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Journal articles on the topic 'Environmental aspects of Organochlorine compounds'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Sergeyev, Oleg, Jane S. Burns, Paige L. Williams, Susan A. Korrick, Mary M. Lee, Boris Revich, and Russ Hauser. "The association of peripubertal serum concentrations of organochlorine chemicals and blood lead with growth and pubertal development in a longitudinal cohort of boys: a review of published results from the Russian Children’s Study." Reviews on Environmental Health 32, no. 1-2 (March 1, 2017): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2016-0052.

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Abstract Organochlorine chemicals and lead are environmental exposures that have endocrine disrupting properties (EDCs) which interfere with many aspects of hormone action. Childhood and adolescence are windows of susceptibility for adverse health effects of EDCs. Our ongoing study, the Russian Children’s Study (RCS), is one of the few longitudinal studies investigating the impact of EDCs on growth and puberty in boys. It is conducted in the historically contaminated city of Chapaevsk, in the Samara region. The study focuses on evaluating the associations of persistent organochlorine chemicals and lead with growth and pubertal timing. At enrollment in 2003–2005, we collected blood from 516 boys at ages 8–9 years to measure dioxins, furans, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), chlorinated pesticides and lead. At enrollment and at annual visits through the ages of 18–19 years, a physician performed physical examinations that included pubertal staging and testicular volume measurements. We review the history of Chapaevsk as a research site and summarize published RCS data on the association of peripubertal serum concentrations of organochlorines and blood lead levels with growth, pubertal onset and sexual maturity. Overall, we found that persistent organochlorines and lead negatively affected growth during puberty. Our results also suggest that total toxic equivalents (TEQs), dioxin-like compounds, organochlorine pesticides and lead may delay, while nondioxin-like-PCBs may advance, the timing of male puberty. These findings promoted remediation programs in Chapaevsk, with improvement in health indicators, resulting in Chapaevsk being designated a member of the World Health Organization (WHO) network “Healthy Cities” in 2015.

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2

Silva Mendonça, Gulnar Azevedo e. "Measuring exposure to organochlorinated pesticides." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 14, suppl 3 (1998): S177—S179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x1998000700018.

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Environmental epidemiological investigations in cancer remain, with rare exceptions, inconclusive. The difficulties of establishing patterns of measurements of exposure in the human body is one of the limitations of these studies. The findings of six recent epidemiological studies that analyzed the association between organochlorinated compounds and breast cancer are reviewed in considering the problems of measuring environmental exposure through biological markers. The epidemiological evidence based on these studies do not indicate a risk of breast cancer related to organochlorines. Some aspects that may partially explain this absence of risk are discussed regarding the investigation of environmental carcinogenic agents in populations with low but homogeneously sprayed levels of exposure.

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3

Encarnação, Telma, Alberto ACC Pais, Maria G. Campos, and Hugh D. Burrows. "Endocrine disrupting chemicals: Impact on human health, wildlife and the environment." Science Progress 102, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 3–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0036850419826802.

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Endocrine disrupting chemicals are a group of pollutants that can affect the endocrine system and lead to diseases and dysfunctions across the lifespan of organisms. They are omnipresent. They are in the air we breathe, in the food we eat and in the water we drink. They can be found in our everyday lives through personal care products, household cleaning products, furniture and in children’s toys. Every year, hundreds of new chemicals are produced and released onto the market without being tested, and they reach our bodies through everyday products. Permanent exposure to those chemicals may intensify or even become the main cause for the development of diseases such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular diseases and certain types of cancer. In recent years, legislation and regulations have been implemented, which aim to control the release of potentially adverse endocrine disrupting chemicals, often invoking the precautionary principle. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of research on environmental aspects of endocrine disrupting chemicals and their effects on human health, based on evidence from animal and human studies. Emphasis is given to three ubiquitous and persistent groups of chemicals, polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organochlorine pesticides, and on two non-persistent, but ubiquitous, bisphenol A and phthalates. Some selected historical cases are also presented and successful cases of regulation and legislation described. These led to a decrease in exposure and consequent minimization of the effects of these compounds. Recommendations from experts on this field, World Health Organization, scientific reports and from the Endocrine Society are included.

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4

В.Г., Ермолинский,, and Ковалева, О.П. "On the issue of achieving an optimal combination of production capacity, product quality and ecological safety of pulp and paper enterprises." Известия СПбЛТА, no. 240 (December 11, 2022): 250–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21266/2079-4304.2022.240.250-263.

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Рассмотрены практические аспекты изменения технологических параметров варки сульфатной хвойной небеленой целлюлозы применительно к условиям АО «Группа «Илим», филиал в г. Усть-Илимск, в условиях работы варочной установки непрерывного действия с превышением проектной производительности. Произведённые укрупненные технологические расчеты показали необходимость реконструкции варочно-промывного участка с целью устранения негативных последствий, к которым привело увеличение производительности установленного ранее технологического агрегата при попытке соблюдения приемлемых экологических показателей деятельности предприятия. Достижение оптимального сочетания производительности производства, качества продукции и экологичности целлюлозно-бумажного предприятия является целью любой реконструкции производства и совершенствования технологии. Работа варочной установки непрерывного действия в перегруженном режиме приводит к сокращению продолжительности технологических процессов пропитки древесной щепы и последующей сульфатной варки, вызывает проблемы с равномерностью продвижения древесной щепы в зонах варочного котла и приводит к снижению эффективности промывки полученной целлюлозы. Поскольку повышение мощности варочной установки приводит к получению жесткой целлюлозы, из которой остаточный лигнин может быть удален только при включении в технологическую схему отбелки дополнительной стадии отбелки с применением хлора, то содержание хлорорганических соединений в сточных водах варочно-промывного отдела предприятия превышает допустимые экологические нормы. Предложен вариант реконструкции варочной установки непрерывного действия, позволяющий повысить эффективность производства сульфатной целлюлозы с достижением требуемых показателей сброса загрязняющих веществ в окружающую среду. Для устранения негативных последствий работы варочной установки в условиях значительного превышения её проектной производительности необходимо дополнительно установить пропиточную колонну и увеличить зону варки за счёт опускания экстракционных сит в зону диффузионной промывки варочного котла. The article discusses the practical aspects of changing the technological parameters of cooking sulfate coniferous unbleached cellulose in relation to the conditions of «Group «Ilim», a branch in Ust-Ilimsk, in the conditions of operation of a continuous cooking plant with exceeding the design capacity. The enlarged technological calculations have shown the need for reconstruction of the cooking and washing area in order to eliminate the negative consequences, which resulted in an increase in the productivity of the previously installed technological unit while trying to comply with acceptable environmental performance indicators of the enterprise. Achieving an optimal combination of production productivity, product quality and environmental friendliness of a pulp and paper enterprise is the goal of any production reconstruction and technology improvement. The operation of the continuous cooking unit in an overloaded mode leads to a reduction in the duration of the technological processes of impregnation of wood chips and subsequent sulfate cooking, causes problems with uniformity of movement of the wood chips in the zones of the digester and leads to a decrease in the efficiency of washing the resulting pulp. Since an increase in the capacity of the cooking unit leads to the production of rigid cellulose, from which residual lignin can be removed only when an additional bleaching stage using chlorine is included in the bleaching technological scheme, the content of organochlorine compounds in the wastewater of the cooking and washing department of the enterprise exceeds permissible environmental standards. The article proposes a variant of the reconstruction of a continuous cooking plant, which allows to increase the efficiency of the production of sulfate cellulose with the achievement of the required indicators of the discharge of pollutants into the environment. To eliminate the negative consequences of the operation of the cooking unit in conditions of a significant excess of its design the capacity, it is necessary to additionally install an impregnation column and increase the cooking zone by lowering extraction sieves into the zone of diffusion washing of the digester.

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5

Paasivirta, Jaakko. "Organochlorine Compounds in the Environment." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 2 (February 1, 1988): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0052.

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Recent pollution by organochlorine compounds (OCs) has been found to cause ecological damage, initially by causing declining populations. Poisoning of animals having high OC levels was often found to be similar to poisoning of man and animals in dioxin accidents. Dioxin toxicity has been shown to occur from structural binding of the toxin to a cytosolic receptor, and this action has been extended to many planar and coplanar aromatic OCs which are released into the environment from pesticide uses, dumping of chlorophenol wastes, chlorobleaching of pulp, chlorodisinfection of water, and combustion of OCs or chloride-containing materials. More efficient combustion has been developed to restrict OC emissions. Recent analyses of wildlife samples have shown that certain planar or coplanar aromatic chlorohydrocarbons and ethers, instead of the notorious polychlorinated dibenzo dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), could be the most important receptor-specific environmental toxins. Despite the fact that the pollution of the aquatic ecosystem by the forest industry in many areas is decreasing due to improved processes and treatment plants, organochlorine bleaching products still appear to have importance due to harmful discharges, especially since they still cause taste problems in seafood due to the bioaccumulation of chloroanisoles and chloroveratroles.

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6

Tarasova, O. G., A. M. Tsvetkova, L. F. Osipov, O. M. Arsan, and N. A. Klujev. "Some Aspects of Pollution of the Danube." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0015.

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Residues of organochlorine pesticides in the Danube were studied during the 1-st International Danube Research Expedition. Some other pollutants were identified as well. The levels of organochlorine pesticide pollution have decreased significantly as compared with background levels in 1979-1980’s.

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7

Kožul, Darija, and SnjeŽana Romanić. "Analysis of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Organochlorine Pesticides in Pine Needles." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 58, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 461–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10004-007-0039-x.

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Analysis of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Organochlorine Pesticides in Pine NeedlesThis paper presents a review of methods for the analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in pine needles. These compounds are lipophilic, they accumulate in the biotic and abiotic part of the environment in which they are persistent, and their use is forbidden or restricted due to harmful effects on human and animal health. Pine needles are convenient for monitoring the levels of organochlorine compounds in the air because they accumulate them in wax with which they are covered. However, the presence of many other compounds makes them complex for analysis. Analytical methods for determining organochlorine compounds in pine needles include sample collection, extraction of compounds with a suitable solvent, extract clean-up from unwanted compounds and qualitative and quantitative analysis. PCBs and OCPs are present in pine needles in traces, and every part of the analytical procedure has to be as efficient and selective as possible.

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8

Sboev, A. S., and Christina V. Romanenko. "Analysis of the impact of organochlorine compounds contained in the water network of the domestic water supply on the health of population in cities of the Perm Krai." Hygiene and sanitation 95, no. 1 (October 28, 2019): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2016-95-1-14-17.

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The article presents the analysis of the impact of drinking water organochlorine compounds on the population health (Perm region). Results of the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk assessment for population of the city of Perm and the Perm region under the chronic oral exposure of organochlorine compounds in drinking water are presented. Real concentrations of organochlorine compounds in drinking water were determined to be potent of emerging an unacceptable risk of diseases of the digestive system, endocrine system, hormone system, excretory system, central nervous system and the blood system. According to the results of epidemiological studies there was established the statistically significant relation between the consumption of water containing organochlorine compounds and the development of diseases of the digestive system, endocrine system, central nervous system, and excretory system.

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9

Larsen, B., and K. Fytianos. "Organochlorine compounds and PCB congeners in contaminated sediments." Science of The Total Environment 86, no. 3 (October 1989): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(89)90289-1.

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10

Kolpakova, E. S., and A. V. Velyamidova. "Organochlorine compounds in subarctic small lakes." Arctic and Antarctic Research 66, no. 2 (July 10, 2020): 180–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.30758/0555-2648-2020-66-2-180-197.

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The article presents the results of studies of the environmental properties of organochlorines which differ in properties and origin, in the lake ecosystems of the Bolshezemelskaya tundra (Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Russia). The purpose of this study was to evaluate and assess the levels, distribution characteristics and composition of organochlorines in the bottom sediments of small lakes located in the Adzva river basin in Pymvashor natural boundary (the northernmost location of the exit of thermal-mineral springs of the continental Europe) and in the adjacent area, outside this unique subarctic hydrothermal zone.In order to meet this goal, multi-method (hydrochemical, geochemical, etc.) research was carried out using standard generally approved laboratory practices with their adaptation to the study goals. The quantitative content and composition of the target individual organochlorines were determined by gas chromatographic method with electron-capture detection.The presence of chlorophenol compounds and polychlorinated benzenes (including persistent organic pollutants) was shown in the lakes sediments. The influence of specific microclimatic conditions of subarctic hydrothermal system on the composition and distribution of chlorophenol compounds in lake sediments was considered. In the small lake sediment core in Pymvashor natural boundary a reducing trend in the levels of organochlorines with depth has been recorded (conditioned among other things by the lithological features of bottom sediments). The chlorophenol compounds were found at highest concentrations (619.3–765.5 ng/g) in the sediment upper layers, rich in organic matter; chlorophenol composition was represented mainly by chlorinated phenols, most likely of biotic origin. A lower concentration (185.0 ng/g) of chlorophenol compounds of predominantly abiogenic origin was determined in the lake sediments outside hydrothermal system. The presence and levels of persistent organochlorine pollutants (pentachlorophenol 0.1–2.4 ng/g; hexa- and pentachlorobenzenes 0.4–3.6 ng/g) in the lake sediments were associated with long-range atmospheric transport from various origin sources in nearby regions and low-latitude territories.

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11

Porta, Miquel, Manuel Jariod, Tomàs López, José Pumarega, Elisa Puigdomènech, Esther Marco, Núria Malats, Joan O. Grimalt, and Francisco X. Real. "Correcting serum concentrations of organochlorine compounds by lipids: Alternatives to the organochlorine/total lipids ratio." Environment International 35, no. 7 (October 2009): 1080–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2009.06.004.

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12

WURL, O., and J. OBBARD. "Organochlorine compounds in the marine atmosphere of Singapore." Atmospheric Environment 39, no. 38 (December 2005): 7207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.09.001.

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13

Sharma, Khushi, Curi Singh, Himanshu Yadav, Ravi Kumar, and Suneet Verma. "Organochlorine pesticides application, xenobiotic metabolizing gene polymorphism and incidences of cancers in India: a review." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 11, no. 4 (March 29, 2023): 1392–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20230899.

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Excessive application of pesticides on crops has been noticed to gain maximum yield. It results in heavy damage to human health as well as environment. Pesticides application beyond permissible limit has detrimental effects on ecosystem. Organochlorine compounds are widely used as pest controller. These are considered as substantial environmental pollutant and carcinogens due to their extensive environmental release. There are sufficient numbers of studies that supports positive co-relation of organochlorine pesticides with cancer. To evaluate these detrimental effects on human health we have reviewed various studies and concluded the positive co-relation of organochloro compounds with cancers. In this study, the altered metabolism effects of organochlorine pesticides on cytochrome P450 enzyme have been observed.

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14

Makoś-Chełstowska, Patrycja, Edyta Słupek, and Jacek Gębicki. "Deep eutectic solvent-based green absorbents for the effective removal of volatile organochlorine compounds from biogas." Green Chemistry 23, no. 13 (2021): 4814–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1gc01735g.

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15

Reinhardt, K. H., and D. Wodarg. "Transport of selected organochlorine compounds over the sea." Journal of Aerosol Science 19, no. 7 (January 1988): 1251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-8502(88)90148-6.

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16

Strachan, William M. J., Henrik Kylin, Göran Eriksson, and Soren Jensen. "Organochlorine compounds in pine needles: Methods and trends." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 13, no. 3 (March 1994): 443–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620130312.

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17

VANOOSTDAM, J., E. DEWAILLY, A. GILMAN, J. HANSEN, J. ODLAND, V. CHASHCHIN, J. BERNER, J. BUTLERWALKER, B. LAGERKVIST, and K. OLAFSDOTTIR. "Circumpolar maternal blood contaminant survey, 1994–1997 organochlorine compounds." Science of The Total Environment 330, no. 1-3 (September 1, 2004): 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.02.028.

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18

Driscoll, Mark S., John P. Hassett, Caryl L. Fish, and Simon Litten. "Extraction efficiencies of organochlorine compounds from Niagara River water." Environmental Science & Technology 25, no. 8 (August 1991): 1432–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00020a011.

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19

Warner, Nicholas A., and Charles S. Wong. "The Freshwater InvertebrateMysis relictaCan Eliminate Chiral Organochlorine Compounds Enantioselectively." Environmental Science & Technology 40, no. 13 (July 2006): 4158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es052166b.

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20

Herve, Sirpa, Jaakko Paasivirta, and Pertti Heinonen. "Trends of organochlorine compounds in Finnish inland waters." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 8, no. 1 (January 2001): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02987291.

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21

Hoffmann, Wolfgang. "Organochlorine Compounds: Risk of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma and Breast Cancer?" Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal 51, no. 3 (June 1996): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00039896.1996.9936015.

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22

Bentabol, Antonio, and Manuela Jodral. "Determination of Organochlorine Pesticides in Cheese." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 78, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/78.1.94.

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Abstract A multiresidue technique was developed for the analysis of 17 organochlorine compounds in cheese: α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH), β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, chlordane, o,p′-…(o,p′-DDT), p,p′-DDT, o,p′-…(o,p’-DDD), p,p′-DDD, o,p’-… (o,p′-DDE), p,p′-DDE, and the fungicide hexachlo-robenzene. In this technique, the fat, previously extracted from the cheeses, was subjected to 2 cleanup and extraction methods: with H2SO4, for acid-resistant organochlorine pesticides, and with KOH-ethanol. The behavior of the compounds in both treatments enabled us to identify the organochlorine pesticides in cheese. The precision (repeatability and reproducibility) and accuracy of the technique were validated.

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23

Grimalt, Joan O., Pilar Fernandez, and Rosa M. Vilanova. "Trapping of Organochlorine Compounds in High Mountain Lakes." Scientific World JOURNAL 1 (2001): 609–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.320.

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High mountain areas have recently been observed to be polluted by organochlorine compounds (OC) despite their isolation. These persistent pollutants arrive at these remote regions through atmospheric transport. However, the mechanisms involving the accumulation of these compounds from the atmospheric pool to the lacustrine systems still need to be elucidated. These mechanisms must be related to the processes involving the transfer of these pollutant from low to high latitudes[1] as described in the global distillation effect[2].

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Schaefer, Wolfgang R., Thomas Hermann, Ivo Meinhold-Heerlein, Wolfgang R. Deppert, and Hans P. Zahradnik. "Exposure of human endometrium to environmental estrogens, antiandrogens, and organochlorine compounds." Fertility and Sterility 74, no. 3 (September 2000): 558–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-0282(00)00704-4.

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25

Lopez-Avila, Viorica, Janet Benedicto, Emi Baldin, and Werner F. Beckert. "Analysis of classes of compounds of environmental concern: III. Organochlorine pesticides." Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15, no. 5 (May 1992): 319–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150510.

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26

Nerin, C., T. Polo, C. Domeño, and I. Echarri. "Determination of Some Organochlorine Compounds in the Atmosphere." International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 65, no. 1-4 (December 1996): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03067319608045545.

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Abellan, Alicia, Jordi Sunyer, Raquel Garcia-Esteban, Mikel Basterrechea, Talita Duarte-Salles, Amparo Ferrero, Judith Garcia-Aymerich, et al. "Prenatal exposure to organochlorine compounds and lung function during childhood." Environment International 131 (October 2019): 105049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105049.

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28

Juuti, S., T. Vartiainen, and J. Ruuskanen. "Formation of organochlorine compounds in kraft pulp bleaching processes." Chemosphere 33, no. 12 (December 1996): 2431–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(96)00337-2.

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Škrbić, Biljana, and Nataša Đurišić-Mladenović. "Principal component analysis for soil contamination with organochlorine compounds." Chemosphere 68, no. 11 (August 2007): 2144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.01.083.

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30

De Felip, Elena, Alessandro di Domenico, Roberto Miniero, and Leopoldo Silvestroni. "Polychlorobiphenyls and other organochlorine compounds in human follicular fluid." Chemosphere 54, no. 10 (March 2004): 1445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.10.040.

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Bates, Michael N., Simon J. Buckland, Nick Garrett, Samuel P. Caudill, and Howard Ellis. "Methodological aspects of a national population-based study of persistent organochlorine compounds in serum." Chemosphere 58, no. 7 (February 2005): 943–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.08.095.

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32

Beltrán*, F. J., M. González, J. Rivas, and M. Tierno. "Elimination pathways during water ozonation of volatile organochlorine compounds." Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 63, no. 1-4 (September 1997): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02772249709358521.

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33

Sambursky, G. A., and A. M. Pogorely. "Aspects of Rationing of Chlorine-Containing Substances Discharged with Sewage into Lake Baikal." Ecology and Industry of Russia 22, no. 7 (July 17, 2018): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2018-7-16-19.

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One of the indicators of the normalization of sewage quality for discharge into Lake Baikal is absorbed organic chlorine (AOC). The area of possible application of his indicator in conditions of its standardization level is defined. It was shown that this parameter was included in the rationing of wastewater specifically for the determination of organochlorine compounds in the wastewater of Baikal PPM. It was noted that the requirements for determining the AOC indicator for wastewater discharge are normalized at a very low level of determination. Methods for performing AOX measurements have been considered, and concentration levels have been proposed for the determination of chlorine-containing compounds formed precisely in the result of disinfection of sewage by chlorination.

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34

Alvarez-Pedrerol, Mar, Mònica Guxens, Jesús Ibarluzea, Marisa Rebagliato, Àgueda Rodriguez, Mercedes Espada, Fernando Goñi, Mikel Basterrechea, and Jordi Sunyer. "Organochlorine Compounds, Iodine Intake, and Thyroid Hormone Levels during Pregnancy." Environmental Science & Technology 43, no. 20 (October 15, 2009): 7909–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es9007273.

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35

Golovin, Victor, Georgiy Gulyuk, and Tkhi Fam. "Environmental safety aspects of wastewater irrigation." Melioration and Water Management 2022, no. 3 (September 8, 2022): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32962/0235-2524-2022-3-10-16.

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The paper attempts to clarify the criteria for determining the effectiveness of wastewater irrigation based on the analysis of the response of microbial activity of the soil to the concentration of some hazardous substances that may be in the water. The authors attribute this to the fact that, according to experience, the use of reclamation measures in agricultural irrigation fields does not always fully consider the danger of suppression of the soil microbiome by components such as organochlorine substances (carcinogens) and aluminum salts in the structure of reagents used in wastewater pretreatment processes. It is proved that the orientation of soil educational processes ultimately determines the probability of development and the degree of soil degradation, therefore, the most important point is the assessment of the living conditions of soil microorganisms that mainly cause these processes. The absence of factors, suppression of the activity of the soil microbiome may be the main indicator in assessing the optimality of these conditions.

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Houghton, Donna L., and Leonard Ritter. "Organochlorine Residues and Risk of Breast Cancer." Journal of the American College of Toxicology 14, no. 2 (April 1995): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10915819509008683.

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Considerable attention has recently been focused on the possible role of estrogenic compounds as etiologic agents in the development of human breast cancer. This review summarizes data from relevant laboratory and epidemiological studies to assess the hypothesis that exposure to organochlo-rines, and specifically 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (DDT), increases breast cancer risk. Organochlorine compounds, including pesticides such as DDT and industrial compounds such as the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), have had a long history of use. In general, these compounds are characterized by their high lipophilicity and environmental persistence. DDT was widely used in agriculture and public health programs from 1943 to 1972, when it was removed from use in the Western world. DDT is still used, however, in many developing nations. The International Agency for Research on Cancer concluded that there was adequate evidence that DDT was carcinogenic in laboratory animals, yet epidemiological evidence has not been compelling. The estrogenic activity of o, p'-DDT has been well characterized; however, the affinity of estrogen receptors for this compound is very weak and reported to be 1/2,000–1/10,000 that of 17β-estradiol. Epidemiologically, some investigators have reported elevated levels of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chloro-phenyl)ethylene, a DDT metabolite, and PCBs in breast adipose tissue and blood serum taken from breast cancer patients when compared with controls, while others have reported the absence of such an association. While the etiology of breast cancer is not fully understood, it is generally recognized that estrogenic compounds may increase the risk of disease. Contemporary human exposure to DDT and other organochlorines is very limited and would likely play an insignificant role when compared with other sources of exposure, such as estrogen replacement therapy and phytoestrogens in food.

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37

Fei Wu, Xu, and N. Kosaric. "Removal of Organochlorine Compounds in an Upflow Flocculated Algae Photobioreactor." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 5 (September 1, 1991): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0128.

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An upflow alum-flocculated algae photobioreactor was investigated for removal of toxic chlorinated organic compounds, chlorobenzene and 2,4-dichlorophenol. Biodegradation was evaluated by monitoring substrate disappearance and concurrent generation of artifacts. Chlorobenzene disappeared faster than 2,4-dichlorophenol. Relative rates of removal were greater by the live than by the dead algae biomass. In this study, gravity-concentrated, suspension-centrifuged, and alum-flocculated algae biomass cultures of Chlorella and Scenedesmus were used. In batch and continuous upflow photobioreactor experiments to treat wastewaters containing 50, 100, 200 (batch), and 1,000 mg/l (continuous) each of chlorobenzene and 2,4-dichlorophenol were applied to the bioreactors individually and also as a mixture. The continuous upflow photobioreactor system was found to be efficient, versatile, adaptable and easy to operate for removal and biodegradation of these organochlorine compounds.

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38

Ono, Y., I. Somiya, and T. Kawaguchi. "Genotoxic Evaluation on Aromatic Organochlorine Compounds by Using umu Test." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 1-2 (July 1, 1992): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0386.

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Genetic activities are evaluated on 96 aromatic organochlorine compounds and their isomers, some of which are used as intermediates of pesticides and dyes by using umu-test which can detect the induction of DNA error-prone repair. Some chlorophenols, chlorobenzenes and chloroanilines are determined as positive with microsomal activation. In some chemicals of chlorobenzenes, chlorophenols, chloronitrobenzenes, chloroanilines and chlorotoluenes, genotoxic activities are detected without microsomal activation. The structure-genotoxic activity analysis is discussed with some structural factors of each chemical. Higher correlations are observed between the structural factors and chlorophenol and its isomers. Especially, n-octanol/water partition coefficient, index of valence molecular connectivity, parameter of efficient cross section of molecule, number of chlorine substituent and Hammett's constant have high correlations with genotoxicity. The analysis concludes that the permeability to the cell membrane and the bonding to DNA of chlorophenols by steric, electrovalent and electrophilic effects may be assumed to have relations to the introduction of genotoxicity.

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39

Axmon, Anna, and Anna Rignell-Hydbom. "Association between biomarkers of exposure to persistent organochlorine compounds (POCs)." Chemosphere 64, no. 4 (July 2006): 692–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.11.002.

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Ribas-Fito, N. "Organochlorine compounds and concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone in newborns." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 60, no. 4 (April 1, 2003): 301–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.60.4.301.

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41

Jahnke, Annika, Michael S. McLachlan, and Philipp Mayer. "Equilibrium sampling: Partitioning of organochlorine compounds from lipids into polydimethylsiloxane." Chemosphere 73, no. 10 (November 2008): 1575–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.09.017.

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42

García‐flor, N., R. Alzaga, L. Ortiz, J. M. Bayona, and J. Albaigés. "DETERMINATION OF ORGANOCHLORINE COMPOUNDS IN NEUSTON FROM THE MEDITERRANEAN." Environmental Technology 29, no. 12 (December 2008): 1275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207210802233524.

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43

Gheidarloo, Mahshid, Roya Kelishadi, Silva Hovsepian, Mojtaba Keikha, and Mahin Hashemipour. "The association between prenatal exposure to organochlorine compounds and neonatal thyroid hormone levels: a systematic review." Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 33, no. 1 (January 28, 2020): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2019-0336.

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AbstractIn this systematic review, the association between prenatal exposure to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and neonatal thyroid hormone levels was studied. A systematic search of scientific literature was performed from the PubMed, SCOPUS and ISI web of science electronic bibliographic databases. The search strategy for the review was [(organochlorine OR “organochlorine pesticides” OR “organochlorine pollutants” OR “organochlorine pollutant”) AND (“thyroid hormone” OR triiodothyronine OR Thyroxine OR “fetal thyroid function” OR “thyroid function” OR “Thyroid Stimulating Hormone” AND “prenatal” AND “maternal exposure”)] in English sources. In this review, 305 papers (PubMed: 30; Scopus: 29; ISI: 246) were identified through an electronic database search. Twenty-seven articles were assessed for eligibility, from which 16 qualified articles were selected for the final evaluation. The most common OCP metabolites which were evaluated in order were hexachlorobenzene (HCB) (13 studies), pp-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (pp-DDE) (13 studies), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) (10 studies) and dichlorodiphenyltrichlorethane (DDT) (eight studies). A review of the documents related to the association of prenatal exposure of OCPs with fetal or neonatal thyroid function tests provides us with heterogeneous data in this field. Factors such as differences in the studied populations and their area, ethnic and genetic background, time and rate of exposure, possible interaction of other thyroid-disrupting environmental factors and dietary intake of micronutrients such as iodine and/or selenium are considered the main limitations for making an accurate conclusion. For some OCPs including DDT, DDE, HCH and HCB, there are supporting evidences, and it is suggested that their exposure could potentially alter the fetal thyroid function and consequently impair the neurodevelopment process of the infants.

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44

Inamori, Yuhei, Kazuo Matushige, Ryuichi Sudo, and Hisakazu Kikuchi. "Effect of Organochlorine Compounds on Existence and Growth of Soil Organisms." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 12 (December 1, 1989): 1887–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0194.

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45

Sinkkonen, Seija, Hannu Raitio, Jaakko Paasivirta, Tiina Rantio, Mirja Lahtiperä, and Raili Mäkelä. "Concentrations of persistent organochlorine compounds in spruce needles from Western Finland." Chemosphere 30, no. 8 (April 1995): 1415–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(95)00034-6.

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46

Matskiv, O., Z. Znak, V. Vasiychuk, O. Nagursky, and O. Kurylets. "Determination of the composition and study of the extraction of iron compounds from organochlorine wastes of vinyl chloride production." Voprosy Khimii i Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, no. 2 (May 2023): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.32434/0321-4095-2023-147-2-99-107.

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Sources of organochlorine waste (OCW) generation in the production of vinyl chloride, their toxicity and impact on the environment were analyzed. A comparative analysis of methods of waste disposal was performed. It was established that the method of thermal decontamination has gained the widest application. Methods of identification of organochlorine compounds and methods of separation and concentration of substances were considered. It was determined that one of the effective methods of their extraction is liquid extraction using oxalic and hydrochloric acids as extractants. As a result of the analysis of the composition of insoluble compounds in the cubic residues of the vinyl chloride rectification stage before submitting them to incineration, the presence of two following compounds was established: Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 with a predominant content of the Fe3O4 phase. The rational conditions for the extraction of iron compounds from OCW have been established: the type of extractant (chloric acid), the ratio of OCW:extractant; number of extraction cycles, and temperature. The rational concentration of hydrochloric acid as an extractant is 1%. Reduction of the content of iron compounds in OCW will contribute to increasing the operational life of the incineration plant from 20 days to three or more months.

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47

Otero, Raquel, and Joan O. Grimalt. "Organochlorine compounds in foodstuffs produced near a chlorinated organic solvent factory." Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 46, no. 1-2 (November 1994): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02772249409358099.

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48

Villa, Sara, Christian Negrelli, Antonio Finizio, Onelio Flora, and Marco Vighi. "Organochlorine compounds in ice melt water from Italian Alpine rivers." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 63, no. 1 (January 2006): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.05.010.

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49

Jakšić, Željko, Bojan Hamer, Nediljko Landeka, and Renato Batel. "Western mosquitofish as a bioindicator of exposure to organochlorine compounds." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 71, no. 2 (October 2008): 426–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.11.006.

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50

Vojinović, M. B., S. T. Pavkov, and D. D. Buzarov. "Residues of Persistent Organochlorine Compounds in Selected Aquatic Ecosystems of Vojvodina (Yugoslavia)." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0017.

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In this paper, the concentration of a wide range of persistent organochlo-rine compounds α, β,γ, hexachlorocyclohexane Ʃ-HCH, p,p 'DDE, o,p 'DDE, p,p 'DDT and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the aquatic environments of the river Danube, Tisa, Lake Palić, and fish-pond Ečka are reported. The residues of organochlorine insecticides -OCI and PCBs in water, sediments, fish muscle and eggs of aquatic birds were analysed. These data show the serious contamination of selected aquatic ecosystems (Danube, Tisa, Lake Palić and fish-pond Ečka) of Vojvodina. Because of the concentration of these compounds at top levels, fish, eggs of aquatic birds and sediments are an excellent indicator for detecting trace organic compounds whose presence in water would be difficult to measure directly. The residues of OCI were determined by GC-ECD. Polychlorinated biphenyls -- PCB congeners were quantified by high-resolution gas chromatography (HRGC-ECD).

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