Relevant bibliographies by topics / Environmental aspects of Radioactivity

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
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Academic literature on the topic 'Environmental aspects of Radioactivity'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Environmental aspects of Radioactivity"

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Pontikes, Y., I. Vangelatos, Dimitri Boufounos, Dimitris Fafoutis, and G. N. Angelopoulus. "Environmental Aspects on the Use of Bayer's Process Bauxite Residue in the Production of Ceramics." Advances in Science and Technology 45 (October 2006): 2176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.45.2176.

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Bauxite Residue (BR) is the main waste generated during the alumina-producing Bayer process. With the aim to utilize BR in the production of traditional ceramics, the potential impact such a use might have on the leaching behaviour and radioactivity levels of the final products was investigated. Leaching behaviour of Cr, Ni and V on calcined BR was studied according to the maximal availability test, NEN 7341. Firing atmosphere, firing temperature and soaking time were the investigated parameters. Results demonstrate that the soluble fraction of Cr is higher for oxidizing atmosphere whereas the soluble fraction of V and Ni increases for inert and reducing atmosphere, respectively. For assessing radioactivity, the activity concentrations of 226Ra, 40K, and 232Th were determined by means of gamma ray spectroscopy. For an excess gamma dose less than 1mSv/a, the maximum quantity of BR that can be introduced replacing the raw materials ranges from 14wt.% up to 100wt.%, depending on the type of product and the extent of use in the dwelling.
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ZHANG, YUANXUN, DEYI LI, YINSONG WANG, WAIGUO SHEN, MIN ZHI, GUILIN ZHANG, YAN LI, ERHKANG LIN, YUEHCHUNG YU, and CHANGWAN WANG. "MONITORING RIVER WATER AND SEDIMENT SAMPLES BY BOTH PIXE ANALYSIS AND RADIOACTIVITY DETERMINATION." International Journal of PIXE 12, no. 03n04 (January 2002): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083502000317.

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In cooperation with the Shanghai Environmental Specimen Bank (SESB) research project and in support of the Shanghai government's comprehensive plan to harness the Suzhou River, we collected water and sediment samples in the every spring season since 1998. The elemental analysis of sediment and water samples was performed by the PIXE technique using the 3 × 2 MeV NEC Tandem accelerator at the Taipei Institute of Physics. The characterization of á and â radioactive levels for water and sediment samples was performed using BH1216, low-background, radioactivity instrument at the Shanghai Institute of Nuclear Research. PIXE results showed that the content of Cl , K , Ca , Cr , Mn , Fe , Zn and Pb in river water gradually decreased with the rising tide. At high tide, their concentrations were minimum, and then once again increased toward the ebb tide. The analysis also demonstrated that the radioactivity of water samples had been gradually decreasing year by year. It was found that the decreasing rate of á radioactivity was a little quicker than that of â radioactivity. Further aspects of environmental data evaluation and assessment are also discussed in detail.
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Matsuoka, N., T. Umata, M. Okamura, N. Shiraishi, N. Momoshima, and Y. Takashima. "Determination of technetium-99 from the aspect of environmental radioactivity." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Articles 140, no. 1 (May 1990): 57–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02037364.

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Radenkovic, Mirjana, Alshikh Masaud, Velibor Andric, and Scepan Miljanic. "Radioactivity of sand from several renowned public beaches and assessment of the corresponding environmental risks." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 74, no. 4 (2009): 461–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0904461r.

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The radiological risk due to the presence of natural and man-made radionuclides in beach sands from several renowned seaside and riverbank public beaches was estimated in this study. The exposure levels to terrestrial radiation of the beaches were determined, as well as hazards due to human use of the analyzed sands in industry and in building constructions. Specific radionuclides concentrations in the sand samples were determined by standard gamma-spectrometry. The corresponding radiation hazards arising due to the use of sand as a building material were estimated by three different radiological hazard indices. The total absorbed gamma dose rate in the air was determined and the corresponding annual effective dose outdoors was estimated. The obtained data are relevant both from human health and environmental monitoring aspects.
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Mietelski, Jerzy W., and Pavel P. Povinec. "Environmental radioactivity aspects of recent nuclear accidents associated with undeclared nuclear activities and suggestion for new monitoring strategies." Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 214-215 (April 2020): 106151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2019.106151.

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Ahijjo, Yusuf Musa, A. N. Baba-Kutigi, M. Momoh, A. M. Bayawa, and M. Hussain. "An Awareness Survey of Inhabitants Exposure to Radiological Impacts on Mines in Yauri LGA, Kebbi State, Nigeria." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 3, no. 11 (November 6, 2018): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2018.3.11.956.

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A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Yauri LGA, Kebbi State in between April, 2015 and January, 2016 in order to ascertain the level of awareness of inhabitant’s exposure to radioactivity from the mines. Yauri LGA was sampled based on its metropolitan and suburban parts that receives heavy mining activities by stratified random sampling by proportions. An interactive medium was created to sample the opinions of inhabitants around these mines through questionnaire. A total of 150 questionnaire were designed, 30 were accepted by the respondents and 22 were returned with response from the correspondents during the survey and interview to document and assessment awareness of the inhabitants. The study unveiled facts about the inhabitant’s awareness towards the environmental and health effect of indiscriminate mining activities around living places. The results shows that over 70% of the inhabitants within the suburb and metropolis concurred to the potential health consequences in their dwellings as a result of exposure to radioactivity from the mines respectively. These results indicates that the environmental and health discomfort due to indiscriminate mining activities around living places will be more significant in the near future if no immediate efforts are put in place to mimic future malady. The second aspect of this study whose results will be published in the subsequent issue involved collection of soil, water and vegetation samples in order to further assess the level of radioactive elements viz: 226Ra, 232Th and 40K occurrence in the study locality.
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Stepanova, Ye, I. Kolpakov, V. Vdovenko, V. Zigalo, V. Kondrashova, and O. Leonovich. "MOLECULAR GENETIC ASPECTS OF BRONCHIAL HYPERREACTIVITY IN CHILDREN – RESIDENTS OF RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED AREAS." Проблеми радіаційної медицини та радіобіології = Problems of Radiation Medicine and Radiobiology 25 (2020): 531–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33145/2304-8336-2020-25-531-542.

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Objective. to determine the relationship between polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase gene family and bronchial hyperreactivity in children living in radioactively contaminated areas. Materials and methods. School age children-residents of radioactively contaminated areas (RCA), without clinical signs of respiratory pathology were examined. Molecular genetic studies were carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) for further analysis. The GSTT1, GSTM1 gene deletion polymorphism was investigated using multiplex PCR. PCR and PCR-RFLP analyses were performed in the study of the GSTP1 gene A313G polymorphism. The ventilation lung capacity was examined by the pneumotachographic method according to the analysis of «the flow–volume» loop. The pharmacologic inhalation test with bronchodilator drug, affecting the β2-adrenergic lung receptors was used to detect the early changes in the ventilation lung capacity – the bronchial hyperreactivity (latent and nonlatent bronchospasm). Results. Molecular genetic studies showed that the GSTM1 gene deletion genotype and the GSTP1 gene A313G polymorphism were found significantly more often in the subgroup of children with bronchial hyperreactivity living in RCA than in children without bronchial hyperreactivity and children of the control group. The frequency of GSTT1 deletion polymorphism did not have a statistically significant difference in all subgroups. Conclusions. The GSTM1 gene deletion polymorphism and the GSTP1 gene A313G genotype may be a risk factor for developing bronchial hyperreactivity in children living under adverse environmental conditions, including radioactively contaminated areas. Key words: children, radioactively contaminated areas, bronchial hyperreactivity, glutathione-S-transferase gene polymorphisms.
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Naito, Wataru, Motoki Uesaka, Yujiro Kuroda, Takahiko Kono, Akihiro Sakoda, and Hiroko Yoshida. "Examples of practical activities related to public understanding of radiation risk following the Fukushima nuclear accident." Radioprotection 55, no. 4 (October 2020): 297–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/radiopro/2020086.

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After the Fukushima nuclear accident in Japan, a number of practical activities related to public understanding (PU) of radiation risks were implemented inside and outside Fukushima Prefecture. The various noteworthy approaches and strategies behind those practical activities have not been organized and made explicit thus far. In this study, we have organized the noteworthy practical activities related to PU of radiation risks following the Fukushima nuclear accident, and discussed them mainly from the standpoints of communication strategies and approaches. As several examples demonstrate, efforts to contextualize and localize radiation risk in various forms were observed during post-accident recovery in Fukushima, and these efforts were confirmed, through actual experiences, to be an important component of effective PU activities of radiation risks. Community-based or citizen science approaches, such as having affected residents or citizens to measure radioactivity, have contributed to the PU of radiological situations, but some challenges, such as ethical aspects and the handling of uncertainty, have also been revealed. In the era of information and communications technology, a number of citizens, experts, and agencies have made social media a popular platform for disseminating radiation risk messages to the public and have demonstrated that social media can play an important role in providing radiological risk information. The knowledge and lessons learned from the practical activities discussed in this study can be useful in enhancing PU of risks not only radiation but also other stressors such as toxic chemicals, preparing future disasters and supporting risk communication plans during recovery periods after disasters.
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Slavata, Branislava, Gordana Vitorovic, and Slobodan Dzonic. "Radiation-hygiene control of imported foodstuffs and cattle feed." Veterinarski glasnik 56, no. 3-4 (2002): 237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl0204237s.

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The increasingly frequent use of nuclear energy in peacetime, experimental nuclear and thermo-nuclear explosions, as well as accidents in nuclear plants lead to an increased and unequal distribution of radioactive substances in the environment. Mankind is in this way threatened not only by environmental irradiation, but also by consuming contaminated food and water which contain radionuclides whose concentrations are above the level of natural radioactivity. From the aspect of the veterinary profession, the most important task is to organize the protection of domestic animals and their products from radioactive contamination. This work presents the results obtained by measurements of the activity level of 137Cs in products of animal origin and cattle feed, in samples obtained from border crossings in Yugoslavia and partly in Macedonia during the period from 1990 until 1999. Examined import samples were taken from cheese, prok, and corn and the activity level of 137Cs was within the permitted legal levels - less than 1 Bq/kg. However, powdered milk was found to contain an activity level of 137Cs from 1,22-7,27 Bq/kg, and saltwater fish from 1,10-3,30 Bq/kg, so that these products could not be released for sale under the Official Gazette of the FRY, Number 53/91.
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Cheng, E. T. "Radioactivity aspects of fusion reactors." Fusion Engineering and Design 10 (January 1989): 231–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-3796(89)90058-6.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Environmental aspects of Radioactivity"

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Maphoto, Katse Piet. "Determination of natural radioactivity concentrations in soil: a comparative study of Windows and Full Spectrum Analysis." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2004. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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In this study, two methods of analysing activity concentrations of natural radionuclides (U, Th and K) in soil are critically compared. These are the Window Analysis (WA) and Full Spectrum Analysis (FSA). In the usual WA method, the activity concentrations are determined from the net counts of the windows set around individual &gamma
-ray peaks associated with the decay of U, Th and K. In the FSA method, the full energy spectrum is considered and the measured spectrum is described as the sum of the three standard spectra (associated with U, Th and K, respectively), each multiplied by an unknown concentration. The concentrations are determined from the FSA and correspond to the activity concentrations of U, Th and K in the soil. The standard spectra derived from separate calibration measurements using the HPGe detector, represents the response of the HPGe to a Marinelli sample beaker containing an activity concentration of 1 Bq/kg.
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Joseph, Angelo Daniel. "Radiometric study of soil: the systematic effects." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_6805_1248251582.

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The natural ²
³
⁸U, ²
³
²
Th and ⁴°
K radioactive content of vineyard soil was measured with an in-situ gamma-ray detector. The activity concentration measured with the in-situ detector are normalized using the laboratory-determined activity concentrations of several samples from the vineyard site. To determine the activity concentration of a particular soil sample, the gamma-ray photopeak detection efficiencies are required. In this work, the detection efficiencies were derived for each soil sample using gamma-ray photopeaks associated with the radionuclide of ²
³
⁸U, ²
³
²
Th present in the sample, and the ⁴°
K, 1460.8 keV gamma-ray peak, from KCl salt.

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Gould, Travis J. "Measuring and Modeling Exposure from Environmental Radiation on Tidal Flats." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2004. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/GouldTJ2004.pdf.

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Chaisan, Kittisak. "Modelling the environmental transfers of radioactivity following the Fukushima accident." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2015. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/modelling-the-environmental-transfers-of-radioactivity-following-the-fukushima-accident(60b31ec7-b843-4878-b374-931c5234b90c).html.

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After the massive tsunami on 11 March 2011, the explosions at 4 reactors of the Fukushima Daiichi (I) Nuclear Power Stations (Fukushima I NPSs) in Japan led to a large radioactive cloud being ejected into the atmosphere. Radionuclides released to the atmosphere were washed out in rain causing an area of remarkably high deposition in the area to the northwest of the Fukushima I NPSs. Activity remaining in the atmosphere was dispersed further to other areas of Japan. At various times during the accident, plumes of contamination were transported from Japan to the Pacific Ocean, the North American continent, crossing the Atlantic Ocean to Europe, and eventually to Asia. Due to the lack of measurements in three major ecosystem compartments i.e. air, soil and surface water, information on the highest impact early-phase after fallout and the interpretation of long-term impacts is limited and unclear. The transfer of contaminated radionuclides to soil and air around the Fukushima I NPSs was studied using ratios of various radioisotopes to the long-lived nuclide 137Cs. It was found that ratios of three radionuclides i.e. 134,136Cs and 132Te were consistent with direction and distance in air and soil while the ratio 131I/137Cs was not. It was shown that, deposited 131I/137Cs had an inverse correlation with 137Cs activity in soil. These nuclides were key in forming the high-gamma dose rates in the early phase, particularly the high gamma energy of 132I from the 132Te/132I decay. The derived ratios of these key radionuclides in soil were used together with available measured gamma dose rates in the early phase (< 30 days) to develop a model to reconstruct and predict external gamma dose rate. Model “blind” tests showed that more than 95% of predictions were within a factor of two of measurements from 15 sites to the north, northwest and west of the power station. It is demonstrated that generic isotope ratios provide a sound basis for reconstruction of early-phase external dose rates in these most contaminated areas. For contamination in surface runoff water, lake water and fish, a previous model developed following the Chernobyl accident (AQUASCOPE) was applied to the Fukushima situation. It was shown that by adjusting for the stronger absorption of radiocaesium in soils in Japan (compared with European countries) the model could be used successfully to predict long-term contamination in aquatic systems affected by Fukushima fall out. The results of the model showed good agreement with measured data, in particular in the long-term period (around 0.5-2 years) after the accident.
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Tanha, Mohammad Rahmatullah [Verfasser]. "Environmental radioactivity studies in Kabul and northern Afghanistan / Mohammad Rahmatullah Tanha." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB), 2017. http://d-nb.info/1166269051/34.

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Bulala, Avuyile Sisanda. "Efficiency calibration of a gamma-ray detector for measuring environmental radiation." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32467.

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The Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory (ERL) of iThemba LABS conducts research into levels of natural and anthropogenic radioactivity in the environment. The laboratory-based measurements are conducted using a low-background Hyper Pure Germanium (HPGe) detector system. A critical aspect of such measurements involves calibrating the detector about energy and detection efficiency. The present study details experiment that were carried to determine both energy and efficiency calibrations for various sample geometries using gamma-ray spectrometry. The measurements using reference sources of known activity were carried out using two sample holders (Marinelli Beaker (1000 ml) and, a cylindrical pill bottle (100 ml)), and a point source. The IAEA reference materials (RGU-1, RGTh-1 ore and RGK-1) were prepared and used to fill the Marinelli beaker and pill bottles. Certified reference point sources (⁶⁰Co, ¹⁵²Eu, ¹³⁷Cs, ²²Na, ²⁴¹Am and ¹³³Ba) were obtained from the National Metrology Institute of South Africa (NMISA). Experiments consisted of exposing the HPGe detector to various gamma-ray sources prepared using various sample holders and the point source geometry. The counting time for each measurement was 24 hours. Each spectrum was analysed by inserting region of interests around suitably selected photo-peaks and the counts associated with these photo-peaks were automatically determined and corrected for background by the software. The full energy peak detection efficiency was then determined from the background corrected counts, the known activity of the source and the implicit in measurement (solid angle). The experimental and simulated spectra using point sources and volume sources were compared. Both experimental and simulated spectra presented showed a good agreement in terms of shape and varying intensities as expected. Additional photo-peaks were observed from ²²Na, ⁶⁰Co, ¹³³Ba and ¹⁵²Eu (point sources) and ²³²Th and ²³⁸U (volume sources) experimental spectra these effects were not observed in the simulated spectra. These additional peaks observed are the result of coincidence summing in some of gamma emitting radionuclides. Efficiencies that were experimentally determined, were compared with the calculated efficiencies from Monte Carlo simulations using MCNPX. Efficiency calibration parameters (power fit function) for the volume sources were determined from experimental and simulated data; a = 2.58; b = -0.75 experimental and a = 1.01; b = 0.65 simulated (100 mL pill bottle) and a = 2.07; b = -0.75 experimental and a = 1.61; b = 0.66 simulated (1 L Marinelli beaker). The simulated parameters for the efficiency as determined can be used for future calculations of activity concentrations when the 100 mL pill bottle or 1 L Marinelli Beaker sample holder is used. Further improvement in these calculations can be achieved by considering the sample density. The simulation input files used to generate these values is available and can be modified to match any sample holder geometry, as well as any density that might be required in future counting.
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Evans, Ellis Induro. "Environmental characterisation of particle-associated radioactivity deposited close to the Sellafield works." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285387.

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The calculation of dry particle deposition velocity (Vg) for small particles in field studies is subject to much variability between theoretical and measured values. This work will assess some of the factors which may influence the calculation of Vg. The other key parameter which is used to define the near-surface exchange of material is the resuspension factor (K). The certainty of using a Vg which is representative of small particles typically 1 pm requires clarification. During September 1993-1994, four size-selective air and deposition experiments were carried out at an on-site and off-site sampling location close to the BNFL Sellafield nuclear reprocessing plant in Cumbria UK. Dry and total (wet & dry) particle deposition velocities were determined for ^^^Cs, The dry deposition velocities of naturally-occurring ^Be were also determined and used as a 'marker' for small particle transport processes. Resuspension factors K (m ^) for radiocaesium and Plutonium were also derived. Automated individual particle characterisation (AlP) using scanning electron microscopy coupled to energy-dispersive x-ray analysis (SEM-EDXA) was used to determine the particle size distribution and associated elemental composition of material deposited to Frisbee deposition collectors. Enhanced a-emitting hot-spots from surface soils and material deposited to Frisbee collectors at 1 m above ground level were isolated and characterised for size and shape using nuclear track detector film, LR-115. Dry particle deposition velocities for ^^^Cs, 239+240py and were commonly in excess of 1E-03 m s"^ by more than two orders of magnitude. Total deposition velocities (dry and wet) were even higher with values ranging from 0.2 m s^ -1 ms"^ for both radiocaesium and plutonium. High derived values of dry deposition velocity for radiocaesium and plutonium were to some extent influenced by air sampling artefacts. Air sampling artefacts result in an under-estimation of airborne activity for radioactivity associated with particle diameters >10 pm. The derived values of dry particle deposition velocity for ^Be were consistent with literature values of sub-micron sized particles with evidence of a seasonal spring maximum. Resuspension factors K (m'^) for radiocaesium and plutonium agreed well with literature values of weathered weapons fallout values which ranged from 2E-08 to 5E-11 (m"^) for plutonium and radiocaesium respectively. Differences in dry particle deposition velocities for radiocaesium and plutonium between the on-site and off-site locations varied by no more than a factor of three. Correlations between dry particle deposition velocities for Cs and Pu with wind speed, wind direction and precipitation rates were not found. Size-specific air sampling show that the majority of the plutonium was predominantly associated with the >11 lam aerosol size fraction. The association between activity and large particle size suggest this material was probably attached to large soil-derived particles. Plutonium isotope data indicate this material originated fromthe nuclear weapons programme of the late 1950's-earty 1970's. Radiocaesiumactivities were equally distributed between the < 10 ixm and > 11 ^m aerosol fractions for two out of the four runs. This suggests that historically deposited ''^^Cs and current emissions contributed to measured airborne activities. Enhanced a-emitting hot-spots were isolated from bulk surface soils and in material deposited to Frisbee collectors. Rare particles such as these with atypical activities of Pu may lead to mis-leadingly high deposition fluxes. The calculation of Vg in the field is therefore sensitive to the presence of these particles because they are not representative of the aerosol flux and their size s 50 |im precludes their collection by the Pmio air sampler. The main conclusions of this work indicates the very high values of Vg sometimes measured in the field are strongly influenced by large resuspended soil particles and associated air sampling artefacts. The inclusion of large particles within the deposition flux is confirmed by size selective mass based Vg using scanning electron microscopy
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Casanovas, Alegre Ramon. "Development and calibration of automatic real-time environmental radioactivity monitors using gamma-ray spectrometry." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/145442.

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This doctoral thesis presents a collection of six scientific papers, which have been published in peer-reviewed scientific journals, in the field of real-time environmental radioactivity detection. After the contributions of this thesis, the automatic real-time environmental radiation surveillance network of Catalonia provides new and better radiological information. This was achieved thanks to the development and calibration of three types of radioactivity monitors using gamma-ray spectrometry, either with NaI(Tl) or LaBr3(Ce) detectors, which permit the real-time identification and quantification of radioactive isotope content in water and in air. In the thesis, details on general calibration methodologies can be found. The mentioned developments as well as their specific calibrations are also discussed. For each monitor, an evaluation of their measurement capabilities is also performed.
Esta tesis doctoral presenta una colección de seis artículos científicos, que han estado publicados en revistas científicas revisadas, en el campo de la detección de radiactividad ambiental en tiempo real. Después de las contribuciones de esta tesis, la red automática de vigilancia radiológica ambiental en tiempo real de Cataluña dispone de nueva y mejor información radiológica. Esto ha sido logrado gracias al desarrollo y calibración de tres tipos de monitores de radiactividad mediante espectrometría gamma, ya sea con detectores de NaI(Tl) o de LaBr3(Ce), que permiten la identificación y cuantificación en tiempo real del contenido isotópico radiactivo en agua y aire. En esta tesis, se pueden encontrar detalles sobre metodologías generales de calibración así como una discusión de los mencionados desarrollos y sus correspondientes calibraciones específicas. Además, se efectúa una evaluación de las capacidades de medida para cada uno de los monitores.
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De, Waal Louise Christina. "Environmental aspects of river management." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247784.

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This work consists of two distinct and separate sections with differing aims and outcomes. Section A is the critical review, which provides a context for the published work presented in Section B. Section A, the critical review, summarises the current literature in the subject area of environmental aspects of river management and sets the research portfolio in context. The physical landscape has been increasingly influenced by a variety of economic and social changes in recent history. During these approximately 6,000 years, human impact on river systems has been substantial and widespread. The environmental changes, that have stressed river systems, have also damaged their value for both human use and environmental functions. Some of these stresses include changes in water quality and quantity, morphological modifications of the channel and/or floodplain, decline of native species and the introduction of alien species. This has led to changes in current river management philosophy, issues and techniques. Section n, the research portfolio of published work submitted as part of this thesis, focuses on the management of some aspects of environmental change within river systems, particularly problems relating to river rehabilitation and the introduction of invasive riparian plant species. Each published paper has its own individual abstract, summarising the key finding of the research. The research portfolio can be divided into three broad sections. The first section, the main published work, includes those papers approved by the University Research Committee as part of the Registration for the degree of PhD by Published Work in May 2000. These papers form the key part of the thesis. They are introduced in the critical review in the blue text boxes, in order of significance to the text discussed and not in chronological order. They are presented in full in the appendices (numbers as shown below) printed on light blue paper. The next section relates to additional relevant published work. These papers are also submitted as part of this thesis, but are considered to be secondary as a result of their date of publication, i.e. prior to 1995. In order to distinguish these papers clearly from the key papers, they are introduced in the critical review in green text boxes and presented in full in the appendices (numbers as shown below), printed on light green paper. The candidate's approximate contribution and the nature of this contribution to each joint paper have been indicated as a percentage and are shown on the title page of each appendix. The third part is other supporting material and is referred to in the critical review through inclusion of orange-brown text boxes. Since these publications consist mainly of consultancy reports and edited books, they are NOT submitted as part of this thesis and are not presented in full in the appendices. If necessary, this material can be made available to the internal and/or external examiners before or during the viva.
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Harding, Andrew W. "Environmental aspects of coal combustion." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360331.

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Books on the topic "Environmental aspects of Radioactivity"

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Johnstone, Hugh. Facts on nuclear waste and radioactivity. New York: F. Watts, 1990.

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Stannard, J. Newell. Radioactivity and health: A history. [Richland, Wash.]: Pacific Northwest Laboratory, 1988.

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Shukla, Bhagwan S. Watershed, river, and lake modeling through environmental radioactivity. Hamilton, Ont: Environmental Research & Publications, 1993.

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Hileman, Gregg E. Geochemistry of and radioactivity in ground water of the Highland Rim and Central Basin aquifer systems, Hickman and Maury counties, Tennessee. Nashville, Tenn: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993.

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Puhakainen, Marketta. Radioactivity of sludge after the Chernobyl accident in 1986. Helsinki: Finnish Centre for Radiation and Nuclear Safety, 1987.

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Interagency Steering Committee on Radiation Standards (U.S.). Sewage Subcommittee. ISCORS assessment of radioactivity in sewage sludge radiological survey results and anaysis. [Washington, D.C.]: United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 2003.

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Fuller, D. Marine environmental radioactivity surveys at nuclear submarine berths in the UK 1989. London: H.M.S.O., 1990.

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Hileman, G. E. Geochemistry of and radioactivity in ground water of the Highland Rim and Central Basin aquifer systems, Hickman and Maury counties, Tennessee. Nashville, Tenn: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993.

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Kankyō Hōshanō Kenkyūkai (9th 2008 Tsukuba-shi, Japan). Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Environmental Radioactivity: KEK, Tsukuba, Japan : March 27-28, 2008. Tsukuba-shi Ibaraki-ken: High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 2008.

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Kankyō Hōshanō Kenkyūkai (8th 2007 Tsukuba-shi, Japan). Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Environmental Radioactivity: KEK, Tsukuba, Japan : March 22-24, 2007. Tsukuba-shi Ibaraki-ken: High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Environmental aspects of Radioactivity"

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Grupen, Claus. "Environmental Radioactivity." In Introduction to Radiation Protection, 169–89. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02586-0_11.

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Patnaik, Pradyot. "Radioactivity." In Handbook of Environmental Analysis, 297–314. Third edition. | Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2017.: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315151946-54.

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Maringer, Franz Josef, Claudia Seidel, Andreas Baumgartner, and Michael Stietka. "Radioactivity in the Danube." In The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, 271–84. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/698_2014_300.

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McDonald, P. "Radioactivity in the Irish Sea." In Environmental Radiochemical Analysis IV, 87–94. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781849732949-00087.

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Cossairt, J. Donald, and Matthew Quinn. "Induced Radioactivity in Environmental Media." In Accelerator Radiation Physics for Personnel and Environmental Protection, 199–228. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, [2019]: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429491634-8.

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Yoshihara, Kenji, Hiroshi Kudo, and Tsutomu Sekine. "Environmental Radioactivity and Radiation Safety." In Periodic Table with Nuclides and Reference Data, 411–38. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-51057-1_8.

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Jacobi, W. "Cancer Risk from Environmental Radioactivity." In Cancer Risks, 154–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71843-4_13.

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Schery, Stephen D. "Radioactivity and Aerosols: An Introduction." In Environmental Science and Technology Library, 1–42. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0786-3_1.

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Sanyal, Tapobrata. "Environmental Aspects." In Developments in Geotechnical Engineering, 141–47. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1932-6_12.

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Bakker, H. "Environmental Aspects." In Sugar Cane Cultivation and Management, 81–86. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4725-9_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Environmental aspects of Radioactivity"

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Menon, Shankar, Bo Wirendal, Jan Bjerler, and Lucien Teunckens. "Validation of Dose Calculation Codes for Clearance." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4667.

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All proposals for clearance from regulatory control of very low level radioactive material are based on predicted scenarios for subsequent utilisation of the released materials. The calculation models used in these scenarios tend to utilise conservative data regarding exposure times and dose uptake as well as other assumptions as a safeguard against uncertainties. Another aspects is common to all these calculation models and codes: none of them has ever been validated by comparison with the actual real life practice of recycling. An international project has recently been concluded where two calculation codes used for this purpose (the RESRAD-RECYCLE and CERISE codes) were used to calculate the dose uptake by workers, during the segmentation and melting of a contaminated fuel rack at Studsvik RadWaste, Sweden. These calculated doses were compared with electronic dosimeter measurements on workers participating in the various operations. The measurements showed that segmenting was the work operation that gave the highest dose, almost 65% of the total dose incurred, while melting itself accounted for only about 13%. The project was a co-operation between the Swedish Radiation Protection Institute, Studsvik (Sweden), the US Department of Energy, Argonne National Laboratory (USA), the Institute de Radioprotection et Securite´ Nucle´aire (France) and Belgoprocess (Belgium). The comparison of the calculation results indicated that, even with a carefully controlled reflection of reality with respect to geometry and exposure time and with a “best judgment” choice of densities for each operation, the calculation programmes have tended to overestimate the dose uptake by a factor 4 to 7, i.e. about an order of magnitude. An obvious explanation is the fact that the workers are not static, they move about constantly, changing the geometry, thus not taking the assumed doses. There are also some other practical aspects difficult to reflect exactly in the calculations. It should be noted that the Swedish Radiation Protection Institute were not completely of the same opinion as the project team, pointing out that the codes also underestimated doses for certain operations. We feel, however, that this is irrelevant, as only the maximum estimated doses for any operation in the process are used for the determination of clearance levels. It seems reasonable to state that the use of ‘enveloping’ scenarios, which necessarily cover a wide range of scenarios range of scenarios in connection with the calculation of clearance levels, would tend to accentuate this tendency of overestimation of dose uptake in most individual cases of recycling by melting. Taking into account the sensitivity of the modelling and the practical aspects listed above, the estimated doses can be, say, one or even more orders of magnitude higher than those actually taken. A side aspect of the execution of the Validation Project — specifically the background measurements — was the revelation of radioactivity in unexpected places: the paint used for the painting of moulds at A˚kers (3–5 Bq/g), the slag binding product (twice background radiation), the stamp mass, insulation and new asphalt at the Studsvik furnace (all at three to four times background). This serves to illustrate the undetected omnipresence of radioactivity in the human habitat at dose rate levels considerably higher (up to 400% over background) than the levels (ca 1% over background) at which the currently proposed clearance criteria are based on. Finally, it is important to note that the degree of overestimation (a factor of 4 −7), as recorded in the validation project, is generally regarded as ‘acceptable’ by dose modellers. The results will most probably not lead to any revision or refinement of these codes. For the nuclear decommissioner and the other producers of large volumes of only slightly radioactively contaminated material, the clearance levels resulting from such a degree of conservatism can lead to huge amounts of material unnecessarily being condemned to burial as radioactive waste. Considering that most such producers transfer their costs to the public, it is society at large that will foot the bill for this exercise in conservatism.
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Barthel, R., W. Goldammer, and M. Helming. "Exemption Levels for the Recycling and Disposal of Residues With Enhanced Levels of Natural Radioactivity (TENORM) in Germany." In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1267.

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Abstract The new German Radiation Protection Ordinance contains for the first time a systematic framework of regulations protecting workers and the public against radiation exposures from residues of industrial and mining processes containing enhanced levels of naturally occurring radionuclides (TENORM). These regulations will satisfy the requirements of the European Council Directive 96/29/EURATOM and serve as a common basis for the radiation protection activities of the German states in this field. The consideration of exposures from materials containing naturally occurring radionuclides gains on this basis an increased level of significance within the German radiation protection efforts. The overall goal of the new regulations is to keep the additional effective dose for the population from the recycling and disposal of TENORM below 1 mSv/a. In order to achieve this objective, companies in which such residues arise have to carry out representative measurements of activity concentrations in these materials. If exemption levels defined in the new regulations are exceeded, restrictions on the recycling and disposal come into effect. These exemption levels are nuclide specific and distinguish between material types and different recycling and disposal options. This specific definition of exemption criteria serves the goal to minimise the number of companies and the amount of residues affected by the new regulations to the extent possible, focussing the efforts of operators and regulators to those materials having the potential to actually cause radiation exposure problems. The specific exemption criteria were derived on the basis of an analysis of typical amounts and activity concentrations of industrial and mining residues with enhanced radioactivity contents in Germany. In a second step, practically applied options for the recycling and disposal of these materials were investigated. On this basis, generic scenarios for the radiation exposure of the workforce and the public were defined and doses were estimated. All relevant pathways including possible long term effects (ground water) were considered in these analyses. Based on the 1 mSv/a criterion, a catalogue of relevant materials, potentially requiring radiation protection measures, was developed. For these materials the practically applied recycling or disposal options were grouped into categories, for which specific exemption levels were derived. The derivation of these criteria was based on realistic estimates of radiation exposure, for example taking into account the dilution of the residues with other materials in technological processes or during the disposal in landfills. The residues subject to the new regulations mostly arise in large quantities over extended periods of time. This leads to significant variations of radionuclide concentrations depending on feed materials and process parameters. To carry out representative measurements without the necessity of taking a too large number of samples, therefore, requires an adequate measurement strategy. Particular aspects to be considered are uncertainties of the measurements themselves and the heterogeneity of the residues. In addition, the measurement strategy has to be compatible with diverse situations in the different industries affected. The framework developed for designing individual strategies for the various industries and types of residues satisfies these requirements and can also provide guidance for measurement campaigns in other areas. The paper outlines the general situation with regard to TENORM in Germany. The main streams of residues and options for their recycling or disposal are described. On this basis, scenarios used for the radiological evaluation are defined and examples for resulting radiation exposures are given. The exemption levels derived from this analysis are discussed. Finally, the framework for the design and implementation of an adequate measurement strategy is outlined.
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Permana, Sidik, and Mitsutoshi Suzuki. "TRU Recycling Options for Environmentally Friendly and Proliferation-Resistant Nuclear Fuel Cycle of FBR." In ASME 2010 13th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2010-40285.

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The embodied challenges for introducing closed fuel cycle are utilizing advanced fuel reprocessing and fabrication facilities as well as nuclear nonproliferation aspect. Optimization target of advanced reactor design should be maintained properly to obtain high performance of safety, fuel breeding and reducing some long-lived and high level radioactivity of spent fuel by closed fuel cycle options. In this paper, the contribution of loading trans-uranium to the core performance, fuel production, and reduction of minor actinide in high level waste (HLW) have been investigated during reactor operation of large fast breeder reactor (FBR). Excess reactivity can be reduced by loading some minor actinide in the core which affect to the increase of fuel breeding capability, however, some small reduction values of breeding capability are obtained when minor actinides are loaded in the blanket regions. As a total composition, MA compositions are reduced by increasing operation time. Relatively smaller reduction value was obtained at end of operation by blanket regions (9%) than core regions (15%). In addition, adopting closed cycle of MA obtains better intrinsic aspect of nuclear nonproliferation based on the increase of even mass plutonium in the isotopic plutonium composition.
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Tykva, Richard. "Environmental radioactivity analyses." In European Symposium on Optics for Environmental and Public Safety, edited by Tuan Vo-Dinh. SPIE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.224123.

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GREINER, WALTER. "ASPECTS OF FUSION, FISSION AND CLUSTER RADIOACTIVITY." In Proceedings of the International Workshop. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812810083_0001.

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Simgen, Hardy. "Low background aspects of GERDA." In TOPICAL WORKSHOP ON LOW RADIOACTIVITY TECHNIQUES: LRT-2010. AIP, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3579573.

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Wätjen, Uwe, Emanuela Cincu, Ioana Manea, and Mike Woods. "European Measurement Comparisons of Environmental Radioactivity." In NUCLEAR PROFICIENCY TESTING: The 1st International Workshop on Proficiency Testing in Applications of the Ionizing Radiation and Nuclear Analytical Techniques in Industry, Medicine, and Environment. AIP, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2979090.

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Wagner, David M., and Stewart W. Taylor. "The Effect of Pre-Existing Ground Water Radioactivity on Derived Concentration Guideline Levels for Residual Radioactivity in Soil." In World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2001. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40569(2001)61.

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Carminati, Marco, Giovanni L. Montagnani, Luca Lorusso, Emanuele Lavelli, Davide Di Vita, Giuseppe Morandi, Paolo Rizzacasa, and Carlo Fiorini. "Wireless and Robust Radioactivity Detector for Environmental Monitoring." In 2019 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nss/mic42101.2019.9060055.

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Yi*, Peng, Z. Y. Chen, and A. Aldahan. "Radioactivity of groundwater in China and environmental implications." In Fifth International Conference on Engineering Geophysics (ICEG), 21–24 October 2019, Al Ain, UAE. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/iceg2019-025.1.

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Reports on the topic "Environmental aspects of Radioactivity"

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Eisenbud, M. Environmental radioactivity from natural, industrial, and military sources. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5601702.

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van Es, E., S. M. Collins, H. Mohamud, B. Russel, and R. Shearman. Environmental radioactivity proficiency test exercise 2019 - final report. National Physical Laboratory, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47120/npl.ir57.

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R. Green. Environmental Aspects, Objectives and Targets Identification Process. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/838647.

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Author, Not Given. Environmental radioactivity levels Bellefonte Nuclear Plant: Annual report, 1988. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6033324.

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Carrick, S. J., M. G. Inghram, R. R. W. Ireland, J. A. Munter, and R. D. Reger. Copper River highway environmental impact studies: hydrologic aspects. Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.14509/1547.

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Thumm, W., A. Finke, B. Neumeier, B. Beck, A. Kettrup, H. Steinberger, P. D. Moskowitz, and R. Chapin. Environmental and health aspects of CIS-module production, use and disposal. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/34355.

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MacCracken, M. C., and J. E. Penner. Under-examined aspects of the potential environmental effects of nuclear war. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6363269.

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Steinberger, H., W. Thumm, R. Freitag, P. D. Moskowitz, and R. Chapin. Environmental and health aspects of copper-indium-diselenide thin-film photovoltaic modules. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/46644.

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Van Hook, R., P. Fairchild, W. Fulkerson, A. Perry, J. Regan, and G. Taylor. Environmental, health, and CFC (chlorofluorocarbons) substitution aspects of the ozone depletion issue. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5293212.

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Kurzeja, R. J., P. D. Fledderman, D. L. Dunn, and K. W. MacMurdo. Environmental aspects of the June 16, 1995 tritium release from the Savannah River Site. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/224255.

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