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Journal articles on the topic 'Environmental aspects of Sodium hypochlorite'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Vikulov, G. Kh. "Use of antiseptics in respiratory infections during the COVID-19 pandemic." Infekcionnye bolezni 18, no. 2 (2020): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.20953/1729-9225-2020-2-58-66.

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This article covers important aspects of antiseptic use in respiratory infections and presents the review and recommendations on the use of sodium hypochlorite in patients with acute respiratory infections and influenza. It also analyzes the utility of antiseptics for the prevention of COVID-19. Key words: infectious diseases, ARVI, antiseptics, sanitizers, COVID-19, prevention of respiratory infections, sodium hypochlorite

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2

Lee, D. H., R. J. Miles, and B. F. Perry. "The mycoplasmacidal properties of sodium hypochlorite." Journal of Hygiene 95, no. 2 (October 1985): 243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022172400062677.

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SUMMARYThe effect of hypochlorite concentration onMycoplasma mycoidesssp.mycoidesviability was tested under a variety of conditions. The experimental variables employed included chlorine-cell contact time, chlorine concentration, carrier system and organic loading. Initial populations of 106c.f.u./ml were killed (no survivors in 1 ml) by hypoehlorite solution containing 25 p.p.m. available chlorine in 15 s in the absence of organic load and 50 p.p.m. available chlorine in 5 min in the presence of 1% protein. Higher concentrations of hypochlorite were required to disinfect a porous carrier system in the absence or presence of protein. The results are in contrast to previous reports thatM. bovisis killed only by high hypochlorito concentrations.

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3

Krasnova, Tamara, Yuri Skolubovich, Elena Gogina, and Dmitry Volkov. "Investigation of the influence of chlorine-containing disinfectant type on the quality of drinking water and the effectiveness of water treatment technology." Stroitel stvo nauka i obrazovanie [Construction Science and Education], no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/2305-5502.2019.3.9.

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Introduction. Effectiveness and applicability of chlorine-containing disinfectants used in the practice of water treatment were studied for the purpose of solving urgent environmental problems associated with the formation of secondary pollutants generated during the chlorination of natural water. Such contaminations are mostly represented by organohalogen compounds producing strong negative effect on the physiological state of living organisms, including human beings. To solve this problem, it is proposed to use technical grade sodium hypochlorite instead of traditional liquid chlorine when selecting disinfectants for natural water. Technical grade sodium hypochlorite is obtained by saturating solutions of diaphragmatic sodium hydroxide with chlorine gas at the stage of liquefaction of chlorine and caustic soda production. Sodium hypochlorite solution is significantly less toxic, non-flammable and not explosive. Materials and methods. A comparative study was conducted as to changes in the content of organohalogen compounds and heavy metals in water treated with sodium hypochlorite and liquid chlorine of one year duration. Analyses of water samples of water treated with liquid chlorine and sodium hypochlorite were made to measure concentrations of heavy metals, organohalogen compounds and other drinking water quality indicators, as specified by current regulations. Results. The obtained data demonstrate that the use of sodium hypochlorite for disinfection provides a higher quality of drinking water, therefore, it is advisable to replace liquid chlorine with technical grade sodium hypochlorite in the process of water treatment as potable water. Conclusions. The results of the study formed the basis for numerous industrial tests and subsequent implementation in existing water treatment plants in many large cities of Russia.

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4

Zeng, Qing-Fu, Jie Fu, Yin-Tao Shi, and Hai-Liang Zhu. "Degradation of C.I. Disperse Blue 56 by Ultraviolet Radiation/Sodium Hypochlorite." Ozone: Science & Engineering 31, no. 1 (January 23, 2009): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01919510802583811.

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5

Skryabin, A. Yu. "Disposal of waste generated during drinking water disinfection with electrolytic sodium hypochlorite." E3S Web of Conferences 138 (2019): 01028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913801028.

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The present article is concerned with the problems of recycling and reuse of waste generated in the electrolytic production of sodium hypochlorite at water treatment plants. New engineering solutions aimed at ensuring environmental safety and lack of waste during large-scale production of sodium hypochlorite from aqueous solutions of common table salt are recommended herein.

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6

Goffin, Véronique, Gérald E. Piérard, Frédérique Henry, Caroline Letawe, and Howard I. Maibach. "Sodium Hypochlorite, Bleaching Agents, and the Stratum Corneum." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 37, no. 3 (August 1997): 199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/eesa.1997.1537.

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7

Aridi, Aida Safina, Nyuk Ling Chin, Nur Akmal Ishak, Nor Nadiah Mohamad Yusof, Kazunori Kadota, Yanty Noorzianna Manaf, and Yus Aniza Yusof. "Effect of sodium hypochlorite concentration during pre-treatment on isolation of nanocrystalline cellulose from Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) mature pods." BioResources 16, no. 2 (March 9, 2021): 3137–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.2.3137-3158.

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Mature pods of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit were utilized as raw material for nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) production. NCC’s isolation begins with L. leucocephala fiber’s alkaline treatment with sodium hydroxide, followed by bleaching treatment at three different percentages (3%, 5%, and 7%) of sodium hypochlorite. Acid hydrolysis was then conducted to obtain NCC, which was comprehensively characterized in terms of morphology, chemical functional groups, whiteness index, and crystallinity. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and chemical composition results showed that alkali treatment (NaOH) and bleaching (3%, 5%, and 7% of sodium hypochlorite, NaClO) were effective in the removal of lignin and hemicellulose. The variation of sodium hypochlorite concentration affected physical and structural characteristics of the NCC produced, which exhibited a rod-shaped structure with diameters ranging from 17 to 49 nm. These observations provide insight into the potential utilization of L. leucocephala as raw material for preparing nanocellulose, which may address problems of the underutilized mature pods.

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8

Wu, Qilong, Xihui Zhang, and Guodong Cao. "Impacts of sodium hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite aging on polyvinylidene fluoride membranes fabricated with different methods." Journal of Environmental Sciences 67 (May 2018): 294–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2017.07.014.

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9

OSONO, EIICHI, KAZUMI HONDA, YUKI INOUE, KYOUKO ICHIMURA, CHISAKO KAMANO, TOSHIO AKIMOTO, SHINYA KAWAMOTO, YOSHIHIKO NOROSE, SHUN TAKAKU, and RIMPEI MORITA. "Sodium Hypochlorite is Effective against Biofilms in Dialysis Equipment." Biocontrol Science 26, no. 1 (2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4265/bio.26.1.

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10

Browman, Michael G., R. Bruce Robinson, and Gregory D. Reed. "Silica polymerization and other factors in iron control by sodium silicate and sodium hypochlorite additions." Environmental Science & Technology 23, no. 5 (May 1989): 566–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00063a009.

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11

Tiwari, D., M. R. Yu, M. N. Kim, S. M. Lee, O. H. Kwon, K. M. Choi, G. J. Lim, and J. K. Yang. "Potential application of manganese coated sand in the removal of Mn(II) from aqueous solutions." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 7 (October 1, 2007): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.688.

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The aim of this study was to explore the applicability of manganese coated sand (MCS) in the presence and absence of sodium hypochlorite for the removal of Mn(II) (2 mg/L) from aqueous solutions. Sand itself is widely used as a filter media for the treatment of wastewaters and it was reported that during the treatment, Mn(II), which is present in the wastewater, is to be deposited on the surface of sand in the form of manganese dioxide. The present investigation dealt with various MCS samples, prepared in the laboratory by various doses of Mn(II) (i.e. from 0.05 to 0.2 mol/L) and the samples were obtained from the pilot plant and naturally coated in the water treatment plant for the removal of Mn(II) in the batch and column studies. Moreover, it was realised that the role of hypochlorite is multifunctional as it not only enhances the uptake of Mn(II) on the surface of MCS through oxidation of Mn(II) into Mn(IV) and hence the formation of manganese dioxide, but it was also supposed to disinfect the bacteria or harmful pathogens from the waste/surface waters. The results obtained clearly inferred that various MCS samples used for the removal of Mn(II) from aqueous solutions showed comparable removal efficiency. However, the presence of sodium hypochlorite greatly enhanced the removal of Mn(II) as more than 80% Mn(II) was removed in the presence of sodium hypochlorite at around pH 6.5. Similarly, while comparing the column data it was again noted that the breakthrough points occurred after the 4,100 and 6,500 bed volumes, respectively, in the absence and in the presence of sodium hypochlorite (2 mg/L).

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12

Raikow, David, David Reid, and Peter Landrum. "Aquatic invertebrate resting egg sensitivity to glutaraldehyde and sodium hypochlorite." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry preprint, no. 2007 (2007): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/06-582.

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13

Raikow, David F., Peter F. Landrum, and David F. Reid. "AQUATIC INVERTEBRATE RESTING EGG SENSITIVITY TO GLUTARALDEHYDE AND SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 26, no. 8 (2007): 1770. http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/06-582r.1.

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14

Kim, J., and T. I. Yoon. "Direct observations of membrane scale in membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment application." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 9 (May 1, 2010): 2267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.124.

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The formation of inorganic fouling on MF membrane was investigated in membrane bioreactor (MBR) treating industrial wastewater. Membrane autopsy works using microscopic techniques and surface analysis were carried out at the completion of pilot-scale operation to analyze foulant materials extensively. Scaling occurred on the membrane surface significantly in the MBR treating calcium-rich wastewater (LSI > 2.0). Our experiments showed that the coverage of the membrane surface by the inorganic fouling consisted mostly of calcium while the internal fouling within membrane pores due to the scale formation was almost negligible. Most of calcium was rejected on the MF membrane surface as scale formation of calcium carbonate (>90% as rejection). The sequence sodium hypochlorite-citric acid for the removal of membrane scale was more effective than the sequence citric acid-sodium hypochlorite cleaning. It appeared that the structure of organic compounds combined with calcium became loose by the addition of the sodium hypochlorite, thereby releasing calcium more easily from the membrane by applying the acid cleaning agent.

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15

Ho, Chih-Hsuan, Luke Chen, Yen-Peng Ho, and Chen-Lu Yang. "Oxidative Decomposition of Reactive Blue C.I. 19 with Sodium Hypochlorite." Environmental Engineering Science 27, no. 1 (January 2010): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ees.2009.0285.

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16

Mascolo, G., A. Lopez, R. Foldenyi, R. Passino, and G. Tiravanti. "Prometryne Oxidation by Sodium Hypochlorite in Aqueous Solution: Kinetics and Mechanism." Environmental Science & Technology 29, no. 12 (December 1995): 2987–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00012a015.

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17

Liang, Yong-mei, Jun Lu, Xue-bo Qin, Xin Yang, Bing Chen, Zai-li Zhang, and Wei Liu. "Effluent Particle Size and Permeability of Polyvinylchloride Membranes after Sodium Hypochlorite Exposure." Journal of Environmental Engineering 139, no. 5 (May 2013): 712–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0000677.

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18

Ohmori, H., T. Yahashi, Y. Furukawa, K. Kawamura, and Y. Yamamoto. "Treatment performance of newly developed johkasous with membrane separation." Water Science and Technology 41, no. 10-11 (May 1, 2000): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0642.

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In order to verify the treatment performance of newly developed johkasous with membrane separation, for household use, three johkasous of different types were used for experimental study. It was found that each of these johkasous has a high treatment performance for removing BOD, nitrogen, and can be operated steadily by monitoring the function and maintaining the devices at every three months and by withdrawing accumulated sludge at every six months. It was also found that periodical cleaning of the membrane by sodium hypochlorite solution and neutralizing cleaning wastewater by sodium thiosulfate solution at every six months is important to maintain a steady permeability of the membranes. No adverse effects on treatment performance was observed by leached sodium hypochlorite solution from the membrane at membrane cleaning.

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19

Xu, Mengxue, Lianyuan Wang, Haiyan Zhu, Hongpeng Zhang, Jing Liang, Xingang Wang, Zhenxing Cheng, and Yuefeng Zhu. "Pretreatment method for hypochlorite decon water before GC analysis of HD, VX, and GD." Water Science and Technology 83, no. 5 (January 28, 2021): 985–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.034.

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Abstract Active chlorine decontaminants like hypochlorite are used to destroy chemical warfare agents (CWAs) such as HD, VX and GD due to the former's strong oxidation capacity and high nucleophilicity. In this paper, experiments were performed to identify the main factors affecting agent recovery from decon water. Based on the results, a method to recover residual CWAs from hypochlorite decon water before quantitative determination by GC was developed. The results showed that the extraction solvent was a critical determinant of high CWA recovery. Dichloromethane was more suitable than petroleum either, especially for samples containing GD or low residual CWAs. For VX-containing samples, the use of an alkali solution improved VX recovery. Neutralization was also important for a high CWA recovery, especially for samples with low CWA concentrations and/or strong decontaminant reactivity. The use of 15% sodium sulfite as the neutralization solution gave the best results for hypochlorite decon water. When the optimized conditions of simultaneous sodium sulfite neutralization and dichloromethane extraction were used, the recovery of HD, VX and GD in hypochlorite decon water was greater than 85% at a concentration range of 20 mg/L to 10,000 mg/L.

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20

Boni, Maria Rosaria, Sabrina Copelli, and Massimo Raboni. "Study of the performance of disinfection with sodium hypochlorite on a full-scale sewage treatment plant." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 15, no. 6 (November 4, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2652.

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A full-scale sewage treatment plant was investigated to assess the performance of the disinfection stage. Sodium hypochlorite was used as a disinfectant agent and the process efficiency was evaluated by E.coli removal. The research took place over a period of two years in order to evaluate the effect of retention time (t) and residual chlorine (Cr) under different seasonal conditions. The effectiveness of E.coli removal with sodium hypochlorite proved to be strictly dependent on the factor CR t (product of residual chlorine with the contact time). The regression line of the experimental points was, on the whole, well comparable with the model proposed by Collins, especially in the field of CRt lower than 30 mg L-1 min.

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21

Michałowicz, Jaromir, Wirgiliusz Duda, and Jadwiga Stufka-Olczyk. "Transformation of phenol, catechol, guaiacol and syringol exposed to sodium hypochlorite." Chemosphere 66, no. 4 (January 2007): 657–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.07.083.

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22

Tsarev, V. N., A. V. Mitronin, M. S. Podporin, D. A. Ostanina, E. V. Ippolitov, and V. A. Mitronin. "Combined endodontic treatment: microbiological aspects by using scanning electronical microscopy." Endodontics Today 19, no. 1 (April 19, 2021): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36377/1683-2981-2021-19-1-11-17.

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Aim. To determine possible alternative algorithms for root canal disinfection through the combined use of chemical and physiotherapeutic irrigation techniques under in vitro conditions.Materials and methods. Single-root teeth removed according to orthodontic indications were used as a substrate for the formation of a biofilm. The formation of a mixed biofilm is carried out in several stages, successively introducing the following strains: Streptococcus sanguinis; Fusobacterium nucleatum; Porphyromonas gingivalis. Cultivation was carried out under fluid conditions under anaerobic conditions, for 168 hours. After the cultivation, the teeth were treated using: a solution of chlorhexidine bigluconate 2%; a solution of sodium hypochlorite 3%; photodynamic exposure with Fotoditazin photosensitizer; 1.0% sodium hypochlorite solution in combination with photodynamic exposure. The results were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy.Results. The results of scanning electron microscopy revealed differences between the samples of the control group and the comparison group. The number of bacterial cells was significantly lower in the comparison group than in the control group, however, in all samples, the presence of microbial biofilm sites was noted with varying degrees of severity. In the samples where standard concentrations were used, there was a change in the ultrastructure of the walls of the dentine tubules with its partial destruction and obturation by its own fragments of the walls with the presence of microbial cells. When using the photodynamic effect of destruction was not observed. The microbial landscape had a similar species composition, and more fragments of biofilm and individual cells were observed only in the case of PDT without a combination with an antiseptic.Conclusions. A comprehensive approach to endodontic treatment using photodynamic therapy together with antiseptic solutions in low concentrations allows us to achieve the best effect of pathogen eradication in comparison with the standard chemomechanical method.

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Barbut, F., D. Menuet, M. Verachten, and E. Girou. "Comparison of the Efficacy of a Hydrogen Peroxide Dry-Mist Disinfection System and Sodium Hypochlorite Solution for Eradication of Clostridium difficile Spores." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 30, no. 6 (June 2009): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/597232.

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Objective.To compare a hydrogen peroxide dry-mist system and a 0.5% hypochlorite solution with respect to their ability to disinfect Clostridium difficile-contaminated surfaces in vitro and in situ.Design.Prospective, randomized, before-after trial.Setting.Two French hospitals affected by C. difficile.Intervention.In situ efficacy of disinfectants was assessed in rooms that had housed patients with C. difficile infection. A prospective study was performed at 2 hospitals that involved randomization of disinfection processes. When a patient with C. difficile infection was discharged, environmental contamination in the patient's room was evaluated before and after disinfection. Environmental surfaces were sampled for C. difficile by use of moistened swabs; swab samples were cultured on selective plates and in broth. Both disinfectants were tested in vitro with a spore-carrier test; in this test, 2 types of material, vinyl polychloride (representative of the room's floor) and laminate (representative of the room's furniture), were experimentally contaminated with spores from 3 C. difficile strains, including the epidemic clone ribotype 027-North American pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type 1.Results.There were 748 surface samples collected (360 from rooms treated with hydrogen peroxide and 388 from rooms treated with hypochlorite). Before disinfection, 46 (24%) of 194 samples obtained in the rooms randomized to hypochlorite treatment and 34 (19%) of 180 samples obtained in the rooms randomized to hydrogen peroxide treatment showed environmental contamination. After disinfection, 23 (12%) of 194 samples from hypochlorite-treated rooms and 4 (2%) of 180 samples from hydrogen peroxide treated rooms showed environmental contamination, a decrease in contamination of 50% after hypochlorite decontamination and 91% after hydrogen peroxide decontamination (P < .005). The in vitro activity of 0.5% hypochlorite was time dependent. The mean (±SD) reduction in initial log10 bacterial count was 4.32 ± 0.35 log10 colony-forming units after 10 minutes of exposure to hypochlorite and 4.18 ± 0.8 logl0 colony-forming units after 1 cycle of hydrogen peroxide decontamination.Conclusion.In situ experiments indicate that the hydrogen peroxide dry-mist disinfection system is significantly more effective than 0.5% sodium hypochlorite solution at eradicating С difficile spores and might represent a new alternative for disinfecting the rooms of patients with C. difficile infection.

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Alvarez, Jose A., Juan H. Macias, Alejandro E. Macias, Edmundo Rodríguez, Juan M. Muñoz, Juan L. Mosqueda, and Samuel Ponce de Leon. "Povidone-iodine against sodium hypochlorite as skin antiseptics in volunteers." American Journal of Infection Control 38, no. 10 (December 2010): 822–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2010.05.019.

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25

Kunigk, Leo, Rubens Gedraite, and Cynthia Jurkiewicz Kunigk. "EFFICACY OF CHLORINE DIOXIDE AND SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE IN REUSE WATER DISINFECTION." Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 17, no. 3 (2018): 711–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2018.072.

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DI DOMENICO, DAVIDE, LUIGI RUGGERI, and MASSIMO TRENTINI. "THE USE OF SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE AS OVICIDE AGAINST AEDES ALBOPICTUS." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 22, no. 2 (June 2006): 346–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/8756-971x(2006)22[346:tuosha]2.0.co;2.

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27

Rogers, S. O., V. Theraisnathan, L. J. Ma, Y. Zhao, G. Zhang, S. G. Shin, J. D. Castello, and W. T. Starmer. "Comparisons of Protocols for Decontamination of Environmental Ice Samples for Biological and Molecular Examinations." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 4 (April 2004): 2540–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.4.2540-2544.2004.

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ABSTRACT Drilling and laboratory manipulations of glacial ice cores introduce contemporary microbes and biomolecules onto the cores. We report herein a systematic comparative study of several decontamination protocols. Only treatment with 5% sodium hypochlorite eliminated all external contaminating microbes and nucleic acids while maintaining the integrity of those within the cores.

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Vitali, Matteo, Carmela Protano, and Giuliano Agolini. "Advantages of Sodium Hypochlorite or Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate Disinfection for Teats and Bottles in Newborn Infants' Feeding." Public Health Nursing 25, no. 2 (March 2008): 103–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1446.2008.00686.x.

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29

Li, Kai, Qian Su, Shu Li, Gang Wen, and Tinglin Huang. "Aging of PVDF and PES ultrafiltration membranes by sodium hypochlorite: Effect of solution pH." Journal of Environmental Sciences 104 (June 2021): 444–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2020.12.020.

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Li, Kai, Qian Su, Shu Li, Gang Wen, and Tinglin Huang. "Aging of PVDF and PES ultrafiltration membranes by sodium hypochlorite: Effect of solution pH." Journal of Environmental Sciences 104 (June 2021): 444–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2020.12.020.

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Lin, Shangyong, Runqing Liu, Yongjie Bu, Chen Wang, Li Wang, Wei Sun, and Yuehua Hu. "Oxidative Depression of Arsenopyrite by Using Calcium Hypochlorite and Sodium Humate." Minerals 8, no. 10 (October 18, 2018): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8100463.

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During smelting, arsenic in copper concentrates affects the product quality and causes environmental pollution. Removing arsenic minerals from copper concentrates requires environmental-friendly and cost-effective depressants for flotation separation. Ca(ClO)2 was combined with sodium humate (SH) to improve the flotation separation of chalcopyrite from arsenopyrite. Results of single-mineral flotation indicated that combined Ca(ClO)2 and SH significantly inhibited arsenopyrite and exerted a negligible effect on chalcopyrite. The arsenic content in copper concentrates significantly decreased from 63% to 11% in the absence of a depressant and in the presence of Ca(ClO)2 and SH, as proven by the mixed-mineral flotation results. SH can adsorb on both mineral surfaces as indicated by the zeta potential measurements and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. However, the presence of Ca(ClO)2 increased the adsorption of arsenopyrite compared with chalcopyrite. The arsenopyrite floatability depressed with the Ca(ClO)2 oxidation and subsequent SH adsorption, as verified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Results of flotation tests confirmed that the chalcopyrite surface was slightly oxidized, but it remained hydrophobic. The combination of depressants has the potential for industrial application.

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Sagripanti, Jose-Luis, and Aylin Bonifacino. "Effects of Salt and Serum on the Sporicidal Activity of Liquid Disinfectants." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 80, no. 6 (November 1, 1997): 1198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/80.6.1198.

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Abstract This study compares the effects of various concentrations of salt or serum in the killing of Bacillus subtilis spores by either glutaraldehyde, sodium hypochlorite, cupric ascorbate, hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, formaldehyde, or phenol. Salt affected only glutaraldehyde, its sporicidal activity increasing with an increase in concentration of sodium bicarbonate or sodium chloride. The sporicidal activity of glutaraldehyde was minimal when the concentrations of aldehyde groups and lysine residues from protein were similar. We present an equation describing the effect of serum on spore survival as a function of glutaraldehyde concentration that fits the data with a regression coefficient of 0.9. Cupric ascorbate and peracetic acid were inhibited by serum, but this effect was linked to a rise in pH. Sodium hypochlorite was the agent most sensitive to protein, with its sporicidal activity nearly disappearing in the presence of 2% serum or an equivalent amount of purified protein.

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Chen, C. M., M. L. Shih, S. Z. Lee, and J. S. Wang. "Increased toxicity of textile effluents by a chlorination process using sodium hypochlorite." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 2 (January 1, 2001): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0066.

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Chlorinated textile effluents were tested for their toxicity using different bioassays. These assays were the Microtox® assay, daphnia (Daphnia similis) 48-hr survival test, medaka embryo 14-day and juvenile 96-hr survival tests, and tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) juvenile 96-hr survival test. By comparing the results of toxicity tests on water samples collected at the instream prior to the chlorination process and at the outlet of the wastewater treatment facility, we found that wastewater toxicity was obviously increased by chlorination using NaOCl as the oxidant, as evidenced by the different bioassays used. Because no significant difference was observed in water chemistry, such as pH, DO, and conductivity, the induced-toxicity may be partially attributable to residue chlorine or other chlorinated compounds generated by chlorination. Future studies are warranted to identify the cause of the increase in the textile wastewater toxicity.

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Ichikawa, Tomio, Yumiko Yamanaka, and Masami Fujii. "Formation of chloroform and carbon tetrachloride in foods treated with sodium hypochlorite." Chemosphere 14, no. 9 (January 1985): 1319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(85)90152-3.

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35

Li, Yilian, Sen Yang, Danqing Liu, Cong Yang, Zhe Yang, Hai Li, and Zhi Tang. "Experimental study of shale-fluids interaction during oxidative dissolution with hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite and sodium persulfate." Applied Geochemistry 113 (February 2020): 104503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2019.104503.

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Haas, Charles N., Medardas G. Keralius, Dolores M. Brncich, and Michael A. Zapkin. "Alteration of chemical and disinfectant properties of hypochlorite by sodium, potassium, and lithium." Environmental Science & Technology 20, no. 8 (August 1986): 822–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00150a011.

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Pereira, Samantha Storer Pesani, Hadelândia Milon de Oliveira, Ruth Natalia Teresa Turrini, and Rúbia Aparecida Lacerda. "Disinfection with sodium hypochlorite in hospital environmental surfaces in the reduction of contamination and infection prevention: a systematic review." Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP 49, no. 4 (August 2015): 0681–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0080-623420150000400020.

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OBJECTIVETo search for evidence of the efficiency of sodium hypochlorite on environmental surfaces in reducing contamination and prevention of healthcare-associated infection HAIs.METHODSystematic review in accordance with the Cochrane Collaboration.RESULTSWe analyzed 14 studies, all controlled trials, published between 1989-2013. Most studies resulted in inhibition of microorganism growth. Some decreased infection, microorganism resistance and colonization, loss of efficiency in the presence of dirty and surface-dried viruses.CONCLUSIONThe hypochlorite is an effective disinfectant, however, the issue of the direct relation with the reduction of HAIs remains. The absence of control for confounding variables in the analyzed studies made the meta-analysis performance inadequate. The evaluation of internal validity using CONSORT and TREND was not possible because its contents were not appropriate to laboratory and microbiological studies. As a result, there is an urgent need for developing specific protocol for evaluating such studies.

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Tosa, K., T. Hirata, and K. Taguchi. "Chloramine-induced injury of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 5-6 (March 1, 1995): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0582.

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In order to determine the level of injury caused by chloramination, samples of the enterotoxigenic E. coli (O168) were exposed to mixtures of sodium hypochlorite and ammonium sulfate solutions. Injury levels are shown to be proportional to chloramine concentration.

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Shmychkova, O., I. Borovik, D. Girenko, P. Davydenko, and A. Velichenko. "The effect of impurities on the stability of low concentrated eco-friendly solutions of NaOCl." Voprosy Khimii i Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, no. 4 (July 2021): 142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.32434/0321-4095-2021-137-4-142-150.

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The synthesis of hypochlorous acid from low concentrated chloride-containing electrolytes has been studied on various oxide materials at the anode current density of 50 mA cm–2. Boron doped diamond, platinized titanium, metallic titanium doped with platinum and palladium and materials based on lead (IV) oxide modified with fluorine and surfactants turned out to be promising for the synthesis of hypochlorous acid by electrolysis. Whereas, given the stability of oxidant synthesis during cumulative electrolysis, titanium modified with platinum and palladium as well as pre-treated lead (IV) oxide containing surfactants (sodium laureth sulfate) was the best. One should additionally take into account the possibility of combined use of electrocatalysts for the synthesis of strong oxidants in the reverse current mode in flow systems, when the implementation of the gas cathode leads to the formation of hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorous acid is formed at the anode. In fact, only a metal electrocatalyst, such as titanium modified with platinum and palladium, can be a suitable material. The kinetics of hypochlorite conversion is primarily determined by the pH value of freshly prepared solutions, temperature and storage conditions. The presence of different organic and inorganic micro-impurities in the solution also affects the kinetics of the hypochlorite salt decomposition. The following micro-impurities show the most negative impact on the stability of sodium hypochlorite solutions: Co(II), Cu(II), Mg(II), Al(III), and K3[Fe(CN)6]; Ni(ІІ), Fe(III), and K4[Fe(CN)6] influence the stability to a lesser extent. The effect of chlorate on the inhibition of sodium hypochlorite activity as a disinfectant has been investigated. The presence of chlorate in the disinfectant solution involved results in the absence of bactericidal activity against S. aureus and P. aeuruginosa. The growth of pseudomonas colonies becomes more abundant with increasing chlorate content in the disinfectant.

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Mueller, Thomas C., Scott A. Senseman, Kathy H. Carson, and Audie S. Sciumbato. "Stability and Recovery of Triazine and Chloroacetamide Herbicides from pH Adjusted Water Samples by Using Empore Solid-Phase Extraction Disks and Gas Chromatography with Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 84, no. 4 (July 1, 2001): 1070–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/84.4.1070.

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Abstract Empore disks were used to successfully extract herbicide residues from a difficult-to-analyze surface water source and deionized water. Herbicide recoveries were lower in surface water at 7, 14, or 21 days after fortification and storage at 4°C, presumably due to chemical sorption onto precipitated organic particulates. The addition of acid to the samples, as recommended in EPA Method 525.2, did not affect recoveries of alachlor and metolachlor, but reduced recoveries of atrazine, simazine, and cyanazine. Treatment of water samples with sodium hypochlorite did not affect alachlor or metolachlor recoveries, but greatly reduced the recovery of all triazine herbicides. This indicates that addition of acid or sodium hypochlorite to water samples may be detrimental to triazine analysis.

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Lantagne, D. S., B. C. Blount, F. Cardinali, and R. Quick. "Disinfection by-product formation and mitigation strategies in point-of-use chlorination of turbid and non-turbid waters in western Kenya." Journal of Water and Health 6, no. 1 (November 1, 2007): 67–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2007.013.

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Over 1.1 billion people in the world lack access to improved drinking water. Diarrheal and other waterborne diseases cause an estimated 2.2 million deaths per year. The Safe Water System (SWS) is a proven household water treatment intervention that reduces diarrheal disease incidence in users in developing countries. Because the SWS recommends the addition of sodium hypochlorite to unfiltered water sources, concerns have been raised about the potential long-term health effects of disinfection by-products to SWS users. This study investigated the production of trihalomethanes (THMs) in water treated with sodium hypochlorite from six sources used for drinking water in western Kenya. The turbidity values of these sources ranged from 4.23 NTU to 305 NTU. THM concentrations were analysed at 1, 8, and 24 hours after addition of sodium hypochlorite. No sample exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline values for any of the four THMs: chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, or bromoform. In addition, no sample exceeded the WHO additive total THM guideline value. These results clearly show that point-of-use chlorination of a variety of realistic source waters used for drinking did not lead to THM concentrations that pose a significant health risk to SWS users.

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Shaydullina, Gulnara M., Natalya A. Sinikova, and Albert T. Lebedev. "Reaction of ortho-methoxybenzoic acid with the water disinfecting agents ozone, chlorine and sodium hypochlorite." Environmental Chemistry Letters 3, no. 1 (April 30, 2005): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10311-005-0103-1.

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Ervin, Gary N., and Robert G. Wetzel. "Effects of sodium hypochlorite sterilization and dry cold storage on germination of Juncus effusus L." Wetlands 22, no. 1 (March 2002): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2002)022[0191:eoshsa]2.0.co;2.

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Pisarenko, Aleksey N., Benjamin D. Stanford, Oscar Quiñones, Gilbert E. Pacey, Gilbert Gordon, and Shane A. Snyder. "Rapid analysis of perchlorate, chlorate and bromate ions in concentrated sodium hypochlorite solutions." Analytica Chimica Acta 659, no. 1-2 (February 2010): 216–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2009.11.061.

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Tang, Aixi, Xiaochao Bi, Xiaoxue Li, Fei Li, Xiaobin Liao, Jing Zou, Wenjie Sun, and Baoling Yuan. "The inactivation of bacteriophage MS2 by sodium hypochlorite in the presence of particles." Chemosphere 266 (March 2021): 129191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129191.

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Muhammad, Nur, Vicente J. Gallardo, Donald A. Schupp, E. Radha Krishnan, K. Scott Minamyer, and Eugene W. Rice. "Inactivation ofBacillusspores in decontamination wash down wastewater using chlorine bleach solution." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 41, no. 1 (January 2014): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2013-0319.

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Bacillus anthracis spores are highly resistant to disinfection. The effectiveness of sodium hypochlorite (bleach) solution for the inactivation of Bacillus atrophaeus subspecies globigii spores (a surrogate for Bacillus anthracis) in wash down wastewater was evaluated by a series of bench-scale and pilot-scale experiments. The wastewater was generated from a simulated decontamination of interior laboratory surfaces and personal protective equipment. A concentration of approximately 5% (v/v) bleach solution was adequate for a ≥7 log10inactivation of Bacillus spores spiked in wastewater after 10 min of contact time at room temperature. This sodium hypochlorite dose is less than the U.S. National Response Team-recommended formulation of 10% (v/v) bleach solution with 10% (v/v) vinegar. For the wash down waters evaluated, the addition of vinegar was not required. Inactivation of Bacillus spores was faster when a detergent was added to the wash down waters tested.

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Tomasino, Stephen F., Martin A. Hamilton, M. Buen, R. Fiumara, E. Gonzales, J. Insalaco, M. Rindal, et al. "Comparative Evaluation of Two Quantitative Test Methods for Determining the Efficacy of Liquid Sporicides and Sterilants on a Hard Surface: A Precollaborative Study." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 90, no. 2 (March 1, 2007): 456–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/90.2.456.

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Abstract Two quantitative carrier-based test methods for determining the efficacy of liquid sporicides and sterilants on a hard surface, the Standard Quantitative Carrier Test MethodASTM E 2111-00 and an adaptation of a quantitative micro-method as reported by Sagripanti and Bonifacino, were compared in this study. The methods were selected based on their desirable characteristics (e.g., well-developed protocol, previous use with spores, fully quantitative, and use of readily available equipment) for testing liquid sporicides and sterilants on a hard surface. In this paper, the Sagripanti-Bonifacino procedure is referred to as the Three Step Method (TSM). AOAC Official Method 966.04 was included in this study as a reference method. Three laboratories participated in the evaluation. Three chemical treatments were tested: (1) 3000 ppm sodium hypochlorite with pH adjusted to 7.0, (2) a hydrogen peroxide/peroxyacetic acid product, and (3) 3000 ppm sodium hypochlorite with pH unadjusted (pH of approximately 10.0). A fourth treatment, 6000 ppm sodium hypochlorite solution with pH adjusted to 7.0, was included only for Method 966.04 as a positive control (high level of efficacy). The contact time was 10 min for all chemical treatments except the 6000 ppm sodium hypochlorite treatment which was tested at 30 min. Each chemical treatment was tested 3 times using each of the methods. Only 2 of the laboratories performed the AOAC method. Method performance was assessed by the within-laboratory variance, between-laboratory variance, and total variance associated with the log reduction (LR) estimates generated by each quantitative method. The quantitative methods performed similarly, and the LR values generated by each method were not statistically different for the 3 treatments evaluated. Based on feedback from the participating laboratories, compared to the TSM, ASTM E 2111-00 was more resource demanding and required more set-up time. The logistical and resource concerns identified for ASTM E 2111-00 were largely associated with the filtration process and counting bacterial colonies on filters. Thus, the TSM was determined to be the most suitable method.

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Wilhelm, Natalie, Anya Kaufmann, Elizabeth Blanton, and Daniele Lantagne. "Sodium hypochlorite dosage for household and emergency water treatment: updated recommendations." Journal of Water and Health 16, no. 1 (November 30, 2017): 112–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2017.012.

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Abstract Household water treatment with chlorine can improve the microbiological quality of household water and reduce diarrheal disease. We conducted laboratory and field studies to inform chlorine dosage recommendations. In the laboratory, reactors of varying turbidity (10–300 NTU) and total organic carbon (0–25 mg/L addition) were created, spiked with Escherichia coli, and dosed with 3.75 mg/L sodium hypochlorite. All reactors had >4 log reduction of E. coli 24 hours after chlorine addition. In the field, we tested 158 sources in 22 countries for chlorine demand. A 1.88 mg/L dosage for water from improved sources of <5 or <10 NTU turbidity met free chlorine residual criteria (≤2.0 mg/L at 1 hour, ≥0.2 mg/L at 24 hours) 91–94% and 82–87% of the time at 8 and 24 hours, respectively. In unimproved water source samples, a 3.75 mg/L dosage met relaxed criteria (≤4.0 mg/L at 1 hour, ≥0.2 mg/L after 24 hours) 83% and 65% of the time after 8 and 24 hours, respectively. We recommend water from improved/low turbidity sources be dosed at 1.88 mg/L and used within 24 hours, and from unimproved/higher turbidity sources be dosed at 3.75 mg/L and consumed within 8 hours. Further research on field effectiveness of chlorination is recommended.

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Aurelia, Chrysanta, Agnes Murdiati, Supriyanto ., and Andriati Ningrum. "Effect of Sodium Hydroxide and Sodium Hypochlorite on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Jack Bean Skin (Canavalia ensiformis)." Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 18, no. 2 (January 15, 2019): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2019.193.200.

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Weber, David J., Susan L. Barbee, Mark D. Sobsey, and William A. Rutala. "The Effect of Blood on the Antiviral Activity of Sodium Hypochlorite, a Phenolic, and a Quaternary Ammonium Compound." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 20, no. 12 (December 1999): 821–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/501591.

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AbstractObjective:To assess the virucidal activity of three disinfectants (sodium hypochlorite, a phenolic, and a quaternary ammonium compound) in the presence and absence of blood.Methods:Disinfectants at varying concentrations (hypochlorite: 5,000, 500, or 50 ppm; phenolic: 1:10 or 1:128 dilution; quaternary ammonium compound: 1:10 or 1:128 dilution) were added to either saline or whole blood (final concentration, 80% or 20% blood) and mixed. Test organisms included an attenuated vaccine strain of poliovirus type 1 (prototype for relatively resistant hydrophilic viruses) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 (prototype for relatively susceptible lipophilic viruses). Virus was added to create a viral-blood suspension. Viral survival was tested at room temperature at the following times: 0, 15 seconds, 30 seconds, 1 minute, 2 minutes, 5 minutes, and 10 minutes. A neutralizer stopped the reaction, and virus was assayed using a plaque technique.Results:In the absence of blood, complete inactivation of HSV was achieved within 30 seconds with 5,000 (1:10 dilution of bleach) and 500 (1:100 dilution of bleach) ppm chlorine, 1:10 and 1:128 diluted phenolic (use dilution), and 1:10 and 1:128 diluted quaternary ammonium compound (use dilution). In the presence of 80% blood, only 5,000 ppm hypochlorite, 1:10 phenolic, and 1:10 or 1:128 quaternary ammonium compound were effective. In the absence of blood, complete inactivation of polio was achieved within 30 seconds by 5,000 and 500 ppm chlorine and 1:10 quaternary ammonium compound. In the presence of 80% blood, no solution tested was capable of completely inactivating poliovirus within 10 minutes.Conclusions:Our data suggest that, in the absence of visible blood, environmental surfaces may be disinfected with a diluted hypochlorite solution (1:10 or 1:100), a phenolic, or a quaternary ammonium compound. Based on our studies using HSV, which has similar susceptibilities to disinfectants as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), phenolics at their use dilution and 1:100 diluted hypochlorite are unlikely to inactivate HIV or hepatitis B virus reliably in the presence of blood. Hypochlorite at a final concentration of 5,000 ppm (1:10 dilution) should be used to decontaminate blood spills, but, even after decontamination, care should be used to avoid sharps injuries.

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