Relevant bibliographies by topics / Environmental aspects of Trace elements in water

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Academic literature on the topic 'Environmental aspects of Trace elements in water'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 2 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Environmental aspects of Trace elements in water"

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Swaine, D. J. "Guest editorial: Environmental aspects of trace elements in coal." Environmental Geochemistry and Health 14, no. 1 (April 1992): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01783618.

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Spickett, JT. "Environmental and Occupational Lead Toxicity: Some Current Considerations." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 1, no. 4 (October 1987): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/101053958700100413.

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The role of trace elements in human health is not well understood. Lead is generally regarded as a toxic trace element with no beneficial effects. However, the adverse effects of lead resulting from environmental and occupational exposure have been the subject of extensive research. There is still controversy over whether lead from petrol is the main source of lead for most people. There have been a number of reports of lead contamination of food, air and water, however there is some question about the accuracy of the reported data and hence the conclusions drawn. Although certain aspects of lead toxicity are reasonably well understood there is still uncertainty about the maximum acceptable safe level and also about the wide variety of factors that affect the absorption and retention, and hence toxicity, of lead. Of particular interest is the Influence of dietary factors on lead toxicity.
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Leśniewicz, Anna, Wiesław Żyrnicki, and Knut Schrøder. "Major and Trace Elements in Spruce Needles from Urban Areas: Some Aspects of Analysis in Environmental Studies." International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 82, no. 4 (January 2002): 233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03067310290027803.

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Outa, James Omondi, Chrispin O. Kowenje, Christof Plessl, and Franz Jirsa. "Distribution of arsenic, silver, cadmium, lead and other trace elements in water, sediment and macrophytes in the Kenyan part of Lake Victoria: spatial, temporal and bioindicative aspects." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 2 (November 20, 2019): 1485–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06525-9.

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AbstractThis is the first detailed report on the distribution of Ni, As, Sr and Ag in water, sediments and macrophytes from Lake Victoria, complemented with recent data on the heavy metals Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb. The study was conducted over an 11-month period at five sites in the Kenyan part of Lake Victoria: four sites in the Winam Gulf influenced by various anthropogenic pressures including a site near Kisumu City, and one in the main lake, perceived to have lesser direct anthropogenic influence. Compared with the main lake site, the water in Winam Gulf had significantly higher values for electrical conductivity and concentrations of dissolved components: organic carbon and bound nitrogen, as well as major and most trace elements. This contamination is also evident in surface sediments, which contained significantly higher levels of Cr, Zn, As, Ag, Cd and Pb compared with the main lake site. The mean levels of Cr, Cu, Zn, Ag and Pb exceeded probable effect levels at least at one of the gulf sites. The sediments at the Kisumu City site were classified as severely polluted with Cu (up to 259 mg/kg dw) and Pb (up to 1188 mg/kg dw). The sediment cores showed significantly higher levels of Cu, Zn, Ag, Cd and Pb in the surface (0–3 cm) versus subsurface (22–25 cm) layer at the Kisumu City site, indicating increasing pollution by these elements within the last 15 years. This is also the first report on trace elements in the emergent water plant Vossia cuspidata and submerged plant Ceratophyllum demersum from this lake. Even though the accumulation of most elements is comparable between C. demersum (whole plant) and V. cuspidata roots, the latter shows a better bioindicative potential. Contamination of the gulf with Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag, Cd and Pb is well mirrored in V. cuspidata roots. V. cuspidata strongly restricts the acropetal transport of trace elements, and hence using the shoots as fodder does not pose a risk to livestock.
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Attar, K. M., M. A. Abdel-Aal, and P. Debayle. "Distribution of trace elements in the lipid and nonlipid matter of hair." Clinical Chemistry 36, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): 477–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/36.3.477.

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Abstract We studied the effect of lipid removal on the concentrations of 13 trace elements measured in human hair. We used a pooled specimen of hair from a barber shop, initially washed with de-ionized water, with ultrasonic cleaning, then analyzed for Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Si, Sr, and Zn with use of an inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer. The lipid was removed by Soxhlet extraction with ethanol, and the hair was re-analyzed. We found several elements present in a relatively large proportion (greater than 20%) in the lipid fraction, mainly Na, K, Ca, Mg, Ni, and Sr. We suggest that removal of part or all of the lipids from hair by using detergents or other lipid-removing solvents for washing may account for the variability in data on elements in hair reported by different laboratories, and that those elements largely present in the lipid fraction are the result of environmental exposure, whereas those retained in the hair fiber after lipid removal can be attributed to nutritional and clinical aspects. We believe that such determination of the distribution of elements may help validate the use of hair in assessing trace elements in the body.
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Dinu, Marina I., Valery M. Shkinev, Tatyana I. Moiseenko, Rustam Kh Dzhenloda, and Tatyana V. Danilova. "Quantification and Speciation of Trace Metals under Pollution Impact: Case Study of a Subarctic Lake." Water 12, no. 6 (June 8, 2020): 1641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061641.

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Monitoring the quantity and quality of metals in lake water is a major part of assessing water toxicity. A fundamental aspect of geochemical monitoring studies is the evaluation of the equilibrium distribution of metal speciation in water and the influence of environmental conditions on this process. It is important to understand the difference between the behavior of nanoparticles, dissolved particles, colloid particles, and suspended particles. This study involved environmental aquatic chemistry research and the assessment of the geochemical processes of metal speciation in an arctic lake in the metallurgical waste zone and other areas where natural processes prevail. Consecutive and parallel membrane filtration methods were used to compare the results of water analysis in Imandra Lake. The membrane pore sizes were 8, 1.2, 0.45, and 0.2 µm. The following filtrate characteristics were used: microfiltration-based mechanical suspension and oxidized contaminants (>8, 1.2, 0.45, 0.2, 0.1 μm), and ultrafiltration-based colloids, bacteria, viruses, etc. (less than 0.1 μm). Industrial effluents led to the formation of higher concentrations of elements (Ni, Cu, and Pb) in their labile forms. In the wastewater-mixing zone, the concentrations of most elements were evenly distributed in depth. In more distant areas, we found a significant increase in the concentration of elements in the near-bottom horizon in comparison with the surface water (Fe by more than three times). The obtained results showed that numerous elements had diverse distributions by speciation in the points located closer to the source of wastewater. This indicated the significant influence of the adsorption process on the system balance of elements such as Fe, Cu, and rare earth elements. The impact of the regional geochemical and anthropogenic speciation and the possible influence of climatic factors on the distribution of speciation were determined.
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Ismael, Mustafa Haqi, Balsam Salim Al-Tawash, and Younus I. Al-Saady. "Hydrochemical characteristics and environmental evaluation of surface and groundwater quality at Al-Tarmiyah Area, Baghdad, Iraq." Iraqi Journal of Science 60, no. 5 (May 26, 2019): 1069–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2019.60.5.16.

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The present study aims to assess the water quality and the hydrochemical characteristics and seasonal variation of surface water on the aspect of trace elements in Al-Tarmiyah District, Baghdad, Iraq. Ten water samples were collected, four from surface water and six from groundwater on October 2017, and on April 2018. All samples were analyzed for physiochemical parameters such as water temperature, pH, EC, TDS,TH,TSS, major ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, SO42-, Cl-, and HCO3-), and nutrients (NO3-, and PO43-). In addition, samples were analyzed for trace elements that include Fe, Al, Pb, Zn, Mn, Cr, Cu, Co, Ni, and Cd. Suitability of water for domestic uses was evaluated depending on the criteria or standards of acceptable quality for that use. Surface water samples of October 2017 were classified as Ca-Cl and Na-Cl water type while they were classified as Na-Cl water type in April 2018. Most groundwater of both months' samples was classified as Ca-Cl and Na-Cl water types. There is only one groundwater sample (GW2) was classified as Ca-SO4-2 water type. According to water classification based on the Piper diagram, most of surface and groundwater samples for both months falling in class (e), this means that the type of water is "Earth alkaline water with increased portions of alkalis with prevailing sulfate or chloride". Suitability of water for drinking purpose is evaluated depending on the criteria or standards of acceptable quality for that use ( WHO and Iraqi Standard). All surface and groundwater samples from the studied area are not suitable for drinking purposes and within "excellent type” for livestock and poultry use. Additionally, almost all surface water samples were within Good class based on the suggested limits of EC value (Ayers and Westcot, 1985) for irrigation while most of the groundwater samples are within unsuitable class. All surface water and groundwater samples lie within low hazard class of the irrigation water based on SAR values.
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Stawny, M., R. Olijarczyk, E. Jaroszkiewicz, and A. Jelińska. "Pharmaceutical Point of View on Parenteral Nutrition." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/415310.

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Parenteral nutrition—a form of administering nutrients, electrolytes, trace elements, vitamins, and water—is a widely used mode of therapy applied in many diseases, in patients of different ages both at home and in hospital. The success of nutritional therapy depends chiefly on proper determination of the patient’s energetic and electrolytic needs as well as preparation and administration of a safe nutritional mixture. As a parenterally administered drug, it is expected to be microbiologically and physicochemically stable, with all of the components compatible with each other. It is very difficult to obtain a stable nutritional mixture due to the fact that it is a complex, two-phase drug. Also, the risk of incompatibility between mixture components and packaging should be taken into consideration and possibly eliminated. Since parenteral nutrition is a part of therapy, simultaneous use of drugs may cause pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions as well as those with the pharmaceutical phase. The aim of this paper is to discuss such aspects of parenteral nutrition as mixture stability, methodology, and methods for determining the stability of nutritional mixtures and drugs added to them.
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Serre, Simon Hansen, Kristian Ege Nielsen, Peter Fink-Jensen, Tonny Bernt Thomsen, and Karin Hüssy. "Analysis of cod otolith microchemistry by continuous line transects using LA-ICP-MS." GEUS Bulletin 41 (August 15, 2018): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v41.4351.

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Fish otoliths, also called ear stones or statoliths, are calcified structures functioning as movement and equilibrium indicators in the inner ear of fish (Fig. 1). From hatching to death these structures grow incrementally, with new material accreted daily (Pannella 1971) in successive layers of protein (1–8%, Degens et al. 1969) and calcium carbonate. The accretion rate of otoliths varies with fish growth, and in temperate species it is usually lowest during the winter season (Hüssy et al. 2010). This results in concentric growth resembling the ringed structure in trees (Fig. 1D), enabling the use of dendrochronological techniques to approximate the age and growth history of fish. During growth, certain elements are incorporated into the otolith structure, some associated with proteins and some with the calcium carbonate component (Thomas et al. 2017), supplying a valuable record of different aspects in fish life history and serving as a potential environmental record. Previous studies show that trace element and isotopic compositions of otoliths can be used as a proxy for reconstructing water chemistry, temperature and salinity (Patterson et al. 1993; Thorrold & Shuttleworth 2000). Other studies demonstrate that elemental histories can be used to investigate fish spawning and migration patterns (e.g. Sturrock et al. 2012), and more recent studies use elements such as Zn, Cu and Mg as indicators of seasonality (Hüssy et al. 2016; Limburg et al. 2018). Combining this knowledge of elemental variation with the micro-beam capabilities of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LAICPMS) turns otolith microchemistry into a powerful tool for studying important parameters fundamental for establishing modern, sustainable fisheries management policies (e.g. stock identification, migration, pollution indicators, spawning habitats, duration of larval and juvenile stages, and magnitude and timing of spawning). We present an analytical method developed by the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) in collaboration with the National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU Aqua), for element abundance analysis in otoliths. Analyses of otoliths from Baltic Cod (Gadus morhua; Fig. 1) are used as an example for its application.
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Samokhvalova, V. L., O. V. Mangryka, A. I. Fateev, and V. M. Gorjakina. "Patent-information support for assessing the environmental status of the soil." Fundamental and Applied Soil Science 16, no. 1-2 (January 27, 2015): 36–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/041504.

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Innovative (patent information research, elaboration of new methods and their implementation) and environmental management, the using of human-contaminated soils, soil protection against pollution and its prevention are the basic directions of the strategic management of soil resources. In conditions of intensive anthropogenic pressure the assessment of the ecological status of soils is an important factor, which reduces the risks of soil degradation and to propose ways to restore their productive and ecological functions on the further development of functional - ecological approach in soil science (Dobrovolsky, Nikitin, 1986, 1996). Therefore, urgent and important in theoretical and practical aspect is the elaboration of new technical decisions (methods) of soil quality assessment to create conditions to improve and to prevent the reduction of the level of productivity of soils and plants, the deterioration of their quality. The purpose of the investigations – the analysis of information sources existing patent information base of Ukraine and Russia on the issue of the environmental assessment of soils and perform patent research. Tasks perform patent research: the technical level of the object; analysis of scientific and technical activities leading developers; studying trends existing way to do that; techno-economic analysis of technical solutions/inventions that meet the objectives of the development; the study of the newness and novelty of the developed object and its constituent parts; investigated of the feasibility of its legal protection. It was considered the features of assessment of the soils environmental status in the investigation of the current patent-information database in Ukraine and Russia, components of which are developed new technical decisions. It was reviewed the providing patent information to assess the ecological status of both contaminated and uncontaminated soils. By analysis it was found that the patent-information support of Ukraine and Russia relative to existing methods of soils ecological status assessment is presented by the following ways: the ways of assessing of the soils research background concentrations, mobile, gross or water-soluble forms of trace elements and heavy metals; estimates based on bioassay and bioindication in combination with chemical analytical measurement indicators; comprehensive and expert evaluation of the properties of soils and its contamination; assessment of soil quality, considering the physical, physic-chemical and others properties; assessment of soil pollution using GIS technology, etc. The technical result of the developed methods is to improve the objectivity of assessment of changing soil quality and accuracy of the expert-analytical assessments of functional suitability of soils certain territory to growing different crops on a permanent or constant impact factor of pollution; for zoning for maximum efficiency use of different methods, methods of remediation of contaminated soils or soil improvers of different nature and micronutrients using to optimize the trace element status of soil and plants, soil quality; to evaluate the effectiveness of the testing results of the elaborated technical decisions in different soil-climatic zones.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Environmental aspects of Trace elements in water"

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Wong, Wang-wah, and 黃宏華. "Trace organics pollution in the aquatic environment." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31252758.

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Le, Roux Shirley Theodora Rose. "The application of differential pulse stripping voltammetry in the determination of trace metals in wet precipitation." Thesis, Peninsula Technikon, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/742.

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Thesis (MTech (Physical Sciences))--Peninsula Technikon, Cape Town, 1999.
Wet deposition of toxic trace metals is the dominant mode of deposition in terrestrial ecosystems and contributes very significantly to their pollution burden. Wet deposited metals are dissolved in rainwater. They reach the vegatation in a form most favourable for uptake. Reliable analysis of toxic trace metals in rainwater is important in order to determine the impact they make on the environment. In this study, trace metals in rainwater and in dry deposition (as a control measure), have been analysed over a period of a year. These metals include cadmium, copper, cobalt, lead, nickel and zinc. The rainwater was filtered, acidified to pH2 and irradiated with UV-light. Dry deposition samples, were digested by heating in nitric acid before analysis. Differential-pulse anodic stripping voltammetry was used to determine cadmium, lead and zinc. Copper was determined by adsorptive cathodic stripping at pH7 after complexation with catechol. Cobalt and nickel were measured at pH9 by adsorptive cathodic stripping after formation of their dimethylglyoximes. Sampling was done on a daily basis from April 1996 to March 1997, on the campus of the Peninsula Technikon. The samples were collected over a 24-hour period. The total average concentration for the metals was 16.11 flg/dm3 for rainwater and 427flg/dm3 for dry deposition. Meteorological factors such as wind speed, humidity and temperature affect the distribution of pollutants and thus the trace metal levels. The levels of the metallic pollutants were thus evaluated against meteorological data. Differential-pulse stripping voltammetry is shown to be applicable for heavy metal analysis of rainwater.
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Cuthbert, Iain Dawson. "Predicting the riverine concentrations and catchment exports of metals in rural drainage basins of Ontario and Québec." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60672.

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Concentrations of Fe, Al, Mn and Zn were measured monthly from April to October at 24 rural riverine sites in Ontario and Quebec. Empirical models were developed predicting riverine metal concentrations from a small set of within-stream and catchment variables. Models explained a significant proportion of the variation in Fe (85%), Al (90%), Mn (57%) and Zn (37%). Simple models predicting annual catchment exports of metals from average riverine suspended particulate concentrations and runoff were also developed. These models explained most of the variation in annual exports of Fe (94%), Al (92%), Mn (62%) and Zn (75%) from the 24 catchments.
Models such as these can be used both to estimate catchment exports of metals to lakes, and to estimate riverine metal concentrations without requiring chemical analyses. The models also serve to distinguish background levels from those indicating metal contamination, and will, therefore, be useful in design of water quality guidelines.
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Reyes, Delgadillo Dulce B. "Modeling natural attenuation of trace elements in soils." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=101169.

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Trace elements added to the soil by human activities could contaminate it and occasionally cause a threat to environmental and human health. The toxicity and mobility of a trace element are affected by the element's solubility, which in turn is influenced by the soil properties. When mobile, trace elements can be leached out of the soil. If leaching occurs at a faster rate than atmospheric deposition, element concentrations in the soil will decrease by natural attenuation.
We analyzed soil properties in 40 soils and their soil solutions to obtain a set of equations with the most significant predictors of As, Cd, Co, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb and Zn in solution. The total element concentration and the pH were the best predicting variables of the amount of element in solution for all trace elements analyzed, while organic carbon and Al or Mn oxides also influenced the solubility of some trace elements. Using the equations predicting elemental solubility, we wrote a model for natural attenuation in the computer program Stella that considers atmospheric deposition as the input for trace elements and leaching as the output. Simulations were carried out for the 40 soils during 1,000 years with steady deposition inputs.
At current atmospheric deposition rates and the neutral to alkaline pH of these soils, attenuation occurred in most soils for Mo. For As, Cd, Co, Cu and Ni it occurred only in soils with abundant total element concentrations or an acidic pH. Minor retention occurred with Pb and Zn. Only Cd and Cu were of concern in leaching waters. The developed model can serve as a decision making tool in the selection of natural attenuation as a remediation strategy.
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Cook, Nicola. "Bioavailability of trace metals in urban contaminated soils." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=34934.

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There are two main components to the research: the theoretical and the experimental. Chapter 2 contains an analysis of the state of soil quality guidelines and the scientific methods used to determine them. A number of recommendations to improve soil quality criteria for trace metals are offered including the importance of considering bioavailability and the need to use realistic conditions, trace metal sources and organisms.
A critical review of the literature dealing with predicting the availability of trace metals to plants is presented in Chapter 3. We found little agreement among hundreds of similar studies which relate plant metal uptake to the amount of metal extracted by selective chemical dissolution procedures. An extensive summary of the data shows clearly that the extraction methods are not widely applicable. Differences between individual soils, their metal retention capacities, as well as plant factors and environmental conditions contribute to the variability of the results. Alternative ways of assessing bioavailability are suggested.
The experimental component of the thesis focuses on the availability of trace metals to plants. In Chapter 4 the uptake of Cu from different soil pools was examined and the free metal ion (Cu2+) was found to be the best predictor of uptake by lettuce (Latuca sativa cv. Buttercrunch), ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. Barmultra) and radish (Raphanus sativus cv. Cherry Belle).
In Chapters 5 and 6 we examined the effect of low-cost in-situ treatments on the availability of metals to plants in greenhouse and field experiments. Synthetic zeolites, P amendments, organic matter and clean soil were used and their effect on the bioavailability of Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn evaluated. The plants for the experimental work were lettuce and perennial ryegrass. Only the clean soil treatment was consistently effective in reducing the concentration of metals in the plant. We also wanted to determine whether the trace metals in the plant tissue came from the soil or from direct deposition of pollutants on the leaf surfaces. We found little evidence that metals in plants were a result of atmospheric fallout.
A method for the accurate analysis of total metal concentrations in a range of contaminated soils including those containing oil and grease was developed (Chapter 7). For this research the trace metals of concern are Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn---all commonly found in urban/industrial soils. The proposed method using HNO3/HClO4 has several advantages over the common HNO3/H2O2 procedure. We were able to digest larger soil samples and hence the final concentration of trace metals was usually in the range for analysis by inductively coupled plasma atomic absorption spectrometry or flame atomic absorption spectrometry.
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Ge, Ying 1974. "Trace metal speciation and bioavailability in urban contaminated soils." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21555.

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Urban soils are often contaminated with trace metals and the toxicity of the metals depends, in part, on their speciation in soil solutions. The objectives of this project were to estimate the metal speciation in urban soils and to evaluate the predictability of soil metal pools on plant uptake. The chemical speciation of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn was estimated by using the Windermere Humic Aqueous Model (WHAM). In soil solutions, Cd, Ni and Zn were present mainly as free ions when the solutions were acidic and their organic complexes were dominant as the pH was over 7.5. The other two metals mostly formed complexes with organic ligands. The activities of Cd2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Pb2+ and Zn 2+ were affected by soil pH and total soil metal burdens. All five metals were under-saturated with respect to the minerals which could potentially control the metal solubility.
Metal uptake by plants in the contaminated railway yards was generally not correlated with free, dissolved and total soil metal pools. A pot experiment demonstrated better correlations between the metal pools and the metal content in wild chicory. Multiple regression analysis showed that the metals in the leaves and roots of wild chicory could be adequately predicted by the soil total metals and soil properties such as pH and exchangeable Ca.
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Di, Bonito Marcello. "Trace elements in soil pore water : a comparison of sampling methods." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2005. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10123/.

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This thesis examined a range of methods for sampling soil pore water to investigate the chemistry of trace elements. In particular, the study assessed whether Rhizon samplers, centrifugation, high pressure squeezing and soil suspensions in simulated pore water can be viable approaches for obtaining representative samples of equilibrated soil pore water. Results for metal solubility and speciation were interpreted in terms of both soil morphological effects on trace metal dynamics and artefacts introduced at various stages during sample preparation and handling. The main soil used in the study was an organic-rich sandy silt from a site which has served as a sewage re-processing facility for almost a century. This soil was chosen because of its importance as a long-term repository for metal-enriched sludge applied to arable land, providing a suitable medium on which to study trace metal behaviour. Pore waters were extracted and analysed for major and trace cations and anions, pH, Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) and Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) at two different temperatures (5 degrees Celsius and 15 degrees Celsius), in order to evaluate the extent of bacterial activity, organic decomposition and their consequences on solute composition, during pore water extractions. Speciation was estimated from analysis of pore water chemistry using two software packages (PHREEQCi and WHAM-VI). Pore waters showed different ranges of concentration between the various methods. Different mechanisms and/or chemical reactions were involved during the different extractions; a range of processes was identified, mainly dominated by metal complexation by humus acids and redox reactions. Results revealed that the soil studied was able to partially buffer the free ion activities of the metal ions in pore water with increasing dilutions, but demonstrated virtually no ability to buffer DOC. Identification of the source (i.e. location of pore space) of water extracted was also investigated using water with different isotopic composition (18O/16O). Evidence showed that centrifugation was not able to differentiate between more and less mobile water at FC conditions, rather enhancing the mixing between the two pools of water (native and labelled) by and apparent process of 'infusion'. By contrast, Rhizon samplers appeared to sample water preferentially from the more accessible pool (extra-aggregate), which proved to have a composition showing incomplete mixing with the native water. The results also suggested that mixing of the two pools was rather fast and that was almost completely attained prior to pore water extraction. The study established that the most important factors affecting pore water chemistry during extraction are the conditions to which the samples are exposed during the extraction process. For these reasons Rhizon samplers should be used as a disposable device, and are only applicable for use in high soil moisture soil contents. In contrast, they present no 'side-effects' (providing enough equilibration time) if M2+ (free ion activity) were needed as opposed to Msol (total metal concentration in pore water), as often required in environmental studies. Centrifugation is optimal for bulk solution studies, or when homogenisation represents a key experimental point; targeted studies are also possible. Soil squeezing is subject to severe limitations in the case of prolonged extractions of biologically active soils, due to the effects of anaerobism. Squeezing should only be used for 'fast' extractions of soils. Finally, batch extractions are well suited to studies on M2+ equilibria, but more studies are needed to clarify the effect of soil: solution ratio on metal and DOC solubility.
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Denney, Susan, and susan denney@deakin edu au. "Trace metal speciation in the Pieman River catchment, Western Tasmania." Deakin University. School of Ecology and Environment, 2000. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20071107.111755.

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The Pieman River catchment has seen continuous mining of economic deposits of gold, silver, lead, copper, zinc and tin since the 1870’s. Tributaries of this river which receive mining effluent, either directly or from acid mine drainage (AMID), have total metal concentrations considerably above background levels and are of regulatory concern. The lower Pieman River is however classified as a State Reserve in which recreational fishing and tourism are the major activities. It is therefore important that water entering the lower Pieman River from upstream hydroelectric impoundments is of high quality. Metals in natural waters exist in a variety of dissolved, colloidal and particulate forms. The bioavailability and hence toxicity of heavy metal pollutants is very dependant on their physico form. Knowledge of the speciation of a metal in natural aquatic environments is therefore necessary for understanding its geochemical behaviour and biological availability. Complexation of metal ions by natural ligands in aquatic systems is believed to play a significant role in controlling their chemical speciation. This study has investigated temporal and spatial variation in complexation of metal ions in the Pieman River. The influence of pH, temperature, organic matter, salinity, ionic strength and time has been investigated in a series of field studies and in laboratory-based experiments which simulated natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Labile metals were measured using two techniques in various freshwater and estuarine environments. Diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) allowed in situ measurement of solution speciation whilst differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) was used to measure labile metal species in water samples collected from the catchment. Organic complexation was found to be a significant regulating mechanism for copper speciation and the copper-binding ligand concentration usually exceeded the total copper concentration in the river water. Complexation was highly dependent on pH and at the river-seawater interface was also regulated by salinity, probably as a result of competitive complexation by major ions in seawater (eg. Ca 2+ ions). Zinc complexation was also evident, however total zinc concentrations in the water column often far exceeded the potential binding capacity of available ligands. In addition to organic complexation, Zn speciation may also be associated with adsorption by flocculated or resuspended colloidal Mn and/or Fe oxyhydroxides. Metal ion complexation and hence speciation was found to be highly variable within the Pieman River catchment. This presents major difficulties for environmental managers, as it is therefore not possible to make catchment-wide assumptions about the bioavailability of these metals. These results emphasise the importance of site-specific sampling protocols and speciation testing, ideally incorporating continuous, in situ monitoring.
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Benneyworth, Laura Mahoney. "Distribution of Trace Elements in Cumberland River Basin Reservoir Sediments." TopSCHOLAR®, 2011. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1113.

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The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Nashville District, maintains ten reservoirs in the Cumberland River Basin in Kentucky and Tennessee, and has been monitoring sediment chemistry in the reservoirs since 1994. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the sediment data collected from the reservoirs from 1994 to 2010 to determine if there are any spatial patterns of the trace elements: arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc. The results indicated that trace element levels were consistent with national baseline concentrations measured by the U.S. Geological Survey. Center Hill reservoir had the greatest number of trace element concentrations (all except cadmium) that were significantly higher when compared to all other reservoirs. The degree of urbanization in the reservoir basins was based on population density from the 2000 Census and the percentage of developed land using the 2006 national land cover dataset. Aquatic toxicity values were used as a measure of sediment quality. The reservoirs with the worst aquatic toxicity rankings were not the most urban, instead they were the reservoirs with the longest retention times. Therefore, it may be concluded that retention time has a larger effect on Cumberland River Basin sediment concentrations than the type of land use or the degree of urbanization. The results also indicate that it may be prudent to include an evaluation of quality based on aquatic toxicity when monitoring sediment quality, and that when reservoirs are the subject of sediment quality assessments, the consideration of the physical properties of the reservoir, especially the retention time, is essential for a comprehensive evaluation. This may also imply that sediment quality in reservoirs may effectively be regulated by water resource management techniques at the reservoirs that affect retention time.
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Kennette, Debra. "The bioavailability of trace metals to soil invertebrates in urban contaminated soils." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0001/MQ44194.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Environmental aspects of Trace elements in water"

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Rinella, Frank A. Evaluation of organic compounds and trace elements in Amazon Creek Basin, Oregon, September 1990. Portland, Or: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993.

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Maret, Terry R. Concentrations of selected trace elements in fish tissue and streambed sediment in the Clark Fork-Pend Oreille and Spokane River basins, Washington, Idaho, and Montana, 1998. Boise, Idaho: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2000.

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Kroening, Sharon E. Water-quality assessment of part of the upper Mississippi River Basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin: Nitrogen and phosphorus in streams, streambed sediment, and ground water, 1971-94. Mounds View, Minn: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1997.

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Kroening, Sharon E. Water-quality assessment of part of the upper Mississippi River Basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin: Nitrogen and phosphorus in streams, streambed sediment, and ground water, 1971-94. Mounds View, Minn: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1997.

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Elder, John F. Metal biogeochemistry in surface-water systems: A review of principles and concepts. Washington, DC: Dept. of the Interior, 1988.

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Elder, John F. Metal biogeochemistry in surface-water systems: A review of current understanding, 1986. Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 1988.

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Elder, John F. Metal biogeochemistry in surface-water systems: A review of principles and concepts. Denver: U.S. Geological Survey, 1988.

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F, Woods Paul. Nutrient and trace-element enrichment of Coeur d'Alene Lake, Idaho. [Washington]: U.S. G.P.O., 1997.

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F, Woods Paul. Nutrient and trace-element enrichment of Coeur d'Alene Lake, Idaho. Boise, Idaho: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1996.

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Woods, Paul F. Nutrient and trace-element enrichment of Coeur d'Alene Lake, Idaho. Boise, Idaho: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Environmental aspects of Trace elements in water"

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Ziemkiewicz, Paul F., Jennifer S. Simmons, and Anna S. Knox. "The Mine Water Leaching Procedure: Evaluating the Environmental Risk of Backfilling Mines with Coal Ash." In Chemistry of Trace Elements in Fly Ash, 75–90. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4757-7_6.

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Twardowska, Irena. "Environmental Aspects of Power Plants Fly Ash Utilization in Deep Coal Mine Workings." In Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements in Coal and Coal Combustion Byproducts, 29–57. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4155-4_3.

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Strugeon-Dercourt, Anne. "Sampling Uncertainty and Environmental Variability for Trace Elements on the Meuse River, France." In Rapid Chemical and Biological Techniques for Water Monitoring, 303–32. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470745427.ch4e.

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Gordeev, Viacheslav V., and Vladimir P. Shevchenko. "Trace Elements in Water and Suspended Matter in the Open Part of the White Sea." In The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, 169–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/698_2018_297.

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Troudi, Nizar, Fadoua Hamzaoui, Mounira Zammouri, and Ourania Tzoraki. "Distribution of Trace Elements in the Shallow Aquifer of Guenniche (North Tunisia)." In Advances in Sustainable and Environmental Hydrology, Hydrogeology, Hydrochemistry and Water Resources, 113–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01572-5_28.

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Vatalis, K. Ι., K. Modis, F. Pavloudakis, and Ch Sachanidis. "Environmental associations of heavy and trace elements concentrations in Sarigiol ground water coal basin area." In Advances in the Research of Aquatic Environment, 401–8. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24076-8_47.

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Benessam, Sihem, Taha-Hocine Debieche, Souad Amiour, Amal Chine, and Smaïl Khelili. "Mobility of Metallic Trace Elements in Surface Waters and Sediments: Case of the Nil Wadi (Jijel, North-East Algeria)." In Advances in Sustainable and Environmental Hydrology, Hydrogeology, Hydrochemistry and Water Resources, 69–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01572-5_17.

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Alhejoj, Ikhlas, Klaus Bandel, and Elias Salameh. "Aquatic Mollusks: Occurrences, Identification and Their Use as Bioindicators of Environmental Conditions (Salinity, Trace Elements and Pollution Parameters) in Jordan." In Water Resources in Arid Areas: The Way Forward, 295–318. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51856-5_17.

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Kibami, Daniel. "Studies on Water Quality of Mokokchung District, Nagaland, India, and Removal of Trace Elements Using Activated Carbon Prepared from Locally Available Bio-Waste." In Handbook of Environmental Materials Management, 1–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58538-3_92-1.

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Kibami, Daniel. "Studies on Water Quality of Mokokchung District, Nagaland, India, and Removal of Trace Elements Using Activated Carbon Prepared from Locally Available Bio-waste." In Handbook of Environmental Materials Management, 1687–717. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73645-7_92.

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Conference papers on the topic "Environmental aspects of Trace elements in water"

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Punanova, Svetlana. "ORE CONCENTRATIONS OF METALS IN NAPHTHIDES OF HYPERGENESIS ZONE: ASSESSMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT." In GEOLINKS International Conference. SAIMA Consult Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2020/b1/v2/17.

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The study examines the formation of secondary-altered crude oils associated with the processes of modern or ancient hypergenesis. As a result of geological processes during intense upward movement of the earth's crust, oil undergoes physical weathering, inorganic oxidation, washing out with water, biodegradation and sulfurization, and turn into heavy oils and hard bitumen. In zones of hypergenesis, the loss of light fractions occurs and the absolute concentration of trace elements (TE) associated with resinous-asphaltene components, such as V, Ni, Co, Mo, Cr, Cu, etc. sharply increases. In addition, oils absorb elements of variable valence (V, Fe, U) from low-salinity stratal waters. As a result of experimental studies on the interaction of oils with low mineralization waters, which are characteristic of hypergenesis zones, leaching of some elements (e.g., Zn) from oils and absorption of others from contacting waters (for example, concentrations of newly-formed organometallic compounds V and Fe increased by 1.3-12 times) were found. The author utilized the method of neutron-activation analysis to study the content of TE in oils and natural bitumens of the Volga-Ural, Timan-Pechora, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, and etc. Ore-level concentration values were found, for example: 180-1162 ppm for V and up to 100 ppm for Ni in the oils of the Melekess depression in Tatarstan, and 940 ppm for V and 130 ppm for Ni in the oils of Kazakhstan deposits. Classification of oils by the content of “biogenic” elements V, Ni, Fe and by physical and chemical properties revealed significant differences of hypergene-altered oils in the general cycle of genesis of naphthides. Deposits of secondarily-altered oils are found in a wide stratigraphic range in oil and gas basins of various geostructural types in traps of the combined morphology – lithologically and tectonically shielded. During the development of oil deposits that contain high concentrations of TE, it is necessary to take into account ecological aspects. The environmental aspect is due to the fact that many metals contained in oils – V, Ni, Cd, As, Hg, U, etc. belong to highly toxic compound chemicals.
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Hibbs, Barry J. "Remobilization of Toxic Trace Elements in a Southern California Watershed." In World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2001. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40569(2001)475.

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Hibbs, Barry. "Remobilization of Toxic Trace Elements in a Southern California Watershed." In Specialty Symposium on Integrated Surface and Ground Water Management at the World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2001. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40562(267)30.

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Stalder, Jean-Pierre, and Peter A. Huber. "Use of Chromium Containing Fuel Additive to Reduce High Temperature Corrosion of Hot Section Parts." In ASME Turbo Expo 2000: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2000-gt-0138.

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The use of “clean” fuel is a prerequisite at today’s elevated gas turbine firing temperature, modern engines are more sensitive to high temperature corrosion if there are impurities present in the fuel and/or in the combustion air. It is a common belief that distillate grade fuels are contaminant-free, which is often not true. Frequently operators burning distillates ignore the fuel quality as a possible source of difficulties. This matter being also of concern in plants mainly operated on natural gas and where distillate fuel oil is the back-up fuel. Distillates may contain water, dirt and often trace metals such as sodium, vanadium and lead which can cause severe damages to the gas turbines. Sodium being very often introduced through contamination with seawater during the fuel storage and delivery chain to the plant, and in combination, or with air borne salt ingested by the combustion air. Excursions of sodium in treated crude or heavy fuel oil can occur during unnoticed malfunctions of the fuel treatment plant, when changing the heavy fuel provenience without centrifuge adjustment, or by inadequate fuel handling. For burning heavy fuel, treatment with oil-soluble magnesium fuel additive is state of the art to inhibit hot corrosion caused by vanadium. Air borne salts, sodium, potassium and lead contaminated distillates, gaseous fuels, washed and unwashed crude and residual oil can not be handled by simple magnesium based additives. The addition of elements like silicon and/or chromium is highly effective in reducing turbine blade hot corrosion and hot section fouling. This paper describes field experience with the use of chromium containing fuel additive to reduce high temperature corrosion of hot section parts, as well as the interaction of oil-soluble chromium and magnesium-chromium additives on material behaviour of blades and vanes, and their economical and environmental aspects.
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Pribyl, Barbara, Satinder Purewal, and Harikrishnan Tulsidas. "Development of the Petroleum Resource Specifications and Guidelines PRSG – A Petroleum Classification System for the Energy Transition." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205847-ms.

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Abstract The Petroleum Working Group (PWG) of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) has developed the Petroleum Resource Specifications and Guidelines (PRSG) to facilitate the application of the United Nations Framework Classification for Resources (UNFC) for evaluating and classifying petroleum projects. The UNFC was developed by the Expert Group on Resource Management (EGRM) and covers all resource sectors such as minerals, petroleum, renewable energy, nuclear resources, injection projects, anthropogenic resources and groundwater. It has a unique three- dimensional structure to describe environmental, social and economic viability (E-axis), technical feasibility and maturity (F-axis) and degree of confidence in the resource estimates (G-axis). The UNFC is fully aligned to holistic and sustainable resource management called for by the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (2030 Agenda). UNFC can be used by governments for integrated energy planning, companies for developing business models and the investors in decision making. Internationally, all classification systems and their application continue to evolve to incorporate the latest technical understanding and usage and societal, government and regulatory expectations. The PRSG incorporates key elements from current global petroleum classification systems. Furthermore, it provides a forward-thinking approach to including aspects of integrity and ethics. It expands on the unique differentiator of the UNFC to integrate social and environmental issues in the project evaluation. Several case studies have been carried out (in China, Kuwait, Mexico, Russia, and Uganda) using UNFC. Specifically, PRSG assists in identifying critical social and environmental issues to support their resolution and development sustainably. These issues may be unique to the country, location and projects and mapped using a risk matrix. This may support the development of a road map to resolve potential impediments to project sanction. The release of the PRSG comes at a time of global economic volatility on a national and international level due to the ongoing impact and management of COVID-19, petroleum supply and demand uncertainty and competing national and international interests. Sustainable energy is not only required for industries but for all other social development. It is essential for private sector development, productive capacity building and expansion of trade. It has strong linkages to climate action, health, education, water, food security and woman empowerment. Moreover, enduring complex system considerations in balancing the energy trilemma of reliable supply, affordability, equity, and social and environmental responsibility remain. These overarching conditions make it even more essential to ensure projects are evaluated in a competent, ethical and transparent manner. While considering all the risks, it is also critical to reinforce the positive contribution a natural resource utilization project provides to society. Such an inquiry can focus on how the project contributes to the quality of life, environment, and the economy – the people, planet, and prosperity triad. Such an approach allows consistent, robust and sustainable investment decision making and energy policy development.
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Figmig, Róbert, Adriana Eštoková, and Michaela Smoláková. "Sustainable Concretes – Through Reducing the Water Absorptivity to Improved Durability." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.018.

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Water absorptivity (WA) is one of the crucial parameters affecting the penetration of aggressive ions when concrete material is exposed to an aggressive environment and is closely linked with a depth of penetration of water under pressure into the concrete. Concrete used for prefabricated elements and structures as cesspits, manholes, pipe lines or parts of the wastewater treatment plants, has to meet a requirement for maximum water absorptivity of 6.0 wt. % in accordance with national and international standards. The article deals with a study of concretes’ water absorptivity of the pre-cast products for environmental purpose, where the exposure class XA (chemical attack) is required. The research is focused on reducing WA by using various modification of standard mix design (Portland cement, water, fine and coarse aggregate, plasticizer), e.g. by using different cement types, cementous supplementary additives, admixtures, finest aggregate particles or by reducing water/binder ratio. The concretes of various mix design modifications were compared with a reference concrete in relation to the standard. The economical and environmental aspects were also taken into consideration.
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Reed, G. P., D. R. Dugwell, and R. Kandiyoti. "Modelling Trace Element Emissions in Co-Gasification of Sewage Sludge With Coal." In ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30672.

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Gasification has attracted considerable interest from water utilities as a sewage sludge disposal option, with the advantages of waste volume reduction, pathogen destruction and energy recovery. Co-gasification with coal in a larger plant (>10 MWt) employing a gas turbine for energy recovery may reduce the risk and cost of this option. However, controlling the release of trace elements such as Pb and Zn in the gas produced may be necessary to avoid corrosion, and to meet environmental requirements. A thermodynamic equilibrium model has been used to make predictions of the speciation of trace elements in the fuel gas from co-gasification of sewage sludge with coal. Experimental data from a pilot scale 2 MWt sewage sludge/coal co-gasification plant with a hot gas filter was used to test the validity of these predictions. No significant amount of Be, Co, Cu, V and Zn was predicted to be in the form of gaseous phase species, and this was confirmed by the experimental data. On the other hand, Hg and Se were predicted to be only present in gas phase species, and this was also confirmed experimentally. The elements As, B, Cd, Pb, Sb and Sn were all predicted to form a larger amount of gaseous species than was observed in the experimental measurements. Refinement of the predictions for As and B by inclusion of specific minor/trace element interactions with Ni and Ca respectively gave a better agreement with the experimental data. Whilst the experimentally-observed lowering of Pb emissions by reduction of the gas cleaning temperature from 580 °C to 450 °C was qualitatively predicted, the concentration of Pb in the fine dust removed by the hot gas filter indicates condensation at higher temperatures than predicted. The absence of thermodynamic data for the more complex minerals and adsorbed species that may be formed is thought to account for some of these differences.
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Alihosseini, Maryam, and Paul Uwe Thamsen. "Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Sediment Transport in Sewers." In ASME 2018 5th Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2018-83274.

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Sewer sediment deposition represents a crucial aspect of the maintenance of wastewater systems and has negative effects on the system itself as well as the environment. Therefore, it is important to design combined sewers, as sewage collection systems with high deposition risk, with adequate self-cleansing velocity to avoid the deposition. Despite the large number of investigations, the lack of knowledge about the particle behaviour in sewers remains a major problem in the field of sewer management. In the present work, the transport of sediments in partially filled channels is investigated experimentally and the results are compared to 3D-simulations performed with a coupled Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model and Discrete Element Method (DEM). This research aims to investigate the self-cleansing design concept for uniform non-cohesive sediments based on moving of existing sediments on the sewer bed. The CFD part of the simulation is carried out in the commercial CFD software ANSYS Fluent, which is two-way coupled to the commercial DEM software EDEM through its User Defined Function. EDEM enhances the particle handling capability by resolving particle contacts, modelling bonded particles and non-spherical particles. The multiphase model Volume of Fluid (VOF) is used to capture the water and air interaction and the Discrete Phase Model (DPM) is applied to track the injected EDEM-particles. This paper also examines the applicability and limitations of this coupling method in simulation of sewer systems.
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González Madariaga, Francisco Javier, Luis A. Rosa Sierra, and Jaime F. Gómez Gómez. "Ecodesign assessment information an important tool for the design of new elements for building construction." In Systems & Design: Beyond Processes and Thinking. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ifdp.2016.3368.

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This paper reports some aspects about a new wallboard panel for building construction, a few facts from the materials research involved in the wallboard production and the design process carried on are reported too. The research done on the new panel eventually became in a whole new building construction system but more specific technical information about the system and the panel´s technical profile can be found in other publications, here has been privileged the discussion about the environmental impact produced by the new system´s in a whole. The flat panel is produced mainly with a nucleus of gypsum and water plaster, during its process that mixture has been enriched with agave dry fibers and polystyrene expanded plastic particles those materials cooperate to produce a light and resistant flat building construction product, both materials, dry fibers and plastic are materials recovered from the urban waste flow, this is a environmental benefit by itself. Wallboards samples were produced according several formulas and under different conditions, after they all were tested in labs. The project named “Design a building construction system based on an innovative flat panel produced with gypsum plaster, expanded plastic particles and agave dry fibers as reinforcement” is a six stages research project: a) Background, b) Preliminary lab works, c) Experimental stage 1, d). Experimental stage 2, e) Design and product development, and, f). Eco design assessment. Today all of project stages show a great advance, and the research team works on a detailed design for a new building construction system. As can be noticed in the project’s framework, one of the main objectives for the system is to reach a less ecological impact than other similar products. In order to verify that those goals have been reached, an Ecodesign assessment was carried on by the research team. In this paper the assessment procedure and some data output are brought to discussion.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/IFDP.2016.3368
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Kim, Bumjick, and Reginald E. Mitchell. "Development of a System for the Study of Solid Fuel Conversion Under Supercritical Water Conditions." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-89752.

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Due to its low cost and abundance, a large amount of coal and biomass is still being used to generate electricity throughout the world. Given that these solid fuels are here to stay for the foreseeable future, the problem of their environmental impact in terms of their emission of CO2 and harmful gas streams will remain unless solutions to it can be found. Supercritical water (SCW) is an attractive medium for power generation because of its special characteristics. Organic compounds extracted from coal and biomass hydrolyze, and they are completely miscible in SCW. In contrast, sulfur, chlorine and many trace elements in coal are oxidized and form insoluble salts in SCW, which precipitate and can be removed. The coal/biomass-to-electricity scheme takes advantage of these characteristics of SCW in using it as a reaction medium. A description of the experimental facility to conduct experiments for pulverized coal and biomass conversion under SCW conditions (P>218 atm and T>647 K) is provided. The facility includes high-pressure water pumps, pulse-dampening accumulators, a water preheater, an oxygen booster, a SCW gasification reactor, and a reaction quenching cooler. This work presents the entire coal/biomass conversion system, built and assembled, which permits the acquisition of data needed to determine the rate coefficients for reactions that are suitable for SCW conditions. The focus of the facility is a flow reactor that can be pressurized up to 340 atm at temperatures up to 750 K. The continuous flow reactor is 15 meters long, sufficient for residence times as long as 15 minutes when the total mass flow rate (slurry plus SCW flow rates) is 20 grams/min. The residence time in the reactor is varied by controlling the solids content of the slurry and the flow rate of the water supplied. The feed water is pressurized and preheated to the test conditions before the solids slurry and any oxygen are admitted. Oxygen is added so that the heat release from partial oxidation of the solids can supply energy for autothermal gasification. The facility developed is in operation to collect data sets for the characterization of conversion mechanism.
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Reports on the topic "Environmental aspects of Trace elements in water"

1

Apps, John A., and Richard T. Wilkin. Thermodynamic Properties of Aqueous Carbonate Species and Solid Carbonate Phases of Selected Trace Elements pertinent to Drinking Water Standards of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1333576.

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