Academic literature on the topic 'Environmental aspects of Particle board industry'

An ever-growing market demand for board (second) level packages (e.g., embedded systems, system-on-a-chip, etc.) poses newer challenges for its manufacturing industry in terms of competitive pricing, higher reliability, and overall dimensions. Such packages are encapsulated for various reasons including thermal management, protection from environmental conditions and dust particles, and enhancing the mechanical stability. In the due course of reducing overall sizes and material saving, an encapsulation as thin as possible imposes its own significance. Such a thin-walled conformal encapsulation serves as an added advantage by reducing the thermo-mechanical stresses occurring due to thermal-cyclic loading, compared to block-sized or thicker encapsulations. This paper assesses the encapsulation process of a board-level package by means of thermoset injection molding. Various aspects reviewed in this paper include the conception of a demonstrator, investigation of the flow simulation of the injection molding process, execution of molding trials with different encapsulation thicknesses, and characterization of the packages. The process shows a high dependence on the substrate properties, injection molding process parameters, device mounting tolerances, and device geometry tolerances. Nevertheless, the thermoset injection molding process is suitable for the encapsulation of board-level packages limiting itself only with respect to the thickness of the encapsulation material, which depends on other external aforementioned factors.

The forest products industry is one of the most powerful industry branches of Turkey, and as in other developing countries, Turkey has a persistent trade deficit. The present paper aims to evaluate the forest industry products of Turkey regarding their economic contribution by Entropy-TOPSIS, which is a hybrid multicriteria decision making method. The evaluation was done to specify the products which will be able to create currency inflow most for reducing the trade deficit and help economic development. According to computations, the most contributing products are medium-density fiberboard (MDF), high-density fiberboard (HDF), industrial roundwood, and particle board. In addition, household and sanitary papers, as well as other paper and paper board products were found to have great economic potential.

Purpose This study aims to evaluate the impact of corporate governance on sustainability reporting by investigating companies operating in the Australian resources industry. Design/methodology/approach This study investigates the relationships between the total sustainability disclosures and, separately, the three aspects of sustainability disclosures – economic, environmental and social – and corporate governance mechanisms proxy by various attributes of board composition. The sustainability disclosures were scored using Ong et al.’s (2016) index. Findings Significant positive correlations were found between the extent of sustainability disclosures and the proportion of independent directors, multiple directorships and female directors on the board. Originality/value Unlike traditional content analysis methods, this study adopts a newly developed Global Reporting Initiatives-based reporting index that identifies companies with good sustainability performance by aligning companies’ disclosures to their sustainability performance.

AbstractThe tourism and hospitality industry is one of the largest industries in the world registering exponential growth over the past years. This study was conducted with the aim of highlighting various aspects of sustainable development from the hospitality industry perspective and the impact of tourism growth on the global touristic destinations. Attracting over 12 million passengers a year, the cruising industry alone contributes substantially by introducing every year a large number of mega size ships carrying over 5000 passengers on board. World renowned hotel chains have been expanding their regional presence providing services to millions of tourists and adventure seekers. The rapid development of the hospitality industry brings along undisputable challenges in environmental protection and natural landscape conservation. The methodology involves a review of the existing literature which concludes that around the world the situation is being addressed by the major players within the worlds’ biggest industry at international conferences and various interactive panel discussions in their attempt to tackle the severe issues of tourism growth and creatively find innovative solutions to ensure environmental sustainability. Our research underlines the successful implementation of the environmental management standards within the cruising industry. The objectives of the global management standards are to ensure compliance in regulatory practices intended to preserve the environment through sustainable and responsible tourism. From this perspective, our analysis indicates that the hotel industry is in a formal adoption phase, posing consistency and implementation challenges across the industry and geographical regions. The overall findings of this research are briefly discussed.

The sustainable development of business requires adjustments in corporate governance to assure the economic, social and environmental aspects of a firm’s responsibility are managed according to the triple bottom line approach. For this purpose, the board of directors can establish devoted corporate social responsibility (CSR) committees to reduce a company’s exposure to responsibility failures. By means of a quantitative analysis on listed firms on FTSE MIB and STAR markets of the Italian Stock Exchange and embracing different theories this paper aims at finding the potential influence of external (soft law and socio-environmental industry risk) and internal (firm size and ownership structure) factors on the presence of CSR committees. This study contributes to the existing literature about sustainability in business, recommends to directors to not underestimate the risk of ‘strategic unsustainability’, and offers to regulators significant food for thought to improve the contribution to sustainable development by companies.

This Review describes the objectives and methodology of the DairyWater project as it aims to aid the Irish dairy processing industry in achieving sustainability as it expands. With the abolition of European milk quotas in March 2015, the Republic of Ireland saw a surge in milk production. The DairyWater project was established in anticipation of this expansion of the Irish dairy sector in order to develop innovative solutions for the efficient management of water consumption, wastewater treatment and the resulting energy use within the country's dairy processing industry. Therefore, the project can be divided into three main thematic areas: dairy wastewater treatment technologies and microbial analysis, water re-use and rainwater harvesting and environmental assessment. In order to ensure the project remains as relevant as possible to the industry, a project advisory board containing key industry stakeholders has been established. To date, a number of large scale studies, using data obtained directly from the Irish dairy industry, have been performed. Additionally, pilot-scale wastewater treatment (intermittently aerated sequencing batch reactor) and tertiary treatment (flow-through pulsed ultraviolet system) technologies have been demonstrated within the project. Further details on selected aspects of the project are discussed in greater detail in the subsequent cluster of research communications.

In shipbuilding industry, comfort is a relevant issue both for crew members and passengers. A comfortable environment enables crew members to perform accurately their tasks and it is an effective factor contributing to the satisfaction of passengers. Noise and vibration, as environmental parameters, play an important role in subjects' comfort. Naval Classification Societies established series of noise/vibration comfort level criteria, which, however, did not take into account some aspects: 1) noise/vibration recordings are carried out during time periods shorter than the exposure time of passengers; 2) the subjective mood is not investigated. In the present study, we studied comfort perception by measuring heart rate variability and mood. We exposed participants to four levels of acoustic noise [from 45 to 55 dB(A)] and three levels of vibration (1.5, 1.8, 2 mm/s) inside a full-scale mock-up of a cruise ship cabin. We found that the increase of noise/vibration intensity determines an increase of heart rate variability and negative mood. However, changes in comfort responses did not occur for the noise/vibration comfort thresholds identified by the Classification Societies. Our results evidence the importance to include psychophysiological measure of comfort when defining comfort criteria on board.

The research on international trade competitiveness is progressing continuously. Environmental factors have been gradually considered in the competitiveness of international trade. However, the green assessment system of international trade competitiveness is not perfect. Building a model based on the trade economy is complex. This study combines environmental pollution data based on the forest processing industry with trade flows. Environmental trade competitiveness, pollution treatment, and trade scale were selected as the three criterion levels to construct an assessment system. The weight and score of each index were calculated by the overall entropy method. The overall entropy method is more comprehensive than the traditional entropy weight method due to introduce longitudinal comparisons of time and category. This method is a dynamic evaluation model with analysis of three-dimensional sequential data tables. The use of this method enables the assessment model to analyze more comprehensively the green level of a country’s trade in wooden forest products in terms of time and product category. The green level of chemical wood pulp and sawn timber trade in China is at a high level. The pollution treatment and trade scale of chemical wood pulp and sawn timber attained a medium level of matching. The trades in particle board, hardboard, newsprint, carton board, and wrapping paper are at medium levels of green. The trades in medium density fiberboard and plywood have poor levels of green and need to improve their green production capacity. It is suggested that China should increase investment in scientific research, as well as establish policies to restrict and treat pollution in the industry of wooden forest products, while increasing the export volumes of products with high added value. China should attach importance to the pollution resulting from the manufacture of wooden forest products. The state should support policies for these producers reducing production emissions.

The scientific and technical issues related to energy harvesting and conversion are inseparably bound to the issues of environmental protection. Energy conversion systems and devices that are applied for converting the chemical energy contained in different fuels into heat, electricity, and cold in industry and housing are sources of different gases and solid particle emissions. Thus, the development of different technologies for energy conversion and environmental protection that can be jointly applied to cover growing energy needs has become a crucial challenge for scientists and engineers around the world. Progress in the precise description, modeling, and optimization of physical and chemical phenomena related to these energy conversion systems is a key research and development field for the economy. Legal and social issues that are affecting key aspects and problems related to the energy conversion and power sector are also significant and worth investigating. The aim of Energy Processes, Systems and Equipment Special Issue is to publish selected high-quality papers from the XV Scientific Conference POL-EMIS 2020: Current Trends in Air and Climate Protection—Control Monitoring, Forecasting, and Reduction of Emissions (29–31 March 2021, Wrocław) and other papers related to the field of energy conversion.

by Pang King Man.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 186-204).
Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese.
by Pang King Man.
Acknowledgments --- p.i
Abstract --- p.ii
Content --- p.v
List of Figures --- p.xiii
List of Tables --- p.xvii
List of Plates --- p.xxii
Chapter 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Printed circuit board manufacturing industry in Hong Kong --- p.1
Chapter 1.1.1 --- Principal manufacturing processes of printed circuit board --- p.2
Chapter 1.1.1.1 --- Cleaning and surface preparation --- p.3
Chapter 1.1.1.2 --- Catalyst application and electroless plating --- p.3
Chapter 1.1.1.3 --- Pattern printing and masking --- p.4
Chapter 1.1.1.4 --- Electroplating --- p.4
Chapter 1.1.1.5 --- Etching --- p.5
Chapter 1.1.2 --- Characteristics of wastestreams from printed circuit board manufacturing --- p.5
Chapter 1.1.2.1 --- Spent solvents --- p.6
Chapter 1.1.2.2 --- Spent etchants --- p.8
Chapter 1.1.2.3 --- Rinsewaters --- p.9
Chapter 1.1.2.4 --- Air emission --- p.9
Chapter 1.1.3 --- Environmental legislation relating to PCB manufacturing industry --- p.10
Chapter 1.1.3.1 --- Water Pollution Control Ordinance (WPCO) --- p.10
Chapter 1.1.3.2 --- Sewage Services (Sewage Charges) Regulation --- p.10
Chapter 1.1.3.3 --- Waste Disposal (Chemical Waste) Regulation --- p.11
Chapter 1.1.3.4 --- Air Pollution Control Ordinance (APCO) --- p.11
Chapter 1.2 --- Chemical-specific approach against toxicity-based approach --- p.11
Chapter 1.3 --- Toxicity identification evaluation --- p.13
Chapter 1.3.1 --- Phase I: Toxicity characterization --- p.15
Chapter 1.3.2 --- Phase II: Toxicity identification --- p.16
Chapter 1.3.3 --- Phase III: Toxicity confirmation --- p.18
Chapter 1.3.4 --- Toxicity identification evaluation on industrial effluents --- p.20
Chapter 1.4 --- Toxicity tests --- p.21
Chapter 1.4.1 --- Selection of organisms for bioassays --- p.22
Chapter 1.4.2 --- Organisms used in TIE --- p.23
Chapter 1.4.3 --- Organisms used in this study --- p.23
Chapter 1.5 --- Ecotoxicological study of effluent from PCB manufacturing industry --- p.27
Chapter 2. --- OBJECTIVES --- p.29
Chapter 3. --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.30
Chapter 3.1 --- Source of samples --- p.30
Chapter 3.2 --- Phase I - Toxicity characterization: Baseline toxicity test --- p.32
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Microtox® test --- p.32
Chapter 3.2.1.1 --- Sample preparation --- p.33
Chapter 3.2.1.2 --- Procedures --- p.33
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Survival test of a marine amphipod Hylae crassicornis --- p.35
Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- Sample preparation --- p.38
Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- Procedures --- p.38
Chapter 3.3 --- Phase I - Toxicity characterization: Manipulations --- p.39
Chapter 3.3.1 --- pH adjustment filtration test --- p.42
Chapter 3.3.1.1 --- Sample preparation --- p.43
Chapter 3.3.1.2 --- Procedures --- p.43
Chapter 3.3.2 --- pH adjustment test --- p.44
Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Procedures --- p.44
Chapter 3.3.3 --- pH adjustment aeration test --- p.44
Chapter 3.3.3.1 --- Sample preparation --- p.45
Chapter 3.3.3.2 --- Procedures --- p.45
Chapter 3.3.4 --- pH adjustment C18 solid phase extraction (SPE) test --- p.46
Chapter 3.3.4.1 --- Sample preparation --- p.46
Chapter 3.3.4.2 --- Procedures --- p.47
Chapter 3.3.5 --- Cation exchange test --- p.48
Chapter 3.3.5.1 --- Sample preparation --- p.48
Chapter 3.3.5.2 --- Procedures --- p.48
Chapter 3.3.6 --- Anion exchange test --- p.49
Chapter 3.3.6.1 --- Sample preparation --- p.49
Chapter 3.3.6.2 --- Procedures --- p.50
Chapter 3.4 --- Phase II - Toxicity identification --- p.50
Chapter 3.4.1 --- Determination of total organic carbon (TOC)-TOC analyzer --- p.51
Chapter 3.4.1.1 --- Principle --- p.51
Chapter 3.4.1.2 --- Sample preparation --- p.52
Chapter 3.4.2 --- Determination of metal ions-Inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP-ES) --- p.54
Chapter 3.4.2.1 --- Principle --- p.54
Chapter 3.4.2.2 --- Sample preparation --- p.56
Chapter 3.4.3 --- Determination of metal ions-Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) --- p.56
Chapter 3.4.3.1 --- Principle --- p.56
Chapter 3.4.3.2 --- Sample preparation --- p.58
Chapter 3.4.4 --- Determination of anions - Ion chromatography (IC) --- p.58
Chapter 3.4.4.1 --- Principle --- p.58
Chapter 3.4.4.2 --- Sample preparation --- p.60
Chapter 3.5 --- Phase III - Toxicity confirmation --- p.60
Chapter 3.5.1 --- Chemicals preparation --- p.60
Chapter 3.5.2 --- Mass balance test --- p.61
Chapter 3.5.2.1 --- Procedures --- p.61
Chapter 3.5.3 --- Spiking test --- p.61
Chapter 3.5.3.1 --- Procedures --- p.62
Chapter 4. --- RESULTS --- p.63
Chapter 4.1 --- Chemical characteristics of the whole effluent samples --- p.63
Chapter 4.2 --- Phase I - Toxicity characterization: Baseline toxicity test --- p.63
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Baseline toxicity of whole effluent samples on the Microtox® test --- p.63
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Baseline toxicity of whole effluent samples on the survival test of a marine amphipod Hyale crassicornis --- p.63
Chapter 4.3 --- Phase I - Toxicity characterization --- p.67
Chapter 4.3.1 --- Toxicity characterization of effluent samples using the Microtox® test --- p.67
Chapter 4.3.1.1 --- Effect of manipulations on Sample El --- p.67
Chapter 4.3.1.2 --- Effect of manipulations on Sample E2 --- p.72
Chapter 4.3.1.3 --- Effect of manipulations on Sample E3 --- p.77
Chapter 4.3.1.4 --- Effect of manipulations on Sample E4 --- p.80
Chapter 4.3.1.5 --- Effect of manipulations on Sample E5 --- p.83
Chapter 4.3.1.6 --- Effect of manipulations on Sample E6 --- p.86
Chapter 4.3.2 --- Toxicity characterization of effluent samples using the survival test of amphipod Hyale crassicornis --- p.89
Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- Effect of manipulations on Sample El --- p.89
Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- Effect of manipulations on Sample E2 --- p.94
Chapter 4.3.2.3 --- Effect of manipulations on Sample E3 --- p.99
Chapter 4.3.2.4 --- Effect of manipulations on Sample E4 --- p.102
Chapter 4.3.2.5 --- Effect of manipulations on Sample E5 --- p.102
Chapter 4.3.2.6 --- Effect of manipulations on Sample E6 --- p.107
Chapter 4.4 --- Phase II - Toxicity identification --- p.110
Chapter 4.4.1 --- Chemical reduction on Sample El --- p.113
Chapter 4.4.2 --- Chemical reduction on Sample E2 --- p.117
Chapter 4.4.3 --- Chemical reduction on Sample E3 --- p.117
Chapter 4.4.4 --- Chemical reduction on Sample E4 --- p.122
Chapter 4.4.5 --- Chemical reduction on Sample E5 --- p.122
Chapter 4.4.6 --- Chemical reduction on Sample E6 --- p.125
Chapter 4.5 --- Phase III - Toxicity confirmation --- p.130
Chapter 4.5.1 --- Mass balance and spiking tests on the Microtox® test --- p.130
Chapter 4.5.1.1 --- Mass balance and spiking tests of Sample El on the Microtox® test --- p.131
Chapter 4.5.1.2 --- Mass balance and spiking tests of Sample E2 on the Microtox® test --- p.131
Chapter 4.5.1.3 --- Mass balance and spiking tests of Sample E3 on the Microtox® test --- p.133
Chapter 4.5.1.4 --- Mass balance and spiking tests of Sample E4 on the Microtox® test --- p.135
Chapter 4.5.1.5 --- Mass balance and spiking tests of Sample E5 on the Microtox® test --- p.138
Chapter 4.5.1.6 --- Mass balance and spiking tests of Sample E6 on the Microtox® test --- p.140
Chapter 4.5.2 --- Mass balance and spiking tests on the survival test of amphipod Hyale --- p.140
Chapter 4.5.2.1 --- Mass balance and spiking tests of Sample El on the amphipod survival test --- p.142
Chapter 4.5.2.2 --- Mass balance and spiking tests of Sample E2 on the amphipod survival test --- p.142
Chapter 4.5.2.3 --- Mass balance and spiking tests of Sample E3 on the amphipod survival test --- p.144
Chapter 4.5.2.4 --- Mass balance and spiking tests of Sample E4 on the amphipod survival test --- p.146
Chapter 4.5.2.5 --- Mass balance and spiking tests of Sample E5 on the amphipod survival test --- p.149
Chapter 4.5.2.6 --- Mass balance and spiking tests of Sample E6 on the amphipod survival test --- p.149
Chapter 5. --- DISCUSSION --- p.153
Chapter 5.1 --- Phase I - Toxicity characterization: Baseline toxicity test --- p.153
Chapter 5.1.1 --- Baseline toxicity of whole effluent samples on the Microtox® test --- p.154
Chapter 5.1.2 --- Baseline toxicity of whole effluent samples on the survival test of amphipod Hyale crassicornis --- p.155
Chapter 5.2 --- Phase I - Toxicity characterization: Manipulations --- p.155
Chapter 5.2.1 --- Effect of manipulations on the Microtox® test --- p.156
Chapter 5.2.1.1 --- pH adjustment filtration test --- p.156
Chapter 5.2.1.2 --- pH adjustment test --- p.158
Chapter 5.2.1.3 --- pH adjustment aeration test --- p.159
Chapter 5.2.1.4 --- pH adjustment C18 solid phase extraction (SPE) test --- p.159
Chapter 5.2.1.5 --- Cation exchange test --- p.160
Chapter 5.2.1.6 --- Anion exchange test --- p.160
Chapter 5.2.1.7 --- Conclusion of the Phase I manipulations on the Microtox® test --- p.161
Chapter 5.2.2 --- Effect of manipulations on the survival test of a marine amphipod Hyale crassicornis --- p.162
Chapter 5.2.2.1 --- pH adjustment filtration test --- p.162
Chapter 5.2.2.2 --- pH adjustment test --- p.162
Chapter 5.2.2.3 --- pH adjustment aeration test --- p.163
Chapter 5.2.2.4 --- pH adjustment C18 solid phase extraction (SPE) test --- p.163
Chapter 5.2.2.5 --- Cation exchange test --- p.163
Chapter 5.2.2.6 --- Anion exchange test --- p.164
Chapter 5.2.2.7 --- Conclusion of the Phase I manipulations on the survival test of a marine amphipod Hyale crassicornis --- p.164
Chapter 5.3 --- Phase II - Toxicity identification --- p.164
Chapter 5.3.1 --- Chemical reduction on anions --- p.165
Chapter 5.3.2 --- Chemical reduction on metal ions --- p.166
Chapter 5.3.3 --- Conclusion of the Phase II toxicity identification --- p.166
Chapter 5.4 --- Phase III - Toxicity confirmation --- p.167
Chapter 5.4.1 --- Mass balance and spiking tests on the Microtox® test --- p.167
Chapter 5.4.2 --- Mass balance and spiking tests on the survival test of amphipod Hyale crassicornis --- p.169
Chapter 5.4.3 --- Conclusion of the Phase III toxicity confirmation --- p.170
Chapter 5.4.4 --- Comparison between the results of the Microtox® test and survival test of amphipod Hyale crassicornis --- p.170
Chapter 5.5 --- Comparison between the concentrations of the identified toxicant(s) in the PCB effluents with the technical memorandum on standards for effluent discharged --- p.172
Chapter 5.6 --- Toxicity of the identified toxicant(s) in the PCB effluents --- p.175
Chapter 5.6.1 --- Copper --- p.175
Chapter 5.6.2 --- Chloride and sulfate --- p.177
Chapter 5.7 --- Treatment technologies --- p.179
Chapter 5.8 --- Recommendations --- p.183
Chapter 6. --- CONCLUSIONS --- p.184
Chapter 7. --- REFERENCES --- p.186

Modern power systems require increased intelligence and flexibility in control and optimization. This issue is becoming more significant today due to the increasing size, changing structure, emerging renewable energy sources and Microgrids, environmental constraints, and the complexity of power systems. The control units and their associated tuning methods for modern power systems surely must be intelligent (based in flexible intelligent algorithms). This chapter addresses a new intelligent approach using a combination of fuzzy logic and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) techniques for optimal tuning of the existing most popular Proportional-Integral (PI) or Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers in the power electric industry. In the proposed control strategy, the PI (PID) parameters are automatically tuned using fuzzy rules, according to the on-line measurements. In order to obtain an optimal performance, the PSO technique is used to determine the membership functions’ parameters. The proposed optimal tuning scheme offers many benefits for a new power system with numerous distributed generators and Renewable Energy Sources (RESs).In the developed tuning algorithm, the physical and engineering aspects have been fully considered. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme, secondary frequency control problem in an islanded Microgrid (MG) system is considered a case study. The main source of power for a Microgrid is small generating units of tens of kW that are placed at the customer site. Simulation studies are performed to illustrate the capability of the proposed intelligent/optimal control approach.

This paper is to keep you informed of certain recent developments in the Alberta Energy and Utilities Board (AEUB) that is of particular interest to pipleline companies. Since these changes were first initiated, the Board has undertaken a significant transformation of the management of regulated wastes from the petroleum industry. The passing of the G-58 guidelines will have far reaching effects on the business environment of the petroleum industry. We have analyzed some of the more important aspects of this reform. We continue to closely monitor changes from our western Canadian operations, particularly the impact of those changes on those generating regulated wastes in Alberta.

CIEMAT, formerly the Nuclear Energy Board (JEN), is the Spanish Centre for Energy-Related, Environmental and Technological Research. Located in Madrid, it used to have more than 60 facilities in operation that allowed a wide range of activities in the nuclear field and in the application of ionising radiations. Particularly significant among these facilities were the research reactors, particle accelerators, hot cells and nuclear fuel manufacturing and processing plants. At present the centre, which is authorised as a single nuclear facility, includes various installations, some of them are now obsolete, shut down and in dismantling phases. In 2000 CIEMAT started the “Integrated plan for the improvement of CIEMAT installations (PIMIC)”, which includes activities for the decontamination, dismantling and rehabilitation of obsolete facilities. This paper will describe the decommissioning process carried out at CIEMAT Research Centre, and will review the key aspects of the project, including site remediation and release.

The National Energy Board (NEB or the Board) is an independent regulatory tribunal that regulates various aspects of the Canadian energy industry, including the design, construction, operation and abandonment of oil and gas pipelines that cross provincial or international borders. Under section 74(1)(d) of the National Energy Board Act, a company shall not, without the leave of the Board, abandon the operation of a pipeline. To date, only one large-scale abandonment of an NEB-regulated pipeline has occurred. However, as pipeline infrastructure ages and markets shift, pipeline abandonments are likely to become more common. It is therefore important to review and learn from this case so that industry and regulators may effect future abandonments in as efficient and environmentally responsible a manner as possible. The Yukon Pipeline was part of the Canol Pipeline built by the United States Army in 1942. From 1958 through 1994, Yukon Pipelines Limited (YPL) and related companies operated the portion of pipeline from Skagway, Alaska, to Whitehorse, Yukon, to transport furnace oil, diesel fuel and gasoline to Whitehorse for distribution and use in the Yukon. The 114 km Canadian portion of the Yukon Pipeline, as well as an associated pump station at Carcross, Yukon, and a tank farm in Whitehorse, have been regulated by the NEB since 1962. An abandonment hearing was held in 1996, and the NEB issued a conditional order granting YPL leave to abandon the pipeline. The order would not come into force until YPL conducted further contaminant investigation and planned and successfully completed remedial work, all in consultation with a variety of stakeholders and regulatory bodies. The physical abandonment of the YPL facilities was relatively straightforward. Significant issues pertain primarily to the ongoing associated remediation of historical contamination. Challenges include appropriate characterization of the site, changing environmental standards and regulatory frameworks, changes in approach to remediation of the site, and complex jurisdictional interactions. Special concerns pertain to the application of environmental risk assessment and risk management. In order for future abandonment projects to proceed efficiently and effectively, it is recommended that site characterization and risk assessment work be completed early in the process, that risk management planning also be completed as early as possible (including planning how site closure will be achieved within the applicable regulatory context), and that the abandonment process and provisions be sufficiently flexible to accommodate changing circumstances while still achieving the desired end result.

Abstract Following Tantawan field suspension of production, considerable volume of contaminated crude (high level of mercury and arsenic content) remains on board in Tantawan FPSO. These volumes are deemed as waste hydrocarbon sludge that hold no commercial value and must be urgently removed from the vessel as per safety requirements to maintain the vessel class and certification, according to Tantawan FPSO integrity condition. After review of many alternatives, offshore subsurface disposal initiative is the safest and most cost-effective means for disposal. Since subsurface disposal of such waste, highly mercury and arsenic contaminated crude, has never been performed in the Gulf of Thailand, several aspects need to be considered from technical and environmental perspective and public sector concerns. A cross functional team of Reservoir Engineer, Geologist, Facilities Engineer, Health and Safety, Policy, Government and Public Affair and commercial advisor, has co-devised a holistic waste management plan to inject waste into Tantawan reservoirs after obtaining required approvals by the government. Many challenges including limitation of the FPSO pumping system, sludge properties and seasonal increment weather, were encountered during the execution phase and many remedial actions were taken to mitigate their impact. Cross functional team initiatives on heater installation, adjusting injection procedure, and additional disposal well approval helped address project challenges. Entire volume of sludge was safely injected to subsurface reservoirs with cost effective operation. The success of this offshore injection process has reduced the cost to less than 10% compared to onshore disposal option to asset joint venture. The results set a new standard for Thailand petroleum waste management policy. Following this success, decommissioning of all remaining of Tantawan field are progressing as scheduled. This paper will outline the holistic approach of hydrocarbon sludge management process including the subsurface injection identifcation, stakeholder engagement, environmental impact assessment and execution challenges. Lessons learned from this paper would help other offshore operators to effectively manage hydrocarbon sludge, which demonstrate how the oil and gas industry plays a vital role in protecting the environment.