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Journal articles on the topic 'Environmental aspects of Tin compounds'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Ferreira, Arthur Batista, Abiney Lemos Cardoso, and Márcio José da Silva. "Tin-Catalyzed Esterification and Transesterification Reactions: A Review." ISRN Renewable Energy 2012 (November 21, 2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/142857.

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The recent increase in the world biofuels demand, along with the need to reduce costs while improving the environmental sustainability of the biodiesel production, have led to the search for catalysts that should be economically viable, efficient, and environmentally friendly. This paper reviews recent research and development of organic and inorganic tin catalysts; focusing on kinetic properties and catalytic activity in two key reactions for biodiesel production: free fatty acids (FFA) esterification and triglycerides (TG) transesterification. First the basic knowledge of homogeneous tin catalysts in esterification reactions of different carboxylic acids is provided. Second, main advances obtained in the study of FFA esterification reactions catalyzed by tin chloride are covered. The effect of the principal parameters of reaction on the yield and rate of alkyl esters production is described. Kinetic measurements allowed the determination of the activation energy (46.79 kJ mol−1) and a first-order dependence in relation to both FFA and tin chloride catalyst concentration. Aspects related to recycling of the tin chloride catalyst in phase homogeneous are discussed. Third the advances obtained in the development of homogeneous catalysts based on tin complexes in transesterification reactions are summarized. Finally, results obtained from the use of tin organometallics compounds in reactions of vegetable oils transesterification reactions are concisely presented. The optimization of processes catalytic homogeneous utilized in the transesterification reactions can contribute to the improvement of the technology biodiesel production.

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2

Patterson, M. H., A. K. Turner, M. Sadeghi, and R. J. Marshall. "Health, safety and environmental aspects of the use of cadmium compounds in thin film PV modules." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 35 (September 11, 1994): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0927-0248(94)90155-4.

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3

Cruz-Jímenez, Gustavo, Jose R. Peralta-Videa, Guadalupe de la Rosa, George Meitzner, Jason G. Parsons, and Jorge L. Gardea-Torresdey. "Effect of Sulfate on Selenium Uptake and Chemical Speciation in Convolvulus arvensis L." Environmental Chemistry 2, no. 2 (2005): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en05028.

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Environmental Context. Selenium (Se) is one of the most serious problems confronted in agricultural soils derived from Se-containing rocks. This metalloid, an essential nutrient for animals and humans, may be toxic at relatively low concentrations. Se removal from soil and water using plants is a promising alternative to traditional chemical or electrochemical techniques. However, very few plant species are able to accumulate Se at high concentrations. Since Se and sulfur (S) have similar chemical properties, sulfate (SO42−) in the plant growth media may interfere in the process of Se uptake by plants. Thus, plant species able to uptake more Se than S when both elements are present are desired for Se phytoremediation purposes. Abstract. Hydroponic experiments were performed to study several aspects of Se uptake by C. arvensis plants. Ten day old seedlings were exposed for eight days to different combinations of selenate (SeO42−), sulfate (SO42−), and selenite (SeO32−). The results showed that in C. arvensis, SO42− had a negative effect (P < 0.05) on SeO42− uptake. However, a positive interaction produced a significant increase in SO42− uptake when SeO42− was at high concentration in the media. X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies showed that C. arvensis plants converted more than 70% of the supplied SeO32− into organoselenium compounds. However, only approximately 50% of the supplied SeO42− was converted into organoselenium species while the residual 50% remained in the inorganic form. Analysis using LC-XANES fittings confirmed that the S metabolic pathway was affected by the presence of Se. The main Se compounds that resembled those Se species identified in C. arvensis were Se-cystine, Se-cysteine, SeO32−, and SeO42−, whereas for S the main compounds were cysteine, cystine, oxidized glutathione, reduced glutathione, and SO42−. The results of these studies indicated that C. arvensis could be considered as a possible option for the restoration of soil moderately contaminated with selenium even in the presence of sulfate.

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4

Tweeddale, Helen, Lucinda Notley-McRobb, and Thomas Ferenci. "Effect of Slow Growth on Metabolism of Escherichia coli, as Revealed by Global Metabolite Pool (“Metabolome”) Analysis." Journal of Bacteriology 180, no. 19 (October 1, 1998): 5109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.180.19.5109-5116.1998.

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ABSTRACT Escherichia coli growing on glucose in minimal medium controls its metabolite pools in response to environmental conditions. The extent of pool changes was followed through two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography of all 14C-glucose labelled compounds extracted from bacteria. The patterns of metabolites and spot intensities detected by phosphorimaging were found to reproducibly differ depending on culture conditions. Clear trends were apparent in the pool sizes of several of the 70 most abundant metabolites extracted from bacteria growing in glucose-limited chemostats at different growth rates. The pools of glutamate, aspartate, trehalose, and adenosine as well as UDP-sugars and putrescine changed markedly. The data on pools observed by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography were confirmed for amino acids by independent analysis. Other unidentified metabolites also displayed different spot intensities under various conditions, with four trend patterns depending on growth rate. As RpoS controls a number of metabolic genes in response to nutrient limitation, anrpoS mutant was also analyzed for metabolite pools. The mutant had altered metabolite profiles, but only some of the changes at slow growth rates were ascribable to the known control of metabolic genes by RpoS. These results indicate that total metabolite pool (“metabolome”) analysis offers a means of revealing novel aspects of cellular metabolism and global regulation.

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5

Hattori, Y., A. Kobayashi, K. Nonaka, A. Sugimae, and M. Nakamoto. "Degradation of Tributyl Tin and Dibutyl Tin Compounds in Environmental Waters." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 6-7 (June 1, 1988): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0191.

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The degradation of tri-n-butyl tin (TBT) and di-n-butyl tin (DBT) compounds in river and sea water samples was studied. In river water (Daini Neya River), TBT was degraded with time, and the concentration of inorganic tin increased. DBT was also degraded with time, and the concentrations of n-butyl tin (MBT) compounds and inorganic tin (the degradation products) increased. The half lives of TBT and DBT were about 11 days and 5 days, respectively. In seawater from Sakaisenboku Harbour (one of the most polluted areas in Osaka Bay), TBT and DBT were degraded in a manner similar to that in Daini Neya River water, but in seawater from other areas of Osaka Bay these compounds were little degraded.

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6

Rüdel, Heinz. "Case study: bioavailability of tin and tin compounds." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 56, no. 1 (September 2003): 180–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0147-6513(03)00061-7.

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7

Maguire, R. James. "Aquatic Environmental Aspects of Non-Pesticidal Organotin Compounds." Water Quality Research Journal 26, no. 3 (August 1, 1991): 243–360. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1991.016.

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Abstract Non-pesticidal organotin compounds in Canadian commerce are those of monomethyltin, dimethyltin, monobutyltin, dibutyltin, monooctyltin and dioctyltin. A review is presented of the uses, methods of analysis, environmental occurrence and aquatic toxicity of these compounds, which are scheduled for assessment under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act. It is likely that the most important non-pesticidal route of entry of these compounds to the environment will be through leaching of organotin-stabilized poly(vinyl chloride) by water. Monomethyltin and dimethyltin are widespread in the global environment. Monobutyltin and dibutyltin have been found frequently in harbours, marinas and shipping channels in Canada and elsewhere, arising largely as degradation products from the use of the antifouling agent tributyltin which is now regulated in Canada. There are few reports in the literature on the occurrence of butyltin species as a result of non-pesticidal uses or uses of tributyltin other than as an antifouling agent. Monooctyltin and dioctyltin have not been found to date in Canada or elsewhere in environmental samples. Judging from concentrations which have been reported to date, it appears that the mono- and di-methyltin, butyltin and octyltin species pose no threat to aquatic organisms in Canada vis-à-vis acute toxicity. Data on the persistence of these species in aquatic environments are in some cases fragmentary or non-existent, but in general it appears that these species would not be persistent in aquatic environments, with half-lives estimated to be less than a few months at 20°C.

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8

Juretic, Daria, Hrvoje Kusic, Dionysios D. Dionysiou, and Ana Loncaric Bozic. "Environmental aspects of photooxidative treatment of phenolic compounds." Journal of Hazardous Materials 262 (November 2013): 377–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.08.060.

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9

Franchini, I., and A. Mutti. "Selected toxicological aspects of chromium(VI) compounds." Science of The Total Environment 71, no. 3 (June 1988): 379–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(88)90210-0.

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10

Donard, Olivier F. X., Fredrick T. Short, and James H. Weber. "Regulation of Tin and Methyltin Compounds by the Green Alga Enteromorpha under Simulated Estuarine Conditions." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f87-018.

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The cycling of inorganic tin and methyltin compounds was examined in the presence of the green alga Enteromorpha at different salinities. We monitored flasks containing live and dead Enteromorpha under oxic experimental conditions for 17 d and determined inorganic tin and methyltin compounds by chromatography – atomic absorption spectrometry. Addition of acidic inorganic tin to some flasks resulted in plant decay. Processes associated with healthy and decaying plant material included release of inorganic tin and methyltin compounds, their interconversions in solution, and uptake of inorganic tin. Enteromorpha releases inorganic tin as well as mono-, di-, and trimethyltin. Added inorganic tin was mostly removed from solution after its addition, and all three methyltin compounds were produced. The methyltin compounds cycle such that high concentrations of trimethyltin were concomitant with low mono- and dimethyltin concentrations and vice versa. We describe possible biological and chemical processes responsible for interconversions of inorganic tin and methyltin compounds in solution and the environmental significance of seaweed in the biogeochemical cycling of tin.

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11

Wright, Philip J., and James H. Weber. "Biosorption of inorganic tin and methyltin compounds by estuarine macroalgae." Environmental Science & Technology 25, no. 2 (February 1991): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00014a011.

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12

White, Jane S., John M. Tobin, and Joseph J. Cooney. "Organotin compounds and their interactions with microoganisms." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 45, no. 7 (August 1, 1999): 541–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w99-048.

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Organotin compounds are ubiquitous in the environment. The general order of toxicity to microorganisms increases with the number and chain length of organic groups bonded to the tin atom. Tetraorganotins and inorganic tin have little toxicity. Because of their lipophilicity, organotins are regarded as membrane active. There is evidence that the site of action of organotins may be both at the cytoplasmic membrane and intracellular level. Consequently, it is not known whether cell surface adsorption or accumulation within the cell, or both is a prerequisite for toxicity. Biosorption studies on a fungus, cyanobacteria, and microalgae indicates that cell surface binding alone occurred in these organisms, while studies on the effects of TBT (tributyltin) on certain microbial enzymes indicated that in some bacteria TBT can interact with cytosolic enzymes. Microorganism-organotin interactions are influenced by environmental conditions. In aquatic systems, both pH and salinity can determine organotin speciation and therefore reactivity. These environmental factors may also alter selectivity for resistant microorganisms in polluted systems. Tin-resistant microorganisms have been identified, and resistance can be either plasmid or chromosomally mediated. In one TBT-resistant organism, an Altermonas sp., an efflux system was suggested as the resistance mechanism. Biotransformation of organotin compounds by debutylation or methylation has been observed. These reactions may influence the toxicity, mobility, and environmental fate of organotin compounds.Key words: inorganic tin, organotins, microorganisms, organotin resistance, biosorption, biotransformation.

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13

Żyłka, Romuald, Justyna Kupiec, and Stanislaw Przestalski. "Peptides conformational changes of the erythrocyte membrane induced by organometallic tin compounds." Current Topics in Biophysics 34, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10214-011-0005-2.

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Peptides conformational changes of the erythrocyte membrane induced by organometallic tin compoundsThe paper presents the results of a study on the effect of selected organic chlorides of tin on peptide conformations of erythrocyte ghosts from pig blood. The following compounds were used: dibutyltin dichloride (DBT), tributyltin chloride (TBT), diphenyltin dichloride (DPhT) and triphenyltin chloride (TPhT). Peptide conformation changes were determined on the basis of measurements done with the ATR FTIR technique. This method made it possible to measure the percent share of a peptide with specified conformation in the whole amount of the peptides in the membranes studied. The investigation showed that all the tin organic compounds studied cause a several-percent decrease in the quantities of both the peptides with the α-helix and turn conformation, and about a 20% increase in ghost peptides with β-sheet conformation. It seems that the changes observed can cause disturbances in the function of proteins and, consequently, the activity of the membrane; and this may be one of the aspects of the toxic properties of organotins.

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14

OHYAMA, Jun-ichi. "Determination of trace amounts of tin and organotin compounds in environmental waters." Bunseki kagaku 38, no. 8 (1989): T119—T122. http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/bunsekikagaku.38.8_t119.

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15

Hamasaki, Tetsuo, Takahiko Sato, Hisamitsu Nagase, and Hideaki Kito. "Breakage of ?-DNA by inorganic tin and organotin compounds as environmental pollutants." Applied Organometallic Chemistry 9, no. 8 (December 1995): 693–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590090807.

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16

Takahashi, S., L. T. Le, H. Saeki, N. Nakatani, S. Tanabe, N. Miyazaki, and Y. Fujise. "Accumulation of butyltin compounds and total tin in marine mammals." Water Science and Technology 42, no. 7-8 (October 1, 2000): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0557.

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Concentrations of butyltin compounds (BTs), including tributyltin (TBT) and its metabolites, di-(DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT), and total tin (ΣSn=organic+inorganic tin) were determined in various tissues and organs of marine mammals collected from Japanese coastal waters. Some marine mammal species from Hong Kong, India, Philippines, Black Sea and North Pacific Ocean were analyzed for comparison. Among the organs and tissues analyzed, concentrations of ΣBTs (TBT+DBT+MBT) and ΣSn were the highest in the liver. Concentrations of ΣBTs and ΣSn in most coastal species were higher than those in offshore species, indicating a greater input of tin compounds in coastal waters. Lower hepatic concentrations of ΣBTs and ratio of ΣBTs to ΣSn observed in pinnipeds may be attributed to higher metabolic capacity to degrade BTs and to their excretion through hair shedding. Age trends in accumulation of both ΣBTs and ΣSn showed increasing concentrations in immature growth stage and stable levels in mature animals.A significant correlation was observed between the hepatic concentrations of ΣBTs and ΣSn in marine mammals. These findings suggest a significant input and/or bioaccumulation of anthropogenic tin. A significant correlation was found between concentrations of ΣBTs (as well as ΣSn) in hair and liver of pinnipeds, suggesting that hair can be used as an indicator for monitoring butyltin contamination in the body of pinnipeds under non-killing condition.

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17

Tichý, R., P. Lens, J. T. C. Grotenhuis, and P. Bos. "Solid-State Reduced Sulfur Compounds: Environmental Aspects and Bio-Remediation." Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 28, no. 1 (January 1998): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10643389891254188.

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18

Aboul Dahab, O. "Speciation of tin compounds in sediments of the Alexandria coastal belt." Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 40, no. 3-4 (August 1988): 433–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00163746.

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19

Sakakibara, Naoki, Yoshio Takahashi, Yoshitaka Yamaguchi, Kiyoshi Shibata, and Tomoya Uruga. "Direct Speciation of Tin Compounds in Environmental Samples Using Sn K-edge XANES." Chemistry Letters 33, no. 3 (March 2004): 264–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/cl.2004.264.

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20

Plasseraud, Laurent. "CO2 Derivatives of Molecular Tin Compounds. Part 1: Hemicarbonato and Carbonato Complexes." Inorganics 8, no. 5 (April 29, 2020): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics8050031.

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This review focuses on organotin compounds bearing hemicarbonate and carbonate ligands, and whose molecular structures have been previously resolved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Most of them were isolated within the framework of studies devoted to the reactivity of tin precursors with carbon dioxide at atmospheric or elevated pressure. Alternatively, and essentially for the preparation of some carbonato derivatives, inorganic carbonate salts such as K2CO3, Cs2CO3, Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 were also used as coreagents. In terms of the number of X-ray structures, carbonate compounds are the most widely represented (to date, there are 23 depositions in the Cambridge Structural Database), while hemicarbonate derivatives are rarer; only three have so far been characterized in the solid-state, and exclusively for diorganotin complexes. For each compound, the synthesis conditions are first specified. Structural aspects involving, in particular, the modes of coordination of the hemicarbonato and carbonato moieties and the coordination geometry around tin are then described and illustrated (for most cases) by showing molecular representations. Moreover, when they were available in the original reports, some characteristic spectroscopic data are also given for comparison (in table form). Carbonato complexes are arbitrarily listed according to their decreasing number of hydrocarbon substituents linked to tin atoms, namely tri-, di-, and mono-organotins. Four additional examples, involving three CO2 derivatives of C,N-chelated stannoxanes and one of a trinuclear nickel cluster Sn-capped, are also included in the last part of the chapter.

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21

Schellekens, Yves, Bert Van Trimpont, Pieter-Jan Goelen, Koen Binnemans, Mario Smet, Marie-Anne Persoons, and Dirk De Vos. "Tin-free catalysts for the production of aliphatic thermoplastic polyurethanes." Green Chem. 16, no. 9 (2014): 4401–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4gc00873a.

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Iron compounds, such as FeCl₃, are highly active and temperature resistant catalysts for the solventless reaction of polyols with aliphatic diisocyanates to form thermoplastic polyurethanes.

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22

Murphy, Brian L., and John Brown. "Environmental Forensics Aspects of PAHs from Wood Treatment with Creosote Compounds." Environmental Forensics 6, no. 2 (June 2005): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15275920590952829.

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23

Lavela, P. "Kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of lithium intercalation into lead tantalum sulfide and tin tantalum sulfide misfit layer compounds." Solid State Ionics 76, no. 1-2 (February 1995): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2738(94)00225-h.

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24

Cotelea, T. "Pharmacological and Medicinal Chemistry Aspects of Cannabis Compounds." Chemistry Journal of Moldova 6, no. 2 (December 2011): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.19261/cjm.2011.06(2).04.

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The current communication includes a general overview of the scientific interest and medicianl chemistry aspects of Cannabis compounds. It relates to metabolism, pharmacological action and phisico-chemical analysis of these compounds, as well as of some isomers differing in spatial arrangement of functional groups.

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25

Liem, A. K. Djien, and Job A. van Zorge. "Dioxins and related compounds: Status and regulatory aspects." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2, no. 1 (July 1995): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02987513.

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26

Korallus, U. "Chromium compounds: Occupational health, toxicological and biological monitoring aspects†." Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 12, no. 1-2 (October 1986): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02772248609357149.

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27

Kösters, J., R. A. Diaz-Bone, B. Planer-Friedrich, B. Rothweiler, and A. V. Hirner. "Identification of organic arsenic, tin, antimony and tellurium compounds in environmental samples by GC-MS." Journal of Molecular Structure 661-662 (December 2003): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2003.09.005.

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28

Gadogbe, Manuel, Wei Bao, Brian R. Wels, Suzie Y. Dai, Donna A. Santillan, Mark K. Santillan, and Hans-Joachim Lehmler. "Levels of tin and organotin compounds in human urine samples from Iowa, United States." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 54, no. 9 (May 6, 2019): 884–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2019.1605779.

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29

Sikder, A. K., G. Maddala, J. P. Agrawal, and H. Singh. "Important aspects of behaviour of organic energetic compounds: a review." Journal of Hazardous Materials 84, no. 1 (June 2001): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3894(01)00178-9.

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30

Sun, Baoguo, Miroslav Macka, and Paul R. Haddad. "Speciation of Tin, Lead, Mercury, Arsenic and Selenium Compounds by Capillary Electrophoresis." International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 81, no. 3 (November 2001): 161–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03067310108044342.

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31

Du, Yi, Qing Xin Chen, and Jian Wei Chen. "Investigation and Implementation of Environmental Protection and Energy Saving." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 3271–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.3271.

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Abstract. Xinjin technology group company is to provide professional electronics manufacturing services ( EMS ) Company. The main business is the assembly of PCB and small electronic products and packaging They are the main problem facing the enterprise that global oversupplies in the market, which includes cost saving, protection of the environment and improve efficiency.There are three primary aspects in this paper. They are electric circuit capacitance compensation, tin slag recycling and type U reconfigurable production line. They were to take the new technology, new production process to replace outdated., Profits were improved through these reform measures.

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32

Ambrose, John R., and Priya R. Bendale. "Beneficial Aspects of the Environmental Instability of Materials." MRS Bulletin 18, no. 9 (September 1993): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400038033.

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The environmental degradation of materials poses a serious limitation in the utility of engineering materials. The corrosion of metals, for example, has been estimated to represent a 4–5% decrease in the Gross National Product each year. To this, add losses involved in the replacement or restoration of ceramic structures such as buildings and transportation systems, i.e., the “infrastructure,” and the result is a significant sacrifice of economic strength.Most of us are familiar with the consequences of exposing materials to environments in which the materials are chemically unstable and convert into substances that are unable to perform the function for which the original material was selected. The corrosion of metals into soluble or insoluble oxidation reaction products, chain scission or molecular mutation in polymers, even hydrolysis and leaching of silicious ceramic compounds represent behavior which ultimately limits the service applications of most engineering materials. For example, aluminum and its alloys are unsuitable for use in environments where oxide formation rates are high enough to represent a problem with respect to useful service life.

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33

Thain, J. E., and M. J. Waldock. "The Impact of Tributyl Tin (TBT) Antifouling Paints on Molluscan Fisheries." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 4-5 (April 1, 1986): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0195.

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Laboratory and field experiments carried out during 1982–84 confirmed that some UK estuaries contained sufficient organotin compounds to cause reduced meat yields and shell thickening in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Historically the European flat oyster, Ostrea edulis, has been the basis of an important fishery on the east coast of England but the population has recently declined to an all-time low. Laboratory experiments have been carried out to compare larval survival, growth of spat and the development of gametes in adult O. edulis, and the growth of spat of four other bivalve species in the presence and absence of organotin toxins. The results from these experiments are discussed in relation to the concentrations of organotin compounds in samples of water and oyster tissues, from several sites in the UK, and the reproductive behaviour of adult oysters from natural stocks in the Crouch/Roach estuary system. The data strongly suggest that TBT is at least a contributory factor and probably a major cause of the failure in recent years of O. edulis to reproduce naturally in the Crouch Estuary. The UK Government has proposed legislation to control and reduce organotin emissions into the marine environment and this is briefly outlined.

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34

Ning, Kejia, Junfeng Wang, Hongxiang Xu, Xianfeng Sun, Gen Huang, Guowei Liu, and Lingmei Zhou. "Effects and mechanistic aspects of absorbing organic compounds by coking coal." Water Science and Technology 76, no. 9 (June 12, 2017): 2280–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.319.

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Abstract Coal is a porous medium and natural absorbent. It can be used for its original purpose after adsorbing organic compounds, its value does not reduce and the pollutants are recycled, and then through systemic circulation of coking wastewater zero emissions can be achieved. Thus, a novel method of industrial organic wastewater treatment using adsorption on coal is introduced. Coking coal was used as an adsorbent in batch adsorption experiments. The quinoline, indole, pyridine and phenol removal efficiencies of coal adsorption were investigated. In addition, several operating parameters which impact removal efficiency such as coking coal consumption, oscillation contact time, initial concentration and pH value were also investigated. The coking coal exhibited properties well-suited for organics' adsorption. The experimental data were fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms as well as Temkin and Redlich–Peterson (R-P) models. The Freundlich isotherm model provided reasonable models of the adsorption process. Furthermore, the purification mechanism of organic compounds' adsorption on coking coal was analysed.

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35

Boraiko, Carol, and John Batt. "Evaluation of Employee Exposure to Organic Tin Compounds Used as Stabilizers at PVC Processing Facilities." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2, no. 2 (February 2005): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15459620590906810.

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36

Magara, Gabriele, Antonia Concetta Elia, Ambrosius Josef Martin Dörr, Maria Cesarina Abete, Paola Brizio, Barbara Caldaroni, Marzia Righetti, Paolo Pastorino, Melissa Scoparo, and Marino Prearo. "Metal load and oxidative stress driven by organotin compounds on rainbow trout." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 26 (March 4, 2021): 35012–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12984-w.

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AbstractTributyltin-based (TBT) antifouling paints, widely used for the treatment of flooded surfaces, have been banned in 2008 for their high environmental persistence and bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms. Although it is still present in aquatic ecosystems, oxidative stress driven by TBT has been still poorly investigated in fish. The aim of the study was to examine the time-course stress responses in liver of rainbow trout that received a single intraperitoneal injection of tributyltin chloride (TBTC) or tributyltin ethoxide (TBTE), both at a dose of 0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg. Levels of metallothioneins, total glutathione, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase were evaluated at 3 and 6 days post-injection. Tin load was measured in the muscle of the same fish. Differences were observed in the time-course accumulation of tin with a clear dose-response relationship. Although individual oxidative stress biomarkers varied, the biomarker profile indicated different stress mechanisms caused by both TBTC and TBTE. The weak induction of metal-trapping metallothioneins and the changes of oxidative stress biomarkers suggested a stress-pressure in both TBT-treated trout, advising for an ecotoxicological risk for freshwater ecosystems.

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37

Siron, Robert, Gérard Giusti, Brigitte Berland, Rocio Morales-Loo, and Emilien Pelletier. "Water-soluble petroleum compounds: chemical aspects and effects on the growth of microalgae." Science of The Total Environment 104, no. 3 (May 1991): 211–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(91)90073-n.

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38

LEHNER, ANGELIKA, KATHRIN RIEDEL, LEO EBERL, PIETER BREEUWER, BENJAMIN DIEP, and ROGER STEPHAN. "Biofilm Formation, Extracellular Polysaccharide Production, and Cell-to-Cell Signaling in Various Enterobacter sakazakii Strains: Aspects Promoting Environmental Persistence." Journal of Food Protection 68, no. 11 (November 1, 2005): 2287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-68.11.2287.

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Enterobacter sakazakii is considered an opportunistic pathogen and has been implicated in food-associated cases of meningitis or enteritis, especially in neonates and infants. The organism has been detected in various types of food and in food production units, but so far only powdered infant formula has been linked to outbreaks of disease. Survival and persistence in such environments requires the ability to adapt to high osmotic potentials and/or dry conditions. Fifty-six E. sakazakii strains were evaluated for several features important for persistence and survival: (i) biofilm formation and the putative production of cellulose as one of the components of the extracellular matrix, (ii) adherence to hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces, (iii) the production of extracellular polysaccharides, and (iv) the ability of E. sakazakii to produce cell-to-cell signaling molecules. Pellicle and flock formation was observed in 21 of the strains grown in Luria-Bertani broth and in 44 of the strains grown in brain heart infusion broth. Calcofluor-stained fibrils, observed microscopically in every (fragile or rigid) pellicle, suggested the presence of cellulose as an extracellular compound in this type of biofilm. Twelve isolates did not form any pellicle or flocks under either condition. Twenty-three of the isolates exhibited the potential to adhere to glass surfaces in shaken cultures, and 33 strains showed biofilm formation at the air-solid interface of polyvinyl chloride microtiter wells. Sixteen isolates adhered to both surfaces. Twenty-four of the isolates tested produced a milky, viscous mass, considered as extracellular polysaccharide. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of the polysaccharide revealed the presence of glucose, galactose, fucose, and glucuronic acid. Thin-layer chromatography analyses performed on ethyl acetate extracts of cell-free supernatants of the 56 strains indicated the presence of two different types of acylated homoserine lactones (3-oxo-C6-HSL and 3-oxo-C8-HSL). These findings illustrate the ability of E. sakazakii to produce cell-to-cell signaling molecules.

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39

Taskan, Ergin, Bestamin Ozkaya, and Halil Hasar. "Combination of a novel electrode material and artificial mediators to enhance power generation in an MFC." Water Science and Technology 71, no. 3 (December 2, 2014): 320–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.487.

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This study focuses on two main aspects: developing a novel cost-effective electrode material and power production from domestic wastewater using three different mediators. Methylene blue (MB), neutral red (NR) and 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (HNQ) were selected as electrode mediators with different concentrations. A tin-coated copper mesh electrode was tested as anode electrode. Maximum power density of the microbial fuel cell (MFC) with 300 μM MB was 636 mW/m2. Optimal mediator concentrations with respect to the achieved maximum power output for MB, NR and HNQ were 300 μM, 200 μM and 50 μM, respectively. The results demonstrate that tin-coated copper mesh showed a higher biocompatibility and electrical conductivity.

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40

Bolshakov, Vladimir, Nataliia Kalinina, Diana Нlushkova, Igor Kіrichenko, Alexander Voronkov, and Luidmila Kostina. "Material Science Aspects of Alloy Modification by Nanocompositions of Plasma-Chemical Synthesis." Key Engineering Materials 864 (September 2020): 278–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.864.278.

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Crystallographic characteristics of nanodispersed materials obtained by plasma-chemical synthesis were studied. Using industrial equipment for plasma-chemical synthesis the nanodispersed powders of high-melting carbide, nitride, carbonitride and silicide class compounds based on titanium, magnesium, aluminium, silicon were obtained. Technology for synthesis of powder fraction less than 100 nm was developed. The efficiency of nanodisperce compositions use in smelting of structural steels was determined. In the result of 10Г2С steel modification with Ti (CN) nanopowder strength, plastic properties and impact toughness were improved. Elemental composition of nanodispersed composition was determined: SiC, TiC, TiN, Ti (CN), AlN, Mg2Si, Mg3N2. The elemental composition of synthesized compounds corresponded to stoichiometric composition. Microdiffractional patterns of the particles were analysed, it was shown that nanopowders belong to the solid crystalline bodies with metallic bond. It has been found, that titanium carbonitride Ti (CN) particles have face-centered and silicon carbide (SiC) particles have hexagonal crystal lattice. Experiments for steel 10Г2 and 10Г2С modifying with nanopowder compositions on base of Ti (CN) and SiC were carried out. The efficiency of nanodisperce compositions use in smelting of structural steels was determined. In the result of 10Г2С steel modification with Ti (CN) nanopowder strength, plastic properties and impact toughness were improved. The choice of nanodisperce titanium carbonitride Ti (CN) powders with 100 nm fraction for light alloy steels modifying was justified. The required criteria for choice of nanopowder modifiers were obtained: insolubility in smelt, correspondence of crystal lattice to steel matrix, commensurability with austenite germ critical radius in crystallizing.

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Krystsina, Bondar, and Yalavaya Natallia. "Ammonia migration from building materials to indoor air; technical, economical and environmental aspects." E3S Web of Conferences 136 (2019): 05008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913605008.

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The state-of-the-art of the problem of the migration of ammonia from building materials into the air of residential premises is discussed in the article. The international nature of the problem of ammonia pollution of indoor air in residential and office buildings was shown in the literature review. A method for the photometric determination of the content of nitrogen-containing compounds in the form of ammonium nitrogen with Nessler's reagent in concrete was propesd by the authors. This technique allows to control the ammonia content at a safe level. Also the method of potentiometric determination of the content of nitrogen-containing compounds for the analysis of additives for concrete was implemented by the authors. This analysis method allows prevent the use of additives that can potentially serve as a source of ammonia emissions during the exploitation of building materials.

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Pohjanvirta, Raimo, and Matti Viluksela. "Novel Aspects of Toxicity Mechanisms of Dioxins and Related Compounds." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 7 (March 28, 2020): 2342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072342.

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Dioxins and related compounds are common environmental contaminants. Although their levels have gone down, they are still of concern, in particular regarding developmental toxicity. The adverse effects of these compounds are mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), whose canonical signaling pathway has been unveiled in fair detail. The alternative (non-genomic) pathways are much more obscure. AHR has also proven to be a master regulator of numerous physiological phenomena, which has led to the search of selective AHR modulators with low toxicity. Papers of this Special Issue address the developmental toxicity of dioxins and related compounds as well as selective modulators of AHR and both its canonical and alternative signaling pathways. In addition, new optical and stereoscopic methods for the detection of dioxins are presented. As a whole, this Special Issue provides an up-to-date view on a wide variety of aspects related to dioxin toxicity mechanisms from both original research articles and reviews.

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Yamada, Y., K. Onaka, C. Obayashi, H. Sato, and T. Tominaga. "Molecular orbital calculation of Mössbauer parameters for tin compounds in low temperature matrices." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Letters 199, no. 6 (April 1995): 477–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02164635.

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Dopp, E., U. von Recklinghausen, J. Hippler, R. A. Diaz-Bone, J. Richard, U. Zimmermann, A. W. Rettenmeier, and A. V. Hirner. "Toxicity of Volatile Methylated Species of Bismuth, Arsenic, Tin, and Mercury in Mammalian CellsIn Vitro." Journal of Toxicology 2011 (2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/503576.

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The biochemical transformation of mercury, tin, arsenic and bismuth through formation of volatile alkylated species performs a fundamental role in determining the environmental processing of these elements. While the toxicity of inorganic forms of most of these compounds are well documented (e.g., arsenic, mercury) and some of them are of relatively low toxicity (e.g., tin, bismuth), the more lipid-soluble organometals can be highly toxic. In the present study we investigated the cyto- and genotoxicity of five volatile metal(loid) compounds: trimethylbismuth, dimethylarsenic iodide, trimethylarsine, tetramethyltin, and dimethylmercury. As far as we know, this is the first study investigating the toxicity of volatile metal(loid) compoundsin vitro. Our results showed that dimethylmercury was most toxic to all three used cell lines (CHO-9 cells, CaCo, Hep-G2) followed by dimethylarsenic iodide. Tetramethyltin was the least toxic compound; however, the toxicity was also dependend upon the cell type. Human colon cells (CaCo) were most susceptible to the toxicity of the volatile compounds compared to the other cell lines. We conclude from our study that volatile metal(loid) compounds can be toxic to mammalian cells already at very low concentrations but the toxicity depends upon the metal(loid) species and the exposed cell type.

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Pinel, Raoul, Mohammed Zaher Benabdallah, Annette Astruc, and Michel Astruc. "Determination of inorganic tin and organotin compounds by graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with a new matrix modifier." Analytica Chimica Acta 181 (1986): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-2670(00)85233-2.

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46

Ojha, Devi Prashad, Jun Hee Song, and Han Joo Kim. "Facile synthesis of graphitic carbon-nitride supported antimony-doped tin oxide nanocomposite and its application for the adsorption of volatile organic compounds." Journal of Environmental Sciences 79 (May 2019): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2018.10.008.

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47

Swami, Kamal, and Rajinder S. Narang. "Collection and Analysis of Butyltin Compounds in Air at Nanogram-Per-Cubic-Meter Levels." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 79, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 170–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/79.1.170.

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Abstract An analytical method for determining butyltin chlo rides in air at low nanogram-per-cubic-meter levels was developed. Butyltin chlorides investigated were mono-n-butyltin trichloride (MBTC),di-n-butyltin dichloride (DBTC), and tri-n-butyltin chlo ride (TBTC). These tin chlorides were trapped on cartridges packed with Porapak-N, eluted with methylene chloride containing 0.3% HCI, hy dridized with sodium borohydride, and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography with flame photometric detection. On the basis of a 20 m3 sample, a detection limit of 0.05 ng/m3 can be achieved.

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48

Guo, Long, Dan Zhang, Lei Wang, Zijing Xue, Mei Guo, Li Duan, and Yuguang Zheng. "Comparison and Discrimination of Artemisia argyi and Artemisia lavandulifolia by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomic Approach." Journal of AOAC International 102, no. 6 (November 1, 2019): 1814–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.19-0080.

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Background: Artemisia argyi and A. lavandulifolia are two morphologically similar herbal medicines derived from the Artemisia genus. Although the two Artemisia herbs have been used as herbal medicines for a long time, studies on their phytochemicals and bioactive compositions are still limited, and no research has been devoted to compare the volatile compounds in A. argyi and A. lavandulifolia. Objective: To compare the volatile constituents in A. argyi and A. lavandulifolia and to explore chemical markers for discrimination and quality evaluation of the two Artemisia herbal medicines. Methods: A GC-MS-based metabolomic approach was employed to compare and discriminate A. argyi and A. lavandulifolia from the aspect of volatile compounds. Multivariate statistical methods, including principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminate analysis, were applied to explore chemical markers for discrimination of the two Artemisia herbal medicines. Results: Thirty volatile compounds were identified, and the chemical profiles of volatile compounds in A. argyi and A. lavandulifolia were quite similar. Principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least-squares discrimination analysis results indicated that the two Artemisia herbal medicines could be distinguished effectively from each other. Ten volatile compounds were selected as potential chemical markers for discrimination of the two Artemisia herbal medicines. Conclusions: The GC-MS-based metabolomics could be an acceptable strategy for comparison and discrimination of A. argyi and A. lavandulifolia as well as authentication of herbal medicines derived from other closely related species. Highlights: GC-MS based metabolomic approach was firstly applied to compare and discriminate Artemisia argyi and Artemisia lavandulifolia.

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Guo, Long, Dan Zhang, Lei Wang, Zijing Xue, Mei Guo, Li Duan, and Yuguang Zheng. "Comparison and Discrimination of Artemisia argyi and Artemisia lavandulifolia by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomic Approach." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 102, no. 6 (November 1, 2019): 1814–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/102.6.1814.

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Abstract Background: Artemisia argyi and A. lavandulifolia are two morphologically similar herbal medicines derived from the Artemisia genus. Although the two Artemisia herbs have been used as herbal medicines for a long time, studies on their phytochemicals and bioactive compositions are still limited, and no research has been devoted to compare the volatile compounds in A. argyi and A. lavandulifolia. Objective: To compare the volatile constituents in A. argyi and A. lavandulifolia and to explore chemical markers for discrimination and quality evaluation of the two Artemisia herbal medicines. Methods: A GC-MS-based metabolomic approach was employed to compare and discriminate A. argyi and A. lavandulifolia from the aspect of volatile compounds. Multivariate statistical methods, including principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminate analysis, were applied to explore chemical markers for discrimination of the two Artemisia herbal medicines. Results: Thirty volatile compounds were identified, and the chemical profiles of volatile compounds in A. argyi and A. lavandulifolia were quite similar. Principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least-squares discrimination analysis results indicated that the two Artemisia herbal medicines could be distinguished effectively from each other. Ten volatile compounds were selected as potential chemical markers for discrimination of the two Artemisia herbal medicines. Conclusions: The GC-MS-based metabolomics could be an acceptable strategy for comparison and discrimination of A. argyi and A. lavandulifolia as well as authentication of herbal medicines derived from other closely related species. Highlights: GC-MS based metabolomic approach was firstly applied to compare and discriminate Artemisia argyi and Artemisia lavandulifolia.

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50

Wezel, Annemarie P. "Chemical and biological aspects of ecotoxicological risk assessment of ionizable and neutral organic compounds in fresh and marine waters: a review." Environmental Reviews 6, no. 2 (June 1, 1998): 123–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a98-007.

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The effects of salinity and pH on the partitioning behaviour and toxicity of ionizable and neutral organics and organotin compounds in aquatic ecosystems are reviewed. The pH and pKa are of importance for the distribution over n-octanol and water (Dow) of ionizable compounds. Dow increases with salinity for ionized organics up to 3 times and for organotins up to 1000 times. Neutral acids partition more strongly to the phospholipids than their ions; however, differences are smaller than for Dow. For dissociated phenols, the distribution over the membrane and water (Dmw) depends on counterion concentration. For pentachlorophenol (PCP) and organotins, the uptake rate constant (k1) for the neutral form is up to a factor 10 higher than for the ion. The formation of ion_counterion pairs at higher salinity does not contribute to a higher uptake rate. The adaptation to salinity does not result in different bioconcentration kinetics. There is no general intrinsic susceptibility difference between salt water and freshwater organisms. For ionized organic acids, an increase in toxicity up to 4 times with decreasing salinity is reported frequently. Differences in pH are important for toxicity for compounds with a pKa between 6 and 9. For organophosphates a toxicity increase up to 2.5-fold with salinity was found. Bioconcentration and toxicity of ionizable organics aren't influenced by salinity in the way that Dow is influenced. Quantitative structure activity relationships developed for neutral compounds cannot be used to estimate the bioconcentration or toxicity of partly ionized organics. The deviating partitioning behaviour over water and octanol is no reason to set separate quality criteria for ionizable compounds for marine water and freshwater. However, their toxicity can differ as a result of pH differences. Toxicity data for fresh and marine organisms should always be compared, because unexpected differences in sensitivity can be detected in this way.Key words: salinity, sensitivity, acids, bases, organotin compounds.

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