Relevant bibliographies by topics / Environmental aspects of Plutonium

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Academic literature on the topic 'Environmental aspects of Plutonium'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 4 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Environmental aspects of Plutonium"

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Wirth, Brian D., Adam J. Schwartz, Michael J. Fluss, Maria J. Caturla, Mark A. Wall, and Wilhelm G. Wolfer. "Fundamental Studies of Plutonium Aging." MRS Bulletin 26, no. 9 (September 2001): 679–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2001.177.

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Plutonium metallurgy lies at the heart of science-based stockpile stewardship. One aspect is concerned with developing predictive capabilities to describe the properties of stockpile materials, including an assessment of microstructural changes with age. Yet, the complex behavior of plutonium, which results from the competition of its 5f electrons between a localized (atomic-like or bound) state and an itinerant (delocalized bonding) state, has been challenging materials scientists and physicists for the better part of five decades. Although far from quantitatively absolute, electronic-structure theory provides a description of plutonium that helps explain the unusual properties of plutonium, as recently reviewed by Hecker. (See also the article by Hecker in this issue.) The electronic structure of plutonium includes five 5f electrons with a very narrow energy width of the 5f conduction band, which results in a delicate balance between itinerant electrons (in the conduction band) or localized electrons and multiple lowenergy electronic configurations with nearly equivalent energies. These complex electronic characteristics give rise to unique macroscopic properties of plutonium that include six allotropes (at ambient pressure) with very close free energies but large (∼25%) density differences, a lowsymmetry monoclinic ground state rather than a high-symmetry close-packed cubic phase, compression upon melting (like water), low melting temperature, anomalous temperature-dependence of electrical resistance, and radioactive decay. Additionally, plutonium readily oxidizes and is toxic; therefore, the handling and fundamental research of this element is very challenging due to environmental, safety, and health concerns.
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Permana, Sidik, Novi Trian, Abdul Waris, Zaki Suud, I. Mail, and Mitsutoshi Suzuki. "Analysis on Even Mass Plutonium Production of Different Loading Materials in FBR Blanket." Advanced Materials Research 772 (September 2013): 507–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.772.507.

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Spent nuclear fuel (SNF) from nuclear facilities such as from accumulated SNF commercial reactors becomes one of the important issues in term of reducing environmental impact and fuel sustainability as well as nuclear nonproliferation point of view when those SNF materials can be recycled and utilized as new fuel loaded into the reactors. Minor actinides (MA) as one of the important material of spent nuclear fuels can be recycled and transmuted into some useful materials which can be utilized to increase the fuel breeding capability as well as for increasing protected plutonium production from the view point of nuclear nonproliferation issue. Increasing some even mass isotopic plutonium compositions are estimated to increase the level of proliferation resistance level in term of material barrier point of view. The objective of this study is to analyze the proliferation resistance aspect of nuclear fuel based on plutonium production of different loading materials in the FBR blanket. Evaluation is based on some basic parameters of reactor operation analysis, such as reactor operation time which is adjusted to 800 days operation per cycle for 4 fuel batches systems which is refered to the large FBR type of Japan Sodium Fast Reactor (JSFR) design. The results show some nuclear fuels behavior during reactor operation for different loading materials and cycles. Minor actinide (MA) material loading as doping material gives some significant plutonium productions during reactor operation. Some obtained actinide productions have different profiles such as some reducing compositions in americium and neptunium actinide compositions with the time which depends on initial loading material. Some plutonium vector compositions are evaluated from Pu-238 to Pu-242 to estimate the proliferation resistance level as isotopic material barrier of plutonium. Some significant contributions for increasing even mass plutonium as plutonium protected material are shown by Pu-238 from all doping material as well as additional production of Pu-240 and Pu-242 in certain conditions.
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Zhiznin, S. Z., and V. M. Timokhov. "Geopolitical and Economic Aspects of Nuclear Energy." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 4(43) (August 28, 2015): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-4-43-64-73.

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Nuclear power in its present form was created during the Cold War and is its heritage. The main objective of nuclear energy at that time, along with energy, was the creation and accumulation of nuclear materials. To this aim a existing nuclear power plants based on uranium-plutonium cycle. Everything else - the processing of radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel, storage, recycling themselves nuclear power plant after its end of life, the risks of proliferation of nuclear materials and other environmental issues - minor. It was also believed that the nuclear power plant - the most reliable and safe plant. During the last twenty years all over the world the number of new orders for nuclear aggregates has decreased. That happens for a number of reasons, including public resistance, that the construction of new NPP and the excess of energy utilities in many markets, which is mainly connected with high market competition in energy markets and low economic indicators of the current nuclear utilities. The technology that consists of low capital costs, a possibility for quick construction and guarantied exploitation quality is on the winners side, but currently this technology is absent. However, despite abovementioned downsides, as the experience of state corporation "Rosatom"has shown, many developing countries of the South-east Asia, The middle East, African regions express high interest in the development of nuclear energy in their countries. The decision whether to develop nuclear energy or to continue to develop is, in the end, up to the choice of the tasks that a country faces. The article describes these "minor" issues, as well as geopolitical and economic problems of the further development of nuclear energy.
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Beaty, S. E. "The Thorp Project - An Overview." Energy & Environment 6, no. 4 (June 1995): 383–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x9500600405.

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BNFL is an international company offering a nuclear fuel service. BNFL owns and operates facilities for the storage and reprocessing of irradiated fuel, and treatment of wastes arising, at the Sellafield site in West Cumbria. In 1974, BNFL announced its intention to undertake the Company's largest ever project, the provision of a new, integrated, reprocessing facility known as THORP (Thermal Oxide Reprocessing Plant). The purpose of THORP is to recover uranium and plutonium from spent oxide fuel that has been irradiated in nuclear reactors used for the generation of electricity. The plant has been designed to high standards to avoid jeopardising the safety of any person on or off site as a result of its operation. This paper provides an overview of the project outlining some of the major aspects, encompassing the history of the project, environmental impact, safeguards/accountancy, commercial information, the use of the products in mixed oxide fuel and the development of the THORP workforce. It concludes that the large investment made in plant, equipment and people, will ensure that the radiological impact of THORP's operations on the environment is insignificant, and that as the radioactive commissioning of THORP is proceeding successfully, that there is increasing confidence within, and external to, BNFL that THORP will be a commercial and environmental success for Britain.
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Pellaud, Bruno. "Proliferation aspects of plutonium recycling." Comptes Rendus Physique 3, no. 7-8 (September 2002): 1067–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1631-0705(02)01364-6.

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Sayigh, Yezid. "Plutonium and security: the military aspects of the plutonium economy." International Affairs 69, no. 1 (January 1993): 130–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2621129.

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Silver, G. L. "Reduction of environmental plutonium." Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 9, no. 1 (January 1989): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0265-931x(89)90039-8.

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Taylor, David M. "Environmental plutonium in humans." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 46, no. 11 (November 1995): 1245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0969-8043(95)00167-c.

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Silva, Robert J., and Heino Nitsche. "Environmental Actinide Science." MRS Bulletin 26, no. 9 (September 2001): 707–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2001.181.

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Considerable progress has been made in the study of environmental plutonium science in the last 30-plus years, driven to a large extent by concerns about the release and migration of large amounts of plutonium into the accessible geosphere. Plutonium has been introduced into the environment through several pathways. Environmental contamination has been caused by nuclear-weapons production and testing, nuclear-reactor accidents, and accidents during the transport of nuclear weapons. Above-ground testing of more than 420 nuclear weapons has produced large amounts of radionuclides through fission and neutron activation products. More than three metric tons of plutonium have been distributed on the earth's surface by global fallout. For example, the MAYAK plutonium production complex in the former Soviet Union is located in the southern Urals, about 70 km north of Chelyabinsk and 15 km east of Kyshtym. Between 1949 and 1951, about 76 million m3 of liquid radioactive waste with a total activity of 100 PBq (2.7 MCi) were discharged into the Techa River.
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Soman, S. D. "Health Physics Aspects of Plutonium and Uranium Fuel Fabrication." Materials Science Forum 48-49 (January 1991): 287–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.48-49.287.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Environmental aspects of Plutonium"

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Brierley, Martin. "Microstructural and morphological aspects of plutonium hydride." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/microstructural-and-morphological-aspects-of-plutonium-hydride(db995d15-515d-433b-bdb9-74351cf20fb2).html.

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Plutonium is a hazardous radioactive material; the α-particles that are emitted are particularly damaging to health should contamination be inhaled or ingested into the body. During long term storage a number of conditions have been observed which can cause plutonium to corrode, which liberates particles from the surface. It is imperative to understand the processes involved in the corrosion of plutonium during long term storage to predict the likely state that metallic pieces may be found should subsequent handling be required. The growth mechanisms of plutonium hydride beyond the nucleation stage are not well understood. Detailed characterisation of the microstructural features associated with hydride reaction sites is required to develop a mechanistic understanding of the growth stage of hydrogen corrosion. Suitable processes and analysis methods were developed using cerium as an analogous material to δ-plutonium; during this stage, the knowledge of the corrosion of cerium by hydrogen was significantly improved using in situ gas dosing equipment, metallographic preparation, light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ion milling, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and vacuum nanoindentation. SEM and ion milling methods developed on cerium were subsequently used on the analysis on pre-formed and passivated hydride reaction sites on δ-plutonium .In situ exposure of electro-refined plutonium and a Pu 0.3 wt% Ga alloy were investigated without prior exposure to oxygen, revealing the as-formed microstructure of the hydride reaction product to be analysed. Subsequent metallographic preparation was used to confirm findings from the in situ analysis. The highest resolution analysis of the hydride product formed on cerium, delta plutonium and electro-refined plutonium has been obtained to date. Hydride reaction sites formed on cerium and δ-Pu were observed to be oblate, confirming growth anisotropy. A mechanism for the anisotropic growth was proposed where the stress fields introduced into the metal surrounding a lower density hydride play a significant role in further development of a hydride reaction site, causing failure of the surface oxide diffusion barrier surrounding a hydride reaction site.
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Garcia, Ramon. "Microwave-assisted decomposition of environmental samples, and the analysis of plutonium and radiostrontium." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17233.

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Cerefice, Gary Steven. "Environmental behavior of hafnium : the impact on the disposition of weapons-grade plutonium." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/85376.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Nuclear Engineering, 1999.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 155-161).
Experimental and analytical studies were performed to examine the environmental behavior of hafnium and its utility as a neutron poison for the disposition of weapons-grade plutonium in Yucca Mountain. The hydrolysis of hafnium was investigated by potentiometric titration in solutions of varying ionic strength to determine the stability constants for the first four monomeric hydrolysis products. The specific ion interaction theory is used to extrapolate these results to infinite dilution. The solubility of hafnium hydroxide and a meta-stable hafnium carbonate solid phase are studied via solubility experiments using ICP-AES. An upper bound for the stability constant of the first carbonate complex is determined. The solubility of hafnium oxide is investigated via solubility experiments using neutron activation analysis, which is also used to investigate the complexation of hafnium by silicates.
(cont.) The potential for a near field criticality incident resulting from the disposition of weapons-grade plutonium at Yucca Mountain is examined using two integrated chemistry and transport models, which are then fed into an MCNP model of the near field at the Yucca Mountain repository. These models are used to predict the effective neutron multiplication factor for the system as the waste package degrades over time. Using the integrated degradation and criticality models, the long term criticality behavior of the proposed WGPu host phase ceramic is examined, as well as the utility of hafnium as a criticality control element for the disposition of weapons-grade plutonium.
by Gary S. Cerefice.
Ph.D.
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Lavelle, Kevin B. "Evaluation of Environmental Concentratorsfor Trace Actinide Measurements." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1479816761576791.

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De, Waal Louise Christina. "Environmental aspects of river management." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247784.

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This work consists of two distinct and separate sections with differing aims and outcomes. Section A is the critical review, which provides a context for the published work presented in Section B. Section A, the critical review, summarises the current literature in the subject area of environmental aspects of river management and sets the research portfolio in context. The physical landscape has been increasingly influenced by a variety of economic and social changes in recent history. During these approximately 6,000 years, human impact on river systems has been substantial and widespread. The environmental changes, that have stressed river systems, have also damaged their value for both human use and environmental functions. Some of these stresses include changes in water quality and quantity, morphological modifications of the channel and/or floodplain, decline of native species and the introduction of alien species. This has led to changes in current river management philosophy, issues and techniques. Section n, the research portfolio of published work submitted as part of this thesis, focuses on the management of some aspects of environmental change within river systems, particularly problems relating to river rehabilitation and the introduction of invasive riparian plant species. Each published paper has its own individual abstract, summarising the key finding of the research. The research portfolio can be divided into three broad sections. The first section, the main published work, includes those papers approved by the University Research Committee as part of the Registration for the degree of PhD by Published Work in May 2000. These papers form the key part of the thesis. They are introduced in the critical review in the blue text boxes, in order of significance to the text discussed and not in chronological order. They are presented in full in the appendices (numbers as shown below) printed on light blue paper. The next section relates to additional relevant published work. These papers are also submitted as part of this thesis, but are considered to be secondary as a result of their date of publication, i.e. prior to 1995. In order to distinguish these papers clearly from the key papers, they are introduced in the critical review in green text boxes and presented in full in the appendices (numbers as shown below), printed on light green paper. The candidate's approximate contribution and the nature of this contribution to each joint paper have been indicated as a percentage and are shown on the title page of each appendix. The third part is other supporting material and is referred to in the critical review through inclusion of orange-brown text boxes. Since these publications consist mainly of consultancy reports and edited books, they are NOT submitted as part of this thesis and are not presented in full in the appendices. If necessary, this material can be made available to the internal and/or external examiners before or during the viva.
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Harding, Andrew W. "Environmental aspects of coal combustion." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360331.

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Truscott, Jason Bedford. "Determination of actinide elements in environmental samples by ICP-MS." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/490.

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Methods for the determination of the actinide elements in water, biological, soil and sediment samples have been developed using on-line solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Initial applications utilised a commercially available resin, namely TRU-Spec resin, for efficient removal of the matrix prior to elution of uranium and thorium analytes. Comparative analyses of reference materials and natural water samples from Plymouth and Dartmoor demonstrated significant improvement in precision and speed of analysis by using TRU-Spec coupled to ICP-MS compared with alpha spectrometry. Further applications of the TRU-Spec resin for the determination of the transuranic actinide elements neptunium, plutonium and americium, resulted in the successful determination of 239Pu and 237Np in biological reference materials. Detection limits were 700, 850, and 600 attograms (ag) for 237Np, 233Pu, and 241Am, respectively, for a 0.5 ml sample injection, and better than 200 ag/g with 50 ml pre-concentration when sector field (SF) ICP-MS was used. A method for the selective sequential elution of uranium and plutonium was also developed to facilitate the determination of 239Pu without interference due to the 238U1H+ polyatomic ion, caused by high concentrations of 238U in sediment samples. Investigations were performed into the use of a polymeric substrate, which was dynamically coated with chelating dyes such as xylenol orange and 4-(2-pyridylazo) resorcinol, and a silica substrate coated with permanently bonded iminodiacetic acid. The latter was used for the successful determination of uranium and thorium in certified reference material waters. However, the column was found to have a high affinity for iron, making it unsuitable for the determination of the actinides in soil and sediment samples. Subsequently, a polystyrene substrate which was dynamically coated with dipicolinic acid was used for HPLC coupled with SF-ICP-MS. Using this column it was possible to separate the various actinides from each other and from the matrix. In particular, it was possible to separate plutonium and uranium to facilitate interference-free determination of the former. The column also exhibited some selectivity for different oxidation states of Np, Pu and U. Two oxidation states each for plutonium and neptunium were found, tentatively identified as Np(V) and Pu(III) eluting at the solvent front, and Np(IV) and Pu(IV) eluting much later. Detection limits were 12, 8, and 4 fg for 237Np, 239Pu, and 241Am, respectively, for a 0.5 ml injection, and the system was successfully used for the determination of 239Pu in water, biological and soil reference materials.
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Egeröd, Jens, and Emma Nordling. "Strategic Supplier Evaluation - Considering environmental aspects." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Logistik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-63197.

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This study aims at presenting a strategic supplier evaluation model that can assist Cederroth in strategic supplier selection and give indications on potential areas for strategic supplier development. The evaluation model aims at assessing supplier performance also with respect to environmental aspects. The final model has been developed through five steps, five models, with starting point in a theoretical review and basic empirical data. Following the model was developed through four iterations of workshops, interviews, weighting and case studies. The final model includes 7 criteria categories and 41 criteria whereas one category including 7 criteria assesses a supplier’s environmental performance.
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Miltz, David. "Economic aspects of targeting environmental policy." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235914.

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This thesis is composed of two parts; the first addresses theoretical aspects of the economics of targeting pollution control policy, whilst the second is an illustrative case study designed to embellish the more abstract insights of the first section.
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Malmqvist, Tove. "Methodological aspects of environmental assessment of buildings." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Miljöstrategisk analys, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-9742.

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The built environment contributes extensively to the overall environmental impact of society. An increasing number of tools have been developed worldwide for comprehensive environmental assessment and rating of buildings in order to make the building sector more sustainable. These tools are expected to drive and facilitate future environmental improvements and market transformation in the sector. This thesis explores different methodological aspects in tool development using experiences from two large Swedish projects, the EcoEffect and ByggaBo tools, which were developed with a high level of stakeholder participation in order to be of practical use in the building sector.   The methodological aspects explored and discussed here include an approach for systematic selection of assessment aspects (energy use, indoor air quality, etc.) in tools (Paper 3), and a systematic procedure for selecting practical indicators using theoretical (e.g. validity/environmental relevance) and practical (e.g. costs) criteria (Papers 2 and 3). An approach for simple communication of complex results is presented with examples from 26 multi-family buildings (Paper 4). This approach allows a building’s ‘environmental efficiency’ to be presented in one diagram, without weighting the two distinct assessment areas energy use and indoor environmental quality. Paper 5 discusses the contextual issue of internal use of environmental indicators in property management organisations through reviews of environmental performance evaluation and organisation theory literature and comparisons with actual case studies. The EcoEffect (Paper 1) and the ByggaBo tools are also compared and summarised.   The case studies of real buildings and experiences from the EcoEffect and ByggaBo projects allowed data collection, calculation procedures and different practical applications of such tools to be evaluated. Poor data availability sometimes limits assessments, and improved internal routines and database developments in the building sector would allow more reliable environmental assessments.   Reviews of numerous indicators in Paper 3 (and 2) and literature revealed that environmental relevance was not a key aspect when current environmental performance indicators and building rating tools were constructed. This thesis suggests that environmental relevance and systematic procedures be prioritised in order to provide robust and trustworthy tools for environmental assessment of buildings.  Recommendations, some of which are generally applicable to other environmental assessments, include selection of environmentally relevant indicators, systematic procedures for handling theoretical and practical considerations in tool development, aggregation and weighting methods, use of a life cycle perspective and inclusion of performance-based rather than feature-based indicators. Since it is likely that the information these tools provide will increasingly be used by authorities, building users, economic incentive providers such as banks, etc., the methodological developments suggested here to strengthen tool rigour are important for future tool development processes.
Utvecklingen av verktyg för miljöbedömning av byggnader är ett område som expanderat kraftigt sedan 1990-talets början. Den ökande medvetenheten om den byggda miljöns omfattande bidrag till samhällets miljöpåverkan i stort har spelat stor roll för denna utveckling. Verktygen förväntas ha en betydelsefull roll i att driva på och underlätta miljöförbättringar och omdaning av marknaden i bygg- och fastighetssektorn. Denna avhandling utforskar olika metodaspekter för verktygsutveckling och bygger på erfarenheterna från två stora svenska metodutvecklingsprojekt för miljöbedömning av byggnader, EcoEffect och ByggaBo:s miljöklassning av byggnader. Båda dessa verktyg togs fram i samarbete med ett stort antal representanter från bygg- och fastighetssektorn, då verktygen syftade till praktisk användning.   Ett antal metodaspekter utforskas och diskuteras i avhandlingen. I artikel 3 föreslås och testas ett angreppssätt för systematiskt urval av miljöaspekter som ska bedömas av ett verktyg och dessutom föreslås här och i artikel 2 ett systematiskt tillvägagångssätt för att välja indikatorer för praktiskt användning utifrån både teoretiska (t ex. validitet) och praktiska (t ex. kostnad) kriterier. Ett angreppssätt för att underlätta kommunikation av komplexa miljöbedömningsresultat presenteras genom exempel från 26 flerfamiljshus i artikel 4. Detta angreppssätt möjliggör att redovisa en byggnads ‘miljöeffektivitet’ i ett diagram utan att behöva vikta de två disparata miljöaspekterna energianvändning och innemiljö. Artikel 5 tar upp användning av miljöindikatorer för internt arbete i fastighetsförvaltande organisationer genom litteraturöversikter inom områdena utvärdering av miljöprestanda och organisationsteori samt genom jämförelser med praktiska fallstudier. Verktygen EcoEffect (artikel 1) och nuvarande version av ByggaBo:s miljöklassningssystem sammanfattas också och jämförs i avhandlingen.   Genom ett antal fallstudier av verkliga byggnader och erfarenheterna från EcoEffect- och ByggaBo-projekten utvärderas frågor som insamling av indata, beräkningsmetoder och olika praktiska tillämpningar i avhandlingen. Dålig tillgång på indata begränsar ibland möjligheterna att göra miljöbedömningar. Förbättrade interna rutiner samt utveckling av nya typer av databaser inom bygg- och fastighetssektorn kommer med största sannolikhet att underlätta miljöbedömningar i framtiden.   Granskning av ett stort antal miljöindikatorer i artikel 3 (och 2) och litteratur på området visade att när miljöindikatorer och miljöklassningsmetoder tagits fram, har miljörelevansen hos dessa sällan haft högsta prioritet. Ett övergripande mål för denna avhandling har därför varit att bidra med rekommendationer som kan stärka miljörelevansen och trovärdigheten hos liknande indikatorer och verktyg. Några av de angreppssätt som föreslås är tillämpliga mer generellt också för andra typer av miljöbedömningar; t ex. hur miljörelevanta miljöindikatorer kan väljas, hur både teoretiska och praktiska överväganden kan hanteras på ett systematiskt sätt vid liknande verktygsutveckling, angreppssätt för viktning och aggregering av resultat samt användning av ett livscykelperspektiv. Vid miljöbedömning av byggnader bör också funktionsbaserade indikatorer i första hand väljas snarare än sådana som baseras på specifika tekniska utföranden. En trolig utveckling är att nya typer av användare i större utsträckning kommer att efterfråga den information som miljöbedömningsverktyg för byggnader kan tillhandahålla. Det kan handla om t ex. myndigheter, husköpare och ekonomiska incitamentsgivare såsom banker. Av denna anledning är de frågor som rör metodutveckling och tas upp i avhandlingen, klart betydelsefulla för att stärka noggrannhet, robusthet och trovärdighet i framtida utveckling av miljöbedömningsverktyg för byggnader.
QC 20100601
Miljöklassning av byggnader
EcoEffect - miljövärdering av byggnader
Miljöstyrning med miljöindikatorer i fastighetsförvaltning
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Books on the topic "Environmental aspects of Plutonium"

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United States. Dept. of Energy. Office of Fissile Materials Disposition. Surplus plutonium disposition final environmental impact statement. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Energy, 1999.

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United States. Dept. of Energy. Office of Fissile Materials Disposition. Surplus plutonium disposition draft environmental impact statement. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Energy, 1998.

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Larin, V. B. Kombinat "Mai͡a︡k": Polveka problem. Moskva: [s.n.], 1996.

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Management and disposition of excess weapons plutonium. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1994.

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Buesseler, Ken O. Plutonium isotopes in the North Atlantic. Woods Hole, Mass: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1986.

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Plutonium, National Academy of Sciences Panel on Reactor-Related Options for the Disposition of Excess Weapons. Management and disposition of excess weapons plutonium: Reactor-related options. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1995.

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Cleveland, J. M. Speciation of plutonium and americium in ground waters from the Radioactive Waste Management Complex, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho. Denver, Colo: U.S. Geological Survey, 1993.

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Rodgers, John C. A critical assessment of continuous air monitoring systems at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. Santa Fe, N.M. (P.O. Box 968, Santa Fe 87503): Environmental Evaluation Group, Environmental Improvement Division, Health and Environment Dept., State of New Mexico, 1988.

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Graf, William L. Plutonium and the Rio Grande: Environmental change and contamination in the nuclear age. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.

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Jones, Gregory S. Does burning weapons plutonium generate hotter waste and consume more repository space? Santa Monica, Calif: RAND, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Environmental aspects of Plutonium"

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Gray, Leonard W., and Tehmau Kan. "Safety Aspects with Regard to Plutonium Vitrification Techniques." In Disposal of Weapon Plutonium, 209–20. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0161-2_19.

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Sanyal, Tapobrata. "Environmental Aspects." In Developments in Geotechnical Engineering, 141–47. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1932-6_12.

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Bakker, H. "Environmental Aspects." In Sugar Cane Cultivation and Management, 81–86. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4725-9_7.

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Reddy, Krishna, Lionel Lemay, Amlan Mukherjee, and Jeffrey Adams. "Environmental Aspects." In Engineering for Sustainable Communities, 87–97. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784414811.ch08.

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Hamm, Udo. "Environmental Aspects." In Handbook of Paper and Board, 422–45. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527608257.ch10.

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Kumar, Martin, and Simon Cripps. "Environmental Aspects." In Aquaculture, 84–106. West Sussex, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118687932.ch4.

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Baltes, B. "Long Term Safety Aspects of Geological Disposal of Large Quantities of Plutonium." In Disposal of Weapon Plutonium, 269–73. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0161-2_24.

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Hicken, E. F. "Safety Aspects of Advanced Nuclear Systems Consuming Plutonium." In Advanced Nuclear Systems Consuming Excess Plutonium, 11–19. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0860-0_3.

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Lutze, W., W. L. Gong, and R. C. Ewing. "Ceramic Waste Forms for Excess Weapons Plutonium." In The Environmental Challenges of Nuclear Disarmament, 65–74. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4104-8_7.

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Franck, Heinz-Gerhard, and Jürgen Walter Stadelhofer. "Toxicology/Environmental aspects." In Industrial Aromatic Chemistry, 426–46. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73432-8_15.

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Conference papers on the topic "Environmental aspects of Plutonium"

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Balkey, J. J., R. L. Dodge, B. T. Martinez, and R. E. Wieneke. "Data Collection and Tracking of Radioactive Waste at the Los Alamos National Laboratory Plutonium Facility." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4586.

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The Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) is one of two design laboratories in the United States Department of Energy’s weapons complex, with over 60 years of experience in handling radioactive materials, and, consequently, in managing radioactive waste. Actinide research and development is conducted at the Plutonium Facility, which has been in operation since 1978 and is the major source of radioactive waste at LANL. The Nuclear Materials Technology (NMT) Division is responsible for operating the Plutonium Facility and has a dedicated group of personnel who manage radioactive and hazardous waste, and address environmental regulations. The NMT Division also oversees analytical support operations in the Chemistry and Metallurgy Research Facility. Operations at these two nonreactor nuclear facilities generate a wide variety of waste that may be generally classified as sanitary, hazardous, radioactive, and mixed (both radioactive and hazardous). The expedient, cost-effective, and regulatory-compliant management of radioactive waste has been a challenging task, given the propensity for rapid change in the regulatory environment. One major asset is the availability of information on waste generation and characteristics in electronic form. To do so, the Waste Inventory Tracking system (WITS) was developed 6 years ago to collect and store this information. To record waste information in the field, technicians use handheld Palm Pilots®. These units are then docked with personal computers to transfer the data to WITS. The primary use of WITS is the automated generation of waste package data reports, which are used to demonstrate compliance with waste acceptance criteria and gain acceptance for waste disposal. The WITS data are also used to evaluate various aspects of waste generation and handling, and to track performance indicators. The WITS is a fundamental part of waste management in the NMT Division.
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Permana, Sidik, and Mitsutoshi Suzuki. "TRU Recycling Options for Environmentally Friendly and Proliferation-Resistant Nuclear Fuel Cycle of FBR." In ASME 2010 13th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2010-40285.

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The embodied challenges for introducing closed fuel cycle are utilizing advanced fuel reprocessing and fabrication facilities as well as nuclear nonproliferation aspect. Optimization target of advanced reactor design should be maintained properly to obtain high performance of safety, fuel breeding and reducing some long-lived and high level radioactivity of spent fuel by closed fuel cycle options. In this paper, the contribution of loading trans-uranium to the core performance, fuel production, and reduction of minor actinide in high level waste (HLW) have been investigated during reactor operation of large fast breeder reactor (FBR). Excess reactivity can be reduced by loading some minor actinide in the core which affect to the increase of fuel breeding capability, however, some small reduction values of breeding capability are obtained when minor actinides are loaded in the blanket regions. As a total composition, MA compositions are reduced by increasing operation time. Relatively smaller reduction value was obtained at end of operation by blanket regions (9%) than core regions (15%). In addition, adopting closed cycle of MA obtains better intrinsic aspect of nuclear nonproliferation based on the increase of even mass plutonium in the isotopic plutonium composition.
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Cuchet, J. M., H. Libon, C. Verheyen, J. Bily, J. Custers, and R. Walthe´ry. "Decommissioning the BELGONUCLEAIRE Dessel MOX Plant: Presentation of the Project and Situation on 30/06/2011." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59027.

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BELGONUCLEAIRE has been operating the Dessel MOX plant at industrial scale between 1986 and 2006. In this period, 40 metric tons of plutonium (HM) has been processed into 90 reloads of MOX fuel for commercial light water reactors. The decision to stop the production in 2006 and to decommission the MOX plant was the result of the shrinkage of the MOX fuel market owing to political and customer’s factors. As a significant part of the decommissioning project of the Dessel MOX plant, about 170 medium-sized glove boxes and about 1.300 metric tons of structure and equipment outside the glove boxes are planned for decommissioning. The license for the decommissioning of the MOX plant was granted by Royal Decree in 2008 and the decommissioning works started in March 2009; the decommissioning works are executed by an integrated organization under leadership and responsibility of BELGONUCLEAIRE with 3 specialized contractors, namely TECNUBEL N.V., the joint venture (THV) BELGOPROCESS / SCK·CEN and STUDSVIK GmbH. In this paper, after having described the main characteristics of the project, the authors introduce the different organisational and technical options considered for the decommissioning of the glove boxes, and the main decision criteria (qualification of personnel and of processes, confinement, cutting techniques & radiation protection, safety aspects, alpha-bearing waste management) are analyzed as well. The progress, the feedback and the lessons learned mid 2011 are presented, giving the principal’s and contractors point of view as well.
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Cuchet, J. M., H. Libon, C. Verheyen, J. Bily, S. Boden, F. Joffroy, and R. Walthéry. "Decommissioning the Belgonucleaire Dessel MOX Plant: Presentation of the Project and Situation End August 2013." In ASME 2013 15th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2013-96020.

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BELGONUCLEAIRE has been operating the Dessel MOX plant at an industrial scale between 1986 and 2006. During this period, 40 metric tons of plutonium (HM) have been processed into 90 reloads of MOX fuel for commercial light water reactors. The decision to stop the production in 2006 and to decommission the MOX plant was the result of the shrinkage of the MOX fuel market due to political and commercial factors. As a significant part of the decommissioning project of the Dessel MOX plant, about 170 medium-sized glove-boxes and about 1.200 metric tons of structure and equipment outside the glove-boxes are planned for dismantling. The license for the dismantling of the MOX plant was granted by Royal Decree in 2008 and the dismantling started in March 2009. The dismantling works are carried out by an integrated organization under leadership and responsibility of BELGONUCLEAIRE; this organization includes 3 main contractors, namely Tecnubel N.V., the THV (‘Tijdelijke HandelsVereniging’) Belgoprocess / SCK•CEN and Studsvik GmbH and TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING as project manager. In this paper, after having described the main characteristics of the project, the authors review the different organizational and technical options considered for the decommissioning of the glove-boxes; thereafter the main decision criteria (qualification of personnel and of processes, confinement, cutting techniques & radiation protection, safety aspects, alpha-bearing waste management) are analyzed as well. Finally the progress, the feedback and the lessons learned at the end of August 2013 are presented, giving the principal’s and contractors point of view.
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Smail, Timothy R., Annamarie M. Herb, and Monica C. Hall. "Stabilization of Underground Solvent Storage Tanks." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4786.

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The Old Solvent Tanks (OST), located at the Savannah River Site (SRS) Old Radioactive Waster Burial Ground (ORWBG), are comprised of 22 underground storage tanks that were used to store spent radioactive solvent and aqueous wastes generated from the plutonium-uranium extraction (PUREX) process. The OSTs were installed at various dates between 1955 and 1968 and used to store the spent solvents until 1974. The spent solvents stored in the OSTs were transferred out from 1976 through 1981 leaving only residual liquids and sludges that could not be pumped out. Final remediation goals for the ORWBG include an overlying infiltration control system. If the tanks were to structurally fail, they would collapse causing potential for onsite worker exposure and release of tank contents to the environment. Therefore, as an interim action, methods for stabilizing the tanks were evaluated. The preferred remedial action was “Grouting of the Tank Wastes In-situ.” The primary function of the grout is to provide structural stability of the tanks by filling void space with material that prevents tank collapse. Incidental to any mixing that may occur, residual material in the tanks will be incorporated into the grouting mixture. The incidental grouting will ultimately improve environmental protection by rendering the residual material immobile. To accomplish this task, the SRS Environmental Restoration Division (ERD) teamed with the Savannah River Technology Center (SRTC) to determine a remedial design strategy and to translate this strategy into a construction specification and drawings for implementation. The OST remedial design strategy contained the following key aspects for performance requirements and acceptance criteria: • Grout mix; • Tank atmosphere testing; • Grout delivery system and camera monitoring system; • Off-Gas HEPA filter system and environmental monitoring; • OST Sealing and labeling. From November 2001 through February 2003 all 22 Old Solvent Tanks were successfully stabilized. This paper will discuss the systems designed to perform and monitor the grouting operation, the grouting process, and the radiological controls and wastes associated with grouting the Old Solvent Tanks.
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Rodwell, Ed, and Albert Machiels. "A Perspective on the U.S. Nuclear Fuel Cycle." In 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone14-89773.

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There has been a resurgence of interest in the possibility of processing the US spent nuclear fuel, instead of burying it in a geologic repository. Accordingly, key topical findings from three relevant EPRI evaluations made in the 1990–1995 timeframe are recapped and updated to accommodate a few developments over the subsequent ten years. Views recently expressed by other US entities are discussed. Processing aspects thereby addressed include effects on waste disposal and on geologic repository capacity, impacts on the economics of the nuclear fuel cycle and of the overall nuclear power scenario, alternative dispositions of the plutonium separated by the processing, impacts on the structure of the perceived weapons proliferation risk, and challenges for the immediate future and for the current half-century. Currently, there is a statutory limit of 70,000 metric tons on the amount of nuclear waste materials that can be accepted at Yucca Mountain. The Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for the project analyzed emplacement of up to 120,000 metric tons of nuclear waste products in the repository. Additional scientific analyses suggest significantly higher capacity could be achieved with changes in the repository configuration that use only geology that has already been characterized and do not deviate from existing design parameters. Conservatively assuming the repository capacity postulated in the EIS, the need date for a second repository is essentially deferrable until that determined by a potential new nuclear plant deployment program. A further increase in technical capacity of the first repository (and further and extensive delay to the need date for a second repository) is potentially achievable by processing the spent fuel to remove the plutonium (and at least the americium too), provided the plutonium and the americium are then comprehensively burnt. The burning of some of the isotopes involved would need fast reactors (discounting for now a small possibility that one of several recently postulated alternatives will prove superior overall). However, adoption of processing would carry a substantial cost burden and reliability of the few demonstration fast reactors built to-date has been poor. Trends and developments could remove these obstacles to the processing scenario, possibly before major decisions on a second repository become necessary, which need not be until mid-century at the earliest. Pending the outcomes of these long-term trends and developments, economics and reliability encourage us to stay with non-processing for the near term at least. Besides completing the Yucca Mountain program, the two biggest and inter-related fuel-cycle needs today are for a nationwide consensus on which processing technology offers the optimum mix of economic competitiveness and proliferation resistance and for a sustained effort to negotiate greater international cooperation and safeguards. Equally likely to control the readiness schedule is development/demonstration of an acceptable, reliable and affordable fast reactor.
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Raison, P. E. "Americium and Curium in Zirconia-Based Materials: Critical Aspects of Their Structural Properties." In PLUTONIUM FUTURES - THE SCIENCE: Third Topical Conference on Plutonium and Actinides. AIP, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1594602.

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Haire, R. G. "Fundamental aspects of actinide-zirconium pyrochlore oxides: Systematic comparison of the Pu, Am, Cm, Bk and Cf systems." In Plutonium futures-The science (Topical conference on Plutonium and actinides). AIP, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1292247.

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Pokhitonov, Yury, Vasiliy Babain, Vladislav Kamachev, and Dennis Kelley. "Russia: Results and Prospects of Liquid Solidification Experiments at ROSATOM Sites." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59112.

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Ongoing experimental work has been underway at selected nuclear sites in the Russian State Atomic Energy Corporation (ROSATOM) during the past two years to determine the effectiveness, reliability, application and acceptability of high technology polymers for liquid radioactive waste solidification. The long term project is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Initiatives for Proliferation Prevention (IPP) program. IPP was established in 1994 as a non-proliferation program of DOE / National Nuclear Security Administration and receives its funding each year through Congressional appropriation. The objectives of IPP are: • To engage former Soviet nuclear weapons scientists, engineers and technicians, currently or formerly involved with weapons of mass destruction, in peaceful and sustainable commercial activities. • To identify non-military, commercial applications for former Soviet institute technologies through cooperative projects among former Soviet weapons scientists, U.S. national laboratories and U.S. industry. • To create new technology sources and to provide business opportunities for U.S. companies, while offering commercial opportunities and meaningful employment for former weapons scientists. Argonne National Laboratory provides management oversight for this project. More than 60 former weapons scientists are engaged in this project. With the project moving toward its conclusion in 2012, the emphasis is now on expanding the experimental work to include the sub-sites of Seversk (SCC), Zheleznogorsk (MCC) located in Siberia and Gatchyna (KRI) and applying the polymer technology to actual problematic waste streams as well as to evaluate the prospects for new applications, beyond their current use in the nuclear waste treatment field. Work to date includes over the solidification of over 80 waste streams for the purpose of evaluating all aspects of the polymer’s effectiveness with LLW and ILW complex waste. Waste stream compositions include oil, aqueous, acidic and basic solutions with heavy metals, oil sludge, spent extractants, decontamination solutions, salt sludge, TBP and other complex waste streams. Extensive irradiation evaluation (up to 270 million rad), stability and leach studies, evaporation and absorption capacity tests and gas generation experimentation on tri-butyl phosphate (TBP) waste have been examined. The extensive evaluation of the polymer technology by the lead group, V.G. Khlopin Radium Institute, has resulted in significant discussion about its possible use within the ROSATOM network. At present the focus of work is with its application to legacy LLW and ILW waste streams that exist in a variety of sectors that include power plants, research institutes, weapons sites, submarine decommissioning and many others. As is the case in most countries, new waste treatment technologies first must be verified by the waste generator, and secondly, approved for use by the government regulators responsible for final storage. The polymer technology is the first foreign sorbent product to enter Russia for radioactive waste treatment so it must receive ROSATOM certification by undergoing irradiation, fire / safety and health / safety testing. Experimental work to date has validated the effectiveness of the polymer technology and today the project team is evaluating criteria for final acceptance of the waste form by ROSATOM. The paper will illustrate results of the various experiments that include irradiation of actual solidified samples, gas generation of irradiated samples, chemical stability (cesium leach rate) and thermal stability, oil and aqueous waste stream solidification examples, and volume reduction test data that will determine cost benefits to the waste generator. Throughout the course of this work, it is apparent that the polymer technology is selective in nature; however, it can have broad applicability to problematic waste streams. One such application is the separation and selective recovery of trans-plutonium elements and rare earth elements from standard solutions. Another application is the use of polymers at sites where radioactive liquids are accidently emitted from operations, thus causing the risk of environmental contamination.
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Aupiais, J. "Alpha Liquid Scintillation Applied for Actinide Environmental Analyses: What Improvement?" In PLUTONIUM FUTURES - THE SCIENCE: Third Topical Conference on Plutonium and Actinides. AIP, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1594675.

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Reports on the topic "Environmental aspects of Plutonium"

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McKibben, J. M., and G. W. Wicks. Technical aspects of the plutonium vitrification option. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/100344.

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R. Green. Environmental Aspects, Objectives and Targets Identification Process. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/838647.

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Carrick, S. J., M. G. Inghram, R. R. W. Ireland, J. A. Munter, and R. D. Reger. Copper River highway environmental impact studies: hydrologic aspects. Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.14509/1547.

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Fledderman, P. D. Surplus Plutonium Disposition (SPD) Environmental Data Summary. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/783005.

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N. Surplus Plutonium Disposition Final Environmental Impact Statement. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/823358.

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Thumm, W., A. Finke, B. Neumeier, B. Beck, A. Kettrup, H. Steinberger, P. D. Moskowitz, and R. Chapin. Environmental and health aspects of CIS-module production, use and disposal. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/34355.

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MacCracken, M. C., and J. E. Penner. Under-examined aspects of the potential environmental effects of nuclear war. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6363269.

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Steinberger, H., W. Thumm, R. Freitag, P. D. Moskowitz, and R. Chapin. Environmental and health aspects of copper-indium-diselenide thin-film photovoltaic modules. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/46644.

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Van Hook, R., P. Fairchild, W. Fulkerson, A. Perry, J. Regan, and G. Taylor. Environmental, health, and CFC (chlorofluorocarbons) substitution aspects of the ozone depletion issue. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5293212.

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N. Supplement to the Surplus Plutonium Disposition Draft Environmental Impact Statement. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/768765.

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