Relevant bibliographies by topics / Environmental aspects of Sodium hypochlorite

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Academic literature on the topic 'Environmental aspects of Sodium hypochlorite'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 12 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Environmental aspects of Sodium hypochlorite"

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Vikulov, G. Kh. "Use of antiseptics in respiratory infections during the COVID-19 pandemic." Infekcionnye bolezni 18, no. 2 (2020): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.20953/1729-9225-2020-2-58-66.

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This article covers important aspects of antiseptic use in respiratory infections and presents the review and recommendations on the use of sodium hypochlorite in patients with acute respiratory infections and influenza. It also analyzes the utility of antiseptics for the prevention of COVID-19. Key words: infectious diseases, ARVI, antiseptics, sanitizers, COVID-19, prevention of respiratory infections, sodium hypochlorite
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Lee, D. H., R. J. Miles, and B. F. Perry. "The mycoplasmacidal properties of sodium hypochlorite." Journal of Hygiene 95, no. 2 (October 1985): 243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022172400062677.

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SUMMARYThe effect of hypochlorite concentration onMycoplasma mycoidesssp.mycoidesviability was tested under a variety of conditions. The experimental variables employed included chlorine-cell contact time, chlorine concentration, carrier system and organic loading. Initial populations of 106c.f.u./ml were killed (no survivors in 1 ml) by hypoehlorite solution containing 25 p.p.m. available chlorine in 15 s in the absence of organic load and 50 p.p.m. available chlorine in 5 min in the presence of 1% protein. Higher concentrations of hypochlorite were required to disinfect a porous carrier system in the absence or presence of protein. The results are in contrast to previous reports thatM. bovisis killed only by high hypochlorito concentrations.
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Krasnova, Tamara, Yuri Skolubovich, Elena Gogina, and Dmitry Volkov. "Investigation of the influence of chlorine-containing disinfectant type on the quality of drinking water and the effectiveness of water treatment technology." Stroitel stvo nauka i obrazovanie [Construction Science and Education], no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/2305-5502.2019.3.9.

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Introduction. Effectiveness and applicability of chlorine-containing disinfectants used in the practice of water treatment were studied for the purpose of solving urgent environmental problems associated with the formation of secondary pollutants generated during the chlorination of natural water. Such contaminations are mostly represented by organohalogen compounds producing strong negative effect on the physiological state of living organisms, including human beings. To solve this problem, it is proposed to use technical grade sodium hypochlorite instead of traditional liquid chlorine when selecting disinfectants for natural water. Technical grade sodium hypochlorite is obtained by saturating solutions of diaphragmatic sodium hydroxide with chlorine gas at the stage of liquefaction of chlorine and caustic soda production. Sodium hypochlorite solution is significantly less toxic, non-flammable and not explosive. Materials and methods. A comparative study was conducted as to changes in the content of organohalogen compounds and heavy metals in water treated with sodium hypochlorite and liquid chlorine of one year duration. Analyses of water samples of water treated with liquid chlorine and sodium hypochlorite were made to measure concentrations of heavy metals, organohalogen compounds and other drinking water quality indicators, as specified by current regulations. Results. The obtained data demonstrate that the use of sodium hypochlorite for disinfection provides a higher quality of drinking water, therefore, it is advisable to replace liquid chlorine with technical grade sodium hypochlorite in the process of water treatment as potable water. Conclusions. The results of the study formed the basis for numerous industrial tests and subsequent implementation in existing water treatment plants in many large cities of Russia.
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Zeng, Qing-Fu, Jie Fu, Yin-Tao Shi, and Hai-Liang Zhu. "Degradation of C.I. Disperse Blue 56 by Ultraviolet Radiation/Sodium Hypochlorite." Ozone: Science & Engineering 31, no. 1 (January 23, 2009): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01919510802583811.

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Skryabin, A. Yu. "Disposal of waste generated during drinking water disinfection with electrolytic sodium hypochlorite." E3S Web of Conferences 138 (2019): 01028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913801028.

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The present article is concerned with the problems of recycling and reuse of waste generated in the electrolytic production of sodium hypochlorite at water treatment plants. New engineering solutions aimed at ensuring environmental safety and lack of waste during large-scale production of sodium hypochlorite from aqueous solutions of common table salt are recommended herein.
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Goffin, Véronique, Gérald E. Piérard, Frédérique Henry, Caroline Letawe, and Howard I. Maibach. "Sodium Hypochlorite, Bleaching Agents, and the Stratum Corneum." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 37, no. 3 (August 1997): 199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/eesa.1997.1537.

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Aridi, Aida Safina, Nyuk Ling Chin, Nur Akmal Ishak, Nor Nadiah Mohamad Yusof, Kazunori Kadota, Yanty Noorzianna Manaf, and Yus Aniza Yusof. "Effect of sodium hypochlorite concentration during pre-treatment on isolation of nanocrystalline cellulose from Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) mature pods." BioResources 16, no. 2 (March 9, 2021): 3137–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.2.3137-3158.

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Mature pods of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit were utilized as raw material for nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) production. NCC’s isolation begins with L. leucocephala fiber’s alkaline treatment with sodium hydroxide, followed by bleaching treatment at three different percentages (3%, 5%, and 7%) of sodium hypochlorite. Acid hydrolysis was then conducted to obtain NCC, which was comprehensively characterized in terms of morphology, chemical functional groups, whiteness index, and crystallinity. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and chemical composition results showed that alkali treatment (NaOH) and bleaching (3%, 5%, and 7% of sodium hypochlorite, NaClO) were effective in the removal of lignin and hemicellulose. The variation of sodium hypochlorite concentration affected physical and structural characteristics of the NCC produced, which exhibited a rod-shaped structure with diameters ranging from 17 to 49 nm. These observations provide insight into the potential utilization of L. leucocephala as raw material for preparing nanocellulose, which may address problems of the underutilized mature pods.
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Wu, Qilong, Xihui Zhang, and Guodong Cao. "Impacts of sodium hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite aging on polyvinylidene fluoride membranes fabricated with different methods." Journal of Environmental Sciences 67 (May 2018): 294–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2017.07.014.

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OSONO, EIICHI, KAZUMI HONDA, YUKI INOUE, KYOUKO ICHIMURA, CHISAKO KAMANO, TOSHIO AKIMOTO, SHINYA KAWAMOTO, YOSHIHIKO NOROSE, SHUN TAKAKU, and RIMPEI MORITA. "Sodium Hypochlorite is Effective against Biofilms in Dialysis Equipment." Biocontrol Science 26, no. 1 (2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4265/bio.26.1.

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Browman, Michael G., R. Bruce Robinson, and Gregory D. Reed. "Silica polymerization and other factors in iron control by sodium silicate and sodium hypochlorite additions." Environmental Science & Technology 23, no. 5 (May 1989): 566–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00063a009.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Environmental aspects of Sodium hypochlorite"

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Pellillo, Sonni. "Effects of sodium hypochlorite on enamel composition." Thesis, NSUWorks, 2015. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hpd_cdm_stuetd/66.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of sodium hypochlorite on the organic and inorganic composition of enamel. Background: With the advent of enamel bonding for orthodontic appliances in the late 1970s, it has been shown that traditional phosphoric acid etching affects the inorganic portion of the enamel.1, 2 In an attempt to enhance the acid etching pattern and, furthermore, the bond strength, additional pretreatment techniques that target the organic components of the enamel biofilm have been proposed. One such method is the non-invasive enamel pretreatment with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) prior to phosphoric acid etching.3, 4 It has been suggested that the mechanism by which sodium hypochlorite enhances the etching pattern is enamel deproteinization, in which organic elements, including the acquired film, are removed from the enamel surface.3, 5 This presumption is based on the multitude of endodontic literature supporting the use of NaOCl as an effective irrigant in root canal therapy6-13. In contrast to dentin and pulpal tissue, enamel is comprised of minimal organic matter.14, 15 As a result of this fact and the limited amount of experimentation of the effect of NaOCl on the enamel surface, the true mechanism by which sodium hypochlorite enhances the etching pattern of enamel is questionable.5, 16 The objective of this study was to determine the compositional effects of sodium hypochlorite on human enamel. Methods: Following IRB approval, 120 enamel sections from 22 extracted human premolar teeth were randomly divided into three experimental groups and one control group.17 The control group (E = enamel) received no treatment. The first experimental group (A = phosphoric acid) received a 15-second treatment with 37% phosphoric acid, rinsed with distilled water and air sprayed for 20 seconds, then dried with oil free compressed air. The second experimental group (H = sodium hypochlorite) received a treatment of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite for 60 seconds, washed with distilled water for 10 seconds, and dried. The third experimental group (HA = sodium hypochlorite + phosphoric acid) received a treatment of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite for 60 seconds, washed with distilled water for 10 seconds, dried, then receive the 15-second treatment with 37% phosphoric acid as in Group A.3 Following treatment preparations of the four groups, scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX) analysis was performed for all groups.18 For elemental concentration, a one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc statistical tests were applied.17, 19, 20 ANOVA and Tukey tests were performed at a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. Results: There were no significant effects of treatment on the enamel elements carbon (C), calcium (Ca) sodium (Na), oxygen (O), and phosphorous (P). There was a significant effect of treatment on the amount of chlorine (Cl) in enamel between groups acid (A) and hypochlorite + acid (HA) as well as between groups hypochlorite (H) and hypochlorite + acid (HA) (p = 0.004). The amount of variation of iodine (I) in the enamel composition between untreated enamel (E) and enamel treated with sodium hypochlorite + phosphoric acid (HA) was significant (p = 0.004). Additionally, there was a significant decrease in the quantity of antimony (Sb) found in the control group (E) versus the hypochlorite + acid (HA) experimental group (p = 0.002). Lastly, tin (Sn) was significantly reduced from the enamel surface (E) when treated with hypochlorite + acid (HA) (p = 0.008). Conclusions: The various treatments minimally affected the elemental concentrations of C, Ca, Na, O, and P. The amount of chlorine present in enamel significantly increased following treatment with sodium hypochlorite (H) alone and even more so following treatment with phosphoric acid and sodium hypochlorite (AH). In contrast, elements I, Sb, and Sn demonstrated a congruent reduction in concentration after treatment with hypochlorite and acid (HA). Although it has been hypothesized that sodium hypochlorite targets the organic pellicle present on the surface of enamel via a process known as deproteinization, the findings presented here suggest that pre-treatment with NaOCl impacts the inorganic components of enamel more so than the organic constituents. These quantitative findings corroborate the enhanced etching pattern that can be visualized under scanning electron microscopy in this as well as previous studies.
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Van, Zyl Nadine (Nadine Nicole) 1975. "Sodium hypochlorite generation for household water disinfection in Haiti." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/84292.

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Fuerst, Georgia Brook. "INVESTIGATING PERACETIC ACID AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE DISINFECTION." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1470144930.

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Morganti, Luca 1975. "Sodium hypochlorite generation for household water disinfection : a cast study in Nepal." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/84803.

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Nutter, Amy Elizabeth. "A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE DISINFECTION EFFICIENCY OF PERACETIC ACID AND SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE ON SECONDARY EFFLUENT AT THE MILL CREEK TREATMENT PLANT." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1461943130.

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Kassouf, Helene. "Formation of Trihalomethanes (THMs) as Disinfection by-Products (DBPs) when Treated Municipal Wastewater is Disinfected with Sodium Hypochlorite." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6522.

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Disinfection is an essential process in the treatment of municipal wastewater before the treated wastewater can be discharged to the environment. Hillsborough County's Northwest Regional Water Reclamation Facility (NWRWRF) in Tampa, Florida, currently uses ultraviolet (UV) light for disinfection. However, this method has proven expensive to implement and maintain, and may not be effective if the light transmission is poor. For these reasons, Hillsborough County is considering switching from UV light to sodium hypochlorite for disinfection. However, hypochlorite (chlorine) disinfection has disadvantages as well, such as the production of disinfection by-products (DBPs) such as trihalomethanes (THM) and haloacetic acids (HAAs), which may have adverse impacts on the quality of surface waters that receive the treated wastewater. Therefore, the objectives of this research are (1) to compare NWRWRF typical operating conditions and water quality to those of two nearby facilities (River Oaks and Dale Mabry Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plants) that currently employ chlorine disinfection, (2) to determine the chlorine demand of treated effluent from NWRWRF, (3) to quantify the DBP formation potential of treated effluent from NWRWRF, and (4) to determine the effects of temperature, reaction time, and chlorine dose on chlorine demand and THM formation. To inform laboratory experiments, the quality of final effluent was monitored at NWRWRF and at two nearby wastewater treatment plants that currently use hypochlorite for disinfection. At these two facilities, pH of 7.0-8.0, chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 12-26 mg/L, alkalinity of 200-250 mg/L as CaCO3, chlorine residual of 1.5-6.0 mg/L, and total trihalomethanes of 100-190 ix μg/L (mostly chloroform) were observed. Conditions at NWRWRF were similar to those at Dale Mabry and River Oaks AWWTP, suggesting that chlorine demand and THM formation at NWRWRF would be similar to those at the two AWWTP, if chlorination is to be used. THM experimental results agreed with this suggestion. Chlorine dose and temperature effects on the free chlorine residual and THMs production in NWRWRF filtered wastewater effluent were determined. Filtered effluent was collected and transported to USF laboratory where it was tested for 3 different chlorine doses (6 mg/L, 9 mg/L and 12 mg/L as Cl2) and 3 different temperatures (16°C, 23°C, and 30°C) at 7 different contact times (15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, and 120 min) in duplicate. The total number of batches prepared was: 3 different chlorine doses × 3 different temperatures × 7 different reaction times = 126 reactors. According to Florida Administrative code 62-600.440, total chlorine residual should be at least 1 mg/L after a contact time of at least 15 min at peak hourly flow. Also, according to Florida Administrative code 62-600.440, if effluent wastewater has a concentration of fecal coliforms greater than 10,000 per 100 mL before disinfection, FDEP requires that the product of the chlorine concentration C (in mg/L as Cl2) and the contact time t (in minutes) be at least 120. Results showed that free chlorine residual was always above 1 mg/L in 15 min contact time for all chlorine doses and temperatures tested in this thesis. However, to be conservative, thesis conclusions and recommendations were based on the more stringent regulation: C*t ≥ 120 mg.min/L, assuming that the number of fecal coliform in NWRWRF wastewater effluent exceeds 10,000 per 100 mL prior to disinfection. The analysis showed that free chlorine residual for 6 mg/L was below the FDEP standard at all temperatures. At 16 °C and 23 °C, chlorine doses of 9 and 12 mg/L resulted in an appropriate free chlorine residual above the FDEP standard. However, a chlorine dose of 12 mg/L was resulting in high residual, which means high THM would be expected. Therefore, at 16 x and 23°C, 9 mg/L would be preferable. At 30 °C, only the chlorine dose of 12 mg/L met the standard at all contact times. As expected, free chlorine residual decreased with an increase in temperature from 23°C to 30°C. Surprisingly, the residual at 16°C was lower than residual at 23°C. The production of THMs increased with higher contact time in all the experiments completed. Chlorine dose didn't have an effect on THM formation at 23°C, but it did at 30°C and 16°C, where THM concentrations were generally higher with the increase of chlorine dose. Temperature effect was noticed in most of the experiments, where THM production was usually higher at higher temperatures, except some cases where formation was similar for different temperatures. Chloroform, dichlorobromomethane, dibromochloromethane production ranges were respectively: 20-127 μg/L, 18-59 μg/L, and 3-7 μg/L. Bromoform concentrations were not observed in this experiment at any temperature or chlorine dose. According to Florida Administrative code 62-302.530, Criteria for Surface Water Quality Classifications, the Florida Department for Environmental Protection (FDEP) set the following limits for THM concentrations in wastewater effluent to be as the following; 470 μg/L for chloroform, 22 μg/L for dichlorobromomethane, 34 μg/L for dibromochloromethane, and 360 μg/L for bromoform. Experimental results on NWRWRF filtered effluent showed that only dichlorobromomethane exceeded the limits set by FDEP at about 30 min contact time for all temperatures and chlorine doses tested. However, according to Florida Administrative code 62- 302-400, proposed changes to the code have set higher DCBM limit of 57 μg/L. Chlorination would be recommended at NWRWRF if the DCBM regulated limit increases to 57 μg/L. The recommended chlorine dose would be 9 mg/L for water temperatures around 16-23 °C and 12 mg/L for water temperatures around 30 °C
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Thompson, Laura M. "The depletion of nitric oxide by reaction with molten sodium carbonate and sodium carbonate/sodium sulfide mixtures." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/5797.

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Wartena, Ryan Craig. "Generation of sodium oxide and discharge of carbon by the electrolysis of multi-component molten salt systems : a recycle process for kraft pulping chemicals." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/10281.

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Fernandes, Miguel Ângelo Cavaleiro. "Evaluation over time of the detection capability of a video-tracking system through daily exposure of Danio rerio to sodium hypochlorite, ethanol or bisphenol A." Dissertação, 2014. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/77589.

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Fernandes, Miguel Ângelo Cavaleiro. "Evaluation over time of the detection capability of a video-tracking system through daily exposure of Danio rerio to sodium hypochlorite, ethanol or bisphenol A." Master's thesis, 2014. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/77589.

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Books on the topic "Environmental aspects of Sodium hypochlorite"

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Canada. Environmental Protection Programs Directorate. Technical Services Branch. Sodium hypochlorite: Environmental and technical information for problem spills. Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada, Environmental Protection Service, 1985.

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United States. Bureau of Land Management. Green River Resource Area. Environmental assessment for sodium leasing, Green River Basin, Wyoming. [Rock Springs, Wyo.]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Rock Springs District Office, 1995.

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United States. Bureau of Land Management. Green River Resource Area. Environmental assessment for sodium leasing, Green River Basin, Wyoming. [Rock Springs, Wyo.]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Rock Springs District Office, 1995.

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California. Legislature. Senate. Committee on Insurance, Claims, and Corporations. Availability of homeowners insurance: Sodium sulfate soil corrosion. Sacramento, CA: The Committee, 1987.

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Nimiroski, Mark T. Sources of sodium and chloride in the Scituate Reservoir drainage basin, Rhode Island. Northborough, MA: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002.

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Nimiroski, Mark T. Sources of sodium and chloride in the Scituate Reservoir drainage basin, Rhode Island. Northborough, MA: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002.

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Nimiroski, Mark T. Sources of sodium and chloride in the Scituate Reservoir drainage basin, Rhode Island. Northborough, MA: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002.

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Nimiroski, Mark T. Sources of sodium and chloride in the Scituate Reservoir drainage basin, Rhode Island. Northborough, MA: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002.

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United States. Bureau of Land Management. Green River Resource Area. Decision record and finding of no significant impact for sodium leasing in the Green River Basin of southwestern Wyoming. [Rock Springs, Wyo.] (P.O. Box 1869, Rock Springs 82902-1869): U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Rock Springs District Office, Green River and Kemmerer Resource Area, 1996.

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L, Barker James. Temporal changes in sulfate, chloride, and sodium concentrations in four eastern Pennsylvania streams. Harrisburg, Pa: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Environmental aspects of Sodium hypochlorite"

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Kovalenko, Svitlana, and Maryna Gorbulja. "ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OF SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE." In Development of Modern Science Under Global Changes. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-588-52-5-24.

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Conference papers on the topic "Environmental aspects of Sodium hypochlorite"

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Garcia, M. T., A. Martín-González, and C. Pelaz. "Control of Legionella pneumophila by disinfectants. Effects of sodium hypochlorite against persistent strains." In Proceedings of the II International Conference on Environmental, Industrial and Applied Microbiology (BioMicroWorld2007). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812837554_0041.

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Fradette, Michael, and Ke Max Zhang. "Energy Storage for a Sustainable Development." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90214.

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The CU Green, Palamanui Project Team worked to create an integrated document for the developers of Palamanui, a 725 acre community on the Big Island of Hawaii consisting of residential sections, a business park, town center, university, and hotel, regarding how the development can be more sustainable and environmental aware. The document addresses engineering issues, alongside architectural and environmental issues, including but not limited to solar generation, energy storage, plug in hybrid vehicles (PHEV), microgrids, smart architectural and landscape design, load management, waste water treatment, and the business aspects of each technology. The team worked together to combine engineering, environmental, social, architectural, and business aspects into a single overarching document recommending how the development can move towards sustainability. The following paper addresses the energy storage aspects for the Palamanui development, analyzing different technologies, operating scenarios, and financial results. Incorporating an energy-storage system in the Palamanui development is beneficial for all involved parties. Residents benefit from a more reliable grid, with increased distributed generation. The community and environment will benefit from increased solar generation and a reduction in required peak generation from HELCO, corresponding to a decrease in greenhouse gas emissions and pollutants. Lastly, the developers benefit because the property can be marketed as a sustainable development with a more reliable grid, thus increasing market value. The storage system can exist as a centralized plant, being a large battery bank or compressed-air-energy storage system (CAES), or the system can be distributed throughout the development as plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEV) or individual home batteries. Of the many energy storage methods available, three are seriously considered for the Palamanui development: sodium sulfur battery banks, lead-acid battery banks, and small-scale CAES in fabricated vessels. Battery banks and CAES operate under the same concept, drawing energy from the grid during times of low demand (10 p.m. to 6 a.m.) or from excess solar generation. During times of peak demand, stored energy is discharged to the grid to meet daily loads. Of all the systems analyzed, the final recommendation is block storage distributed throughout the development using sodium-sulfur (NaS) batteries. Sodium-sulfur batteries are the most appealing because of the small footprint, long lifetime, and lower lifetime cost. CAES systems with natural-gas prove to be too expensive with Hawaii’s high natural-gas prices. CAES without natural-gas has potential, but with little to no commercial testing having been done on this systems, further investigation is required and strongly recommended.
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Stalder, Jean-Pierre, and Peter A. Huber. "Use of Chromium Containing Fuel Additive to Reduce High Temperature Corrosion of Hot Section Parts." In ASME Turbo Expo 2000: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2000-gt-0138.

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The use of “clean” fuel is a prerequisite at today’s elevated gas turbine firing temperature, modern engines are more sensitive to high temperature corrosion if there are impurities present in the fuel and/or in the combustion air. It is a common belief that distillate grade fuels are contaminant-free, which is often not true. Frequently operators burning distillates ignore the fuel quality as a possible source of difficulties. This matter being also of concern in plants mainly operated on natural gas and where distillate fuel oil is the back-up fuel. Distillates may contain water, dirt and often trace metals such as sodium, vanadium and lead which can cause severe damages to the gas turbines. Sodium being very often introduced through contamination with seawater during the fuel storage and delivery chain to the plant, and in combination, or with air borne salt ingested by the combustion air. Excursions of sodium in treated crude or heavy fuel oil can occur during unnoticed malfunctions of the fuel treatment plant, when changing the heavy fuel provenience without centrifuge adjustment, or by inadequate fuel handling. For burning heavy fuel, treatment with oil-soluble magnesium fuel additive is state of the art to inhibit hot corrosion caused by vanadium. Air borne salts, sodium, potassium and lead contaminated distillates, gaseous fuels, washed and unwashed crude and residual oil can not be handled by simple magnesium based additives. The addition of elements like silicon and/or chromium is highly effective in reducing turbine blade hot corrosion and hot section fouling. This paper describes field experience with the use of chromium containing fuel additive to reduce high temperature corrosion of hot section parts, as well as the interaction of oil-soluble chromium and magnesium-chromium additives on material behaviour of blades and vanes, and their economical and environmental aspects.
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Zvorykina, Anastasiia, Sahil Gupta, Wargha Peiman, Igor Pioro, and Natalia Fialko. "Current Status and Future Applications of Supercritical Pressures in Power Engineering." In 2012 20th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering and the ASME 2012 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone20-power2012-54558.

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It is well known that the electrical-power generation is the key factor for advances in any other industries, agriculture and level of living. In general, electrical energy can be produced by: 1) non-renewable sources such as coal, natural gas, oil, and nuclear; and 2) renewable sources such as hydro, wind, solar, biomass, geothermal and marine. However, the main sources for electrical-energy production are: 1) thermal - primary coal and secondary natural gas; 2) nuclear and 3) hydro. The rest of the sources might have visible impact just in some countries. Therefore, thermal and nuclear electrical-energy production as the major source is considered in the paper. From thermodynamics it is well known that higher thermal efficiencies correspond to higher temperatures and pressures. Therefore, modern SuperCritical (SC)-pressure coal-fired power plants have thermal efficiencies within 43–50% and even slightly above. Steam-generator outlet temperatures or steam-turbine inlet temperatures have reached a level of about 625°C (and even higher) at pressures of 25–30 (35–38) MPa. This is the largest application of SC pressures in industry. In spite of advances in coal-fired power-plants they are still considered as not environmental friendly due to producing a lot of carbon-dioxide emissions as a result of combustion process plus ash, slag and even acid rains. The most efficient modern thermal-power plants with thermal efficiencies within a range of 50–60%, are so-called, combined-cycle power plants, which use natural gas as a fuel. Natural gas is considered as a clean fossil fuel compared to coal and oil, but still due to combustion process emits a lot of carbon dioxide when it used for electrical generation. Therefore, a new reliable and environmental friendly source for the electrical-energy generation should be considered. Nuclear power is also a non-renewable source as the fossil fuels, but nuclear resources can be used for significantly longer time than some fossil fuels plus nuclear power does not emit carbon dioxide into atmosphere. Currently, this source of energy is considered as the most viable one for electrical generation for the next 50–100 years. Current, i.e., Generation II and III, Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) consist of water-cooled reactors NPPs with the thermal efficiency of 30–35% (vast majority of reactors); subcritical carbon-dioxide-cooled reactors NPPs with the thermal efficiency up to 42% and liquid-sodium-cooled reactor NPP with the thermal efficiency of 40%. Therefore, the current fleet of NPPs, especially, water-cooled NPPs, are not very competitive compared to modern thermal power plants. Therefore, next generation or Generation-IV reactors with new parameters (NPPs with the thermal efficiency of 43–50% and even higher for all types of reactors) are currently under development worldwide. Generation-IV nuclear-reactor concept such as SuperCritical Water-cooled Reactor (SCWR) is intended to operate with direct or in-direct SC-“steam” Rankine cycle. Lead-cooled Fast Reactor (LFR) can be connected to SC-“steam” Rankine cycle or SC CO2 Brayton cycle through heat exchangers. In general, other Generation IV reactor concepts can be connected to either one or another cycle through heat exchangers. Therefore, this paper discusses various aspects of application of SC fluids in power engineering.
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5

Deuel, L. E., and G. H. Holliday. "Evolution of Oil and Gas Waste/Soil Remediation Regulations." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-80460.

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Abstract:
The meaningful United States regulation of onshore oil and gas field waste/soil commenced in the mid 1980’s in response to a series of state, federal, industry and international initiatives. Most initiatives centered on the design, construction and operation of earthen pits used in the exploration and production of oil and gas (E&P). Prior to this time, earthen pits were constructed as needed by the operator and used in all phases of E&P activity. Chief concerns of the regulators were focused on what had gone into pits historically, what was going into them currently and was the E&P exemption excluding high volume E&P wastes from the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations justified. Several investigations, including the comprehensive field study by the Environmental Protection Agency in 1987, determined E&P wastes are ostensibly non-hazardous. EPA concluded regulation of E&P wastes under RCRA Subtitle C was not necessary. To this day there is no U. S. federal regulatory program with exclusive jurisdiction over exempt E&P wastes. Other studies, primarily industry and academic, focusing on land limiting constituents, management practices and pit closure strategies revealed sodium salts and petroleum hydrocarbon in the form of diesel range organics were the primary limiting constituents. One state, Louisiana, adopted the technical aspects of these studies and developed a comprehensive regulation known as Statewide Order 29-B, which was based on the concept of limiting constituents and defined post closure performance standards. These standards limited salinity, sodicity, total metals and total petroleum hydrocarbon (oil & grease) with values varying with respect to landform, land use and closure technique. Other states have adopted some of the concepts and criteria advanced under 29-B but none are as comprehensive. Obviously there is a need to control what goes into pits and how pits should be closed. The industry would best be served by adopting the concepts and standards set forth in the Louisiana 29-B regulation. A few of the provisions could be changed to make it more palatable to industry without sacrificing the protection afforded human and animal health, safety and the environment. Internationally, particularly countries in South America embraced USEPA protocol for testing characteristically hazardous wastes, but 1) without the framework to handle the relatively large volume of non-hazardous E&P waste generated and 2) no regulations or protocols for on-site waste management. Several operators, although partners with state owned oil companies, on their own volition, applied the concepts and standards under Louisiana’s 29-B to rainforests in South America and rice paddies in Indonesia. Canada and European oil and gas producing countries have developed stringent standards not based on science, which favor costly treatment technologies. Generally, these countries prohibit cost effective on-site waste management and closure techniques. This paper traces the evolution of waste/soil remediation within the United States and internationally. We trace the progress as a function of time; the impetus for regulation; and probable future controls.
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