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Journal articles on the topic 'Environmental aspects of Plutonium'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Wirth, Brian D., Adam J. Schwartz, Michael J. Fluss, Maria J. Caturla, Mark A. Wall, and Wilhelm G. Wolfer. "Fundamental Studies of Plutonium Aging." MRS Bulletin 26, no. 9 (September 2001): 679–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2001.177.

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Plutonium metallurgy lies at the heart of science-based stockpile stewardship. One aspect is concerned with developing predictive capabilities to describe the properties of stockpile materials, including an assessment of microstructural changes with age. Yet, the complex behavior of plutonium, which results from the competition of its 5f electrons between a localized (atomic-like or bound) state and an itinerant (delocalized bonding) state, has been challenging materials scientists and physicists for the better part of five decades. Although far from quantitatively absolute, electronic-structure theory provides a description of plutonium that helps explain the unusual properties of plutonium, as recently reviewed by Hecker. (See also the article by Hecker in this issue.) The electronic structure of plutonium includes five 5f electrons with a very narrow energy width of the 5f conduction band, which results in a delicate balance between itinerant electrons (in the conduction band) or localized electrons and multiple lowenergy electronic configurations with nearly equivalent energies. These complex electronic characteristics give rise to unique macroscopic properties of plutonium that include six allotropes (at ambient pressure) with very close free energies but large (∼25%) density differences, a lowsymmetry monoclinic ground state rather than a high-symmetry close-packed cubic phase, compression upon melting (like water), low melting temperature, anomalous temperature-dependence of electrical resistance, and radioactive decay. Additionally, plutonium readily oxidizes and is toxic; therefore, the handling and fundamental research of this element is very challenging due to environmental, safety, and health concerns.

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2

Permana, Sidik, Novi Trian, Abdul Waris, Zaki Suud, I. Mail, and Mitsutoshi Suzuki. "Analysis on Even Mass Plutonium Production of Different Loading Materials in FBR Blanket." Advanced Materials Research 772 (September 2013): 507–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.772.507.

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Spent nuclear fuel (SNF) from nuclear facilities such as from accumulated SNF commercial reactors becomes one of the important issues in term of reducing environmental impact and fuel sustainability as well as nuclear nonproliferation point of view when those SNF materials can be recycled and utilized as new fuel loaded into the reactors. Minor actinides (MA) as one of the important material of spent nuclear fuels can be recycled and transmuted into some useful materials which can be utilized to increase the fuel breeding capability as well as for increasing protected plutonium production from the view point of nuclear nonproliferation issue. Increasing some even mass isotopic plutonium compositions are estimated to increase the level of proliferation resistance level in term of material barrier point of view. The objective of this study is to analyze the proliferation resistance aspect of nuclear fuel based on plutonium production of different loading materials in the FBR blanket. Evaluation is based on some basic parameters of reactor operation analysis, such as reactor operation time which is adjusted to 800 days operation per cycle for 4 fuel batches systems which is refered to the large FBR type of Japan Sodium Fast Reactor (JSFR) design. The results show some nuclear fuels behavior during reactor operation for different loading materials and cycles. Minor actinide (MA) material loading as doping material gives some significant plutonium productions during reactor operation. Some obtained actinide productions have different profiles such as some reducing compositions in americium and neptunium actinide compositions with the time which depends on initial loading material. Some plutonium vector compositions are evaluated from Pu-238 to Pu-242 to estimate the proliferation resistance level as isotopic material barrier of plutonium. Some significant contributions for increasing even mass plutonium as plutonium protected material are shown by Pu-238 from all doping material as well as additional production of Pu-240 and Pu-242 in certain conditions.

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3

Zhiznin, S. Z., and V. M. Timokhov. "Geopolitical and Economic Aspects of Nuclear Energy." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 4(43) (August 28, 2015): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-4-43-64-73.

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Nuclear power in its present form was created during the Cold War and is its heritage. The main objective of nuclear energy at that time, along with energy, was the creation and accumulation of nuclear materials. To this aim a existing nuclear power plants based on uranium-plutonium cycle. Everything else - the processing of radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel, storage, recycling themselves nuclear power plant after its end of life, the risks of proliferation of nuclear materials and other environmental issues - minor. It was also believed that the nuclear power plant - the most reliable and safe plant. During the last twenty years all over the world the number of new orders for nuclear aggregates has decreased. That happens for a number of reasons, including public resistance, that the construction of new NPP and the excess of energy utilities in many markets, which is mainly connected with high market competition in energy markets and low economic indicators of the current nuclear utilities. The technology that consists of low capital costs, a possibility for quick construction and guarantied exploitation quality is on the winners side, but currently this technology is absent. However, despite abovementioned downsides, as the experience of state corporation "Rosatom"has shown, many developing countries of the South-east Asia, The middle East, African regions express high interest in the development of nuclear energy in their countries. The decision whether to develop nuclear energy or to continue to develop is, in the end, up to the choice of the tasks that a country faces. The article describes these "minor" issues, as well as geopolitical and economic problems of the further development of nuclear energy.

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4

Beaty, S. E. "The Thorp Project - An Overview." Energy & Environment 6, no. 4 (June 1995): 383–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x9500600405.

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BNFL is an international company offering a nuclear fuel service. BNFL owns and operates facilities for the storage and reprocessing of irradiated fuel, and treatment of wastes arising, at the Sellafield site in West Cumbria. In 1974, BNFL announced its intention to undertake the Company's largest ever project, the provision of a new, integrated, reprocessing facility known as THORP (Thermal Oxide Reprocessing Plant). The purpose of THORP is to recover uranium and plutonium from spent oxide fuel that has been irradiated in nuclear reactors used for the generation of electricity. The plant has been designed to high standards to avoid jeopardising the safety of any person on or off site as a result of its operation. This paper provides an overview of the project outlining some of the major aspects, encompassing the history of the project, environmental impact, safeguards/accountancy, commercial information, the use of the products in mixed oxide fuel and the development of the THORP workforce. It concludes that the large investment made in plant, equipment and people, will ensure that the radiological impact of THORP's operations on the environment is insignificant, and that as the radioactive commissioning of THORP is proceeding successfully, that there is increasing confidence within, and external to, BNFL that THORP will be a commercial and environmental success for Britain.

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5

Pellaud, Bruno. "Proliferation aspects of plutonium recycling." Comptes Rendus Physique 3, no. 7-8 (September 2002): 1067–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1631-0705(02)01364-6.

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6

Sayigh, Yezid. "Plutonium and security: the military aspects of the plutonium economy." International Affairs 69, no. 1 (January 1993): 130–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2621129.

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7

Silver, G. L. "Reduction of environmental plutonium." Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 9, no. 1 (January 1989): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0265-931x(89)90039-8.

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8

Taylor, David M. "Environmental plutonium in humans." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 46, no. 11 (November 1995): 1245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0969-8043(95)00167-c.

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9

Silva, Robert J., and Heino Nitsche. "Environmental Actinide Science." MRS Bulletin 26, no. 9 (September 2001): 707–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2001.181.

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Considerable progress has been made in the study of environmental plutonium science in the last 30-plus years, driven to a large extent by concerns about the release and migration of large amounts of plutonium into the accessible geosphere. Plutonium has been introduced into the environment through several pathways. Environmental contamination has been caused by nuclear-weapons production and testing, nuclear-reactor accidents, and accidents during the transport of nuclear weapons. Above-ground testing of more than 420 nuclear weapons has produced large amounts of radionuclides through fission and neutron activation products. More than three metric tons of plutonium have been distributed on the earth's surface by global fallout. For example, the MAYAK plutonium production complex in the former Soviet Union is located in the southern Urals, about 70 km north of Chelyabinsk and 15 km east of Kyshtym. Between 1949 and 1951, about 76 million m3 of liquid radioactive waste with a total activity of 100 PBq (2.7 MCi) were discharged into the Techa River.

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10

Soman, S. D. "Health Physics Aspects of Plutonium and Uranium Fuel Fabrication." Materials Science Forum 48-49 (January 1991): 287–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.48-49.287.

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11

Damen, P. M. G., and J. L. Kloosterman. "Dynamics aspects of plutonium burning in an inert matrix." Progress in Nuclear Energy 38, no. 3-4 (January 2001): 371–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0149-1970(00)00137-2.

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12

Damen, P. M. G., and J. L. Kloosterman. "Dynamics aspects of plutonium burning in an inert matrix." Fuel and Energy Abstracts 43, no. 4 (July 2002): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6701(02)86251-8.

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13

Jerome, S. M., D. Smith, M. J. Woods, and S. A. Woods. "Metrology of plutonium for environmental measurements." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 46, no. 11 (November 1995): 1145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0969-8043(95)00157-9.

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14

Yu, Yu-fu, Helge E. Bjørnstad, and Brit Salbu. "Determination of plutonium-239 + plutonium-240 and plutonium-241 in environmental samples using low-level liquid scintillation spectrometry." Analyst 117, no. 3 (1992): 439–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/an9921700439.

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15

Kloosterman, J. L., and P. M. G. Damen. "Reactor physics aspects of plutonium burning in inert matrix fuels." Journal of Nuclear Materials 274, no. 1-2 (August 1999): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3115(99)00087-2.

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16

Birchall, Alan, M. Puncher, J. Harrison, A. Riddell, M. R. Bailey, V. Khokryakov, and S. Romanov. "Plutonium worker dosimetry." Radiation and Environmental Biophysics 49, no. 2 (February 4, 2010): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00411-009-0256-6.

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17

Liu, Wen Jie, Peng Lai Wang, and Zhi Qiang Xiao. "The Environmental Effect of Radioactive Particles in the Contaminated Sites with Resuspended Plutonium Aerosols." Advanced Materials Research 800 (September 2013): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.800.35.

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The plutonium material within the nuclear devices would be aerosolized and cause intense respirable hazards in the scenes of nuclear test and nuclear accident. The assessment of plutonium aerosol resuspension according to the typical radioactive contaminated sites would provide instructional data for the resuspended aerosol fluctuation study and edaphic cleanup, which can remedy the uselessness of aerosol diffusion model in the study of plutonium contaminated regions. The empirical model of plutonium aerosol resuspension is based on the aerophysics, the geognosy and the radiochemistry. This method was applied to analyze the representative plutonium contaminated regions. The results indicate that soil erosion is the intrinsic factor of resuspension process. The resuspended concentrations of plutonium aerosols in nuclear test sites are much less severe than those in the “non-nuclear” test sites (safety shots and simulated nuclear accident tests). Short-term, orders-of-magnitude fluctuations of the airborne concentrations are observed due to the natural and man-made disturbances. After systematic soil cleanup the resuspended plutonium aerosol concentration could fall down to the public allowable level.

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18

Taylor, DavidM. "GUT TRANSFER OF ENVIRONMENTAL PLUTONIUM AND AMERICIUM." Lancet 327, no. 8481 (March 1986): 611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(86)92827-8.

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19

Silver, G. L. "Environmental plutonium: Reference states and alpha coefficients." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Articles 182, no. 2 (August 1994): 291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02037504.

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20

Ibrahim, S. A., S. B. Webb, and A. Kattel. "Sources of misinterpretation for environmental plutonium measurements." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Articles 194, no. 1 (July 1995): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02037630.

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21

Alekseev, P. N., E. A. Bobrov, A. A. Dudnikov, and P. S. Teplov. "Economical aspects of multiple plutonium and uranium recycling in VVER reactors." Kerntechnik 81, no. 4 (August 26, 2016): 437–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/124.110714.

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22

Tyson, Rae. "Plutonium discovery threatens Yucca repository." Environmental Science & Technology 31, no. 11 (November 1997): 503A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es9725559.

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23

Clarke, R. H., John Dunster, Jean-Claude Nenot, Hylton Smith, and George Voeltz. "The environmental safety and health implications of plutonium." Journal of Radiological Protection 16, no. 2 (June 1996): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0952-4746/16/2/005.

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24

Hölgye, Z. "Analysis of plutonium in biological and environmental materials." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Letters 187, no. 6 (August 1994): 451–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02165775.

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25

Bulman, Robert A., Tracey E. Johnson, George J. Ham, John D. Harrison, and Reg F. Clayton. "Speciation of plutonium in potato and the gastrointestinal transfer of plutonium and americium from potato." Science of The Total Environment 129, no. 3 (March 1993): 267–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(93)90323-x.

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26

Sussingham, Robin. "Microbes show promise for bioremediating plutonium." Environmental Science & Technology 35, no. 15 (August 2001): 314A—315A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es012430a.

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27

Kuroda, P. K., and W. A. Myers. "Plutonium-244 dating." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Articles 173, no. 2 (October 1993): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02043024.

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28

Kuroda, P. K., and W. A. Myers. "Plutonium-244 dating." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Articles 173, no. 2 (October 1993): 229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02043025.

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29

Kuroda, P. K., and W. A. Myers. "Plutonium-244 dating." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Articles 159, no. 2 (June 1992): 281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02040721.

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30

Kuroda, P. K., and W. A. Myers. "Plutonium-244 dating." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Articles 150, no. 1 (July 1991): 53–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02041490.

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31

Kuroda, P. K., and W. A. Myers. "Plutonium-244 dating." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Articles 150, no. 1 (July 1991): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02041491.

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32

Myers, W. A., and P. K. Kuroda. "Plutonium-244 dating." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Articles 152, no. 1 (November 1991): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02042145.

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33

Myers, W. A., and P. K. Kuroda. "Plutonium-244 dating." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Articles 152, no. 2 (December 1991): 409–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02104694.

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34

Silver, G. L. "Plutonium and textbooks." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 278, no. 1 (June 3, 2008): 215–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-007-7285-5.

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35

Xu, Ning, David Gallimore, Elmer Lujan, Katherine Garduno, Laurie Walker, Fiona Taylor, Pam Thompson, and Lav Tandon. "Plutonium oxalate precipitation for trace elemental determination in plutonium materials." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 307, no. 2 (May 26, 2015): 1203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-015-4218-y.

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36

Harrison, John D. "Gut transfer and doses from environmental plutonium and americium." Journal of Radiological Protection 18, no. 2 (June 1998): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0952-4746/18/2/002.

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37

Silver, G. L. "Environmental plutonium: What is the redox potential of seawater?" Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Letters 155, no. 3 (October 1991): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02166642.

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38

Wu, Junwen, and Jian Zheng. "Reference materials for quality assurance of environmental plutonium analysis." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 324, no. 1 (February 22, 2020): 169–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-020-07053-4.

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39

Micheau, Cyril, Matthieu Virot, Sandrine Dourdain, Thomas Dumas, Denis Menut, Pier Lorenzo Solari, Laurent Venault, Olivier Diat, Philippe Moisy, and Sergey I. Nikitenko. "Relevance of formation conditions to the size, morphology and local structure of intrinsic plutonium colloids." Environmental Science: Nano 7, no. 8 (2020): 2252–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0en00457j.

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40

Brown, A. C. "PLUTONIUM AND MARINE LIFE." Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 49, no. 2 (January 1994): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00359199409520309.

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41

Winkler, B. C. "PLUTONIUM SHIPMENTS: RADIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS." Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 49, no. 2 (January 1994): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00359199409520312.

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42

Lehto, J., S. Salminen, T. Jaakkola, I. Outola, S. Pulli, J. Paatero, M. Tarvainen, et al. "Plutonium in the air in Kurchatov, Kazakhstan." Science of The Total Environment 366, no. 1 (July 2006): 206–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.08.012.

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43

Skipperud, Lindis. "Plutonium in the Arctic Marine Environment — A Short Review." Scientific World JOURNAL 4 (2004): 460–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2004.100.

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Anthropogenic plutonium has been introduced into the environment over the past 50 years as the result of the detonation of nuclear weapons and operational releases from the nuclear industry. In the Arctic environment, the main source of plutonium is from atmospheric weapons testing, which has resulted in a relatively uniform, underlying global distribution of plutonium. Previous studies of plutonium in the Kara Sea have shown that, at certain sites, other releases have given rise to enhanced local concentrations. Since different plutonium sources are characterised by distinctive plutonium-isotope ratios, evidence of a localised influence can be supported by clear perturbations in the plutonium-isotope ratio fingerprints as compared to the known ratio in global fallout. In Kara Sea sites, such perturbations have been observed as a result of underwater weapons tests at Chernaya Bay, dumped radioactive waste in Novaya Zemlya, and terrestrial runoff from the Ob and Yenisey Rivers. Measurement of the plutonium-isotope ratios offers both a means of identifying the origin of radionuclide contamination and the influence of the various nuclear installations on inputs to the Arctic, as well as a potential method for following the movement of water and sediment loads in the rivers.

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44

Kudo, A., Y. Mahara, T. Kauri, and D. C. Santry. "Fate of Plutonium Released from the Nagasaki A-Bomb, Japan." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 1-3 (January 1, 1991): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0427.

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About 15 kg of plutonium was used in the Nagasaki A-bomb, but only 1 kg was fissioned and the rest (14 kg) was released into the environment. The fate of this plutonium was investigated at the east side of Nagasaki city where the local fallout was deposited. The four objectives investigated concerning the unfissioned 239+240Pu were: (1) the geographical distribution up to 100 km from the hypocentre, (2) the vertical movement of the deposited plutonium within a soil core and a reservoir sediment core, (3) the ecological distribution, and (4) an estimation of the total mass deposited as local fallout. The highest concentration of 239+240Pu 64.5 mBq/g, was found at a point 2.8 km from the hypocentre. The local fallout was observed over a limited area up to 18 km east from the hypocentre. Plutonium was mobile within the soils and reservoir sediments. For the former an amount of 10% moved downward during the last four decades and the rest (90%) remained within 10 cm from the surface. A considerable amount of plutonium was found in fish (0.0195 mBq/g dry), freshwater shellfish (0.0278 mBq/g dry), ginger root (0.0366 mBq/g dry), and sweet potato (0.0110 mBq/g dry). An estimation of plutonium deposited as local fallout from the A-bomb was 37.54 grams.

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45

KINOUCHI, Nobuyuki, Tetsuya OISHI, Hiroshi NOGUCHI, Makoto YOSHIDA, Shohei KATO, and Katsuhito ITO. "Development of a Plutonium Air Monitor for Emergency Environmental Monitoring." RADIOISOTOPES 51, no. 2 (2002): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3769/radioisotopes.51.71.

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46

Hunt, G. J., D. R. P. Leonard, and M. B. Lovett. "TRANSFER OF ENVIRONMENTAL PLUTONIUM AND AMERICIUM ACROSS THE HUMAN GUT." Lancet 327, no. 8478 (February 1986): 439–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(86)92390-1.

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47

Kurosaki, Hiromu, Daniel I. Kaplan, and Sue B. Clark. "Impact of Environmental Curium on Plutonium Migration and Isotopic Signatures." Environmental Science & Technology 48, no. 23 (November 12, 2014): 13985–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es500968n.

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48

Haschke, John M., Thomas H. Allen, and Joseph C. Martz. "Oxidation kinetics of plutonium in air: consequences for environmental dispersal." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 271-273 (June 1998): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-8388(98)00056-5.

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49

Goryachenkova, T. A., I. E. Kazinskaya, S. B. Clark, A. P. Novikov, and B. F. Myasoedov. "Comparison of Methods for Assessing Plutonium Speciation in Environmental Objects." Radiochemistry 47, no. 6 (November 2005): 599–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11137-006-0016-2.

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50

Hunt, G. J., D. R. P. Leonard, and M. B. Lovett. "Transfer of environmental plutonium and americium across the human gut." Science of The Total Environment 53, no. 1-2 (August 1986): 89–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(86)90094-x.

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