Relevant bibliographies by topics / Environmental aspects of Organochlorine compounds

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Academic literature on the topic 'Environmental aspects of Organochlorine compounds'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Environmental aspects of Organochlorine compounds"

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Sergeyev, Oleg, Jane S. Burns, Paige L. Williams, Susan A. Korrick, Mary M. Lee, Boris Revich, and Russ Hauser. "The association of peripubertal serum concentrations of organochlorine chemicals and blood lead with growth and pubertal development in a longitudinal cohort of boys: a review of published results from the Russian Children’s Study." Reviews on Environmental Health 32, no. 1-2 (March 1, 2017): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2016-0052.

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Abstract Organochlorine chemicals and lead are environmental exposures that have endocrine disrupting properties (EDCs) which interfere with many aspects of hormone action. Childhood and adolescence are windows of susceptibility for adverse health effects of EDCs. Our ongoing study, the Russian Children’s Study (RCS), is one of the few longitudinal studies investigating the impact of EDCs on growth and puberty in boys. It is conducted in the historically contaminated city of Chapaevsk, in the Samara region. The study focuses on evaluating the associations of persistent organochlorine chemicals and lead with growth and pubertal timing. At enrollment in 2003–2005, we collected blood from 516 boys at ages 8–9 years to measure dioxins, furans, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), chlorinated pesticides and lead. At enrollment and at annual visits through the ages of 18–19 years, a physician performed physical examinations that included pubertal staging and testicular volume measurements. We review the history of Chapaevsk as a research site and summarize published RCS data on the association of peripubertal serum concentrations of organochlorines and blood lead levels with growth, pubertal onset and sexual maturity. Overall, we found that persistent organochlorines and lead negatively affected growth during puberty. Our results also suggest that total toxic equivalents (TEQs), dioxin-like compounds, organochlorine pesticides and lead may delay, while nondioxin-like-PCBs may advance, the timing of male puberty. These findings promoted remediation programs in Chapaevsk, with improvement in health indicators, resulting in Chapaevsk being designated a member of the World Health Organization (WHO) network “Healthy Cities” in 2015.
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Silva Mendonça, Gulnar Azevedo e. "Measuring exposure to organochlorinated pesticides." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 14, suppl 3 (1998): S177—S179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x1998000700018.

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Environmental epidemiological investigations in cancer remain, with rare exceptions, inconclusive. The difficulties of establishing patterns of measurements of exposure in the human body is one of the limitations of these studies. The findings of six recent epidemiological studies that analyzed the association between organochlorinated compounds and breast cancer are reviewed in considering the problems of measuring environmental exposure through biological markers. The epidemiological evidence based on these studies do not indicate a risk of breast cancer related to organochlorines. Some aspects that may partially explain this absence of risk are discussed regarding the investigation of environmental carcinogenic agents in populations with low but homogeneously sprayed levels of exposure.
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Encarnação, Telma, Alberto ACC Pais, Maria G. Campos, and Hugh D. Burrows. "Endocrine disrupting chemicals: Impact on human health, wildlife and the environment." Science Progress 102, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 3–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0036850419826802.

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Endocrine disrupting chemicals are a group of pollutants that can affect the endocrine system and lead to diseases and dysfunctions across the lifespan of organisms. They are omnipresent. They are in the air we breathe, in the food we eat and in the water we drink. They can be found in our everyday lives through personal care products, household cleaning products, furniture and in children’s toys. Every year, hundreds of new chemicals are produced and released onto the market without being tested, and they reach our bodies through everyday products. Permanent exposure to those chemicals may intensify or even become the main cause for the development of diseases such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular diseases and certain types of cancer. In recent years, legislation and regulations have been implemented, which aim to control the release of potentially adverse endocrine disrupting chemicals, often invoking the precautionary principle. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of research on environmental aspects of endocrine disrupting chemicals and their effects on human health, based on evidence from animal and human studies. Emphasis is given to three ubiquitous and persistent groups of chemicals, polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organochlorine pesticides, and on two non-persistent, but ubiquitous, bisphenol A and phthalates. Some selected historical cases are also presented and successful cases of regulation and legislation described. These led to a decrease in exposure and consequent minimization of the effects of these compounds. Recommendations from experts on this field, World Health Organization, scientific reports and from the Endocrine Society are included.
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В.Г., Ермолинский,, and Ковалева, О.П. "On the issue of achieving an optimal combination of production capacity, product quality and ecological safety of pulp and paper enterprises." Известия СПбЛТА, no. 240 (December 11, 2022): 250–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21266/2079-4304.2022.240.250-263.

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Рассмотрены практические аспекты изменения технологических параметров варки сульфатной хвойной небеленой целлюлозы применительно к условиям АО «Группа «Илим», филиал в г. Усть-Илимск, в условиях работы варочной установки непрерывного действия с превышением проектной производительности. Произведённые укрупненные технологические расчеты показали необходимость реконструкции варочно-промывного участка с целью устранения негативных последствий, к которым привело увеличение производительности установленного ранее технологического агрегата при попытке соблюдения приемлемых экологических показателей деятельности предприятия. Достижение оптимального сочетания производительности производства, качества продукции и экологичности целлюлозно-бумажного предприятия является целью любой реконструкции производства и совершенствования технологии. Работа варочной установки непрерывного действия в перегруженном режиме приводит к сокращению продолжительности технологических процессов пропитки древесной щепы и последующей сульфатной варки, вызывает проблемы с равномерностью продвижения древесной щепы в зонах варочного котла и приводит к снижению эффективности промывки полученной целлюлозы. Поскольку повышение мощности варочной установки приводит к получению жесткой целлюлозы, из которой остаточный лигнин может быть удален только при включении в технологическую схему отбелки дополнительной стадии отбелки с применением хлора, то содержание хлорорганических соединений в сточных водах варочно-промывного отдела предприятия превышает допустимые экологические нормы. Предложен вариант реконструкции варочной установки непрерывного действия, позволяющий повысить эффективность производства сульфатной целлюлозы с достижением требуемых показателей сброса загрязняющих веществ в окружающую среду. Для устранения негативных последствий работы варочной установки в условиях значительного превышения её проектной производительности необходимо дополнительно установить пропиточную колонну и увеличить зону варки за счёт опускания экстракционных сит в зону диффузионной промывки варочного котла. The article discusses the practical aspects of changing the technological parameters of cooking sulfate coniferous unbleached cellulose in relation to the conditions of «Group «Ilim», a branch in Ust-Ilimsk, in the conditions of operation of a continuous cooking plant with exceeding the design capacity. The enlarged technological calculations have shown the need for reconstruction of the cooking and washing area in order to eliminate the negative consequences, which resulted in an increase in the productivity of the previously installed technological unit while trying to comply with acceptable environmental performance indicators of the enterprise. Achieving an optimal combination of production productivity, product quality and environmental friendliness of a pulp and paper enterprise is the goal of any production reconstruction and technology improvement. The operation of the continuous cooking unit in an overloaded mode leads to a reduction in the duration of the technological processes of impregnation of wood chips and subsequent sulfate cooking, causes problems with uniformity of movement of the wood chips in the zones of the digester and leads to a decrease in the efficiency of washing the resulting pulp. Since an increase in the capacity of the cooking unit leads to the production of rigid cellulose, from which residual lignin can be removed only when an additional bleaching stage using chlorine is included in the bleaching technological scheme, the content of organochlorine compounds in the wastewater of the cooking and washing department of the enterprise exceeds permissible environmental standards. The article proposes a variant of the reconstruction of a continuous cooking plant, which allows to increase the efficiency of the production of sulfate cellulose with the achievement of the required indicators of the discharge of pollutants into the environment. To eliminate the negative consequences of the operation of the cooking unit in conditions of a significant excess of its design the capacity, it is necessary to additionally install an impregnation column and increase the cooking zone by lowering extraction sieves into the zone of diffusion washing of the digester.
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Paasivirta, Jaakko. "Organochlorine Compounds in the Environment." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 2 (February 1, 1988): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0052.

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Recent pollution by organochlorine compounds (OCs) has been found to cause ecological damage, initially by causing declining populations. Poisoning of animals having high OC levels was often found to be similar to poisoning of man and animals in dioxin accidents. Dioxin toxicity has been shown to occur from structural binding of the toxin to a cytosolic receptor, and this action has been extended to many planar and coplanar aromatic OCs which are released into the environment from pesticide uses, dumping of chlorophenol wastes, chlorobleaching of pulp, chlorodisinfection of water, and combustion of OCs or chloride-containing materials. More efficient combustion has been developed to restrict OC emissions. Recent analyses of wildlife samples have shown that certain planar or coplanar aromatic chlorohydrocarbons and ethers, instead of the notorious polychlorinated dibenzo dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), could be the most important receptor-specific environmental toxins. Despite the fact that the pollution of the aquatic ecosystem by the forest industry in many areas is decreasing due to improved processes and treatment plants, organochlorine bleaching products still appear to have importance due to harmful discharges, especially since they still cause taste problems in seafood due to the bioaccumulation of chloroanisoles and chloroveratroles.
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Tarasova, O. G., A. M. Tsvetkova, L. F. Osipov, O. M. Arsan, and N. A. Klujev. "Some Aspects of Pollution of the Danube." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0015.

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Residues of organochlorine pesticides in the Danube were studied during the 1-st International Danube Research Expedition. Some other pollutants were identified as well. The levels of organochlorine pesticide pollution have decreased significantly as compared with background levels in 1979-1980’s.
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Kožul, Darija, and SnjeŽana Romanić. "Analysis of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Organochlorine Pesticides in Pine Needles." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 58, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 461–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10004-007-0039-x.

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Analysis of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Organochlorine Pesticides in Pine NeedlesThis paper presents a review of methods for the analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in pine needles. These compounds are lipophilic, they accumulate in the biotic and abiotic part of the environment in which they are persistent, and their use is forbidden or restricted due to harmful effects on human and animal health. Pine needles are convenient for monitoring the levels of organochlorine compounds in the air because they accumulate them in wax with which they are covered. However, the presence of many other compounds makes them complex for analysis. Analytical methods for determining organochlorine compounds in pine needles include sample collection, extraction of compounds with a suitable solvent, extract clean-up from unwanted compounds and qualitative and quantitative analysis. PCBs and OCPs are present in pine needles in traces, and every part of the analytical procedure has to be as efficient and selective as possible.
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Sboev, A. S., and Christina V. Romanenko. "Analysis of the impact of organochlorine compounds contained in the water network of the domestic water supply on the health of population in cities of the Perm Krai." Hygiene and sanitation 95, no. 1 (October 28, 2019): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2016-95-1-14-17.

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The article presents the analysis of the impact of drinking water organochlorine compounds on the population health (Perm region). Results of the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk assessment for population of the city of Perm and the Perm region under the chronic oral exposure of organochlorine compounds in drinking water are presented. Real concentrations of organochlorine compounds in drinking water were determined to be potent of emerging an unacceptable risk of diseases of the digestive system, endocrine system, hormone system, excretory system, central nervous system and the blood system. According to the results of epidemiological studies there was established the statistically significant relation between the consumption of water containing organochlorine compounds and the development of diseases of the digestive system, endocrine system, central nervous system, and excretory system.
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Larsen, B., and K. Fytianos. "Organochlorine compounds and PCB congeners in contaminated sediments." Science of The Total Environment 86, no. 3 (October 1989): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(89)90289-1.

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Kolpakova, E. S., and A. V. Velyamidova. "Organochlorine compounds in subarctic small lakes." Arctic and Antarctic Research 66, no. 2 (July 10, 2020): 180–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.30758/0555-2648-2020-66-2-180-197.

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The article presents the results of studies of the environmental properties of organochlorines which differ in properties and origin, in the lake ecosystems of the Bolshezemelskaya tundra (Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Russia). The purpose of this study was to evaluate and assess the levels, distribution characteristics and composition of organochlorines in the bottom sediments of small lakes located in the Adzva river basin in Pymvashor natural boundary (the northernmost location of the exit of thermal-mineral springs of the continental Europe) and in the adjacent area, outside this unique subarctic hydrothermal zone.In order to meet this goal, multi-method (hydrochemical, geochemical, etc.) research was carried out using standard generally approved laboratory practices with their adaptation to the study goals. The quantitative content and composition of the target individual organochlorines were determined by gas chromatographic method with electron-capture detection.The presence of chlorophenol compounds and polychlorinated benzenes (including persistent organic pollutants) was shown in the lakes sediments. The influence of specific microclimatic conditions of subarctic hydrothermal system on the composition and distribution of chlorophenol compounds in lake sediments was considered. In the small lake sediment core in Pymvashor natural boundary a reducing trend in the levels of organochlorines with depth has been recorded (conditioned among other things by the lithological features of bottom sediments). The chlorophenol compounds were found at highest concentrations (619.3–765.5 ng/g) in the sediment upper layers, rich in organic matter; chlorophenol composition was represented mainly by chlorinated phenols, most likely of biotic origin. A lower concentration (185.0 ng/g) of chlorophenol compounds of predominantly abiogenic origin was determined in the lake sediments outside hydrothermal system. The presence and levels of persistent organochlorine pollutants (pentachlorophenol 0.1–2.4 ng/g; hexa- and pentachlorobenzenes 0.4–3.6 ng/g) in the lake sediments were associated with long-range atmospheric transport from various origin sources in nearby regions and low-latitude territories.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Environmental aspects of Organochlorine compounds"

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Yuan, Tao 1968. "Dechlorination of environmentally recalcitrant chlorinated aromatic compounds." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=79208.

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Chlorinated aromatic compounds are an important group of compounds. Many of them have been produced in large quantities and they are indispensable to technological and societal benefits. But regulatory agencies have tightened regulations on the use and release of chlorinated aromatic compounds because of the scientific understanding of their toxicity, persistence, behavior in the environment and their potential to cause adverse effects on the ecosystem and human health.
Pentachlorophenol (PCP), octachloronaphthalene and decachlorobiphenyl are all highly chlorinated aromatic compounds, of which, PCP has been used mainly as a biocide. Octachloronaphthalene and decachlorobiphenyl don't have practical use, but their congeners have been used widely as chemicals in industry. These compounds are toxic, recalcitrant and bio-accumulated within organisms. As the conventional treatment, incineration of these compounds can cause more serious problems, so that suitable alternatives need to be developed for their detoxification.
When compared with biodegradation or the thermal treatment of these compounds, chemical degradations have several merits. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Brogdon, Brian N. "Effects of ethanol media on chlorine dioxide and extraction stages for kraft pulp bleaching." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/7014.

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Pellegrino-Peard, Patricia L. "A review of research and literature linking breast cancer to pesticides." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1995. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1216.

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Zheng, Guanyu. "Bioremediation of organochlorine pesticides contaminated soil with microemulsions." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2011. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1245.

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Roque, Inês Margarida Ferreira. "The barn owl (Tyto alba) as a biomonitor of environmental contamination with mercury and organochlorine compounds." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/20828.

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Numerosos químicos de origem industrial e natural estão a aumentar a nível global, enquanto os seus efeitos de longo-termo permanecem desconhecidos. A coruja-da-torres é um bom bioindicador de poluição ambiental e as suas penas podem ser utilizadas como ferramentas de biomonitorização minimamente invasivas. A variação intra-individual das concentrações de mercúrio pode ser minimizada através do cálculo de uma média a partir de várias penas do indivíduo, independentemente do tipo de pena. Várias penas do mesmo ninho podem ser combinadas para obter uma melhor estimativa da contaminação no território. Penas de indivíduos atropelados são representativas da contaminação ao nível regional. Menor bioacumulação está relacionada com culturas irrigadas e paisagens agrícolas heterogéneas. O habitat parece mediar a transferências de mercúrio do solo para as presas, e da cadeia trófica até à coruja-das-torres. As penas podem ser particularmente úteis para detetar pesticidas organoclorados em desuso, que geralmente ocorrem em concentrações residuais, embora a contaminação externa deva ser avaliada; Summary: Numerous industrial and natural chemicals are increasing worldwide, while their long-term effects on wildlife and human health remain unknown. Barn owls are good biondicators of environmental pollution and their feathers may be used as minimally invasive monitoring tools. Intra-individual variation in mercury concentrations can be minimized by calculating an average from several feathers from an individual, regardless of feather type. Several feathers from the same nest may be pooled to better represent the average mercury contamination in the territory. Feathers from road-killed barn owls are representative of contamination at a regional level. Lower bioaccumulation in the barn owl is linked with irrigated crops and heterogeneous agricultural landscapes. Habitat seems to mediate the transfer of mercury from the soil to the prey, and along the food web to the barn owl. Feathers may be particularly suitable to detect legacy organochlorine pesticides which generally occur in residual concentrations, but external contamination should be assessed.
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Hoppe, Sabina, and Frida Thomsen. "Occurrence of organochlorine compounds in a forest bog at Stubbetorp, Kolmården : -Indication for a natural formation?" Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Thematic Studies, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-3321.

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Volatile organochlorine compounds emitted from natural sources can participate in environmentally relevant processes affecting life on Earth, such as stratospheric ozone destruction and warming of the troposphere. The aim of this study was to investigate if forest bogs contribute to the environmental input of naturally produced volatile organochlorine compounds. The concentrations of four different volatile organochlorine compounds were determined in ambient air, rainwater, surface water, and sub-surface water. For chloroform, up to 10-times higher concentrations were detected in the surface water compared to the sub-surface water taken at 40 cm depth. As the concentrations of chloroform in rainwater where almost in the same range as the concentrations in the sub-surface water, a formation of chloroform is suggested in the surface water. The results of this study indicate forest bogs as a possible new natural source for the input of volatile organochlorine into the environment.

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Martinez, Maria L. 1960. "Organochlorine Pesticides and Heavy Metals in Fish From the Trinity River, Texas." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1990. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500474/.

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The Trinity River passes through the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex receiving point and non-point source contaminant loadings. Lepomis spp. were collected at twelve sampling locations in the Trinity River in August 1987 and September 1988 and analyzed for organochlorine pesticides and heavy metals. Results from the study were compared to existing U.S. FDA action and tolerance levels, LC50s, and historical data. Various longitudinal trends and some concentration patterns were observed. Continual study of pesticide and metal body burdens in fish allow testing for trends, and thereby, lead to a better understanding of the distribution of contaminants in the Trinity River.
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Kabir, Anwar. "Dechlorination of chlorinated organic compounds by zero-valent and bimetallic mixture." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31246.

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Organochlorine (OC) compounds that include several pesticides as well as an array of industrial chemicals were very efficacious for their intended use but were also characterized by deleterious environmental impacts when released either intentionally or inadvertently. Their lipophilic nature, long persistence in the environment and threat to human health caused all the developed countries to ban the production of these chemicals as well as restricted the use of formulations containing these material for food production.
A number of scientists have become involved in the development of intentional degradation methods/techniques for these compounds using zero-valent metals or bimetallic mixtures. To date, there is no single, simple and continuous procedure available to completely dechlorinate lindane or pentachlorophenol (PCP). This work describes the complete dechlorination of lindane and pentachlorophenol by zero-valent Zn, Fe and Fe/Ag bimetallic mixture as well as a supercritical fluid extraction technique for a more efficient mass transfer of the substrates to the surfaces of the metal catalyst. The dechlorination reaction occurs on the surface of metal particles with the removal of all the chlorine atoms from lindane and PCP in a matter of minute, and yields completely dechlorinated hydrocarbon molecules and chloride as products. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Turoczy, Nicholas John, and mikewood@deakin edu au. "Adsorption and voltammetry of butyltin compounds." Deakin University, 1994. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20050915.154112.

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The adsorption of tributyltin onto materials commonly used for the construction of sampling and analytical equipment from aqueous solutions of varying ionic composition has been examined. The adsorption appears to be controlled by non-polar interactions between tributyltin and the surface involved. Since the speciation and hence polarity of tributyltin is affected by the ionic composition of the medium, the extent of adsorption is affected by the salinity and pH of a sample. The adsorption is rapid and, unless strategies are adopted to eliminate its effects, may render analytical results invalid. The electrochemistry of tributyltin, dibutyltin and monobutyltin, individually and in mixtures, has been investigated in aqueous media at mercury electrodes. The basic electrochemistry of each compound is summarised by the reaction BunSn (4-n)+ + (4-n)e- right left harpoons BunSn where n is the number of butyl groups attached to the tin atom. However, the electrochemistry of each compound is largely confined to the surface of the mercury electrode, and the simplicity of the above reaction is disrupted by polymerisation reactions and by butyl exchange processes occurring with the mercury electrode. When mixtures of butyltin compounds are present, the various processes that occur for each individual compound interfere with each other. A direct voltaminetric method for the determination of butyltin compounds in natural waters is therefore probably not possible.
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Ostertag, Sonja. "Estimated dietary exposure to perfluorinated compounds in Canada." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112549.

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Perfluorinated carboxylates (PFCAs), sulfonates (PFSs) and perfluoroalkylsulfonamides (PFOSAs) have been detected in whole blood and serum of non-occupationally exposed humans, yet sources of exposure have not been fully elucidated. The objectives of this study were to estimate dietary exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), PFCAs (C7--C 11) and fluorotelomer unsaturated carboxylates (FTUCAs) for the general Canadian and Inuit populations prior to the phase-out of perfluorooctyl-sulfonyl production by 3M and voluntary reductions in PFOA emissions under the PFOA stewardship program. PFCs were measured in 65 archived composite food samples prepared for the 1998 Canadian Total Diet Study (TDS) and 68 archived traditional foods from Nunavut using a newly developed methanol extraction combined with a solid phase extraction clean up. Dietary exposure was estimated using food intake data available from studies carried out between 1997 and 1998 in southern Canada and Nunavut.
PFCs were detected in eight composite food samples from the Canadian TDS and in 61 traditional food samples. Elevated concentrations of PFCs were found in caribou liver (6.2+/-5.5 ng/g), ringed seal liver (7.7, 10.2 ng/g), polar bear meat (7.0 ng/g), beluga meat (7.0, 5.8 ng/g), luncheon meats (5.02 ng/g), cookies (2.7 ng/g), processed cheese (2.1 ng/g) and peppers (1.8 ng/g). Low levels of total PFCs (<1.5 ng/g) were measured in 41 traditional foods including: meat (caribou, ptarmigan, snow goose, bearded seal, walrus, black duck), berries, and fish (lake trout, arctic char). PFCs were not detected in beverages, unprocessed meats, breads, cereals and fruits from the TDS composite samples analyzed.
The ranges of estimated daily exposure to PFCs were between 2 and 59 ng-person-1 and 210 to 610 ng-person-1 for average Canadians and Inuit in Nunavut respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in mean PFC exposure levels for different age and gender groups in the general Canadian population. Inuit men in the 41 to 60 year old age group had statistically significantly higher estimated daily exposure to PFCs (p<0.05) than younger men and women from the same age group. This higher exposure was associated with the consumption of beluga muktuk, caribou liver and bearded seal intestine.
Traditional foods contributed a higher percentage to PFC exposure than market foods in all age and gender groups for the Inuit population. In general, caribou meat, arctic char meat and cookies contributed most to dietary exposure for Inuit, with caribou flesh contributing 43 to 75 percent to daily PFC dietary exposure. Dietary exposure for the general Canadian population was associated with the consumption of cakes and cookies, processed cheese, and regular cheese.
Levels of dietary exposure to PFCs estimated in these studies do not pose any significant health risk to either population based on current toxicological information.
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Books on the topic "Environmental aspects of Organochlorine compounds"

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Roots, Ott. Toxic chlororganic compounds in the ecosystem of the Baltic Sea. Tallinn: Eesti Vabariigi Keskkonnaministeerium Info-ja Tehnokeskus, 1996.

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Schumacher, John G. Assessment of subsurface chlorinated solvent contamination using tree cores at the Front Street site and a former dry cleaning facility at the Riverfront Superfund Site, New Haven, Missouri, 1999-2003. Reston, Va: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2004.

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Blus, Lawrence J. Further interpretation of the relation of organochlorine residues in brown pelican eggs to reproductive success. Corvallis, Or: US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1985.

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Hardy, Mark A. Land use, organochlorine compound concentrations, and trends in benthic-invertebrate communities in selected stream basins in Chester County, Pennsylvania. Lemoyne, Pa: U.S. Dept. of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey, 1995.

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Coles, James F. Organochlorine compounds in fish tissue from the Connecticut, Housatonic, and Thames River basins study unit, 1992-94. Marlborough, Mass: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998.

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International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds (1st 1998 Monterey, Calif.). Physical, chemical, and thermal technologies: Remediation of chlorinated and recalcitrant compounds. Edited by Wickramanayake Godage B. 1953- and Hinchee Robert E. Columbus, Ohio: Battelle Press, 1998.

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Maret, Terry R. Organochlorine compounds in fish tissue and bed sediment in the upper Snake River Basin, Idaho and western Wyoming, 1992-94. Boise, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey, 1997.

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Moring, J. Bruce. Occurrence and distribution of organochlorine compounds in biological tissue and bed sediment from streams in the Trinity River basin, Texas, 1992-93. Austin, Tex: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1997.

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Coles, James F. Organochlorine compounds in fish tissue from the Connecticut, Housatonic, and Thames River basins study unit, 1992-94. Marlborough, Mass: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998.

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Blus, Lawrence J. Further interpretation of the relation of organochlorine residues in brown pelican eggs to reproductive success. Corvallis, Or: US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Environmental aspects of Organochlorine compounds"

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Vučinić, Slavica, Biljana Antonijević, and Dragica Brkić. "Occupational and Environmental Aspects of Organophosphorus Compounds." In Basic and Clinical Toxicology of Organophosphorus Compounds, 213–44. London: Springer London, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5625-3_8.

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Froehner, Sandro, M. Maceno, E. C. Da Luz, K. S. Machado, and F. Falcão. "Degradation of Organochlorine Compounds Using Zero Valent Iron (ZVI) Nano Particles Impregnated in Hydrophobic Modified Bentonite." In Molecular Environmental Soil Science at the Interfaces in the Earth’s Critical Zone, 251–54. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-05297-2_73.

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Keller, Maureen D., and Wendy Korjeff-Bellows. "Physiological Aspects of the Production of Dimeyhtlsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) by Marine Phytoplankton." In Biological and Environmental Chemistry of DMSP and Related Sulfonium Compounds, 131–42. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0377-0_12.

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Revelsky, I. A., Y. S. Yashin, A. I. Revelsky, I. N. Glazkov, and O. V. Napalkova. "Fast Screening of Water and Organic Solution Samples for Polychlorinated Compounds: Microliquid Extraction and GC/MS." In Environmental Aspects of Converting CW Facilities to Peaceful Purposes, 109–13. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0508-1_10.

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Alcaraz, Armando, and Brian D. Andresen. "Rapid Screening Methods to Isolate Proliferation Related Compounds from Suspect Samples Utilizing Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) Technology." In Environmental Aspects of Converting CW Facilities to Peaceful Purposes, 89–108. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0508-1_9.

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Malisch, Rainer, Alexander Schächtele, Ralf Lippold, Björn Hardebusch, Kerstin Krätschmer, F. X. Rolaf van Leeuwen, Gerald Moy, et al. "Overall Conclusions and Key Messages of the WHO/UNEP-Coordinated Human Milk Studies on Persistent Organic Pollutants." In Persistent Organic Pollutants in Human Milk, 615–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34087-1_16.

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AbstractBuilding on the two rounds of exposure studies with human milk coordinated by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the mid-1980s and 1990s on polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF), five expanded studies on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were performed between 2000 and 2019. After the adoption of the Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Convention) in 2001, WHO and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) collaborated in joint studies starting in 2004. The collaboration aimed at provision of POPs data for human milk as a core matrix under the Global Monitoring Plan (GMP) to assess the effectiveness of the Convention as required under Article 16. Over time, the number of analytes in the studies expanded from the initial 12 POPs targeted by the Convention for elimination or reduction to the 30 POPs covered under the Stockholm Convention and two other POPs proposed for listing as of 2019. Many of these chemicals have numerous congeners, homologous groups, isomeric forms, and transformation products, which significantly extends the number of recommended analytes.In the studies between 2000 and 2019, 82 countries from all five United Nations regions participated, of which 50 countries participated in more than one study. For the human milk samples of the 2016–2019 period, results are available for the full set of 32 POPs of interest for the Convention until 2019: (i) the 26 POPs listed by the start of the study in 2016; (ii) decabromodiphenyl ether [BDE-209] and short-chain chlorinated paraffins [SCCP] as listed in 2017; (3) dicofol and perfluorooctanoic acid [PFOA] as listed in 2019; (4) medium-chain chlorinated paraffins [MCCP] and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid [PFHxS] as proposed for listing. This is a unique characteristic among the core matrices under the GMP.Four key messages can be derived: These studies are an efficient and effective tool with global coverage as key contributor to the GMP. After collection of a large number of individual samples (usually 50) fulfilling protocol criteria, pooled samples are prepared using equal aliquots of individual samples (physical averaging) and are considered to be representative for a country, subregion or subpopulation at the time of the sampling. The analysis of pooled representative human milk samples by dedicated Reference Laboratories meeting rigorous quality criteria contributes to reliability and comparability and reduces uncertainty of the analytical results. Additionally, this concept is very cost-effective. These studies can be used for regional differentiation based on concentrations of individual POPs between and within the five UN Regional Groups (African Group, Asia-Pacific Group, Eastern European Group, Group of Latin American and Caribbean Countries; Western European and Others Group). For some POPs, a wide range of concentrations with up to three orders of magnitude between lower and upper concentrations was found, even for countries in the same UN region. Some countries had levels within the usual range for most POPs, but high concentrations for certain POPs. Findings of concentrations in the upper third of the frequency distribution may motivate targeted follow-up studies rather than if the observed level of a POP is found in the lower third of frequency distribution. However, the concentration of a POP has also to be seen in context of the sampling period and the history and pattern of use of the POPs in each country. Therefore, results are not intended for ranking of individual countries but rather to distinguish broader patterns. These studies can provide an assessment of time trends, as possible sources of variation were minimized by the survey concepts building on two factors (sampling design; analysis of the pooled samples by dedicated Reference Laboratories). The estimation of time trends based on comparison of median or mean concentrations in UN Regional Groups over the five surveys in five equal four-year periods between 2000 and 2019 provides a first orientation. However, the variation of the number of countries participating in a UN Regional Group in a certain period can influence the median or mean concentrations. Thus, it is more prudent to only use results of countries with repeated participation in these studies for drawing conclusions on temporal trends. The reduction rates in countries should be seen in context with the concentration range: A differentiation of high levels and those in the range of the background contamination is meaningful. If high levels are found, sources might be detected which could be eliminated. This can lead to significant decrease rates over the following years. However, if low background levels are reported, no specific sources can be detected. Other factors for exposure, e.g. the contamination of feed and food by air via long-range transport and subsequent bioaccumulation, cannot be influenced locally. However, only very few time points from most individual countries for most POPs of interest are available, which prevents the derivation of statistically significant temporal trends in these cases. Yet, the existing data can indicate decreasing or increasing tendencies in POP concentrations in these countries. Furthermore, pooling of data in regions allows to derive statistically significant time trends in the UN Regional Groups and globally. Global overall time trends using the data from countries with repeated participation were calculated by the Theil–Sen method. Regarding the median levels of the five UN Regional Groups, a decrease per 10 years by 58% was found for DDT, by 84% for beta-HCH, by 57% for HCB, by 32% for PBDE, by 48% for PFOS, by 70% for PCB, and by 48% for PCDD and PCDF (expressed as toxic equivalents). In contrast, the concentrations of chlorinated paraffins (CP) as “emerging POPs” showed increasing tendencies in some UN Regional Groups. On a global level, a statistically significant increase of total CP (total CP content including SCCP [listed in the Convention in 2017] and MCCP [proposed to be listed]) concentrations in human milk of 30% over 10 years was found. The studies can provide the basis for discussion of the relative importance (“ranking”) of the quantitative occurrence of POPs. This, however, requires a differentiation between two subgroups of lipophilic substances ([i] dioxin-like compounds, to be determined in the pg/g [=ng/kg] range, and [ii] non-dioxin-like chlorinated and brominated POPs, to be determined in the ng/g [=μg/kg] range; both groups reported on lipid base) and the more polar perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS); reported on product base [as pg/g fresh weight] or on volume base [ng/L]. For this purpose, results for the complete set of the 32 POPs of interest for the 2016–2019 period were considered. By far, the highest concentrations of lipophilic substances were found for DDT (expressed as “DDT complex”: sum of all detected analytes, calculated as DDT; maximum: 7100 ng/g lipid; median: 125 ng/g lipid) and for chlorinated paraffins (total CP content; maximum: 700 total CP/g lipid; median: 116 ng total CP/g lipid). PCB was next in the ranking and had on average an order of magnitude lower concentrations than the average of the total CP concentrations. The high CP concentrations were caused predominantly by MCCP. If the pooled samples from mothers without any known major contamination source nearby showed a high level of CP, some individual samples (e.g. from local population close to emission sources, as a result of exposure to consumer products or from the domestic environment) might even have significantly higher levels. The lactational intake of SCCP and MCCP of the breastfed infant in the microgram scale resulting from the mothers’ dietary and environmental background exposure should therefore motivate targeted follow-up studies and further measures to reduce exposure (including in the case of MCCP, regulatory efforts, e.g. restriction in products). Further, due to observed levels, targeted research should look at the balance among potential adverse effects against positive health aspects for the breastfed infants for three groups of POPs (dioxin-like compounds; non-dioxin-like chlorinated and brominated POPs; PFAS) regarding potentially needed updates of the WHO guidance. As an overall conclusion, the seven rounds of WHO/UNEP human milk exposure studies are the largest global survey on human tissues with a harmonized protocol spanning over the longest time period and carried out in a uniform format. Thus, these rounds are an effective tool to obtain reliable and comparable data sets on this core matrix and a key contributor to the GMP. A comprehensive set of global data covering all POPs targeted by the Stockholm Convention, in all UN Regional Groups, and timelines covering a span of up to three decades allows to evaluate data from various perspectives. A widened three-dimensional view is necessary to discuss results and can be performed using the three pillars for assessments of the comprehensive data set, namely: analytes of interest; regional aspects; time trends. This can identify possible problems for future targeted studies and interventions at the country, regional, or global level. Long-term trends give an indication of the effectiveness of measures to eliminate or reduce specific POPs. The consideration of countries with repeated participation in these studies provides the best possible database for the evaluation of temporal trends. The continuation of these exposure studies is important for securing sufficient data for reliable time trend assessments in the future. Therefore, it is highly recommended to continue this monitoring effort, particularly for POPs that are of public health concern.
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Tiwari, Nikita, Dinesh Kumar Mishra, and Anil Mishra. "Computational Aspects of Organochlorine Compounds: DFT Study and Molecular Docking Calculations." In Computational Toxicology for Drug Safety and a Sustainable Environment, 106–24. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815196986123010009.

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The paper and pulp industry generates enormous amounts of wastewater containing high quantities of chlorinated toxicants. These volatile organochlorine compounds are widespread toxic chemicals that may cause harmful effects on humans via interaction with human α-amino-β-carboxymuconate-ε-semialdehyde decarboxylase (hACMSD) which is a vital enzyme of the kynurenine pathway in tryptophan metabolism. It averts the accumulation of quinolinic acid (QA) and supports the maintenance of the basal Trp-niacin ratio. Herein, we report the optimization of organochlorine compounds employing density functional theory (DFT) with B3LYP/6- 311G+(d,p) basis set to elucidate their frontier molecular orbitals as well as the chemical reactivity descriptors. The DFT outcome revealed that organochlorine compounds show a lower HOMO-LUMO gap as well as a higher electrophilicity index and basicity as compared to the substrate analogue, Dipicolinic acid. To assess the structure-based inhibitory action of organochlorine compounds, these were docked into the active site cavity of hACMSD. The docking simulation studies predicted that organochlorine compounds require lower binding energy (-3.86 to -6.42 kcal/mol) which is in good agreement with the DFT calculations and might serve as potent inhibitors to hACMSD comparable with its substrate analogue, Dipicolinic acid which has a binding affinity of -4.41 kcal/mol. Organochlorine compounds interact with key residues such as Arg47 and Trp191 and lie within the active site of hACMSD. The high binding affinity of organochlorine compounds was attributed to the presence of several chlorine atoms, important for hydrophobic interactions between the organochlorine compounds and the critical amino acid residues of the receptor (hACMSD). The results emphasized that organochlorine compounds can structurally mimic the binding pattern of Dipicolinic acid to hACMSD.
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Harit, Garima. "Organochlorine Pesticides." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 41–63. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-6111-8.ch003.

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Indiscriminate use of different pesticides in agriculture has increased over the years, especially in the developing countries. This influences the aquatic environment to a great extent. This also poses a great danger to freshwater organisms, including fish, which constitute a major share in the aquatic environment and contribute to the economy of the nation. Water pollution is posing intricate problems that need immediate redress. Organo-chlorine pesticides (OCPs) are a major contributor to aquatic pollution and are amongst the most serious global contaminants. In addition, organochlorine pesticides have a tendency to accumulate in aquatic biota; they also undergo food chain amplification. Lipophilic pollutants are chemically very stable and resistant to microbial, photochemical, chemical, and thermal degradation. The chemical stability of these compounds, their high lipid solubility, and their toxicity to human beings and animals has led government and researchers to feel concerned about their presence in the environment.
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Jenkins, R. O., P. J. Craig, K. A. Francesconi, and C. F. Harrington. "Environmental and Biological Aspects of Organometallic Compounds." In Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry III, 603–61. Elsevier, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b0-08-045047-4/00178-3.

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Hassan, Amal I., and Hosam M. Saleh. "Environmental aspects of green nanoparticles synthesis." In Handbook of Greener Synthesis of Nanomaterials and Compounds, 449–62. Elsevier, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-822446-5.00019-8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Environmental aspects of Organochlorine compounds"

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Shen, H., K. M. Main, A. M. Andersson, I. N. Damgaard, H. E. Virtanen, N. E. Skakkebaek, J. Toppari, and K. W. Schramm. "Infant exposure to persistent organochlorine compounds is higher in Denmark than in Finland." In ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2008. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/etox080051.

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Abellan, Alicia, Raquel Garcia, Céline Roda, Mireia Gascón, Judith Garcia-Aymerich, Martine Vrijheid, Amparo Ferrero, et al. "OP V – 1 Prenatal exposure to organochlorine compounds and lung function until early adulthood." In ISEE Young 2018, Early Career Researchers Conference on Environmental Epidemiology – Together for a Healthy Environment, 19–20 March 2018, Freising, Germany. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2018-iseeabstracts.22.

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Ambarwati, Neneng Siti Silfi, and Islamudin Ahmad. "SARS-COV2 main protease inhibitor in silico molecular docking study of isolated compounds from the clusiaceae family." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2ND INTERNATIONAL INTERDISCIPLINARY SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE “DIGITALIZATION AND SUSTAINABILITY FOR DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT: ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS”. AIP Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0183195.

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Veronda, Brenda, and Matthew Dingens. "The State of Permanganate With Relation to In Situ Chemical Oxidation." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7002.

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In Situ Chemical Oxidation (ISCO) with permanganate had its beginnings over 10 years ago. Since that time, many sites have been successfully treated for organic compounds including chlorinated ethenes (perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene, etc.) phenols, explosives such as RDX, and many other organics. The successful application of ISCO with permanganate requires the integration of many site-specific factors into the remedial design. ISCO with permanganate is an effective technology, not only for its oxidative properties and persistence, but also for its application flexibility to remediate soil and groundwater. The merits of any type of treatment technology can be assessed in terms of effectiveness, ease of use, reaction rate, and cost. The use of permanganate for in-situ chemical oxidation results in the complete mineralization of TCE and PCE and can result in treatment levels below detection limits. Permanganate is a single component oxidizer, which is easily handled, mixed and distributed to the subsurface. Permanganate is also inexpensive to design and implement as compared to other technologies. This presentation will provide a general overview of the application and safety aspects of ISCO with permanganate. This paper will discuss the advantages and limitations of this technology, typical cost ranges, site evaluation and application technologies.
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Punanova, Svetlana. "ORE CONCENTRATIONS OF METALS IN NAPHTHIDES OF HYPERGENESIS ZONE: ASSESSMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT." In GEOLINKS International Conference. SAIMA Consult Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2020/b1/v2/17.

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The study examines the formation of secondary-altered crude oils associated with the processes of modern or ancient hypergenesis. As a result of geological processes during intense upward movement of the earth's crust, oil undergoes physical weathering, inorganic oxidation, washing out with water, biodegradation and sulfurization, and turn into heavy oils and hard bitumen. In zones of hypergenesis, the loss of light fractions occurs and the absolute concentration of trace elements (TE) associated with resinous-asphaltene components, such as V, Ni, Co, Mo, Cr, Cu, etc. sharply increases. In addition, oils absorb elements of variable valence (V, Fe, U) from low-salinity stratal waters. As a result of experimental studies on the interaction of oils with low mineralization waters, which are characteristic of hypergenesis zones, leaching of some elements (e.g., Zn) from oils and absorption of others from contacting waters (for example, concentrations of newly-formed organometallic compounds V and Fe increased by 1.3-12 times) were found. The author utilized the method of neutron-activation analysis to study the content of TE in oils and natural bitumens of the Volga-Ural, Timan-Pechora, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, and etc. Ore-level concentration values were found, for example: 180-1162 ppm for V and up to 100 ppm for Ni in the oils of the Melekess depression in Tatarstan, and 940 ppm for V and 130 ppm for Ni in the oils of Kazakhstan deposits. Classification of oils by the content of “biogenic” elements V, Ni, Fe and by physical and chemical properties revealed significant differences of hypergene-altered oils in the general cycle of genesis of naphthides. Deposits of secondarily-altered oils are found in a wide stratigraphic range in oil and gas basins of various geostructural types in traps of the combined morphology – lithologically and tectonically shielded. During the development of oil deposits that contain high concentrations of TE, it is necessary to take into account ecological aspects. The environmental aspect is due to the fact that many metals contained in oils – V, Ni, Cd, As, Hg, U, etc. belong to highly toxic compound chemicals.
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Sahak, Muhammad Zakwan Mohd, Siti Rohaida Mohd Shafian, Shazleen Saadon, and Maung Maung Myo Thant. "Collective Produced Water Reinjection (PWRI) Feasibility Assessment for Malaysian Oilfields." In SPE Water Lifecycle Management Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/218963-ms.

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Abstract Produced water production from oil and gas operation across the globe is estimated to be 3:1 ratio of oil production and usually continue to increase throughout the oilfield life. Thus, if not managed properly, excessive produced water discharge may lead to pollution and severe environmental impact, especially if not properly treated and managed. Treatment and disposal costs remain the primary issue with the ongoing global push towards transition to cleaner energy and Zero Liquid Discharge, technology innovations in water treatment, use and reuse are required. This paper aims to present the findings from a collective produced water reinjection (PWRI) feasibility assessment for selected Malaysian oilfields. The main constituents of produced water consist of dissolved and dispersed oil and gas compounds, dissolved formation minerals, production chemical compounds and production solids such as scale, waxes, etc. PWRI feasibility assessment addressing injectivity was conducted to establish PWRI water specification (i.e. oil concentration, particle size and concentration etc.). Other evaluation aspects including water compatibility & scaling study, reservoir souring, and corrosion study is also evaluated as part of a wholesome approach to PWRI feasibility assessment. Based on the study, oil in water (OIW) limit of 6-20 ppm, recommended total suspended solids (TSS) limit of 5-20 ppm for particle size control ranging between 2-3 μm is established. In general, low scaling tendency and corrosion potential were observed for almost all fields, and reservoir souring assessment conducted for one field shows potential due to VFA presence and shall further be studied, these can later be further addressed via scale & corrosion inhibitor injection and biocide treatment at the water injection side. Collective PWRI feasibility assessment was conducted to compare and consolidate the requirement for PWRI based on technical consideration on injectivity, scaling, reservoir souring and corrosion. The systematic approach for a wholesome evaluation covering subsurface and surface elements with findings are presented and discussed accordingly.
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Denton, Mark S., and Mercouri G. Kanatzidis. "Innovative Highly Selective Removal of Cesium and Strontium Utilizing a Newly Developed Class of Inorganic Ion Specific Media." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16221.

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Highly selective removal of Cesium and Strontium is critical for waste treatment and environmental remediation. Cesium-137 is a beta-gamma emitter and Strontium-90 is a beta emitter with respective half-lives of 30 and 29 years. Both elements are present at many nuclear sites. Cesium and Strontium can be found in wastewaters at Washington State’s Hanford Site, as well as in wastestreams of many Magnox reactor sites. Cesium and Strontium are found in the Reactor Coolant System of light water reactors at nuclear power plants. Both elements are also found in spent nuclear fuel and in high-level waste (HLW) at DOE sites. Cesium and Strontium are further major contributors to the activity and the heat load. Therefore, technologies to extract Cesium and Strontium are critical for environmental remediation waste treatment and dose minimization. Radionuclides such as Cesium-137 and Strontium-90 are key drivers of liquid waste classification at light water reactors and within the DOE tank farm complexes. The treatment, storage, and disposal of these wastes represents a major cost for nuclear power plant operators, and comprises one of the most challenging technology-driven projects for the DOE Environmental Management (EM) program. Extraction technologies to remove Cesium and Strontium have been an active field of research. Four notable extraction technologies have been developed so far for HLW: solvent extraction, prussian blue, crystalline silicotitanate (CST) and organic ion-exchangers (e.g., resorcinol formaldehyde and SuperLig). The use of one technology over another depends on the specific application. For example, the waste treatment plant (WTP) at Hanford is planning on using a highly-selective organic ion-exchange resin to remove Cesium and Strontium. Such organic ion-exchangers use molecular recognition to selectively bind to Cesium and Strontium. However, these organic ion-exchangers are synthesized using multi-step organic synthesis. The associated cost to synthesize organic ion-exchangers is prohibitive and seriously limits the scope of applications for organic ion-exchangers. Further issues include resin swelling, potential hydrogen generation and precluding final disposal by vitrification without further issues. An alternative to these issues of organic ion-exchangers is emerging. Inorganic ion-exchangers offer a superior chemical, thermal and radiation stability which is simply not achievable with organic compounds. They can be used to remove both Cesium as well as Strontium with a high level of selectivity under a broad pH range. Inorganic ion-exchangers can operate at acidic pH where protons inhibit ion exchange in alternative technologies such as CST. They can also be used at high pH which is typically found in conditions present in many nuclear waste types. For example, inorganic ion-exchangers have shown significant Strontium uptake from pH 1.9 to 14. In contrast to organic ion-exchangers, inorganic ion-exchangers are not synthesized via complex multi-step organic synthesis. Therefore, inorganic ion-exchangers are substantially more cost-effective when compared to organic ion-exchangers as well as CST. Selective removal of specified isotopes through ion exchange is a common and proven treatment method for liquid waste, yet various aspects of existing technologies leave room for improvement with respect to both cost and effectiveness. We demonstrate a novel class of inorganic ion-exchangers for the selective removal of cesium and strontium (with future work planned for uranium removal), the first of a growing family of patent-pending, potentially elutable, and paramagnetic ion-exchange materials [1]. These highly selective inorganic ion-exchangers display strong chemical, thermal and radiation stability, and can be readily synthesized from low-cost materials, making them a promising alternative to organic ion-exchange resins and crystalline silicotitanate (CST). By nature, these inorganic media lend themselves more readily to volume reduction (VR) by vitrification without the issues faced with organic resins. In fact, with a simple melting of the KMS-1 media at 650–670 deg. C (i.e., well below the volatilization temperature of Cs, Sr, Mn, Fe, Sb, etc.), a VR of 4:1 was achieved. With true pyrolysis at higher temperatures or by vitrification, this VR would be much higher. The introduction of this new family of highly specific ion-exchange agents has potential to both reduce the cost of waste processing, and enable improved waste-classification management in both nuclear power plants (for the separation of Class A from B/C wastes) and DOE tank farms [for the separation of low level waste (LLW) from high level waste (HLW)]. In conclusion, we demonstrate for the first time a novel inorganic ion-exchanger for the selective removal of Cesium and Strontium. These inorganic ion-exchangers are chemical, thermal and radiation stable. These inorganic ion-exchangers can be synthesized in a cost-effective way which makes them significantly more effective than organic ion-exchange resin and CST. Finally, new thermal options are afforded for their final volume reduction, storage and disposal.
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Li Puma, Valentina. "Farmhouse interior restoration in bioconstruction." In HERITAGE2022 International Conference on Vernacular Heritage: Culture, People and Sustainability. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/heritage2022.2022.15689.

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The presented project deals with the interior design in bioconstruction of a family home, being a third part of the surface of an agricultural farmhouse named “Ca l'Amell”, in the municipality of Premiá de Mar, in Barcelona. Founded in 1848, it is classified as a cultural asset of local interest by the Catalog of the Environmental and Historical Architectural Heritage. The purchase of the entire farmhouse has been carried out by three families through a “micro co-housing” process: they split the cost of the purchase of the entire property and then divided it into three independent units.The object of this work is the interior design of one of the 3 housing (U3), that has been carried out by recovering traditional construction techniques and materials, respecting the original character of the vernacular architecture of the agricultural farmhouses in the area. To achieve this objective the project is based on using natural and highly breathable materials (instead of synthetics) like hydraulic lime plasters, clay plasters, silicate mineral paints, recycled cotton fiber as internal walls insulation, natural waxes. Construction solutions and finishes respond to the need to control the excess of indoor relative humidity and the transfer coefficient in exterior walls, achieving a comfortable environment and taking advantage of the great qualities of the thermal mass inertia of the old vernacular constructions. At the same time, the aim was to use non-synthetic materials with a content of volatile organic compounds (VOCs)as low as possible. In the interior design project, aspects of habitat psychology have been considered too (study of color tones appropriate to the image of the farm and in accordance with the nature of the environments) responding to the need to maintain the interior warmth of the original construction.
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9

Lunghi, P., and R. Burzacca. "Gasification and Fuel Cell Integration With Bottoming Turbine Cycle: Performances of a Hybrid Plant for Electricity Production." In ASME 2003 1st International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2003-1740.

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The increasing need of energy resources along with the growing environmental interest promote the creation of new concepts in the field of energy production and management strategies. The development of high temperature fuel cells, suitable for stationary energy production, is one of the most promising aspects, able to bring a significant change in the power generation scenario. One of the most important features for fuel cells is the potential coupling with advanced gasification systems, thus enabling the possibility of energy recovery from waste, RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel) and biomass. The gasification process transfers the energetic value of the original solid fuel to a gaseous product rich in hydrogen, carbon monoxide and dioxide, and other compounds. A post-gasification treatment removes tars, particulates, impurities and makes the gas suitable for power production in a fuel cell unit. In this work an example of an innovative plant for biomass utilization has been considered. The plant includes a gasification section and a Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell unit, coupled with a hot gas cleanup system. For gasification technology, a recent typology was considered involving an indirect heating system such as the Battelle process. Gaseous streams conveyed to the cell after the conditioning processes were considered. In order to achieve higher efficiencies, a bottoming cycle has been added. It comprises a turbine power plant integrated with the gasification and fuel cell lay-out. In the turbine cycle air is compressed in the operating pressure and internally heated by the waste heat of the fuel cell and of the gasification process. The expanded air is then used in the combustion reactor of the gasification system. The proposed plant allows high electric efficiency and high flexibility in choosing for air compression ratio and unit size; sensitivity analyses were performed.
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10

Toson, Federico, Matilde Pavan, Dumitrita Sandu, Simone Sandon, Marco Furiato, Luigi Antoniazzi, Giovanni Righi, et al. "O-ZONE: affordable stratospheric air dynamic sampling device." In Symposium on Space Educational Activities (SSAE). Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/conference-9788419184405.074.

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The current situation regarding air pollution, global warming and the world approaching the point of no return have led the United Nations to focus on improving the environmental situation through the SDGs [1]. In line with these ambitions, O-ZONE team, was born in 2019 with the clear objective of taking concrete action against climate change [2]. The team's goal is to build a compact, low-cost, and reusable device to sample stratospheric pollutants, at various altitudes and thus provide air quality indications in mid-range areas for monitoring, prevention, and rapid intervention in case of unpredictable events. The O-ZONE team was therefore born as an idea of some students from the Aerospace Engineering course at the same University. The students took part in the REXUS/BEXUS project by Swedish National Space Agency (SNSA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) and European Space Agency (ESA) [3]. As in each of these projects, the team tackled the various steps of space missions but, in this case, with extra constraints. They had to work during the lockdown with various complications due to the pandemic. Although the launch was delayed, the students carried on with their motivation and then launched their device on board the BEXUS 30. The prototype launched in Kiruna - Sweden (at the Esrange base), and which reached an altitude of 27.8 km, is a sampling system for Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), such as NOX and SOX, Particulate Matter (PM) and Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) responsible for the depletion of the Ozone layer [4]. These types of samplers [2] fill the technological gap in atmospheric analysis; the current state of the art allows air to be monitored only statically from ground stations or by satellite analysis [5], while O-ZONE presents an accessible, easy-to-use and rapid in situ sampling method. This paper describes the technical specifications and design aspects of the device and the experience that has allowed the students to grow as a team, especially in terms of personal skills and the ability to work with concurrent engineering and interdisciplinarity. Finally, the experiment results will be shown.
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