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Relevant bibliographies by topics / ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE PATHWAY

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Academic literature on the topic 'ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE PATHWAY'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE PATHWAY"

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López-Gálvez, Wagoner, Quirós-Alcalá, Horne, Furlong, Avila, and Beamer. "Systematic Literature Review of the Take-Home Route of Pesticide Exposure via Biomonitoring and Environmental Monitoring." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 12 (June 19, 2019): 2177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122177.

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Background: Exposure to pesticides via take-home can be an important pathway for farmworkers' families. Objective: The aim of this review was to summarize and analyze the literature published during the last decade of exposure to pesticides via take-home pathway in farmworkers' families. Methods: We conducted a systematic review to identify peer-reviewed articles of interest; only articles related to take-home pathway that included some sort of pesticide monitoring were considered for inclusion. Systematic reviews, literature reviews, and meta-analyses were excluded, resulting in a total of 39 articles elected for analysis. The articles were summarized based on the location of the study, population (sample size), pesticide analyzed, and type of sample. Results: The majority of the reviewed studies were conducted in the U.S., but there seems to be an increase in literature on pesticide take-home pathway in developing countries. Most of the articles provided evidence that farmworkers’ families are exposed to pesticides at higher levels than non-farmworkers’ families. The levels may depend on several factors such as seasonality, parental occupation, cohabitation with a farmworker, behavior at work/home, age, and gender. Community-based interventions disrupting the take-home pathway seem to be effective at reducing pesticide exposure. Discussion/Conclusion: The take-home pathway is an important contributor to overall residential exposures, but other pathways such as pesticide drift, indoor-residential applications, and dietary intake need to be considered. A more comprehensive exposure assessment approach is necessary to better understand exposures to pesticides.

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Wright, Jackie, Bob Symons, Jonathon Angell, Kirstin E. Ross, and Stewart Walker. "Current practices underestimate environmental exposures to methamphetamine: inhalation exposures are important." Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology 31, no. 1 (September 1, 2020): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41370-020-00260-x.

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AbstractCurrent practice for determining the exposure to methamphetamine in contaminated homes relies on the analysis of surface wipe sample to address direct contact exposures. The movement of methamphetamine into the air phase, and the potential for inhalation exposures to occur within residential homes contaminated from former clandestine manufacture or smoking of methamphetamine has been generally poorly characterised and understood. All available risk-based guidelines for determining safe levels of methamphetamine in residential properties do not include any consideration of the inhalation pathway as an exposure route. This study showed that methamphetamine can readily move from contaminated materials in a home into the air phase. This movement of methamphetamine into the air phase provides both an exposure pathway and a mechanism for the transfer of methamphetamine throughout a property. The inhalation exposure pathway has the potential to result in significant intake of methamphetamine, adding to dermal absorption and ingestion exposure routes. Guidelines that are established for the assessment of methamphetamine contaminated properties that ignore inhalation exposures can significantly underestimate exposure and result in guidelines that are not adequately protective of health. This study also demonstrates that sampling methamphetamine in air can be undertaken using commercially available sorption tubes and analytical methods.

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Hattemer-Frey, Holly A., and Curtis C. Travis. "Benzo-a-Pyrene: Environmental Partitioning and Human Exposure." Toxicology and Industrial Health 7, no. 3 (May 1991): 141–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074823379100700303.

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A multimedia transport model was used to evaluate the environ mental partitioning of benzo-a-pyrene ( BaP) . Measured and pre dicted environmental concentrations were used to estimate the accumulation of BaP in the food chain and the subsequent ex tent of human exposure from inhalation and ingestion. Results show that BaP partitions mainly into soil ( 82%) and sediment ( 17%) and that the food chain is the dominant pathway of hu man exposure, accounting for about 97% of the total daily in take of BaP. Inhalation and consumption of contaminated water are only minor pathways of human exposure. The long-term av erage daily intake of BaP by the general population of the U. S. is estimated to be 2.2 micrograms (μ g) per day. Cigarette smok ing and indoor activities do not substantially increase human ex posure to BaP relative to exposures to background levels of BaP present in the environment. Since the increased lifetime risk as sociated with human exposure to background levels of BaP is 3.5 x 10-4, we conclude that ingestion of food items contami nated with BaP may pose a serious health threat to the U. S. population.

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Tan, Yu-Mei, Jeremy A. Leonard, Stephen Edwards, Justin Teeguarden, and Peter Egeghy. "Refining the aggregate exposure pathway." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 20, no. 3 (2018): 428–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8em00018b.

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Ho, John W., and Alex W. Ho. "Environmental lead exposure induces changes in the heme biosynthetic pathway." Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality 12, no. 3 (1997): 245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2256(1997)12:3<245::aid-tox7>3.0.co;2-8.

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Stewart, Alex G., and Ewan Wilkinson. "Population Health Screening after Environmental Pollution." Geosciences 10, no. 12 (November 24, 2020): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10120477.

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Following environmental pollution exposure, calls to screen the population for disease or disease markers are often made. Population screening is a cross-sectional review of a population to find latent cases or biomarkers of disease that indicate the possibility of disease development; it differs from environmental screening or an epidemiological survey. Recognized standard approaches have been developed over 60 years to ensure quality and effectiveness in complex programs. We surveyed the literature for papers on health screening following environmental exposures and checked them for reference to accepted criteria such as those of Wilson and Jungner. We applied these criteria to three situations covering source/hazard (arsenic contaminated land), pathway/exposure (radiation release), and receptor/disease (lead poisoning). We identified 36 relevant papers. Although across the papers the whole range of criteria were addressed, no paper or program utilized recognized criteria. Issues and gaps identified included limited strategic approaches, lack of treatment, environmental prevention being seen as the screening outcome instead of treatment of identified individuals, and programs which did not fit the World Health Organization screening description. Robust discussion in the literature is needed to consider the organization and role of health screening following environmental exposures.

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Haq, Arinil, Umar Fahmi Achmadi, and Anwar Mallongi. "Environmental Health Risk Assessment Due to Exposure to Mercury in Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining Area of Lebak District." Global Journal of Health Science 10, no. 3 (February 12, 2018): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v10n3p125.

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In Indonesia it is estimated that there are around 250,000 artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) and generally use mercury for amalgamation process and then release it to the environment during gold refining process. This study aims to analyze mercury levels in the environment around ASGM in Lebaksitu Sub-District, Lebak District, Banten Province and identify hazardous exposure that may occur. The study design used was descriptive observational with Environmental Health Risk Assessment (EHRA) method. Environmental data taken include water and food samples. Social-demographic and dietary interviews were conducted. The study population was 72 residents of Lebaksitu Sub-District obtained through sample size formula and selected by simple random sampling. The study was conducted from April to May 2017. Exposure assessment is an important part of risk assessment. Exposure is a process that causes contact with environmental hazards such as risk agents, as a bridge connecting 'hazards' to 'risks'. Exposure analysis needs to consider all routes (inhalation, ingestion, absorption) and media (air, water, soil, food, drinking water) so that the total intake can be calculated. Exposure route analysis usually generate a critical pathway, the dominant exposure path. This pathway concerns which environmental media is the vehicle of risk agent and how it enters the body. Once a critical pathway is found, other possibility pathways contribution may be small and can be ignored. Mercury is a toxic pollutant that bioaccumulated and biomagnetic continuously through the food chain. The levels of mercury at the research sites on rice, fish, and vegetables have average of 0.027 mg/kg; 0.283 mg/kg; and 0.410 mg/kg. The calculation of risk assessment obtained value of risk quotient (RQ) of 3.79 (RQ>1). The results of this calculation of risk assessment showed that mercury content in samples of rice, fish, and vegetables originating from Lebaksitu Sub-District potentially cause a health risk for the community surrounding the gold mining area who consume it.

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Giovanoulis, Georgios, Thuy Bui, Fuchao Xu, Eleni Papadopoulou, Juan A. Padilla-Sanchez, Adrian Covaci, Line S. Haug, et al. "Multi-pathway human exposure assessment of phthalate esters and DINCH." Environment International 112 (March 2018): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2017.12.016.

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Zhang, Lianying, Xiaoyu Duan, Weijie Sun, and Hongwen Sun. "Perfluorooctane sulfonate acute exposure stimulates insulin secretion via GPR40 pathway." Science of The Total Environment 726 (July 2020): 138498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138498.

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Succop, P., R. Bornschein, K. Brown, and C. Y. Tseng. "An empirical comparison of lead exposure pathway models." Environmental Health Perspectives 106, suppl 6 (December 1998): 1577–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.98106s61577.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE PATHWAY"

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Sandalls, John. "The sources and fate of radionuclides emitted to the atmosphere." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367389.

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Barnhisel, Taylor. "Carbaryl Exposure to Danio rerio Leads to Activation of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Pathway." Wittenberg University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wuhonors1617979942441695.

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SILVA, RITA de C. A. da. "Estudo da espécie garça-branca-grande Ardea alba (Linnaeus, 1758), para uso como bioindicadora da contaminação ambiental, na região metropolitana de São Paulo." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2013. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10548.

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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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Willett, Evan James. "PREFERENTIAL PATHWAYS FOR VAPOR INTRUSION: SITE SCREENING AND FIELD SAMPLING OF SEWERS TO ASSESS INHALATION EXPOSURE RISKS." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ce_etds/64.

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Hazardous waste sites and aging wastewater infrastructure are common in the United States. There are hundreds of thousands of contaminated sites and more than a million miles of sewer pipes. Populations living close to hazardous waste sites often suffer from increased risk of adverse health effects due to exposure to contaminated environmental media. Vapor intrusion is one process by which nearby populations can be exposed to volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Aging wastewater infrastructure is important for vapor intrusion site assessments because sewer pipes can serve as preferential vapor transport pathways. Near contaminated sites, pipe deterioration allows migration of contaminants into sewers and potential accumulation of chemical vapors in sewer gas and nearby buildings. The objectives of this study are to develop a screening-level method to identify contaminated sites where additional evaluation of vapor intrusion is necessary, and then conduct field sampling at these sites to investigate sewers as potential vapor intrusion pathways. Sampling was conducted at four study sites, which consist of former and current dry cleaning facilities located in Lexington, Kentucky. The results of this study demonstrate that preferential vapor intrusion pathways such as sewers can facilitate the spread of vapor intrusion exposure risks beyond source areas of contamination.

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Coelho, Sónia Dias. "Human exposure pathways to environmental contaminants." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/17787.

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Doutoramento em Biologia
Os humanos estão permanentemente expostos a vários contaminantes ambientais que têm sido produzidos pela indústria química ao longo das últimas décadas. Para além do contacto direto com produtos onde estes contaminantes são aplicados, a exposição ocorre principalmente porque estes químicos se libertam destes materiais e acumulam-se no ambiente, tornando-se desta forma disponíveis para serem consumidos involuntariamente pelos humanos. Durante muito tempo a alimentação foi considerada como a principal via da exposição dos humanos a diversas classes de contaminantes, incluindo os poluentes orgânicos persistentes (POPs) e metais tóxicos. No entanto, a exposição através do pó em ambientes interiores surgiu como uma importante via de exposição, principalmente porque estes contaminantes se acumulam no pó e devido ao facto das pessoas passarem grande parte do seu tempo em ambientes interiores. Na presente tese, foi estudada a presença de várias classes de contaminantes ambientais em amostras de duplicados de dieta e amostras de pó doméstico, de forma a caracterizar a exposição dos humanos através da ingestão de alimentos e pó doméstico em Portugal, e a avaliar os riscos associados a esta exposição. Os contaminantes estudados incluem: retardantes de chama bromados (BFRs); retardantes de chama fosforados (PFRs); bifenilos policlorados (PCBs); pesticidas organoclorados (OCs); e os metais tóxicos chumbo (Pb) e cádmio (Cd). Os níveis de BFRs, PCBs, OCs, Pb e Cd foram determinados em amostras de duplicados de dieta fornecidas por voluntários da comunidade académica da Universidade de Aveiro. No que diz respeito aos compostos orgânicos, as concentrações obtidas foram baixas. Os BFRs foram detetados em poucas amostras de dieta, sendo que o mais detetado foi o congénere BDE 209 (67%), enquanto os BFRs emergentes – 1,2-bis (2,4,6-tribromofenoxi) etano (BTBPE), decabromodifenill etano (DBDPE) – não foram detetados. Os PCBs e os OCs apresentaram as concentrações mais elevadas e foram detetados na maioria das amostras de duplicados de dieta analisadas, sendo que os diclorodifeniltricloroetanos (DDTs) e os hexaclorociclohexanos (HCHs) foram detetados em 100% das amostras. Os valores estimados das ingestões diárias foram baixos e abaixo dos valores de referência estabelecidos para a avaliação de risco em humanos. O Pb foi detetado em todas as amostras de duplicado de dieta e o seu consumo através da ingestão de alimentos foi associado a efeitos adversos para a saúde. Para 33% dos participantes a ingestão diária estimada (EDI) foi superior à dose de referência (bench mark dose level – BMDL) associada à doença renal crónica, e para um dos participantes a EDI foi 50% mais elevado do que a BMDL associada à pressão arterial sistólica elevada. A abordagem da margem de exposição (MOE - margin of exposure) foi aplicada e indicou que em pelo menos 3,3 e 26,7% dos participantes poderão surgir efeitos cardiovasculares e nefrotóxicos, respetivamente. As concentrações de Cd foram avaliadas em amostras de duplicados de dieta fornecidas por mulheres a trabalhar ou a estudar na Universidade de Aveiro. Este metal foi também detetado em todas as amostras analisadas e 35% das participantes apresentaram ingestões semanais estimadas (EWIs) mais elevadas do que a dose semanal tolerável estabelecida, sugerindo riscos de saúde elevados. No geral, os resultados obtidos através das análises feitas em amostra de duplicados de dieta demonstraram que a ingestão de alimentos é uma importante via de exposição aos contaminantes ambientais estudados. Os níveis de PFRs, BFRs and PCBs foram monitorizados em amostras de pó doméstico de casas de Aveiro e Coimbra. Estes compostos e os seus respetivos congéneres/isómeros foram detetados num grande número de amostras, sendo que os PFRs apresentaram as concentrações mais elevadas, seguidos dos BFRs e PCBs. Apesar das frequências de deteção elevadas, os EDIs foram inferiores às doses de referência (RfDs) estabelecidas. Os BFRs, PCBs, OCs foram também analisados em amostras de pó doméstico da Covilhã. Neste estudo, as amostras de pó foram recolhidas em casas de voluntários com asma e em casa de participantes sem asma. Os congéneres/isómeros dos contaminantes avaliados foram detetados na maioria das amostras, e o grupo de BFRs apresentou as concentrações mais altas, seguido de PCBs e DDTs. No entanto, para todos os contaminantes, as ingestões diárias foram inferiores às RfDs. Estes resultados confirmam que os PFRs, BFRs, PCBs e OCs estão omnipresentes nas casas Portuguesas, no entanto, o consumo diário dos contaminantes orgânicos através da ingestão de pó doméstico é baixo. Os resultados obtidos no âmbito desta tese permitiram descrever, pela primeira vez em Portugal, os níveis dos contaminantes selecionados em amostras de duplicados de dieta e pó doméstico. Estes resultados revelaram que o risco associado à ingestão de contaminantes orgânicos através da alimentação e do pó doméstico foram baixos, ao contrário do elevado risco associado à ingestão de Pb e Cd presentes nos alimentos.
Humans are permanently exposed to environmental contaminants which have been produced for decades and with numerous applications. Besides the direct contact with the consumer products in which these contaminants are applied, the exposure occurs mainly because these chemicals are released from those materials and accumulate in the environment being available for involuntary consumption. For a long time, diet has been considered the major human exposure route for several contaminants, including persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and toxic metals. However, the indoor exposure through dust emerged as important exposure route, mainly motivated by the fact that these contaminants accumulate in dust and because people in modern society spend much of their time indoors. In this thesis, several classes of environmental contaminants were analysed in duplicate diet samples and house dust in order to characterize the human exposure through the ingestion of food and the ingestion of house dust in Portugal and to access the associated risks. The contaminants studied include: brominated flame retardants (BFRs), phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCs), and also the toxic metals lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd). The levels of BFRs, PCBs, OCs, Pb and Cd were assessed in duplicate diet samples obtained from volunteers from the University of Aveiro community. Regarding the organic compounds the obtained levels were low. BFRs were detected in few duplicate diet samples, with the congener BDE 209 exhibiting the higher detection frequency (67%) while the emerging BFRs – 1,2-bis (2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) – were not detected. PCBs and OCs exhibited higher levels and were detected in most analysed duplicate diet samples, with dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) being detected in 100% of the samples. The daily dietary intakes were estimated, being low and under the established guidance values for human risk assessment. Pb was detected in all duplicate diet samples and its dietary ingestion was associated with adverse health effects. For 33% of the participants, the estimated daily intakes (EDIs) were higher than the dietary intakes related to the bench mark dose level (BMDL) derived from chronic kidney disease, and for one participant the EDI was 50% higher than the BMDL derived from elevated systolic blood pressure. The margin of exposure approach (MOE) was applied and indicated that cardiovascular and nephrotoxic effects might likely occur in at least 3.3 and 26.7% of the participants, respectively. The concentrations of Cd were assessed in duplicate diet samples provided by women working or studying in University of Aveiro. This metal was also detected in all analysed samples and 35% of the participants exhibited estimated weekly intakes (EWIs) higher than the established tolerable weekly intake (TWI), suggesting increased health risks. Overall the results from the duplicate diet study demonstrate that the ingestion of food is an important pathway of exposure to these environmental contaminants. PFRs, BFRs and PCBs were monitored in house dust samples from two cities in central Portugal (Aveiro and Coimbra). These compounds and respective congeners/isomers were detected in a large number of samples, with PFRs exhibiting the highest concentrations followed by BFRs and PCBs. Despite their high detection frequencies, the EDIs were much lower than the established reference doses (RfDs). BFRs, PCBs and OCs were also analysed in house dust samples from Covilhã, Portugal. In this study, dust samples were collected from the houses of asthmatics and non-asthmatics participants. The contaminants congeners/isomers were detected in the majority of the dust samples, and the group of BFRs exhibited the higher concentrations, followed by PCBs and DDTs, however, the daily intakes were lower than the RfDs for all contaminants. These results confirm that PFRs, BFRs, PCBs and OCs are ubiquitously present in Portuguese households, however the daily intakes of these organic contaminants through house dust ingestion is low. The results obtained under the framework of this thesis allowed describing for the first time in Portugal the levels of the selected contaminants in duplicate diet samples and in house dust samples. The results disclosed that the risk associated with the ingestion of the organic contaminants through diet and house dust was low, which contrasts with the risk associated with the ingestion of Pb and Cd through diet.

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Baird, Wendy Olive Caroline. "Environmental fluoride exposure in humans : effects of environmental factors, nutrition and exposure pathways in regions with different sources." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286482.

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Nagaraja, Jyothi. "PATHWAYS OF CHILHOOD LEAD EXPOSURE IN THECITY OF MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1376931429.

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Fulk, Florence A. "Modeling Children's Exposure to Manganese in Ambient Air: A Case Study in Marietta, Ohio." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1407404347.

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Tanner, Lisa. "Effects of early acoustic stimulation of prepulse inhibition in mice [electronic resource] / by Lisa Tanner." University of South Florida, 2003. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000070.

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Professional research project (Au.D.)--University of South Florida, 2003.
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ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of an atypical pattern of early acoustic stimulation on auditory development. Previous human research suggests that the acoustic environment of pre-term human infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) negatively affects some aspects of auditory development. Animal research suggests that premature auditory stimulation interrupts auditory development. Because mice are born before their auditory systems are developed, they make an excellent model for research on fetal and postnatal plasticity of the auditory system. The premature auditory state of newborn mice is similar to that of the NICU pre-term infant, albeit, natural for mice C57 mouse pups were exposed to an augmented acoustic environment (AAE) of a nightly 12-hour regiment of 70 dB SPL noise burst, beginning before age 12 days (onset of hearing) and lasting for one month.
ABSTRACT: The prepulse inhibition (PPI) of mice exposed to the AAE was compared to that of non-exposed mice to observe short-term and long-term effects. Results showed that the prepulse inhibition of the AAE exposed mice did not differ significantly from that of the non-exposed mice. However, it is possible that the measurement used, PPI, may not have been appropriate or that the AAE may not have been an appropriate simulation of the NICU environment.
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Darney, Keyvin. "Towards next generation risk assessment of chemicals : bayesian meta-analysis of human variability in metabolism and transporters and application for the derivation of pathway-related uncertainty factors Aggregate exposure of the adult French population to pyrethroids, in Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 351, July 2018 Inter-ethnic differences in CYP3A4 metabolism: A Bayesian meta-analysis for the refinement of uncertainty factors in chemical risk assessment, in Computational Toxicology 12, November 2019 Bayesian meta-analysis of inter-phenotypic differences in human serum paraoxonase-1 activity for chemical risk assessment, in Environment International 138, May 2020 Human variability in influx and efflux transporters in relation to uncertainty factors for chemical risk assessment, in Food and Chemical Toxicology 140, June 2020." Thesis, Brest, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BRES0013.

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Dans le monde moderne, les humains sont exposés à une vaste gamme de produits chimiques tout au long de leur vie. L'évaluation des risques des substances chimiques pour l'homme revêt une importance capitale pour la santé publique et permet de calculer des niveaux sûrs d'exposition aiguë et chronique pour des sous-groupes de la population humaine, notamment les nouveau-nés, les enfants, les personnes âgées et les populations d’origine géographique et de polymorphismes génétiques différents. L'application des données cinétiques liées aux voies métaboliques pour tenir compte de la variabilité humaine dans la quantification du danger a le potentiel de réduire l'incertitude et de mieux caractériser la variabilité par rapport à l'utilisation traditionnelle des facteurs d'incertitude par défaut. Cette thèse vise à : 1) Quantifier la variabilité humaine au moyen d'une méta-analyse Bayésienne pour plusieurs voies métaboliques de phase I, phase II et transporteurs en utilisant des marqueurs pharmacocinétiques d'exposition aiguë et chronique ou des données d'activité enzymatique pour les substrats spécifiques disponible. 2) Estimer les distributions de variabilité liées aux voies métaboliques et les facteurs d’incertitudes liés à ces voies pour leur intégration future dans les modèles physiologiques basés sur la cinétique pour l'évaluation des risques des produits chimiques pour l'Homme
In the modern world, humans are exposed to a wide range of chemicals throughout their life. Human risk assessment of chemicals is of considerable public health importance and provides means to derive safe levels of acute and chronic exposure for subgroups of the human population including neonates, children, elderly and populations of different geographical ancestry and genetic polymorphisms. The application of pathway-related kinetic data to address human variability in the quantification of hazard has potential to reduce uncertainty and better characterize variability compared with the use of traditional default uncertainty factors. This thesis aims to 1) quantify human variability by means of Bayesian meta-analysis for a range of phase I, phase II metabolic pathways and transporters using pharmacokinetic markers of acute and chronic exposure or enzyme activity data from available probe substrate, 2) derive pathway-related variability distributions and pathway-related uncertainty factors for their future integration in physiologically based kinetic models for human risk assessment of chemicals

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Books on the topic "ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE PATHWAY"

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Jensen, Per Hedemann. Atmospheric dispersion and environmental consequences: Exposure from radioactive plume pathways. Roskilde: Risø National Laboratory, 1992.

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Meeker, John D. Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662677.003.0008.

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This chapter covers occupational and environmental hygiene principles and their application. This information is vital to understanding and preventing hazardous exposures and associated adverse health effects, among workers and the general population. The chapter addresses anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control of hazards, including toxic materials, noise, ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, air pollution, water contamination, and related topics. Illustrative examples of these topics are described, such as common industrial processes that may result in exposure to hazardous agents, important exposure pathways, strategies to characterize exposure, the hierarchy of exposure control strategies, and known sources of environmental contaminants of concern. The chapter also includes lists of resources that provide additional information on relevant topics of interest.

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1962-, Harrad Stuart, ed. Persistent organic pollutants: Environmental behaviour and pathways of human exposure. Boston, Mass: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001.

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Persistent Organic Pollutants: Environmental Behaviour and Pathways of Human Exposure. Springer, 2011.

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Weil, Andrew. Integrative Environmental Medicine. Edited by Aly Cohen and Frederick S. vom Saal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190490911.001.0001.

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Integrative Environmental Medicine looks at the history and changing landscape of environmental issues in the United States, including water supply, air quality, extensive plastic pollution, harmful chemicals in cleaning and personal care products, radiofrequency radiation, food additives, pesticides, and medications. The unique properties of compounds such as endocrine-disrupting chemicals are explored along with their ability to disturb the body’s normal signaling pathways, genetic profile, and gut microbiome. Resulting molecular derangements promote thyroid and other autoimmune diseases, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and influence developmental problems in children. Analysis of current research identifies ways to reduce exposures and health risks, improve regulations and appropriate testing for chemicals, remediate environmental pollution, and design healthier products for the future. Best practices are considered for clinicians to ascertain exposure history, test for toxins, and teach patients how to avoid harmful exposures. Patients will be prepared and empowered with information about healthier food choices and cooking practices, appropriate supplement use, water filtration, cleaning and personal care product selection, improved sleep, stress reduction, sauna, fasting, chelation, safe cell phone use, and other means of reducing harmful environmental exposures. Solutions at every level require interdisciplinary collaboration to advance assessment, design, stewardship, and regulation of chemicals to promote environmental and human health.

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Lewis, Myles, and Tim Vyse. Genetics of connective tissue diseases. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0042.

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The advent of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) has been an exciting breakthrough in our understanding of the genetic aetiology of autoimmune diseases. Substantial overlap has been found in susceptibility genes across multiple diseases, from connective tissue diseases and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to inflammatory bowel disease, coeliac disease, and psoriasis. Major technological advances now permit genotyping of millions of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Group analysis of SNPs by haplotypes, aided by completion of the Hapmap project, has improved our ability to pinpoint causal genetic variants. International collaboration to pool large-scale cohorts of patients has enabled GWAS in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis and Behçet's disease, with studies in progress for ANCA-associated vasculitis. These 'hypothesis-free' studies have revealed many novel disease-associated genes. In both SLE and systemic sclerosis, identified genes map to known pathways including antigen presentation (MHC, TNFSF4), autoreactivity of B and T lymphocytes (BLK, BANK1), type I interferon production (STAT4, IRF5) and the NFκ‎B pathway (TNIP1). In SLE alone, additional genes appear to be involved in dysregulated apoptotic cell clearance (ITGAM, TREX1, C1q, C4) and recognition of immune complexes (FCGR2A, FCGR3B). Future developments include whole-genome sequencing to identify rare variants, and efforts to understand functional consequences of susceptibility genes. Putative environmental triggers for connective tissue diseases include infectious agents, especially Epstein-Barr virus; cigarette smoking; occupational exposure to toxins including silica; and low vitamin D, due to its immunomodulatory effects. Despite numerous studies looking at toxin exposure and connective tissue diseases, conclusive evidence is lacking, due to either rarity of exposure or rarity of disease.

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Cohen, Aly. Proactive Approaches to Reduce Environmental Exposures. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190490911.003.0014.

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This chapter gives healthcare providers recommendations and tools to help patients mitigate exposure to harmful environmental chemicals, radiation, and other stressors; limiting contact and maximizing innate biological detoxification pathways through the safe use of exercise, diet, and appropriate supplements. Of particular concern are the vulnerable periods of biological development, when harmful chemicals can have the most deleterious effects. Therefore, particular attention is paid to the care of young children and pregnant women. Whether chemical exposure comes from food additives and food packaging, water, personal care and cleaning products, air contamination, or radiation, this chapter gives clear, practical, and safe recommendations for chemical reduction and embraces the precautionary principle when there is evidence of harm, but proof of causality, a very high standard, has not been established. The current approach of only regulating products after there is certainty of human harm has failed to protect the public health.

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Laumbach, Robert, and Michael Gochfeld. Toxicology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662677.003.0007.

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This chapter describes the basic principles of toxicology and their application to occupational and environmental health. Topics covered include pathways that toxic substances may take from sources in the environment to molecular targets in the cells of the body where toxic effects occur. These pathways include routes of exposure, absorption into the body, distribution to organs and tissues, metabolism, storage, and excretion. The various types of toxicological endpoints are discussed, along with the concepts of dose-response relationships, threshold doses, and the basis of interindividual differences and interspecies differences in response to exposure to toxic substances. The diversity of cellular and molecular mechanisms of toxicity, including enzyme induction and inhibition, oxidative stress, mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, and teratogenesis, are discussed and the chapter concludes with examples of practical applications in clinical evaluation and in toxicity testing.

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United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Pesticide Programs, ed. ANALYSIS OF PATHWAYS OF RESIDENTIAL LEAD EXPOSURE IN CHILDREN... U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... DECEMBER 2000. [S.l: s.n., 2001.

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Lippmann, Morton, and Richard B. Schlesinger. Effects of Contaminants on Human Health. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190688622.003.0006.

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This chapter describes the methodology used for evaluating potential human health effects resulting from exposure to environmental chemicals. It discusses the concept of the dose-response relationship, and reviews the processes by which chemicals may be delivered to and absorbed by the body. Concepts of the metabolic transformation of absorbed chemical are provided, as are the potential for storage and excretion. It explores the biological mechanisms and pathways underlying specific responses to chemical contaminants, which range from disruption of physiology to alteration of biochemical pathways and hereditary material. A discussion of responses due to exposure to mixtures of chemicals is provided.

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Book chapters on the topic "ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE PATHWAY"

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Kumari, Minashree, and S. K. Gupta. "Multi-pathway Risk Assessment of Trihalomethanes Exposure in Drinking Water Supplies." In Trends in Asian Water Environmental Science and Technology, 223–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39259-2_19.

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Clark, Kathryn, Ian T. Cousins, and Donald Mackay. "Assessment of Critical Exposure Pathways." In The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, 227–62. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b11468.

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Rogers, John M. "Adverse Outcome Pathways for Developmental Toxicity." In Health Impacts of Developmental Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, 441–62. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0520-1_17.

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Hoffman, F. Owen, Robert H. Gardner, and Steven M. Bartell. "The Significance of Environmental Exposure Pathways for Technetium." In Technetium in the Environment, 359–76. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4189-2_31.

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Boussouira, Boudiaf, and Dang Man Pham. "Squalene and Skin Barrier Function: From Molecular Target to Biomarker of Environmental Exposure." In Skin Stress Response Pathways, 29–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43157-4_2.

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Mellody, Kieran T., Mike Bell, and Michael J. Sherratt. "The Skin Extracellular Matrix as a Target of Environmental Exposure: Molecular Mechanisms, Prevention and Repair." In Skin Stress Response Pathways, 101–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43157-4_5.

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Suschek, Christoph V. "Nitric Oxide Derivatives and Skin Environmental Exposure to Light: From Molecular Pathways to Therapeutic Opportunities." In Skin Stress Response Pathways, 127–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43157-4_6.

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Arslan, Beste, Mustafa B. A. Djamgoz, and Ertan Akün. "ARSENIC: A Review on Exposure Pathways, Accumulation, Mobility and Transmission into the Human Food Chain." In Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 27–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/398_2016_18.

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Smith, Jim T., Alexei V. Konoplev, Oleg V. Voitsekhovitch, and Gennady V. Laptev. "The Influence of Hot Particle Contamination on Models for Radiation Exposures Via the Aquatic Pathway." In Radioactive Particles in the Environment, 249–58. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2949-2_17.

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Gachanja, Naomi N., David A. Dorward, Adriano G. Rossi, and Christopher D. Lucas. "Assays of Eosinophil Apoptosis and Phagocytic Uptake." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 113–32. New York, NY: Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1095-4_10.

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AbstractEosinophil apoptosis (programmed cell death) plays an important role in several inflammatory and allergic conditions. Apoptosis triggers various mechanisms including activation of cysteine-aspartic proteases (caspases) and is characterized by morphological and biochemical changes. These include cellular condensation, nuclear fragmentation, increased mitochondrial permeability with loss of membrane potential, and exposure of phosphatidylserine on the cell membrane. A greater understanding of apoptotic mechanisms, subsequent phagocytosis (efferocytosis), and regulation of these processes is critical to understanding disease pathogenesis and development of potential novel therapeutic agents. Release of soluble factors and alterations to surface marker expression by eosinophils undergoing apoptosis aid them in signaling their presence to the immediate environment, and their subsequent recognition by phagocytic cells such as macrophages. Uptake of apoptotic cells usually suppresses inflammation by restricting proinflammatory responses and promoting anti-inflammatory and tissue repair responses. This, in turn, promotes resolution of inflammation. Defects in the apoptotic or efferocytosis mechanisms perpetuate inflammation, resulting in chronic inflammation and enhanced disease severity. This can be due to increased eosinophil life span or cell necrosis characterized by loss of cell membrane integrity and release of toxic intracellular mediators. In this chapter, we detail some of the key assays that are used to assess eosinophil apoptosis, as well as the intracellular signaling pathways involved and phagocytic clearance of these cells.

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Conference papers on the topic "ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE PATHWAY"

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Roscoe, Charlie, Daniela Fecht, John Gulliver, and Susan Hodgson. "OP VIII – 1 Greenspace exposure and cardiovascular disease: assessing the contribution of the environmental pathway." In ISEE Young 2018, Early Career Researchers Conference on Environmental Epidemiology – Together for a Healthy Environment, 19–20 March 2018, Freising, Germany. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2018-iseeabstracts.36.

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Miller, H. T., E. D. Bruce, and L. M. Cook. "Environmental, Health, and Safety Decision Making for Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in Producing Operations Using Pathway Exposure Analysis." In SPE Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/23381-ms.

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Georgievskiy, Vladimir. "Retrospection of Chernobyl Nuclear Accident for Decision Analysis Concerning Remedial Actions in Ukraine." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7328.

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It is considered the efficacy of decisions concerning remedial actions when of-site radiological monitoring in the early and (or) in the intermediate phases was absent or was not informative. There are examples of such situations in the former Soviet Union where many people have been exposed: releases of radioactive materials from “Krasnoyarsk-26” into Enisey River, releases of radioactive materials from “Chelabinsk-65” (the Kishtim accident), nuclear tests at the Semipalatinsk Test Site, the Chernobyl nuclear accident etc. If monitoring in the early and (or) in the intermediate phases is absent the decisions concerning remedial actions are usually developed on the base of permanent monitoring. However decisions of this kind may be essentially erroneous. For these cases it is proposed to make retrospection of radiological data of the early and intermediate phases of nuclear accident and to project decisions concerning remedial actions on the base of both retrospective data and permanent monitoring data. In this Report the indicated problem is considered by the example of the Chernobyl accident for Ukraine. Their of-site radiological monitoring in the early and intermediate phases was unsatisfactory. In particular, the pasture-cow-milk monitoring had not been made. All official decisions concerning dose estimations had been made on the base of measurements of 137Cs in body (40 measurements in 135 days and 55 measurements in 229 days after the Chernobyl accident). For the retrospection of radiological data of the Chernobyl accident dynamic model has been developed. This model has structure similar to the structure of Pathway model and Farmland model. Parameters of the developed model have been identified for agricultural conditions of Russia and Ukraine. By means of this model dynamics of 20 radionuclides in pathways and dynamics of doses have been estimated for the early, intermediate and late phases of the Chernobyl accident. The main results are following: • During the first year after the Chernobyl accident 75–93% of Commitment Effective Dose had been formed. • During the first year after the Chernobyl accident 85–90% of damage from radiation exposure had been formed. During the next 50 years (the late phase of accident) only 10–15% of damage from radiation exposure will have been formed. • Remedial actions (agricultural remedial actions as most effective) in Ukraine are intended for reduction of the damage from consumption of production which is contaminated in the late phase of accident. I.e. agricultural remedial actions have been intended for minimization only 10% of the total damage from radiation exposure. • Medical countermeasures can minimize radiation exposure damage by an order of magnitude greater than agricultural countermeasures. • Thus, retrospection of nuclear accident has essentially changed type of remedial actions and has given a chance to increase effectiveness of spending by an order of magnitude. This example illustrates that in order to optimize remedial actions it is required to use data of retrospection of nuclear accidents in all cases when monitoring in the early and (or) intermediate phases is unsatisfactory.

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Willans, Mark, Nathalie Galais, Chris Lennon, and Divyesh Trivedi. "ReCLAIM v2.0: Comparison of Calculated Doses With Other Assessment Tools When Emulating Contaminated Land Scenarios." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7309.

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ReCLAIM v2.0 is a software tool designed to calculate doses to exposure groups from radioactively contaminated land including UK Nuclear Licensed Sites. When using tools to undertake contaminated land assessments, it is important to understand the functionality of the tool and how the tool should be best used to undertake an assessment. This work describes the results from inter-comparison of ReCLAIM v2.0 with two other radioactively contaminated land tools (Conland and RCLEA). For the majority of cases there was little difference between ReCLAIM v2.0 and the other tools. In all cases where there were significant differences, the cause of the variation could be explained and quantified. In the majority of these cases the main exposure pathway was external irradiation. In these cases, variations in the calculated doses were due to the differing ways in which underpinning shielding calculations were undertaken to calculate external radiation dose coefficients. The effect was most noticeable for radionuclides emitting high energy penetrating radiation such as Co-60, Cs-134 and Cs+137. For these cases, there was a greater difference of up to around 60% in the dose comparisons between ReCLAIM v2.0 and the alternative tools, with ReCLAIM v2.0 being more conservative. These results demonstrate that where the algorithms and parameter values are similar, different tools will produce similar results. The user of such tools should be aware of cases where different results may be produced in order that an appropriate level of confidence can be assigned when making decisions based upon the results.

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Grover, Anjana, K. C. Pandey, N. K. Satija, and R. M. Rai. "PESTICIDE INDUCED CHANGES IN COAGULATION AND FIBRINOLYSIS IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643071.

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A relationship between the quality of environment and incidence of human health has been recognized in recent years. While the diseases such as carcinogenesis, respiratory diseases, skin disorders are often correlated with exposure to environmental toxins, the possibility of a link between blood coagulation and chemical contaminants in food, water and air has rarely been suspected. Wide usage of DDT in public health and plant protection programmes have led to a considerably higher levels of the pesticide in the blood and body fat of Indian population. Therefore, in order to explore the possibilities of an alteration in blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in response to pesticide insult, a study was undertaken in experimental animals.Adult male albino rats were administered technical grade DDT, 100 mg per kg body weight i.p. for 3 consecutive days for acute exposure study and fed food containing the pesticide at a concentration of 100 mg per kg diet for a duration of 90 days for chronic exposure. Coagulation and fibrinolytic status was assessed at the end of exposure period. Acute exposure to DDT significantly increased platelet count but decreased wall adherence of blood while chronic exposure to DDT elevated platelet counts by 21% and increased wall adherence of blood by 28%. Plasma clotting times were found to be shortened considerably both in acute and chronically exposed animals. DDT seemed to activate both extrinsic and intrinsic pathway of coagulation as evident by marked acceleration in prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time. Plasma fibrinogen concentrations were found to be higher by 31.6% in rats given acute treatment but 40% lower in chronically exposed animals. A marked increase in fibrinolytic activity was observed in both acutely and chronically exposed animals. Thus, administration of chlorinated pesticides like DDT seemed to have a prothrombotic effect in experimental animals.

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Little, Richard, John Avis, Nicola Calder, Nava Garisto, Paul Gierszewski, Helen Leung, Laura Limer, et al. "A Preliminary Postclosure Safety Assessment of OPG’s Proposed L&ILW Deep Geologic Repository, Canada." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16289.

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Ontario Power Generation (OPG) is proposing to build a Deep Geologic Respository (DGR) for Low and Intermediate Level Waste (L&ILW) near the existing Western Waste Management Facility at the Bruce site in the Municipality of Kincardine, Ontario. The Nuclear Waste Management Organization (NWMO), on behalf of OPG, is currently preparing an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) and Preliminary Safety Report (PSR) for the proposed repository. This involves investigation of the site’s geological and surface environmental characteristics, conceptual design of the DGR, and technical studies to demonstrate the operational and long-term safety of the proposed facility. A preliminary postclosure safety assessment (SA) was undertaken in 2008 and 2009. Consistent with the guidelines for the preparation of the EIS for the DGR and the regulatory guide on assessing the long-term safety of radioactive waste management, the SA evaluated the DGR’s performance and its potential impact on human health and the environment through pathway analysis of contaminant releases, contaminant transport, receptor exposure and potential effects. Consideration was given to the expected long-term evolution of the repository and site following closure (the Normal Evolution Scenario) and four disruptive (“what if”) scenarios (Human Intrusion, Severe Shaft Seal Failure, Open Borehole, and Extreme Earthquake), which considered events with uncertain or low probability that could disrupt the repository system. Conceptual and mathematical models were developed and then implemented in a range of software tools including AMBER, to provide estimates of impacts such as dose, FRAC3DVS, for detailed 2D and 3D groundwater flow and transport calculations, and T2GGM, a code that couples the Gas Generation Model (GGM) and TOUGH2 and models the generation of gas in the repository and its subsequent 2D transport through the geosphere. Calculations have been undertaken to assess the impact of radionuclides on human and non-human biota and the impact of non-radioactive species on humans and the environment. The results indicate that the DGR system provides a high level of postclosure safety.

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Rao, Ramana K., Brian L. Stormwind, Ishrat Chaudhuri, and Marcus Garcia. "Multiple Pathway Health Risk Assessment and Multimedia Environmental Monitoring Programs for a Municipal Waste Resource Recovery Facility in Maryland." In 12th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec12-2207.

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Following a 1986 decision by Montgomery County in Maryland to construct a municipal waste resource recovery facility near the town of Dickerson, the local community expressed concern regarding the potential human health effects from air emissions of dioxins and trace metals released through the stack of the proposed facility. To address this concern, the County conducted health risk studies and ambient monitoring programs before and after the facility became operational. The purpose of the health risk studies was to determine potential cancer and non-cancer risks to the nearby residents from the operations of the facility. The purpose of the ambient monitoring programs was to determine if any changes would occur in the ambient levels of certain target chemicals in the environmental media, and if such changes can be attributed to the operations of the facility. Accordingly, the County conducted a multiple pathway health risk assessment in 1989 prior to the construction of the facility. The pre-operational health risk assessment was based on estimated stack engineering parameters and available stack emissions data from municipal waste resource recovery facilities that were operating in the United States, Canada and Europe during the 1980’s. The health risk assessment used established procedures that were accepted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) and many state agencies at that time. The Montgomery County Resource Recovery Facility (RRF) became operational in the spring of 1995. The facility is equipped with the state-of-the-art air pollution control (APC) equipment including a dry scrubber-fabric filter baghouse system to control organics and trace metals, ammonia injection system to control nitrogen oxides, and activated carbon injection system to control mercury. In 2003, the County retained ENSR International to update the 1989 health risk assessment study. In the 2003 operational-phase update, as-built engineering data and measured stack emissions data from a total of eighteen quarterly stack emissions tests were used. The study was conducted in accordance with the U.S. EPA’s Human Health Risk Assessment Protocol for Hazardous Waste Combustion Facilities published in 1998 [1], and an Errata, published in 1999 [2]. Both the 1989 study and the 2003 study demonstrated that there is a very low chance (less than one chance in a million) for occurrence of cancer and no adverse non-cancer health effects to the nearby community as a result of exposure to facility-related emissions. The multi-media ambient monitoring programs were conducted in abiotic and biotic environmental media. These programs included an air-monitoring component and a non-air monitoring component. The pre-operational phase of the air media and non-air media monitoring was conducted in 1994–1995. The pre-operational program was designed to produce baseline data for target chemicals in both air and non-air media. The operational-phase air media monitoring was conducted in 1997 and 2003. The operational-phase non-air media monitoring was conducted in 1997 and 2001. Target chemicals monitored in both air and non-air media included polychlorinated dioxins and furans (PCDDs/PCDFs) and selected toxic metals (arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, and nickel). The non-air media included crops, farm pond surface water and fish tissue, and cow’s milk. The ambient levels of target chemicals monitored in the operational phase of the facility (1997, 2001 and 2003) demonstrated no measurable difference from the ambient levels of these chemicals monitored in the pre-operational phase (1994–95) of the facility, in both the air media and non-air media. The results of the health risk studies and ambient monitoring programs demonstrate that municipal waste combustion facilities that are equipped with the state-of-the-art air pollution control equipment pose no significant health risk to the population.

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Ustohalova, Veronika, and Christian Ku¨ppers. "Intermediate and Long-Term Radiological Consequences of an Uncontrolled Access of Saline Solution Into the Asse Mine." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59163.

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The risk of radioactive contamination in the biosphere surrounding the Asse salt mine has been assessed to determine the possible radioactive exposure to humans if the mine collapses. Geological conditions and anthropogenic activities have made the mine instable and allow salt-saturated ground water to seep in. This uncontrolled brine inflow significantly increases the risk of the mine collapsing. If the mine collapses, the brine will be pressed into groundwater, where the radionuclides can migrate into the biosphere and cause radioactive exposure. The key issue discussed in this paper is estimating the short- and long-term radiation burden for humans under several possible scenarios of radionuclide release. Only a radioecological model able to quantify and estimate processes taking place can generate usable results. This work develops the radioecological model describing both radionuclide migration and the resulting radiological exposure along several exposition pathways. Development of the model took into account the sorption processes, solubility limits and special aspects of decay chain migration. The radiological exposure was estimated under non-equilibrated conditions for the case of short-time expositions. At the end of this paper, the model’s background, the results of the computations and a comparison of several scenarios will be presented.

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Barthel, R., W. Goldammer, and M. Helming. "Exemption Levels for the Recycling and Disposal of Residues With Enhanced Levels of Natural Radioactivity (TENORM) in Germany." In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1267.

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Abstract The new German Radiation Protection Ordinance contains for the first time a systematic framework of regulations protecting workers and the public against radiation exposures from residues of industrial and mining processes containing enhanced levels of naturally occurring radionuclides (TENORM). These regulations will satisfy the requirements of the European Council Directive 96/29/EURATOM and serve as a common basis for the radiation protection activities of the German states in this field. The consideration of exposures from materials containing naturally occurring radionuclides gains on this basis an increased level of significance within the German radiation protection efforts. The overall goal of the new regulations is to keep the additional effective dose for the population from the recycling and disposal of TENORM below 1 mSv/a. In order to achieve this objective, companies in which such residues arise have to carry out representative measurements of activity concentrations in these materials. If exemption levels defined in the new regulations are exceeded, restrictions on the recycling and disposal come into effect. These exemption levels are nuclide specific and distinguish between material types and different recycling and disposal options. This specific definition of exemption criteria serves the goal to minimise the number of companies and the amount of residues affected by the new regulations to the extent possible, focussing the efforts of operators and regulators to those materials having the potential to actually cause radiation exposure problems. The specific exemption criteria were derived on the basis of an analysis of typical amounts and activity concentrations of industrial and mining residues with enhanced radioactivity contents in Germany. In a second step, practically applied options for the recycling and disposal of these materials were investigated. On this basis, generic scenarios for the radiation exposure of the workforce and the public were defined and doses were estimated. All relevant pathways including possible long term effects (ground water) were considered in these analyses. Based on the 1 mSv/a criterion, a catalogue of relevant materials, potentially requiring radiation protection measures, was developed. For these materials the practically applied recycling or disposal options were grouped into categories, for which specific exemption levels were derived. The derivation of these criteria was based on realistic estimates of radiation exposure, for example taking into account the dilution of the residues with other materials in technological processes or during the disposal in landfills. The residues subject to the new regulations mostly arise in large quantities over extended periods of time. This leads to significant variations of radionuclide concentrations depending on feed materials and process parameters. To carry out representative measurements without the necessity of taking a too large number of samples, therefore, requires an adequate measurement strategy. Particular aspects to be considered are uncertainties of the measurements themselves and the heterogeneity of the residues. In addition, the measurement strategy has to be compatible with diverse situations in the different industries affected. The framework developed for designing individual strategies for the various industries and types of residues satisfies these requirements and can also provide guidance for measurement campaigns in other areas. The paper outlines the general situation with regard to TENORM in Germany. The main streams of residues and options for their recycling or disposal are described. On this basis, scenarios used for the radiological evaluation are defined and examples for resulting radiation exposures are given. The exemption levels derived from this analysis are discussed. Finally, the framework for the design and implementation of an adequate measurement strategy is outlined.

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DARABOS, CHRISTIAN, JINGYA QIU, and JASON H. MOORE. "AN INTEGRATED NETWORK APPROACH TO IDENTIFYING BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE INTERACTIONS IN COMPLEX DISEASES." In Proceedings of the Pacific Symposium. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814749411_0002.

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Reports on the topic "ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE PATHWAY"

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Strenge, D. L., and P. J. Chamberlain. Multimedia Environmental Pollutant Assessment System (MEPAS{reg_sign}): Exposure pathway and human health impact assessment models. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/70754.

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Kulp, K., S. M. McCutcheon-Maloney, and L. M. Bennett. Alterations in Cell Signaling Pathways in Breast Cancer Cells after Environmental Exposure. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15003409.

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Becher, Julie, Samuel Beal, Susan Taylor, Katerina Dontsova, and Dean Wilcox. Photo-transformation of aqueous nitroguanidine and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one : emerging munitions compounds. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41743.

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Two major components of insensitive munition formulations, nitroguanidine (NQ) and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), are highly water soluble and therefore likely to photo-transform while in solution in the environment. The ecotoxicities of NQ and NTO solutions are known to increase with UV exposure, but a detailed accounting of aqueous degradation rates, products, and pathways under different exposure wavelengths is currently lacking. We irradiated aqueous solutions of NQ and NTO over a 32-h period at three ultraviolet wavelengths and analyzed their degradation rates and transformation products. NQ was completely degraded by 30 min at 254 nm and by 4 h at 300 nm, but it was only 10% degraded after 32 h at 350 nm. Mass recoveries of NQ and its transformation products were >80% for all three wavelengths. NTO degradation was greatest at 300 nm with 3% remaining after 32 h, followed by 254 nm (7% remaining) and 350 nm (20% remaining). Mass recoveries of NTO and its transformation products were high for the first 8 h but decreased to 22–48% by 32 h. Environmental half-lives of NQ and NTO in pure water were estimated as 4 and 6 days, respectively. We propose photo-degradation pathways for NQ and NTO supported by observed and quantified degradation products and changes in solution pH.

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James, Christian, Ronald Dixon, Luke Talbot, Stephen James, Nicola Williams, and Bukola Onarinde. Assessing the impact of heat treatment on antimicrobial resistant (AMR) genes and their potential uptake by other ‘live’ bacteria. Food Standards Agency, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.oxk434.

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Abstract:

Addressing the public health threat posed by AMR is a national strategic priority for the UK, which has led to both a 20-year vision of AMR and a 5-year (2019 to 2024) AMR National Action Plan (NAP). The latter sets out actions to slow the development and spread of AMR with a focus on antimicrobials. The NAP used an integrated ‘One-Health’ approach which spanned people, animals, agriculture and the environment, and calls for activities to “identify and assess the sources, pathways, and exposure risks” of AMR. The FSA continues to contribute to delivery of the NAP in a number of ways, including through furthering our understanding of the role of the food chain and AMR.Thorough cooking of food kills vegetative bacterial cells including pathogens and is therefore a crucial step in reducing the risk of most forms of food poisoning. Currently, there is uncertainty around whether cooking food is sufficient to denature AMR genes and mobile genetic elements from these ‘dead’ bacteria to prevent uptake by ‘live’ bacteria in the human gut and other food environments - therefore potentially contributing to the overall transmission of AMR to humans. This work was carried out to assess these evidence gaps.

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