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Kulkarni, Romit, Peter Wappler, Mahdi Soltani, Mehmet Haybat, Thomas Guenther, Tobias Groezinger, and André Zimmermann. "An Assessment of Thermoset Injection Molding for Thin-Walled Conformal Encapsulation of Board-Level Electronic Packages." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 3, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp3010018.
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An ever-growing market demand for board (second) level packages (e.g., embedded systems, system-on-a-chip, etc.) poses newer challenges for its manufacturing industry in terms of competitive pricing, higher reliability, and overall dimensions. Such packages are encapsulated for various reasons including thermal management, protection from environmental conditions and dust particles, and enhancing the mechanical stability. In the due course of reducing overall sizes and material saving, an encapsulation as thin as possible imposes its own significance. Such a thin-walled conformal encapsulation serves as an added advantage by reducing the thermo-mechanical stresses occurring due to thermal-cyclic loading, compared to block-sized or thicker encapsulations. This paper assesses the encapsulation process of a board-level package by means of thermoset injection molding. Various aspects reviewed in this paper include the conception of a demonstrator, investigation of the flow simulation of the injection molding process, execution of molding trials with different encapsulation thicknesses, and characterization of the packages. The process shows a high dependence on the substrate properties, injection molding process parameters, device mounting tolerances, and device geometry tolerances. Nevertheless, the thermoset injection molding process is suitable for the encapsulation of board-level packages limiting itself only with respect to the thickness of the encapsulation material, which depends on other external aforementioned factors.
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Abo El Ata, Gehad A. "Environmental, mycological and respiratory health assessment of workers chronically exposed to bagasse in egyptian particle-board industry." International Journal of Environmental Health Research 8, no. 4 (December 1998): 315–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09603129873426.
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Bayram, Bahadır Çağrı. "Evaluation of forest products trade economic contribution by entropy-TOPSIS: Case study of Turkey." BioResources 15, no. 1 (January 10, 2020): 1419–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.1.1419-1429.
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The forest products industry is one of the most powerful industry branches of Turkey, and as in other developing countries, Turkey has a persistent trade deficit. The present paper aims to evaluate the forest industry products of Turkey regarding their economic contribution by Entropy-TOPSIS, which is a hybrid multicriteria decision making method. The evaluation was done to specify the products which will be able to create currency inflow most for reducing the trade deficit and help economic development. According to computations, the most contributing products are medium-density fiberboard (MDF), high-density fiberboard (HDF), industrial roundwood, and particle board. In addition, household and sanitary papers, as well as other paper and paper board products were found to have great economic potential.
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Ong, Tricia, and Hadrian Geri Djajadikerta. "Corporate governance and sustainability reporting in the Australian resources industry: an empirical analysis." Social Responsibility Journal 16, no. 1 (November 22, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/srj-06-2018-0135.
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Purpose This study aims to evaluate the impact of corporate governance on sustainability reporting by investigating companies operating in the Australian resources industry. Design/methodology/approach This study investigates the relationships between the total sustainability disclosures and, separately, the three aspects of sustainability disclosures – economic, environmental and social – and corporate governance mechanisms proxy by various attributes of board composition. The sustainability disclosures were scored using Ong et al.’s (2016) index. Findings Significant positive correlations were found between the extent of sustainability disclosures and the proportion of independent directors, multiple directorships and female directors on the board. Originality/value Unlike traditional content analysis methods, this study adopts a newly developed Global Reporting Initiatives-based reporting index that identifies companies with good sustainability performance by aligning companies’ disclosures to their sustainability performance.
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Vlasceanu, Carmen, Iulian Tenie, and Oana Crismariu. "Global sustainability and responsibility in hotels and cruising industry." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 14, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 306–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2020-0029.
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AbstractThe tourism and hospitality industry is one of the largest industries in the world registering exponential growth over the past years. This study was conducted with the aim of highlighting various aspects of sustainable development from the hospitality industry perspective and the impact of tourism growth on the global touristic destinations. Attracting over 12 million passengers a year, the cruising industry alone contributes substantially by introducing every year a large number of mega size ships carrying over 5000 passengers on board. World renowned hotel chains have been expanding their regional presence providing services to millions of tourists and adventure seekers. The rapid development of the hospitality industry brings along undisputable challenges in environmental protection and natural landscape conservation. The methodology involves a review of the existing literature which concludes that around the world the situation is being addressed by the major players within the worlds’ biggest industry at international conferences and various interactive panel discussions in their attempt to tackle the severe issues of tourism growth and creatively find innovative solutions to ensure environmental sustainability. Our research underlines the successful implementation of the environmental management standards within the cruising industry. The objectives of the global management standards are to ensure compliance in regulatory practices intended to preserve the environment through sustainable and responsible tourism. From this perspective, our analysis indicates that the hotel industry is in a formal adoption phase, posing consistency and implementation challenges across the industry and geographical regions. The overall findings of this research are briefly discussed.
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Gennari, Francesca. "How to Lead the Board of Directors to a Sustainable Development of Business with the CSR Committees." Sustainability 11, no. 24 (December 7, 2019): 6987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11246987.
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The sustainable development of business requires adjustments in corporate governance to assure the economic, social and environmental aspects of a firm’s responsibility are managed according to the triple bottom line approach. For this purpose, the board of directors can establish devoted corporate social responsibility (CSR) committees to reduce a company’s exposure to responsibility failures. By means of a quantitative analysis on listed firms on FTSE MIB and STAR markets of the Italian Stock Exchange and embracing different theories this paper aims at finding the potential influence of external (soft law and socio-environmental industry risk) and internal (firm size and ownership structure) factors on the presence of CSR committees. This study contributes to the existing literature about sustainability in business, recommends to directors to not underestimate the risk of ‘strategic unsustainability’, and offers to regulators significant food for thought to improve the contribution to sustainable development by companies.
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Finnegan, William, Eoghan Clifford, Jamie Goggins, Niall O'Leary, Alan Dobson, Neil Rowan, Liwen Xiao, et al. "DairyWater: striving for sustainability within the dairy processing industry in the Republic of Ireland." Journal of Dairy Research 85, no. 3 (August 2018): 366–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029918000614.
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This Review describes the objectives and methodology of the DairyWater project as it aims to aid the Irish dairy processing industry in achieving sustainability as it expands. With the abolition of European milk quotas in March 2015, the Republic of Ireland saw a surge in milk production. The DairyWater project was established in anticipation of this expansion of the Irish dairy sector in order to develop innovative solutions for the efficient management of water consumption, wastewater treatment and the resulting energy use within the country's dairy processing industry. Therefore, the project can be divided into three main thematic areas: dairy wastewater treatment technologies and microbial analysis, water re-use and rainwater harvesting and environmental assessment. In order to ensure the project remains as relevant as possible to the industry, a project advisory board containing key industry stakeholders has been established. To date, a number of large scale studies, using data obtained directly from the Irish dairy industry, have been performed. Additionally, pilot-scale wastewater treatment (intermittently aerated sequencing batch reactor) and tertiary treatment (flow-through pulsed ultraviolet system) technologies have been demonstrated within the project. Further details on selected aspects of the project are discussed in greater detail in the subsequent cluster of research communications.
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Bregant, Luigi, Flavia D'Agostin, and Martina Lorenzino. "Are on board comfort classes noise and vibration levels really suitable?" INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 5 (August 1, 2021): 1206–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-1777.
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In shipbuilding industry, comfort is a relevant issue both for crew members and passengers. A comfortable environment enables crew members to perform accurately their tasks and it is an effective factor contributing to the satisfaction of passengers. Noise and vibration, as environmental parameters, play an important role in subjects' comfort. Naval Classification Societies established series of noise/vibration comfort level criteria, which, however, did not take into account some aspects: 1) noise/vibration recordings are carried out during time periods shorter than the exposure time of passengers; 2) the subjective mood is not investigated. In the present study, we studied comfort perception by measuring heart rate variability and mood. We exposed participants to four levels of acoustic noise [from 45 to 55 dB(A)] and three levels of vibration (1.5, 1.8, 2 mm/s) inside a full-scale mock-up of a cruise ship cabin. We found that the increase of noise/vibration intensity determines an increase of heart rate variability and negative mood. However, changes in comfort responses did not occur for the noise/vibration comfort thresholds identified by the Classification Societies. Our results evidence the importance to include psychophysiological measure of comfort when defining comfort criteria on board.
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Tian, Gang, Wen Yu, Thi Thanh Huyen Vu, and Guo-Yong Ma. "Green Assessment of Imports and Exports of Wooden Forest Products Based on Forest Processing Industry: A Case Study of China." Forests 12, no. 2 (January 31, 2021): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12020166.
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The research on international trade competitiveness is progressing continuously. Environmental factors have been gradually considered in the competitiveness of international trade. However, the green assessment system of international trade competitiveness is not perfect. Building a model based on the trade economy is complex. This study combines environmental pollution data based on the forest processing industry with trade flows. Environmental trade competitiveness, pollution treatment, and trade scale were selected as the three criterion levels to construct an assessment system. The weight and score of each index were calculated by the overall entropy method. The overall entropy method is more comprehensive than the traditional entropy weight method due to introduce longitudinal comparisons of time and category. This method is a dynamic evaluation model with analysis of three-dimensional sequential data tables. The use of this method enables the assessment model to analyze more comprehensively the green level of a country’s trade in wooden forest products in terms of time and product category. The green level of chemical wood pulp and sawn timber trade in China is at a high level. The pollution treatment and trade scale of chemical wood pulp and sawn timber attained a medium level of matching. The trades in particle board, hardboard, newsprint, carton board, and wrapping paper are at medium levels of green. The trades in medium density fiberboard and plywood have poor levels of green and need to improve their green production capacity. It is suggested that China should increase investment in scientific research, as well as establish policies to restrict and treat pollution in the industry of wooden forest products, while increasing the export volumes of products with high added value. China should attach importance to the pollution resulting from the manufacture of wooden forest products. The state should support policies for these producers reducing production emissions.
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Sówka, Izabela, Sławomir Pietrowicz, and Piotr Kolasiński. "Energy Processes, Systems and Equipment." Energies 14, no. 6 (March 18, 2021): 1701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14061701.
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The scientific and technical issues related to energy harvesting and conversion are inseparably bound to the issues of environmental protection. Energy conversion systems and devices that are applied for converting the chemical energy contained in different fuels into heat, electricity, and cold in industry and housing are sources of different gases and solid particle emissions. Thus, the development of different technologies for energy conversion and environmental protection that can be jointly applied to cover growing energy needs has become a crucial challenge for scientists and engineers around the world. Progress in the precise description, modeling, and optimization of physical and chemical phenomena related to these energy conversion systems is a key research and development field for the economy. Legal and social issues that are affecting key aspects and problems related to the energy conversion and power sector are also significant and worth investigating. The aim of Energy Processes, Systems and Equipment Special Issue is to publish selected high-quality papers from the XV Scientific Conference POL-EMIS 2020: Current Trends in Air and Climate Protection—Control Monitoring, Forecasting, and Reduction of Emissions (29–31 March 2021, Wrocław) and other papers related to the field of energy conversion.
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Nester, Anatolyi, Larisa Tretyakova, Liudmyla Mitiuk, Natalya Prakhovnik, and Arkadii Husev. "Remediation of Soil Containing Sludge Generated by Printed Circuit Board Production and Electroplating." Environmental Research, Engineering and Management 76, no. 4 (December 18, 2020): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.76.4.25460.
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This paper examines the environmental conditions at the premises of printed circuit boards (PCBs) manufacturers, which have electroplating plants. It provides a brief overview of the key aspects of adverse environmental impacts of wastes generated by PCB manufacture and electroplating plants. The aim of this research was to improve the test method for evaluation of wastewater effect on the soil salinity at the premises of PCBs manufacturers. The object of research was the process of extraction and use of copper from wastewater generated by PCBs manufacture and electroplating. As an example, the process of sludge formation during PCBs etching has been reviewed. With the etching line capacity of 14 m2/h, one-shift manufacturing process will result in the production of up to 2,500 kg of sludge monthly. For enterprises with capacities of 2,000–4,000 m2 circuits, this means annual accumulation at their premises of up to 70 tons of wastes in the form of sludge. Estimates suggest that the upper half-meter layer of the aeration zone will be qualified as slightly saline in one year after accumulation of the sludge. In subsequent years, the salt content will increase and saline soil can be found at the depths of 1.5–2 m over ten years of storage. The authors of this paper propose to treat spent etching solutions applying regeneration technology in order to reduce the amount of sludge. With this technology, it is possible to use the extracted metal as a secondary raw material for copper production and re-use the regenerated solution in PCBs etching. This paper provides estimated hazard indices calculated for the storage of sludge at the manufacturer’s premises before and after the implementation of the proposed technology. With regards to findings of the study, it has been proposed to reuse copper recovered from wastes as a raw material for the industry.
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H. Basta, Altaf, Houssni El-Saied, and Emad M. Deffallah. "Optimising the process for production of high performance bagasse-based composites from rice bran-UF adhesive system." Pigment & Resin Technology 43, no. 4 (July 1, 2014): 212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-08-2013-0077.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to prepare high-performance agro-based composites from the non-toxic rice bran-urea-formaldehyde (RB-UF) adhesive system. Investigations have continued for production high performance agro-based composites using environmentally acceptable approaches. The utilisation of such system with the available used local agro-based wood products (sugar-cane bagasse, SCB) adds economic value and helps reducing the environmental impact of commercial urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesive, and most importantly, provides a potentially inexpensive alternative to the existing commercial artificial wood-panel mills. Design/methodology/approach – Optimising the process for incorporating the RB in UF, as wood adhesive for binding the bagasse fibres, was carried out, by partially replacing commercial UF by denaturalised RB in slurry (wet) and dry form or through synthesis of UF. The denaturalisation of RB was carried out at different pHs (10-11) and at temperature 60°C for two hours. While incorporating the RB during synthesis of UF, it was carried out according to the method reported elsewhere. The formulation of adhesive components, pH value of the denaturalisation stage and the process of incorporating the RB were optimised. Assessment of the role of RB adhesive was specified from its free-formaldehyde (HCHO) content, as well as the properties (mechanical and physical properties) of the produced composites of bagasse particle board type, in comparison with the environmental impact of commercial thermosetting resin (UF). Findings – The promising adhesive system exhibits improvement in the environmental performance (as E1 type) over a commercially UF adhesive (as E2 type), besides providing boards fulfill the requirements of grade H-3 (according to ANSI A208.1 (NPA1993). This adhesive system was resulted from replacing 30 per cent of UF by denalturalised RB (at pH 10) in slurry form. Where, its reduction in free-HCHO reached 53 per cent, as well as modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), internal bond (IB) and TS of the produced boards were approximately 24.2 N/mm2, approximately 3753 N/mm2, approximately 0.84 N/mm2 and approximately 11.4 per cent, respectively. Research limitations/implications – The eco-adhesive with relatively high percentage of low-cost commercial UF (70 per cent) and 30 per cent RB, as oil production by-product, in slurry form provides good board strength and is environmentally friendly compared to SCB-based composite properties, with that produced from commercial UF. The mechanical (MOR, MOE and IB) and water-resistance properties of the produced composite comply with the standard values. Practical implications – The approach provided low HCHO-free UF adhesive with good comparative board strength and water resistance and reasonable working life. Replacing 30 per cent of UF by RB in slurry form and denaturalised at pH 10 is considered a promising inexpensive alternate adhesive (as E1) in the wood industry based on SCB wastes. Social implications – Incorporating the RB by-product of oil production to commercial UF will be beneficial for saving the health of wood co-workers and motivating the wood mill to export its wood products. Originality/value – It provided a potentially simple way to improve both the utilisation of commercial UF and SCB as industrial substrates for particle-board production. This will benefit farmers, local wood mills in Upper Egypt, significantly. Meanwhile, incorporating low percentage of RB, as oil-mill by-products, is promising to partly replace UF resin in the wood industry, minimising formaldehyde emission or toxic gasses during board formation.
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Vence, T. D. "Potential of Recycling Ash From Resource Recovery Facilities in California." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 107, no. 1 (March 1, 1985): 152–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3231155.
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In 1981, in response to Industry and government interest in recovering materials ordinarily destined for disposal, the California State Solid Waste Management Board commissioned a study entitled Utilization of Residue From Resource Recovery Facilities. This research project has encompassed examination of all aspects of residue utilization—technical, environmental, economic, institutional and regulatory—in an effort to accurately determine the promise and problems of developing residue utilization. The report serves as both a documentation of research and a source document for those desiring further information. Most of the research activity on residue recycling occurred during the period from the middle 1960’s to early 1970’s. The hiatus, however, appears to be ending with a current upswing of research activity in the United States. While both foreign and domestic residue recycling activities were examined, it is important to note that this report concentrates on the domestic development of residue recycling; the prohibitive cost of document translation prevented access to some foreign reports. While several promising applications have been identified for residue, the best demonstrated use is as an aggregate material in bituminous base course pavements. Residue has also been shown to perform excellently as subbase and fill material; however, use of residue in this manner raises serious environmental questions in California.
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Ferrandez-Garcia, Maria Teresa, Clara Eugenia Ferrandez-Garcia, Teresa Garcia-Ortuño, Antonio Ferrandez-Garcia, and Manuel Ferrandez-Villena. "Experimental Evaluation of a New Giant Reed (Arundo Donax L.) Composite Using Citric Acid as a Natural Binder." Agronomy 9, no. 12 (December 12, 2019): 882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120882.
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The raw materials used to manufacture thermal insulation in buildings consume a large amount of energy and are not generally biodegradable, which means it is necessary to increase the use of renewable, eco-friendly resources such as plant fibers in order to reduce the environmental problems this generates. The wood adhesives developed by the petrochemical industry offer excellent performance and are affordable. However, their use has an expiry date and in the future they will be rejected due to the environmental and health problems they can cause. The objective of this work was to develop a new eco-friendly biocomposite that could be used for thermal insulation in buildings. Boards were manufactured from giant reed particles with a particle size of 2 to 4 mm, using 5 and 10% by weight of citric acid as a natural binder. Experiments were then carried out to investigate the effect of board density on mechanical, physical, and thermal properties. A new type of composite was obtained with a thermal conductivity of 0.081–0.093 W/m K, which makes it suitable as an insulating material. The boards with a density of 850 kg/m3 had a modulus of rupture (MOR) of 12.5 N/mm2, a modulus of elasticity (MOE) of 2440 N/mm2, and an internal bonding strength (IB) of 0.61 N/mm2, and they could be used as insulation panels for divisions and enclosures in buildings.
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Vigneault, C., S. L. Underwood, V. Fournier, D. Bousquet, J. Belanger, and P. Blondin. "87 BACK TO THE DRAWING BOARD: IN VITRO CULTURE OF BOVINE EMBRYOS FOR FREEZING." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 24, no. 1 (2012): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv24n1ab87.
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Despite hundreds of scientific papers published, no system has resulted in in vitro embryos comparable to those produced in vivo. We hypothesised that assembling the most pertinent elements of IVF studies into one system would result in a highly efficient in vitro culture system. Here we report the in vitro production of bovine embryos using a culture system with strict environmental conditions that produces very-good-quality embryos at high rates. This system consists of a sequential culture system with media composition based on recent reports that characterise the bovine female reproductive tract (Hugentobler et al. 2007 Mol. Reprod. Dev. 74, 445–454; Hugentobler et al. 2007 Theriogenology 68, 538–548; Hugentobler et al. 2008 Mol. Reprod. Dev. 75, 496–503). This system uses a 3-step culture media to prevent toxicity resulting from ammonium accumulation and nutrient depletion and also to adjust the component concentrations to support embryo needs at different developmental stages. Fatty acid-free BSA is used as the protein source and the culture is in droplets under high-quality paraffin oil at 38.5°C under 6.8% CO2, 5% O2 and 88.2% N2. Numerous other aspects were investigated to limit embryo stresses (Lane et al. 2008 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 20, 23–32) during manipulations, including the use of mini-incubators and very-high-purity gas combined with stringent laboratory practices. In the first year using this new embryo production system, 2839 oocytes were fertilized, resulting in a transferable blastocyst rate of 51%. Of the 1448 embryos produced, 779 were transferred fresh at our facility with pregnancy rates of 55 and 49% at 28 and 60 days, respectively. Pregnancy rates were directly related to the quality of the embryos transferred as 61% of grade 1 embryos transferred induced a pregnancy at Day 28, compared with 41% of grade 2 embryos. Pregnancy induction is not the only indication of good embryo quality. As is well-documented, in vitro-produced bovine embryos do not tolerate slow freezing, so vitrification was applied to surmount this intolerance. However, this is difficult to apply to industry because direct transfer of vitrified embryos is challenging. We hypothesised that the improvement of embryo culture would result in embryos that could tolerate slow freezing. Grade 1 blastocysts (n = 229) were frozen in 1.6M ethylene glycol and 0.1 M sucrose using standard slow freezing procedures. A very high proportion (91%) of frozen–thawed in vitro-produced embryos re-expanded after 24 h of culture with a good quality inner cell mass. Subsequently, 45 grade 1 blastocysts were frozen and transferred, giving pregnancy rates of 58% at Day 60. In conclusion, combining good-quality culture media and conditions resulted in the production of in vitro embryos that were very efficient at inducing pregnancies and tolerating slow freezing, which makes it now possible to consider direct transfer of frozen in vitro-produced bovine embryos.
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Withanage, Sohani Vihanga, and Komal Habib. "Life Cycle Assessment and Material Flow Analysis: Two Under-Utilized Tools for Informing E-Waste Management." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (July 16, 2021): 7939. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147939.
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The unprecedented technological development and economic growth over the past two decades has resulted in streams of rapidly growing electronic waste (e-waste) around the world. As the potential source of secondary raw materials including precious and critical materials, e-waste has recently gained significant attention across the board, ranging from governments and industry, to academia and civil society organizations. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the last decade of e-waste literature followed by an in-depth analysis of the application of material flow analysis (MFA) and life cycle assessment (LCA), i.e., two less commonly used strategic tools to guide the relevant stakeholders in efficient management of e-waste. Through a keyword search on two main online search databases, Scopus and Web of Science, 1835 peer-reviewed publications were selected and subjected to a bibliographic network analysis to identify and visualize major research themes across the selected literature. The selected 1835 studies were classified into ten different categories based on research area, such as environmental and human health impacts, recycling and recovery technologies, associated social aspects, etc. With this selected literature in mind, the review process revealed the two least explored research areas over the past decade: MFA and LCA with 33 and 31 studies, respectively. A further in-depth analysis was conducted for these two areas regarding their application to various systems with numerous scopes and different stages of e-waste life cycle. The study provides a detailed discussion regarding their applicability, and highlights challenges and opportunities for further research.
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Zhu, Shiye, Jiaxing Li, and Chen Pan. "Formation and Oxidation Stability of Tea Polyphenols-Loaded W/O Microemulsion with Eucommia Ulmoides Oliver Seed Oil as an Alternative to α-linolenic Acid." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 794. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa052_063.
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Abstract Objectives Eucommia ulmoides Oliver seed oil (E.u oil) as a natural product is particularly rich in α-linolenic acid (56–63%) and vitamin E. The aim of this study was to prevent the premature oxidation and improve bioavailability and environmental resistance of E.u oil in food industry. A novel biocompatible inverse E.u oil microemulsion (ME) was developed using food grade ingredients and was able to incorporate tea polyphenols (TPs), a natural food antioxidant. Methods The MEs were formulated using E.u oil, water, a blend of Sorbitan monooleate 80 and Polysorbate 80, propylene glycol, and TPs. Pseudo-ternary diagrams were built to illustrate the phase behavior of the MEs. Structural and activity aspects of empty and TPs-loaded systems were studied using various techniques such as Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Infrared Spectroscopy (IR), and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR). Rheological characterization and preliminary and accelerated stability tests were performed. Results The empty and TPs-loaded MEs showed a Newtonian profile, and had linear viscosity, good tolerance to pH and salinity. Those MEs with narrow size distribution, nanoscale particle size (below 50 nm), transparent appearance had a wide range of oil phase content. IR studies indicated that TPs were successfully encapsulated in the aqueous cores of the MEs. Within 63 days of accelerated oxidation at 65°C, the peroxide value of E.u oil increased from 0.89 to 49.66 meq O2/kg oil, and the TPs-loaded ME increased from 0.37 to 21.00 meq O2/kg oil, revealing that TPs-loaded ME could slow down the oxidation of oil. Finally, EPR results demonstrated that the encapsulated TPs showed the higher antioxidant activity than empty ME. Conclusions This nanostructure, environmental stability and antioxidant activity of TPs-loaded ME containing E.u oil is a potential delivery system as an alternative to α-linolenic acid and benefit for the protection and wider application of E.u oil. Funding Sources The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of this work by Project supported by the Key R&D Project of Science and Technology Development of Hunan Province of China (2018NK2045), the National & Local United Engineering Laboratory of Integrative Utilization Technology of Eucommia ulmoides (NLE201702) and Graduate Research Project of JiShou University (JDY1843).
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Lin, Chun-Wei R., Yuh-Jiuan Melody Parng, and Yu-Lin Chen. "Profit optimization of sustainable low-to-medium temperature waste heat recovering management." Industrial Management & Data Systems 118, no. 2 (March 12, 2018): 330–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imds-04-2017-0148.
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Purpose Responding to natural resource depletion and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission problems, and also the stricter government’s energy regulations, the purpose of this paper is to develop a sustainable waste heat recovery optimal-profit-oriented management model especially targeting on the easily forgotten low- and medium-temperature waste heat in the industry. In the paper, a system is constructed to facilitate converting the low- and medium-grade waste heat in factories into electricity, and yields optimal profit. Design/methodology/approach This paper integrates an efficient Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) system from both sustainable energy reservation and cost effectiveness approaches with an optimization model that adopts particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to determine proper installation locations and feasible generator sets. The system is constructed to facilitate converting the low- and medium-grade waste heat in factories into electricity, and yields optimal profit. The model considers the environmental factors: temperature, heat amount, equipment configuration of the number of ORC sets, and detailed investment cost constraints. Findings The results show that annual investment return rate, annual increase in electricity, power generation efficiency, and annual CO2 emission reduction are all highly improved, and investment recovery period is shortened. Also, the larger scale of the waste heat emission, the better the performance is achieved. Finally, the study also completes a sensitivity test under dynamic conditions of electricity price, generator sales price and factory budget constraints, and the results are consistently robust. More valuably, this paper demonstrates applications on two different manufacturing industries with various waste heat emission scales to prove the accountability. Originality/value The main contributions are in three aspects. First, it proves that applying PSO to a nonlinear mathematical model can help determine the optimal number and style configuration of generators for waste heat sources. Second, different from the prior research works focusing on power generation, this paper also deliberates the cost factors, cost of generators, costs of numerous peripheral components and future maintenance costs to ensure the factories not conflict with the financial limitations. Third, it is not only successfully applied in two industries with different scales, but also robust with various economic tests, electricity price change, generator sales price change, and investment budget adjustments.
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Gregorić, Marina, Margareta Nađ, and Martina Gregorić. "Potential of Congress Tourism in the Republic of Croatia in Comparison to Neighboring Destinations." Acta Economica Et Turistica 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 195–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aet-2016-0017.
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AbstractThe phenomenon of globalization has led to the development of various selective forms of tourism. One of them is MICE tourism known in Croatia as a business form of tourism. Business tourism is still a relatively new concept and covers all aspects of business travel. The development of business travel has led to the development of congress tourism as a separate form of business tourism which is the focus of this paper. Congress tourism is a lucrative segment of the tourist offer that often takes place out of the tourist season. It requires quality congress facilities which can meet the needs of the participants and organizers of the congress. The main role of congress tourism is to gather participants from different countries and promote different products, services, training, education and many other fields of business while at the same time it promotes the hosting destination and its tourism attractions. The aim of this paper is to research and determine the current situation, supply and demand of the Croatian meetings and congress industry in comparison with the neighbouring destinations, the Republic of Slovenia and the Republic of Serbia. The study and comparison between three destinations imply changes that need to take place to improve the congress offer, to detect what the competitive position of the Republic of Croatia is, which marketing activities to improve so that the Republic of Croatia can become a competitive destination in the region and Europe. Congress tourism as a form of business tourism in Croatia is growing. The most prominent cities in this form of tourism are Zagreb, Dubrovnik and Opatija. The objectives pursued in Croatian congress offer are: the number of participants in congresses, strengthening the quality of congress offer and infrastructure, ensuring coordinated actions of stakeholders and increasing the recognition and awareness of Croatia as a congress destination. Since joining the EU, Slovenia has become an interesting destination for other members of the EU. Congress activity in Slovenia is booming, with a growing number of modern equipped convention venues with modern facilities for implementation of convention events. Slovenia has three major congress destinations; Ljubljana, Portorož and Bled that meet the conditions for organizing congresses. The Republic of Serbia with its tourism development strategy, presented business tourism as a potential selective form of tourism that can contribute to increasing tourist traffic of local and foreign tourists. Congress destinations that represent an ideal destination for congresses are: Belgrade, Novi Sad and Zlatibor. The application of sustainable development in the area of congress tourism plays an important role in form of preservation of resources and environmental protection. Therefore, congress tourism should be managed in a way to meet economic, social, ecological and aesthetic needs of a destination. Methodology used in this research paper consists of desk research, descriptive method, historical method, method of analysis, synthesis and comparative method. Beside secondary data analysis through literature review data are induced from Central Bureau of Statistics, the Institute for Tourism, Zagreb Tourist Board, Tourist Board of Opatija, The Dubrovnik Tourist Board, Serbian Convention Bureau and Research as well as from available published articles, books and internet data related to Slovenian business tourism. This research paper contributes to further scientific research and improvements needed in order to continuously develop and increase the size and quality of business tourism.
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McCarney, Joseph. "Evolution in the Engine Room: A Review of Technologies to Deliver Decarbonised, Sustainable Shipping." Johnson Matthey Technology Review, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1595/205651320x15924055217177.
Full textAbstract:
One of the more evocative cases of disruptive innovation is how steam powered vessels displaced sailing ships in the 19th century. Independent of wind and currents, shipping entered a new age. Faster shipping enabled more efficient trading and easier international travel. It fuelled economic growth and wealth creation. This transition was not rapid, taking half a century to evolve, a period in which hybrid vessels, those using sails and steam generated power were a common sight. The age of steam brought a period of change which affected many aspects of shipping, not only its appearance and practices but also its environmental impact. It facilitated further disruption and the emergence of what has become the industry standard for a ‘prime mover’: the diesel engine. Achieving the decarbonisation of the shipping fleet as soon as possible this century will be one of the most significant disruptions the shipping sector has had to manage. Meaningful change by 2050 requires strategic development and decisive action today, made all the more complicated by the immediate demands that the sector manages both the current and longer term impact that the COVID-19 pandemic will have on the shipping industry. This paper looks briefly at the transition from wind power to carbon based fuel power to gain insight into how the shipping sector manages disruptive change. It also reviews some technology options the shipping sector could adopt to reduce its environmental impact to meet a timetable of international requirements on ship emissions limits. The paper will focus on how the engine room might evolve with changes in: (i) energy conversion, how power is generated on board, i.e. the engine; and (ii) energy storage, i.e. choice of fuel.