat wêreld ru-olie verbruik sal toeneem van 82 vate per dag in 2007 tot „n beraamde 104 vate per dag in 2030. Die omgewings uitdagings wat huidige en toekomstige toename in brandstof verbruik, spesifiek die impak op lug gehalte, water- en grond, mag hê, is dryfvere vir produseerders en reguleerders om brandstof spesifikasies te verander om minder omgewings impak te veroorsaak. Brandstof vir vervoer doeleindes word oor die algemeen van ru-olie gemaak, maar in Suid Afrika word ongeveer „n derde van die vloeibare brandtof gemaak deur middel van gekatiliseerde omskakeling van vergasde steenkool via die Fischer-Tropsch proses by Sasol. Diesel wat uit sintetiese ru-olie gemaak is, is sinteties en die raffineerder moet verskillende koolwaterstof strome meng om „n finale produk te lewer. Biodiesel wat uit hernubare hulpbronne soos plant-olies en diervet gemaak word, kan oorweeg word vir die vervaardiging van meer omgewings aanvaarbare brandstof met laer swael en aromatiese koolwaterstof inhoud en ook minder partikel inhoud in die uitlaatgas. Die huidige navorsing het beoog om te evalueer of die samestelling van diesels wat vervaardig is uit verskillende hulpbronne, wat steenkool, aardgas, ru-olie en sojaboon olie ingesluit het, die biodegradeerbaarheid en ekotoksisiteit kan beïnvloed. Akute akwatiese toetse wat varswater vis, krustaseë, alge en marine bakterieë ingesluit het, was aangewend om die akute toksisiteit van die diesels te bepaal. Kwantitatiewe struktuur aktiwiteit verwantskaps modelle is ook gebruik om die biodegradeerbaarheid en ekotoksisiteits eienskappe van die diesels te beraam om vas te stel of 'n bekostigbare alternatief beskikbaar is om daardie eienskappe te bepaal. Die resultate het aangedui dat die 2D GC tegniek kwantitatief en kwalitatief gebruik kan word om die koolwaterstowwe in die diesels te identifiseer. Die benutting van die 2D GC tegnieke is egter om die koolwaterstof afbraak produkte te identifiseer en ook om die massa balans gedurende die biodegradering te bevestig. Die verskil in teoretiese suurstof aanvraag van die verskillende diesels het die belangrikheid daarvan blemtoon en bevestig om die teoretiese suurstof aanvraag korrek te bereken en sodoende die biodegradasie korrek te bepaal. Verder kan die biodegradasie hierargie van Pitter en Chudoba (1990) volgens afnemende biodegradasie: alkane > vertakte alkane > siklo-alkane > aromatiese koolwaterstowwe, uitgebrei word om vetsuur-metielesters in te sluit: vetsuur-metielesters > alkane > vertakte alkane > siklo-alkane > aromatiese koolwaterstowwe. Die biochemiese roetes wat geïdentifiseer is vir die biodegradasie van die diesels, was ensiem-verbeterde β-oksidasie. Die huidige navorsing het ook aangedui dat biodiesel toevoeging tot ru-olie vervaardigde diesel om die digtheid te verhoog to binne huidige spesifikasies is nog nie lewensvatbaar in Suid Afrika nie as gevolg van die onderontwikkelde biodiesel industrie. Om die digtheid te verhoog met biodiesel tot binne spesifikasie verg meer as 27% biodiesel en is huidiglik nie haalbaar vanuit 'n ekonomiese persketief en ook nie vanuit 'n regerings nasionale strategie perspektief nie. Die toevoeging van biodiesel as lubrisiteits vervetering blyk meer van toepassing te wees aangesien minder as 5% biodiesel toevoeging benodig sou wees. Die resultate van die ekotoksisiteits toetse het 'n algemene gebrek aan akute toksisiteits effek aangedui, veral vir vis en skaaldiere wat in die huidige studie gebruik is. Howel alge en bakteriële toetse daarop gedui het dat 'n toksiese effek wel aanwesig was, was dit gering en kon die median effektiewe ladings koers (EL50) nie bepaal word nie. QSARs, soos Epi Suite, tesame met voospellings modelle, soos die Fisk Ecotoxicity Estimation Model, kan gebruik word om ekotoksisiteit en biodegradeerbaarheid van koolwaterstowwe in petrodiesels te beraam, alhoewel dit minder van toepassing was op biodiesel. Die gebruik van ander afsny waardes spesifiek vir biodiesel kan oorweeg word in toekomstige navorsing. Die molecules wat bygedra het tot die toksisiteit van die koolwaterstof mengsels was geëvalueeren daar is gevind dat die paraffiniese molekules meer begedra het tot die totale toksisiteit en die aromate minder. Deur goed gedefinieerde beleid en aansporings meganismes inplek te sit, kan 'n biodiesel industrie in SA geskep word wat SA sal help om by te dra tot die bekamping van klimaats vendering en sodoende minder afhanklik te wees van buitelandse olie en ook landbou in SA te bevorder. Die sluetel tot energie sekuriteit is nie een oplossing vir SA se energie aanvraag nie, maar eerder 'n veelsydige benadering tot die komplekse onderwerp van volhoubare energie sekuriteit. Die einde van koolwaterstof energie is nog nie in sig nie, ten miste nie in die nabye toekoms nie, maar binnekort sal selfs koolwaterstof energie in die vorm van steenkool en ru-olie heroorweeg moet word as SA se hoof energie hulpbronne vir ekonomiese en energie sekuriteit. In SA moet die potensiaal van natuurlike gas ontginning deur middel van hidrauliese breking, kernkrag, wind energie, biologiese energie en selfs afval tot energie prosesse bestudeer word, so-ook beter energie doeltreffendheid om sodoende 'n gebalansweerde energie portefuelje te skep wat die weg sal baan na energie sekuriteit op die lang termyn.
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Wachal, David J. "Characterizing Storm Water Runoff from Natural Gas Well Sites in Denton County, Texas." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2008. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc11064/.
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In order to better understand runoff characteristics from natural gas well sites in north central Texas, the City of Denton, with assistance through an EPA funded 104b3 Water Quality Cooperative Agreement, monitored storm water runoff from local natural gas well sites. Storm water runoff was found to contain high concentrations of total suspended solids (TSS). Observed TSS concentrations resulted in sediment loading rates that are similar to those observed from typical construction activities. Petroleum hydrocarbons, in contrast, were rarely detected in runoff samples. Heavy metals were detected in concentrations similar to those observed in typical urban runoff. However, the concentrations observed at the gas well sites were higher than those measured at nearby reference sites. Storm water runoff data collected from these sites were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the water erosion prediction project (WEPP) model for predicting runoff and sediment from these sites. Runoff and sediment predictions were adequate; however, rainfall simulation experiments were used to further characterize the portion of the site where drilling and extraction operations are performed, referred to as the "pad site." These experiments were used to develop specific pad site erosion parameters for the WEPP model. Finally, version 2 of the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE 2.0) was used to evaluate the efficiency of best management practices (BMPs) for natural gas well sites. BMP efficiency ratings, which ranged from 52 to 93%, were also evaluated in the context of site management goals and implementation cost, demonstrating a practical approach for managing soil loss and understanding the importance of selecting appropriate site-specific BMPs.
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Graham, Garrett. ""Don't Frack with Denton"." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2017. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc984171/.
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Don't Frack With Denton chronicles the ground-breaking movement to ban hydraulic fracturing in the city of Denton, Texas by combining observational location shooting with extensive sit-down interviews and carefully negotiated subject-filmmaker relationships to create a safe and comfortable space for thoughtful reflection and criticism of a complex social movement who's activities span several years and many individuals. The result is a long-form documentary that is unapologetically in solidarity with this movement's goals while simultaneously maintaining enough editorial independence and critical distance to allow the activists themselves to honestly evaluate their decision-making, tactics and interpersonal relationships in ways that will provide insight and instruction to similar movements around the country and the world.
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Standlea, David M. 1956. "Prophets vs profits : a globalist clash of worldviews in Alaska's oil wars." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/11824.
Full textBooks on the topic "Environmental aspects of Oil well drilling"
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Abzug, Malcolm J. Palisades oil: A community battles over oil drilling. Pacific Palisades, Calif: M.J. Abzug, 1991.
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Environmental Studies Research Funds (Canada) and L.G.L. Limited, Environmental Research Associates., eds. Environmental effects monitoring for exploration drilling. [Calgary]: Environmental Studies Research Funds, 2004.
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International, Conference on Drilling Wastes (1988 Calgary Alta). Drilling wastes. London: Elsevier Applied Science, 1989.
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Investigations, United States Congress House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs Subcommittee on General Oversight and. Relationship between offshore oil drilling and the proposed Pacific Palisades onshore drilling project: Oversight hearing before the Subcommittee on General Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, second session ... hearing held in Santa Monica, CA, October 24, 1988. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.
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Kretzmann, Steve. Drilling to the ends of the earth. San Francisco: Rainforest Action Network, 1998.
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United States. Minerals Management Service. Alaska OCS Region. Proposed Norton Basin lease sale 100: Final environmental impact statement. [Anchorage, Alaska]: The Region, 1985.
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United States. Minerals Management Service. Alaska OCS Region. Proposed Norton Basin lease sale 100: Final environmental impact statement. [Anchorage, Alaska]: The Region, 1985.
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Area, United States Bureau of Land Management Pinedale Resource. Enron Burly development well no. 58-18D finding of no significant impact and decision record. [Pinedale, Wyo.] (P.O. Box 768, Pinedale 82941-0768): U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Rock Springs District Office, Pinedale Resource Area, 1996.
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United States. Bureau of Land Management. Great Falls Resource Area. Draft: Blackleaf environmental impact statement. [Great Falls, Mont.]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Lewistown District Office, Great Falls Resource Area, 1990.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Environmental aspects of Oil well drilling"
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Aarushi, Akshi Kunwar Singh, and V. Venkata Krishnakanth. "A Review on Onshore Drilling for Oil and Gas Production with Its Safety Barriers and Well Control Methods." In Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences, 29–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79065-3_3.
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Levashov, S., N. Yakymchuk, I. Korchagin, and D. Bozhezha. "Application of Frequency-Resonance Method of Satellite Images Processing for the Oil and Gas Potential Assessment of “Onisiforos West-1” Well Drilling Site in the Mediterranean Sea." In Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences, 187–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97670-9_22.
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Emery, K. O., and David Neev. "Introduction." In The Destruction of Sodom, Gomorrah, and Jericho. Oxford University Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195090949.003.0004.
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The thrilling biblical saga of Sodom and Gomorrah leaves a deep impression on the spirit of its readers, especially the young. Basic ethical concepts such as right and wrong were dramatically portrayed by that simple and cruel, yet humane, story. Memories of even more ancient disastrous geological events apparently were interwoven into the saga. A geologist cannot remain indifferent when investigating the Dead Sea region and observing stratigraphical and structural evidence of past and continuing similar events. Forceful dynamics indicated by vertically tilted beds of rocksalt layers that have penetrated upward through the ground and by later processes that have shaped some beds into pillars trigger association with the ancient story. Such features are abundant and clearly recognizable along the foot of the diapiric structure of Mount Sedom (Arabic Jebel Usdum). A gas blowout during the drilling of a water well near the Amazyahu fault in 1957 only by good luck failed to produce a gush of fire and smoke. Such an event could have happened in ancient times as a natural result of faulting. Knowledge of the regional geological background permits translation of the biblical descriptions into scientific terms, which suggests that the sagas of Sodom, Gomorrah, and Jericho described real events that occurred during ancient times before much was known about geology. Thirty-five years of the authors' professional experience in the Dead Sea region encompasses many geological aspects of the basin: deep and shallow stratigraphy, structural history, seismology, sedimentological processes, and the physical and chemical properties of the water. Archaeological studies in the region are reviewed. Although most of these studies are applicable to exploration for oil and gas or extraction of salts from brines, their results illuminate the role of changing paleogeography and paleolimnology on human environments. Climate changes and lake-level fluctuations have occurred since Mid-Pleistocene, especially during the past 50,000 years. Studies of sediments from shallow core holes delimit coastal areas that when exposed by drops in the level of the Dead Sea, quickly developed soils that could be used for agriculture.
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Dauvergne, Peter. "Mindbombing the Wealthy." In Environmentalism of the Rich. The MIT Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262034951.003.0010.
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Despite the dangers and risks, as this chapter demonstrates some international NGOs are continuing to challenge oil, mining, and timber companies with confrontational, direct-action campaigns. Chapter 10 opens with the story of the Greenpeace campaign against oil drilling in the Arctic, once again demonstrating the courage and conviction of “eco-warriors,” to use the phrase of Greenpeace founder Bob Hunter. Yet, as this chapter also reveals, Greenpeace is increasingly turning to social media activism, employing humorous videos to call on consumers to boycott well-known brands, such as Kit Kat, Barbie, and Head & Shoulders. In response, some brand manufacturers and retailers, including Nestlé, Mattel, and Procter & Gamble, have discontinued contracts with a few suppliers (such as ones caught clearing tropical forests to produce cardboard or grow oil palm). What Greenpeace is telling consumers is a “victory,” however – such as getting Mattel to package Barbie in a different box – is revealing of how limited eco-consumerism is as a force of global environmental reform.
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Orvell, Miles. "Framing the Postmodern Waste Land." In Empire of Ruins, 179–92. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190491604.003.0007.
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The “Postmodern Waste Land” explores the way mining operations and other industrial processes have affected the Earth’s surface, leaving scarred mountainsides, polluted rivers, and residual poisons that will remain in the earth for centuries. Superfund sites are the subject of David T. Hanson’s photographic surveys, while Edward Burtynsky has dramatized the way the wilderness has been destroyed through oil drilling and mining. The earlier history of ecological photography is covered as well, through a discussion of the opposing strategies of mid-twentieth century environmental photography—on one hand, the representation of the exploited landscape, and on the other hand the celebration of the natural world, as in photographs of Ansel Adams.
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Kumar, Ashok, Kaman Singh, and Satya Prakash Gupta. "Application of Cellulose Derivatives in Mineral Processing." In Cellulose [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97127.
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Cellulose derivatives (CDs) have been recognized as an anionic water-soluble, non-toxic, biocompatible and biodegradable polysaccharide. The CDs have been used as a viscosity regulator, thickening agent, sizing agent and coating agent and emulsion stabilizer, electrode binder in various industries. These characteristics properties of CDs are associated with hydroxyl groups/functionalized groups present in their structure. The CDs have significant advantages in various fields including several industrial applications such as mineral processing, palletisation process, oil drilling industrial applications due to their non-toxic and selective properties. Moreover, The CDs have been extensively used as a depressant, dispersant as well as flocculants in mineral processing from various ores. During the mineral processing like flotation of sulfide minerals highly toxic inorganic species were used as dispersant and depressant which ultimately cases environmental toxicity. Therefore, there is a current need to introduce CDs as various alternative nontoxic dispersant and flocculants. This chapter emphasized an overview of the application of CDs in mineral processing including the structure, properties of the commonly used minerals processing.
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Hussaini Jagaba, Ahmad, Shamsul Rahman Mohamed Kutty, Gasim Hayder Ahmed Salih, Azmatullah Noor, Mohammad Fakhuma Ubaidillah bin Md Hafiz, Nura Shehu Aliyu Yaro, Anwar Ameen Hezam Saeed, Ibrahim Mohammed Lawal, Abdullahi Haruna Birniwa, and Abdullahi Usman Kilaco. "Palm Oil Clinker as a Waste by-Product: Utilization and Circular Economy Potential." In Elaeis guineensis [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97312.
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Conservation of natural resources to create ecological balance could be significantly improved by substituting them with waste by-products. Palm oil industry operations increases annually, thereby generating huge quantity of waste to be dumped into the landfill. Palm oil clinker (POC) is a solid waste by-product produced in one of the oil palm processing phases. This chapter is designed to highlight the generation, disposal problems, properties and composition of POC. The waste to resource potentials of POC would be greatly discussed in the chapter starting with the application of POC in conventional and geopolymer structural elements such as beams, slabs, columns made of either concrete, mortar or paste for coarse aggregates, sand and cement replacement. Aspects such as performance of POC in wastewater treatment processes, fine aggregate and cement replacement in asphaltic and bituminous mixtures during highway construction, a bio-filler in coatings for steel manufacturing processes and a catalyst during energy generation would also be discussed. Circular economy potentials, risk assessment and leaching behavior during POC utilization would be evaluated. The chapter also discusses the effectiveness of POC in soil stabilization and the effect of POC pretreatment for performance enhancement. Towards an efficient utilization, it is important to carry out technical and economic studies, as well as life cycle assessments, in order to compare all the POC areas of application described in the present review article. POC powder has proven to be pozzolanic with maximum values of 17, 53.7, 0.92, 3.87, 1.46, for CaO, SiO2, SO3, Fe2O3 and Al2O3. Therefore, the present chapter would inspire researchers to find research gaps that will aid the sustainable use of agroindustry wastes. The fundamental knowledge contained in the chapter could also serve as a wake-up call for researchers that will motivate them to explore the high potential of utilizing POC for greater environmental benefits associated with less cost when compared with conventional materials.
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Kamarulzaman, Nitty Hirawaty, and Richard W. Eglese. "Managing Purchasing with Different E-Procurement Solutions." In Optimization of Supply Chain Management in Contemporary Organizations, 246–79. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8228-3.ch010.
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Increased demand from the market to carry out rapid business transactions has led many companies to seek to improve their regular business transactions. The progressive development of the internet in establishing a variety of electronic marketplaces has facilitated companies to move towards applying e-procurement technologies. This indirectly increases the competitiveness of companies due to well managed purchasing activities using e-procurement technologies. The strategic decision by the top management in implementing e-procurement technologies is mainly concentrated on managing the supply of external resources and preferred to focus on the implementation of green supply chain activities to increase the environmental performance with e-procurement technologies. With the spread of internet technologies, which led to changes in business strategy and its uses, companies will be provided with a digital platform for online business transactions. Therefore, business through electronic media (e-media) have the potential and power to transform business transactions and business relationships. E-procurement became the most important strategy for the business to purchase or procure goods or materials from global suppliers. Despite the claims on usability of e-procurement technologies, some companies however show little interest in applying e-procurement technologies because of the difficulty the companies to perform purchasing activities and other key aspects that influence the companies to exploit the technologies. As a major contributor to the growth of the agriculture sector, the Malaysia Palm Oil Industry (MPOI) should explore the potential of e-procurement and other relevant technologies to be exploited in the industry and enhance its competitiveness. The information on the applicability of e-procurement technologies for different types of materials at different stages of the industry supply chain will assist the industry players to achieve efficient purchasing activities. Hence, in this chapter the case study discussed will provide relevant e-procurement solutions with respect to the MPOI and will provide comprehensive purchasing activities of different types of products along the supply chain through e-procurement technologies.
Conference papers on the topic "Environmental aspects of Oil well drilling"
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Alkhalifah, Mohammed, and Rabih Younes. "Well Cleanup Utilizing Smart Well Completion and Zero Flaring Technology." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206246-ms.
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Abstract In an oil field, openhole multilateral maximum reservoir contact (MRC) wells are drilled. These wells are typically equipped with smart well completion technologies consisting of inflow control valves and permanent downhole monitoring systems. Conventional flowback techniques consisted of flowing back the well to atmosphere while burning the hydrocarbon and drilling fluids brought to surface. In an age of economic, environmental and safety consciousness, all practices in the petroleum industry are being examined closely. As such, the conventional method of flowing back wells is frowned upon from all aspects. This gives rise to the challenge of flowing back wells in an economic manner without compromising safety and the environment; all the while ensuring excellent well deliverability. By utilizing subsurface smart well completion inflow control valves, individual laterals are flowed to a separator system whereby solid drill cuttings are captured and discharged using a solids management system. Hydrocarbons are separated using a separation vessel and measured before being sent to the production line toward the field separation facility. Permanent downhole monitoring systems are used to monitor pressure drawdown and subsequently control the rate of flow to surface to ensure reservoir integrity. Following the completion of the solids and drilling fluid flowback from the wellbore, comprehensive multi-rate measurements at different choke settings are obtained to quantify the well performance. This paper looks at the economic and environmental improvements of the adopted zero flaring cleanup technology and smart well completions flowback techniques in comparison to conventional flowback methods. This ensures that oil is being recovered during well flowback and lateral contribution to overall flow in multilateral wells. In addition, it highlights the lessons learned and key best practices implemented during the cleanup operation to complete the job in a safe and efficient manner. This technique tends to set a roadmap for a better well flowback that fulfills economic constrains and protects the environment.
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Ribeiro, Paulo R., and Otto L. A. Santos. "Well Control Research and Development." In ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2012-84032.
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Well control has been an inexhaustible source of research/development/innovation for the past four decades due to its impact in oil and gas exploration and production. Such an importance is based on three pillars: i) human safety, ii) environmental protection, and iii) economic issues. Macondo incident has proved that continuing development of the subject is an issue to be tackled by oil companies to preserve and also rebuild their image to society. One of the most important aspects of well control is the development of kick simulators capable of handling increasing complexity of well geometry (diameters and trajectory), drilling fluids (synthetic drilling fluid), well location (land and offshore) and wellbore conditions (increasing pressure and temperature severity with depth). Such simulators have the following missions: i) to help the drilling engineer to make decisions during well control procedures and kick situations, ii) to provide personnel training and certification and iii) to guarantee a better understanding and interpretation of field observations. The main objectives of the present work are three-fold: i) to present an overview of the evolution of kick modeling and simulation over the years, ii) to focus on the R&D efforts of the joint work of academia and industry to build a well control model to handle deep and ultra-deepwater drilling challenges and iii) to present a software based on that model to assist drilling engineers during well control operations. Experimental data has been based on PVT measurements of gas and synthetic drilling fluid mixtures under HPHT conditions. Phase behavior modeling has proved to be a very important issue to be taken into account in the two-phase flow model that represents the kick circulation process. The current work presents the results of the interaction of experimental lab work and numerical modeling to develop a kick simulator to handle complex drilling scenarios to assist drilling personnel in well control operations.
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Naharindra, Adhi, Mohd Hisham Abd Hamid, A. Ghafar A Halim, Sarah M Affandi, W. M. W Ibrahim, Ahmad Fadhli Ismail, Nurul Nadia Abu Bakar, et al. "Application of Tubing Stem Test as Alternative Low-Cost Solution for Dynamic Reservoir Evaluation: Case Study from Appraisal Well in Offshore Malaysia." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-21834-ms.
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Abstract This paper demonstrate a unique combination of techniques and equipment that enabled dynamic reservoir evaluation process using simplified Drill Stem Test (DST) string and completion accessories. The well testing was conducted on a shallow slanted offshore well, drilled into faulted reservoirs with multilayer and complex fluids environment. Key technical challenges to perform well testing includes designing a custom DST string to cater for the multilayer reservoir and articulating a surface well testing equipment that capable of efficient separation to ensure safe and environmental friendly disposal while having accurate flowrate measurements, to deliver good interpretable data given that the uncertainty and complexity of the formation and the well itself. During drilling campaign, contingency plan to mitigate against losses was implemented which had a significant impact on the well testing program. As such, uncertainty-based well test design and interpretation methodology was used to address this and to achieve well objectives. This involved numerical model analysis considering reservoir uncertainties and their interaction with each other, to identify which parameters can be interpret confidently and to indicate the test duration for the well testing program. Since the area is nearby to producing fields, several cases model based on reservoir pressure regime was also constructed during the design stage to tolerate flexibilities for the decision tree. The well testing was successfully conducted result from integrated approach to well test design and realtime data support throughout the operation along with innovative DST string design, customize completion accessories for multiple zones testing and adaptive intervention tools for highly deviated well. Matching with nearby wells were also conducted during monitoring to predict future pressure behaviour which allow for the duration of final build-up to be optimized. Given that Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) is the top of priority, an important aspect of the surface well testing package was the water treatment equipment to treat the produced water from reservoir before being discharge in order to guarantee safe environmental disposal. The well was successfully test at maximum flowrate 2,000bpd of oil and 20MMscf/d of gas with traces of produced water. Data gathered thru the Tubing Stem Test (TST) can used to interpret reservoir parameters and all the well testing objectives were successfully achieved despite the many challenges encountered during the drilling campaign and design stage. The end results may contradict traditional testing methods for pressure transient analysis, but hopefully this paper might create the opportunity to replicate TST as quick and effective reservoir evaluation in other parts of the world.
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Hadi, Sriyanta, M. Junaida Hoodi, Sing Tat Ting, Setia Dana, and Sabestiano Mike Atet. "Water Injection Operation Readiness of BB Field Redevelopment." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-21788-ms.
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Abstract BB field complex redevelopment is an integrated development under PETRONAS Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) project. BB fields are producing fields operated by PETRONAS Carigali Sendirian Berhad (PCSB). The BB fields redevelopment is a project to redevelop both B1 and B2 fields and to enable EOR implementation in the B1 field. The B1 redevelopment includes the EOR implementation through immiscible water alternating gas (IWAG), infill drilling, and safeguarding of no further activity (NFA) production. The B1 redevelopment also incorporates some provisions for the B2 field to secure gas supply for B1 IWAG. The B2 redevelopment focuses on safeguarding B2 NFA production. The redevelopment consists of three main elements, 1) EOR IWAG that involves injector well drilling at a new IWAG injection wellhead platform, 2) infill drilling at existing platforms and 3) safeguarding of NFA. Surface facilities scope includes installing a new Central Processing Platform (CPP) for B1 field, wellhead platforms, and intra-field pipelines. The CPP includes 60 kbpd water injection plant capacity, gas compression, gas-liquid separation, and produced water treatment. Modification in the B2 field is to flow gas from the B2 field to the B1 field. Operational readiness is crucial to ensure that the integrated project is executed smoothly. Two cases for changes are new technology deployment for water injection module (WIM) and people capability. It is a big challenge to achieve an effective start-up with minimum delay. There are some important aspects considered includes operation philosophy, Health Safety and Environment (HSE), and collaborative working environment (CWE) implementation. It is important to ensure improving oil recovery through infill and IWAG. Best practices in operation readiness of an integrated project that have many challenges that include process, people, and technology. These best practices may be replicated in any other projects by other companies/operators.
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Kakade, Rachel Gajanan, and Pawandeep Singh Bagga. "Remote Operations: The New Norm." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-21802-ms.
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Abstract In recent years, we have seen some refined drilling technologies crop up all over the world. These have given rise to implementation of remote centers to work on real time decision making with the wells. While drilling is in process, there are technologies that enable real time transmission of data and voice to and from remote sites, helping in real time intelligent commands and responses. It is hence now possible to form a single team of experts to monitor and control drilling operations. The development of remote operations in the oil and gas industry has evolved over years starting 2004 at different speeds in different regions of the world. For example, it took longer to reach the US land market because of resistance to change at the rig site. The decrease in oil prices in 2014 however, pushed remote operations into existence to reduce cost. Due to challenges such as either oilfield culture, company strategy, human factor, legal factor etc., it was not exactly the "norm". Fast forward to 2020 when the Covid-19 pandemic hit the oil industry into another slump, service companies have been pushed into the remote operations world. To learn with the times, this may be the new norm and maybe an excellent one. Many service companies have successfully performed operations wells globally increasing not only the efficiency of wellsite operations but also contributing to cost optimization and safety. During implementation, it is observed that remote operations are less a technical challenge, and more a value challenge requiring confidence from all stakeholders. In terms of drilling and operational efficiency, the results observed globally are significant, with fewer trips for M/LWD failure, as well as significant reductions in M/LWD NPT while drilling. This paper discusses the implementation of remote operations at global scale, lesson learnt on day-to-day basis, optimization opportunities, business workflow, positives such as business continuity, safety aspect and last but not the least, the environmental impact. The paper also talks of changes and effects of Covid-19 Pandemic on these operations. Remote operations prepare us well for such pandemic and it may be the safer way to operate now on. Also discussed are the keys to successful remote operations and various examples of remote operations establishments throughout the globe. Lastly a SWOT analysis is done to conclude how remote operations will help operators to add more value to operations and show that remote operations is the new future.
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Abreu, Danilo T. M. P., Carlos H. B. Morais, Joaquim Santos, Danilo Colombo, and Marcelo R. Martins. "Well Integrity: Preliminary Risk Analysis for Different Well Life Cycle Phases." In ASME 2019 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2019-96280.
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Abstract The life cycle of an oil well contains several phases, such as design, construction (drilling, completion and evaluation), production, intervention and abandonment. Moreover, each phase includes its particular operational modes (e.g., in the intervention phase there are wireline and coiled tubing operations). One of the main concerns during each phase refers to the risk of uncontrolled hydrocarbon flow to the environment, which is mitigated by measures that ensure well integrity through the use of well barriers. In this sense, the concept of two independent well barriers, reinforced by standards such as NORSOK D-010, leads the efforts in the industry, but does not clearly addresses the risks. A failure in the well barrier elements leads to undesired events involving oil flow to the environment, damages to equipment and personnel loses. However a full comprehension of how these events contribute to the risk should take into account factors regarding the operational conditions. For instance, when the wellbore is exposed, an influx of hydrocarbons tends to release a biggest amount of oil to the environment than when the completion is installed. Additionally, older wells tend to sustain a smaller pressure when compared to other wells in the beginning of their life cycles — what also impacts on the consequences of undesired hydrocarbon flows. Nonetheless, these accidents should be pondered by their probability of occurrence for a full addressment of the risk. In order to contribute to a risk-oriented view of issues related to well integrity, this work presents a customized Preliminary Risk Analysis framework. The simultaneous combination of well barrier elements failures constitutes the base of the analysis, which is complemented by control and monitoring measures. Hazards are also described according to their operational conditions, allowing treating this aspect separately.
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Zhang, Ming Jiang, and Wu Nian Zhang. "Critical Aspects Experienced in Drilling a World Record Extended Reach Well in South China Sea." In SPE International Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition in China. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/50876-ms.
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Patmanesan, Thanavathy, M. Solehuddin Razak, Lingges Devadass, M. Saufi M. Saleh, and Nur Asyikin Khairi. "Connecting the Dots - Creating Values in Wells Operation Through Collaboration and Innovation in Product Chemistry." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-21437-ms.
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Abstract Successful Wellbore Clean Up (WBCU) operation is one of the key aspects in delivering a high productivity well. Conventionally, in this phase, a series of surfactant and solvent pill is circulated downhole to "clean" the well. Poor job execution at this stage usually will result to tremendous amount of time to clean out the well or worst leaving the well with a "dirty" brine. Eventually this will lead to impairment in the well productivity. The Operator experienced strings of non-performance in their WBCU operation. This is reflected by extensive circulation time and poor quality of the brine downhole. Coupled with pressing low crude oil price, the Upstream business of the Operator collaborated with their Downstream counterpart to co-create their own in house, low cost and high performance WBCU chemicals. Not only that the new chemicals resolved the operational issues faced by the Operator, it also created significant values within the company itself. The paper will discuss the process and implementation of the novel WBCU materials within the Operator's operation. The performance of a WBCU surfactant is measured by its effectiveness in cleaning various types of downhole residues as fast as possible. The design of the new WBCU surfactant hinges on these criteria. In the lab, the performance of the material is measured using a "cleaning efficiency" test at different drilling fluids densities and WBCU formulations. Series of iterations were performed to determine the best chemistry for the WBCU surfactant. Finally, a field trial was conducted in one of the Operator's well, Well T-2 to gauge the product's performance in the real environment. The field trial in well T-2 was successful in achieving a cleaner brine at a rate faster than well T-1, a similar well of the same campaign. Well T-1 used a conventional surfactant and solvent product in the current market. The WBCU used in well T-2 managed to reduce the final NTU of the brine up to 45% as compared to final NTU observed in well T-1. A reduction in the operation hours up to 4 hours was also seen in well T-2. This has contributed to cost savings in rig time up to USD 75K. The successful performance delivery of the Operator's in-house products has showcased a fruitful collaboration between different workstreams within the Operator. Deep understanding in the chemistry of solvent and surfactant from the Downstream business helps to solve the pain points by the Upstream business. Insights on product performance and applications are transpired within the team to innovate a solution with better performance at lower cost. This has paves way for more opportunities in product development especially in specialty chemicals.
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Lang, Donogh W., Paul Bohan, Victor Gomes, Germain Venero, and Hugues Corrignan. "Advances in Riser Management Technology Enabling Improved Efficiency for Deepwater and Harsh Environment Drilling." In ASME 2019 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2019-96261.
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Abstract Despite the abrupt fall in crude oil prices since 2014, operators continue to explore for, and develop, oil and gas resources in some of the most challenging offshore environments. Exploration and development drilling is currently ongoing or planned in locations such as West of Shetland, offshore Eastern Canada, along Ireland’s Atlantic margin, in the South Atlantic Ocean and offshore South Africa. All these locations are characterized by the challenges of deepwater, powerful ocean currents and high seas. With the lower oil price environment, carrying out drilling operations at these locations both safely and economically requires the adoption of new digital technologies and associated processes that maximize efficiency and reduce the cost of well programs. A significant aspect of this relates to planning and execution of operations involving the marine drilling riser, which can be a major contributor to non-productive time in deepwater and harsh environment locations. This paper describes a holistic approach to addressing this challenge, which covers every phase of riser operations for the drilling program, from pre-operations global riser analysis through to post-operations assessment. The paper focuses on the technology that enables this holistic solution, with emphasis on the state-of-the-art riser management technology that is deployed on the drilling vessel. This uses an advanced finite element model of the riser, BOP stack, wellhead, conductor, casing and soil interaction as well as a detailed model of the riser tensioning system. The same model is used in both the pre-operations global drilling riser analysis phase and the operational drilling phase to ensure consistency. Incorporation of the model provides the capability to perform forecast analysis on-board the rig, allowing offshore personnel to simulate a range of operations hours and days in advance using forecast metocean conditions, thereby assessing the feasibility of critical well construction operations before they commence. Capabilities for real-time monitoring of ongoing operations, fusing sensor data with the riser model, are also described. These provide calculation of live watch circles and operating envelopes for connected-mode operations, in addition to tracking of riser joint, wellhead, conductor and casing fatigue from both wave and VIV excitation. Additionally, calibration of soil models — often a critical input to wellhead fatigue analyses — can be performed. Application of the technology is illustrated by means of a case study describing deployment on a record-breaking well in a harsh environment location. This demonstrated significant cost savings while simultaneously increasing safety and improving integrity assurance.
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Abdu, A., M. F. Naccache, and P. R. de Souza Mendes. "Effect of Rheology on Oil Well Plugging Process." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-86148.
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The process of oil well plugging is largely used in oil industry. In this process, a cement plug (higher density fluid) is placed over the drilling fluid (lower density) to seal and abandon the well. The success of the operation depends on several aspects, such as the density ratio and the rheology of the fluids. A numerical analysis of the transient flow just after the cement placement in vertical wells is performed, using Fluent software (Ansys Inc.). The conservation equations of mass and momentum are solved using the finite volume technique. The volume of fluid method is used to deal with the multiphase flow - cement / drilling fluid. Both the drilling fluid and the cement paste are viscoplastic liquids, modeled by the Herschel-Bulkley equation. The analysis of flow displacement and interface configuration between these fluids is an important tool for the process optimization. The effects of the density ratio and yield stress on the flow pattern are investigated. It is shown that the flow is highly unstable and that the above mentioned parameters strongly affect the process.
Reports on the topic "Environmental aspects of Oil well drilling"
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Edward Marks. Use of Biostratigraphy to Increase Production, Reduce Operating Costs and Risks and Reduce Environmental Concerns in Oil Well Drilling. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/921974.
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