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1
Wilkin, Teddy. "Environmental effects on great tit life-histories." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f93e4bc9-4419-4713-b009-08ab98b8d950.
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Explaining variation between individuals is a central concept in ecology. Phenotypic variation is the product of genes, environments and their interactions. In contrast to genotypes which are fixed within individuals, environments vary considerably in time and space and have measurable effects on phenotypic quality between and within individuals. The aim of the current work was to identify environmental sources of life-history variation in a wild population of the great tit. The size of Thiessen polygons formed around c. 8000 nestboxes occupied over a 41 year period was used to estimate breeding density at the level of the individual. Linear mixed modelling showed that birds breeding in large territories laid more eggs and produced heavier fledglings that were more likely to survive to breed, than those in smaller territories. Systematic capping of territory sizes revealed that birds breeding in territories more than 2ha in size were unconstrained by density. This method of measuring individual density identified important relationships between density and life-histories and allowed for the accurate separation of other environmental effects usually confounded by density. For example, the life-histories and breeding density of woodland passerines often both vary with distance from the woodland edge. Using the Thiessen polygons to control for density we were able to independently examine edge effects on life-histories. Results confirmed higher density at edges and independently showed that birds near the woodland edge tended to lay smaller clutches of larger eggs later in the season, than birds away from the edge, probably due differences in habitat quality. A further use of Thiessen polygons was to determine the scale at which to measure oak availability in the vicinity of each occupied nestbox. Birds breeding in oak rich polygons laid larger clutches, earlier in the season and had heavier nestlings than birds in oak poor polygons, independently of density and edge effects. What's more, including oaks in life-history models, reduced or eliminated the effect of the Thiessen polygons, suggesting that density dependent life-histories are to some extent explained by reduced oak availability at high density. Clutch size, fledgling mass and recruitment were also found to correlate with local soil calcium. Analyses performed at several spatial scales found the greatest effect of calcium at scales of c.500m. This figure may indicate the average distance females were travelling to obtain calcium rich food during periods of high demands. That breeding environments strongly affect life-histories has been demonstrated by the above work. However, no correlations were found between natal environment and the subsequent life-histories of recruited individuals, probably due to high mortality in great tits, which favours current condition over any character that conveys benefits later in life. This result shows that long-term effects of rearing environments cannot be assumed as it depends on the life-history conditions under which they are found. The results of this study suggest a pervasive role of fine-scale environment variation in determining the life-histories of individual great tits. Moreover, the study demonstrates the efficacy of GIS to model such variation and applying it to explaining life-history variation in long-term databases.
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Bailes, Nicholas Jordan. "Reconstructing exposure histories of fish in watersheds with mineral extraction industry activity through otolith microchemistry." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1546617029291202.
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Walsh, Grahame L. "Development of Australian Rock Art Recording Methodologies: For the Interpretation of Cultural and Environmental Histories." Thesis, Griffith University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367578.
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This thesis documents the history of the ongoing process for developing and refining field recording, archiving and analysis techniques pertaining to rock art and cultural heritage in Australia.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy by Publication (PhD)
Australian School of Environmental Studies
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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McAllister, Nia. "Social Sustainability: The Role of Ecotourism in Regenerating Cultural and Environmental Histories in Rio de Janeiro." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/173.
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Ecotourism is a rapidly growing global export industry that aims to uphold the ethics of responsible tourism by engaging with local communities and encouraging environmentally conscious travel. With existing critiques of the greenwashing of ecotourism and the tendency for tourism agencies to exploit host communities, I advocate for participatory community-based models of ecotourism. This thesis explores both the material and conceptual benefits of community-based ecotourism through the critical examination of community-based ecotourism projects in Rio de Janeiro Brazil. Focusing on the implementation of ecotourism in of some of Rio de Janeiro’s peripheral communities, areas that are impacted by social and spatial marginalization, this thesis argues that the cultural and environmental history of a location are inseparable. When ecotourism is participatory and community-based, it can be a method for sharing cultural and environmental knowledge. Exploring the parallels between environmental justice toxic tourism and community-based ecotourism, this thesis examines the extent to which ecotourism can be used as a tool for social justice, serving to valorize the land histories and lived experiences of communities. Beyond generating money for host communities, the case studies of participatory ecotourism demonstrate the potential for ecotourism to serve as a platform for advocating for land rights in historically marginalized communities.
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Swarts, Petrus Andre. "Die stigting van 'n omgewingsopvoedingsklub vir 'n histories agtergeblewe gemeenskap : 'n gevallestudie in die Roodewal-area (Worcester)." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52790.
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Thesis (MEd)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Environmental deterioration is increasing, thereby compelling greater human concern for the earth's natural resources. A necessary response might be the establishment of an environmental ethic through the development of effective goal-orientated projects which can support the old adage or phrase saying, prevention is better than cure. Formal education can play an important role in the development of a critical consciousness amongst learners. However, this endeavour requires adjustments in teaching methods and techniques. My study - which focuses on the establishment of an environmental ethic within learners and the community, by starting an environmental club - is an attempt to respond to this challenge. Action-research, a research method which responds to the positive impulses of environmental education, was a research method used in this study to reflect critically on the quality of the environment in which we are living. Initially my study concentrated on learners and members from a historically disadvantaged community. Critical reflection on the first phase of my project revealed that the position adopted by me as a research-worker, was positivistic. A lack of perseverance in performing the grass-root actions, especially where it concerned me as researcher during the first phase, caused my efforts to establish an environmental club to fail. The opportunity to work with learners who really attempted to establish a better environment through involvement in simple projects, was implemented with greater enthusiasm in the second phase of the project. Although the predominant socio-economic conditions in the community involved in the project affected the environmental projects, this study serves as a case study which can give direction to similar studies conducted in the future.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Toenemende omgewingsagteruitgang noodsaak 'n groter menslike besorgdheid met betrekking tot natuurlike hulpbronne. Die daarstelling van 'n omgewingsetiek deur die ontwikkeling van doelgerigte projekte wat die ou gesegde voorsorg voorkom nasorg kan ondersteun, is nodig. Formele onderwys kan in dié opsig 'n belangrike rol speel in die ontwikkeling van 'n kritiese ingesteldheid by leerders, maar hierdie strewe verg aanpassings in onderrigmetodes en -tegnieke. My navorsing, wat op die daarstelling van 'n omgewingsetiek by leerders en die gemeenskap deur die stigting van 'n omgewingsklub fokus, is 'n poging om op hierdie uitdaging te reageer. Aksie-navorsing, 'n navorsingsmetode wat meer as net gehoor gee aan die positiewe impulse van omgewingsopvoeding, is as 'n navorsingsmetode gebruik waardeur daar gepoog is om op 'n kritiese manier te besin oor die kwaliteit van die omgewing waarin ons ons bevind. In my studie is daar gekonsentreer op leerders vanuit 'n histories agtergeblewe gemeenskap. 'n Kritiese terugskouing op die eerste fase van die projek, het die allesoorheersende posisie van my as navorser ten opsigte van die uitvoering van die navorsingsprojek aangedui. Hierdie posisie kan as positivisties beskryf word. 'n Gebrek aan deursettingsvermoë, veral van die kant van my as navorser in die uitvoering van voetsooiaksies, het veroorsaak dat my poging tot die daarstelling van 'n omgewingsklub met die eerste fase, grootliks gefaal het. Die geleentheid om met leerders te werk wat werklik 'n poging aangewend het om 'n beter omgewing daar te stel deur betrokkenheid in eenvoudige projekte, is met groter entoesiasme in die tweede fase van die projek ontvang. Alhoewel die heersende sosio-ekonomiese omstandighede van die gemeenskap waarbinne die projek ontplooi het, 'n uitwerking op die omgewingsaksies gehad het, dien hierdie navorsing ook as 'n rigtinggewende maatstafvir soortgelyke navorsing in die toekoms.
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Tryon, Ginger Emily. "Evaluation of Current Empirical Methods for Predicting Lateral Spread-Induced Ground Deformations for Large Magnitude Earthquakes Using Maule Chile 2010 Case Histories." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2014. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5852.
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Improving seismic hazard analysis is an important part of building safer structures and protecting lives. Since large magnitude earthquakes are rarer than other earthquakes, it is harder to model seismic hazards such as lateral spread displacements for these events. Engineers are often required to extrapolate current lateral spreading models when designing utilities, bridges, and piers to withstand the ground displacements caused by earthquakes with magnitudes larger than 8.0. This study uses three case histories from the Maule Chile 2010 earthquake (Mw =8.8) to develop recommendations on which models are most accurate for large earthquake events and how to improve the accuracy of the models. Six empirical models commonly used in engineering practice are compared. The model that best matches the Maule Chile case histories uses local attenuation relationships to make it easier to apply the model to any seismic region. Models that use lab data from cyclic shear tests over predict displacements but using a strain-reduction factor with depth significantly improved the accuracy of the results. Site-to-source distances can vary greatly between geographic seismic and faulting mechanisms. For this reason, models that depend on an internal source-to-site distance show less promise with large subduction zone earthquakes throughout the world. Models with site-to-source distances are most accurate in the western United States and Japan because the case histories for these models came from those countries.
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Carlson, Justin Nels. "MIDDLE TO LATE HOLOCENE (7200-2900 CAL. BP) ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE FORMATION PROCESSES AT CRUMPS SINK AND THE ORIGINS OF ANTHROPOGENIC ENVIRONMENTS IN CENTRAL KENTUCKY, USA." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/anthro_etds/40.
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Though some researchers have argued that the Big Barrens grasslands of Kentucky were the product of anthropogenic land clearing practices by Native Americans, heretofore, this hypothesis had not been tested archaeologically. More work was needed to refine chronologies of fire activity in the region, determine the extent to which humans played a role in the process, and integrate these findings with the paleoenvironmental and archaeological record. With these goals in mind, I conducted archaeological and geoarchaeological investigations at Crumps Sink in the Sinkhole Plain of Kentucky. The archaeological record and site formation history of Crumps Sink were compared with environmental and archaeological data from the Interior Low Plateaus and Southern Appalachian Mountains for an understanding of how the site fits into the larger story of human-environmental interactions in the Eastern Woodlands. Based on the data recovered, I argue that through land burning Archaic hunter-gatherers were active managers of ecosystems to a greater degree than previously acknowledged.
Excavations at Crumps Sink revealed stratified archaeological deposits spanning the late Middle Archaic to Terminal Late Archaic periods. Radiocarbon dates and an analysis of projectile point typologies provided information on the chronological and cultural history of the site. Magnetic susceptibility, loss-on-ignition, plant available phosphorous, and soil micromorphological analyses were conducted to examine landform dynamics in response to environmental change and to trace the anthropogenic signature created by human activities at the site. Masses of lithic debitage, animal bone, and burned sediment nodules per ten-cm-level provide an indication of human occupation intensity and shifting activities over time. Radiocarbon dates were used to reconstruct rates of sediment accumulation in the sink. These varying datasets were considered together for a holistic understanding of localized environmental and anthropogenic impacts on the landform.
Between 7200 and 5600 cal. BP, during the Middle Holocene Thermal Maximum and corresponding with the late Middle Archaic period, sediment accumulation was sustained with one identifiable episode of very weak soil development. Background magnetic and chemical signatures in the soils were greater than they were at pre-occupation levels, demonstrating that human activities left a lasting imprint in soils as early as the late Middle Archaic period. Between 5600 and 3900 cal. BP, periods of diminished sedimentation led to more pronounced episodes of soil formation. However, these soil horizons are interposed by pulses of enhanced sediment accumulation. These soil data may signal shifting environmental regimes during the Middle to Late Holocene transition. Between 5600 and 3900 cal. BP scattered plant ash, elevated masses of burned sediment nodules, and pestle fragments in Late Archaic deposits suggest that hunter-gatherers were intensively processing nut mast, potentially in association with early forest clearance and silviculture. Botanical assemblages from a coincident archaeological sequence at the Carlston Annis site in the nearby middle Green River region has demonstrated woodland disturbance and potential silviculture in central Kentucky during this time.
During the Late Archaic and Terminal Late Archaic periods (3900-3000 cal. BP), substantial plant ash deposition occurred in a stratum that accumulated relatively quickly. Very low burned sediment nodule masses in this deposit indicate that combustion features were not common in the immediate vicinity and that elevated frequencies of plant ash were the result of burning on a broader expanse of the surrounding landform. Chronologically, the zone with enhanced plant ash deposition is coeval with previously demonstrated occurrences of increased forest fires, grassland expansion, and a shift to early horticultural economies throughout the region. Soil development occurred after 3000 cal. BP, and this episode of landform stability may have lasted for over two millennia until being capped by sediment accumulation from historic agriculture.
The late Middle Archaic through Terminal Late Archaic data from Crumps Sink demonstrate that hunter-gatherer activities left lasting signatures in soils in Kentucky. The data from the Late Archaic to Terminal Late Archaic periods (ca. 5600-3000 cal. BP) may indicate intentional land burning by hunter-gatherers to create anthropogenic environments, first for silviculture and then for early plant domestication. This forces a rethinking of labor and subsistence systems within hunter-gatherer societies. Thus, if hunter-gatherers were utilizing long-term forest management methods, they were employing a delayed-return economic system relying on labor investment and negotiated understandings about land tenure. Further characterization of the origin of fire management activities will help us to elucidate the nature of incipient indigenous plant domestication in the Eastern Woodlands.
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Brittain, Jeffrey Thomas. "The Response of Zooplankton Communities in Montane Lakes of Different Fish Stocking Histories to Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition Simulations." PDXScholar, 2015. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2394.
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Freshwater ecosystems are subject to a wide variety of stressors, which can have complex interactions and result in ecological surprises. Non-native fish introductions have drastically reduced the number of naturally fishless lakes and have resulted in cascading food web repercussions in aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Additional anthropogenic influences that result from increases in global airborne emissions also threaten wildlife habitat. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition has been recognized as an anthropogenic contributor to acidification and eutrophication of wilderness ecosystems. Planktonic communities have shown declines in response to predation and shifts in composition as a result of nutrient inputs and acidification, both of which are potential fates of nitrogen deposition. This study identified the response of zooplankton communities from two lakes (fish present vs. absent) in Mount Rainier National Park to manipulations simulating an episodic disturbance event in mesocosms. The experiment used a 2 x 2 factorial design with acid and nitrogen treatments. Treatments resulted in significantly elevated nitrogen and decreased pH conditions from control mesocosms over 42 days, indicating that the treatment effects were achieved. Results indicate that zooplankton communities from lakes with different food web structure respond differently to the singular effects of acid and nitrogen addition. Surprisingly, the interaction of the two stressors was related to increases in community metrics (e.g., abundance, biomass, body size, richness, and Shannon-Weiner diversity) for both lake types. This work can aid management decisions as agencies look to restore more aquatic montane habitats to their historic fishless states, and assess their abilities to recover and afford resistance to atmospheric pollution.
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Borges, Marcelo Gules. ""Da floresta ao campo" : trajetórias familiares e significados da paisagem de migrantes, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/17319.
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As experiências, individuais e coletivas, no lugar articulam-se formando a matriz de ancoragem para a construção dos significados da paisagem. De outro modo, representa a forma como nos relacionamos com o ambiente, expressando nossas vivências nos lugares. Neste contexto, a migração, enquanto deslocamento fisico, impõe grandes desafios de adaptação aos migrantes. Revelar os significados das paisagens possibilita compreendermos a relação destes com os lugares. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa empírica que procurou interpretar os significados da paisagem de três famílias migrantes, do norte ao sul do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, em três gerações, a fim de compreender as relações entre seus pares e o lugar. Discute‐se o método utilizado - história de vida familiar - destacando seu percurso de construção e seus potenciais enquanto método de pesquisa. Apresenta a composição das histórias de vida famíliar, evidenciando todo o percurso migratório da família, suas nuances, tramas e sentidos atribuídos aos lugares por onde passaram. Interpreta os significados da paisagem, considerando os contextos da história de vida famliar. Os resultados evidenciam que a paisagem é polissêmica, sendo constantemente resignificada pelos migrantes. Neste processo são levados em consideração o contexto ontogenético (fase da vida), ambiental e social em que a paisagem é rememorada. Desta forma, as leituras sobre a paisagem significada mostram-se vitais às praticas interventivas ambientais e educativas.Individual and group experiences at a place articulate themselves forming the ground where the landscape meanings are both built from and attached to. In other words, this ground represents the way people relate to the environment by expressing their local life experiences. In this context, displacements carried out by migration events impose a challenge for the migrants own adaptations. By acquainting the landscape meanings, one can understand the relationships of the migrants with the places where they are. In this work I attempted to interpret the landscape meanings of three generations belonging to three different migrant families, from north to south Rio Grande do Sul State, aiming to understand the relationships between the people and their place of living. This study used the "family histories" working method, which is discussed and has its potentials as a research method highlighted in this work. The study also presents the families' history composition, showing their migration routes, nuances, and the feelings assigned to the places they passed by. Finally, this work interprets the landscape meanings taking into account families' history context. Results show a multi-sense landscape which is constantly re-worked by the migrants. Ontogeny (life phases), environment, and social contexts play a role in this process. Thus, the understanding of the landscape meanings are a vital step to the educational and environmental practices.
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Brannon, Pamela A. "The Oakhurst Historic House and Environment Center : opportunities for environmental education." Virtual Press, 1988. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/546127.
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The goals of the report were to present: 1) the rich historical, cultural, and George A. Ball estate environmental education Incorporating thisheritage; context of environmental education at the Oakhurst Historic House and Environmental Center; and 4) design guidelines for the physical manifestation of site experiences which will occur to meet environmental education objectives.Chapters One and Two begin with the history of the Ball Brothers in Muncie and their development of Minnetrista Boulevard. Oakhurst, the George A. Ball estate, is discussed at greater length including its architectural history and physical setting and development over the years to its probable future as the Oakhurst Historic House and Environmental Center.Chapter Three discusses the opportunity to facilitate use of the Oakhurst Historic House and Environmental Center by special populations, such as the elderly, the young, and the handicapped and their special characteristics, needs, and interpretive orientations. Chapter Four discusses environmental education and suggests three approaches while Chapter Five details specific activities incorporating the three methods of environmental education. Chapters Six and Seven discuss appropriate methods of interpreting historic landscapes for educational purposes and suggest design guidelines for the physical development of the property as the Oakhurst Historic House and Environmental Center.Department of Landscape Architecture
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Satt, Jorge Antônio de Oliveira. "Nas andanças pelo mundo, repensando caminhos...assim me constituo educador ambiental." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FURG, 2009. http://repositorio.furg.br/handle/1/2180.
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Dissertação(Mestrado)-Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Ambiental, Instituto de Educação, 2009.Submitted by eloisa silva (eloisa1_silva@yahoo.com.br) on 2012-07-24T23:39:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 jorge antnio de oliveira satt.pdf: 651061 bytes, checksum: 73703630c73657ea1f6cdbfbf17368cd (MD5)
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O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar, com base na metodologia das histórias de vida, o processo de minha constituição como educador ambiental, tendo como material de pesquisa as trajetórias, os percursos de vida do autor, de forma que se possa compreender as construções e as aprendizagens realizadas em cada percurso. Amparado por estudiosos no campo das narrativas de vida e ciente de sua importância em processos formativos, enquanto possibilidade de autoconhecimento, de um “caminhar para si”, que propicia ao pesquisador uma descoberta de si e sobre si, encontro sustentação em autores como Josso (2004), Nóvoa (1988), Dias (2002), que discutem a relevância de se trabalhar com essa metodologia de pesquisa-formação no sentido de produção de um conhecimento oriundo das experiências individuais, mas que revelam características de todo um contexto social, político, econômico e cultural, no qual o sujeito da narração está inserido. Sendo assim, é uma metodologia de pesquisa que se estrutura na reflexão sobre a vida, sobre as ações e as opções dos sujeitos em determinadas situações, buscando, nas trajetórias vivenciadas, as pistas para a compreensão da forma como o sujeito está no mundo. Ainda, no sentido de colaborar com o estudo apresentado, trago os referenciais de Freire (2000; 2002 a, b, c; 2007; 2008), que não se dedicou ao longo de sua obra a estudar as narrativas, como metodologia de pesquisa, mas entende que o aprendizado dos sujeitos dá-se a partir da própria história. Dessa forma, Freire aproxima-se dos autores estudados como fundamento deste trabalho na perspectiva das narrativas de vida. As reflexões desta pesquisa são conseqüências de estudos acerca destas narrativas e do que delas se pôde extrair como sendo aprendizados adquiridos ao longo de minha existência, de minha inserção social nos diversos espaços em que atuei e atuo. Trata-se de um estudo autobiográfico que buscou, nas experiências passadas, indícios que explicassem a forma como sou, estou e me relaciono com o mundo, com os homens e as mulheres. Como resultado deste trabalho, tem-se a crença da relevância de outros professores e professoras apropriarem-se dessa metodologia de pesquisa-formação como proposta para uma compreensão mais aprofundada sobre suas práticas sociais, desbravando em suas histórias crenças, valores, concepções, idéias, princípios que os constituem da forma como estão no mundo.
The present study aim to analisy, based on metodology of life's histories, the process of my formation like environmental educator, had research's material the ways, steps of life's author, so can understand the increase and the learnings performed at every step. Supported by researchers on life's narratives and aware of your value in training processes, while possibility of self knowledge “self toward ” that provides to researcher a self discovery and about yourself.I found support in author like Josso (2004), Nóvoa (1988), Dias (2002), that discuss a work relevant with this metodology of research-formation in knowledge production sense from individual experiences . But it reveals characteristics of all social, political, economic and cultural context where is the narration subject.Thus it is the research metodology that structure in life's reflection, about actions and subject's options in some situations, finding experienced trajectories, clues to form comprehension as subject in the world . Besides, in colaboration sense with this study presented I show the ideas of Freire (2000; 2002 a, b, c; 2007; 2008), that he didn't dedicate to sudy narratives like research metodology, but understands that the subjects learning after self history. Then, Freire approaches of studied authors for this background study in perspective of life's narratives.The reflection research are consequences of study around this narratives and their extract like accquired learning by my existence.and my social insertion in several places that I worked and work. So it is a self biography study that found past experiences , pointers that explain the way I am and my realationship with the world, men and women. The result's work has a relevant faith of others teachers appropriate this metodology from research-formation as propose to deep comprehension about social pratices, discovery in faith history, values, conceptions ideas, principles that is the form in the world.
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Tesar, David. "Evolution of life-histories in stochastic environments : Cole's paradox revisited." Helsinki : University of Helsinki, 2000. http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/mat/ekolo/vk/tesar/.
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Smith, M. H. "Life-histories of annual plants in a heterogeneous salt marsh environment." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356614.
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1. Population differentiation was studied in the halophytic annuals Salicornia and Suaeda maritima at Stiffkey, Norfolk, England. 2. The salt marsh at Stiffkey shows considerable spatial and temporal heterogeneity. The gradient in height across the marsh results in extreme differences in tidal regime and edaphic conditions, while physiographic features such as salt pans, creeks and their associated levees, impose smaller-scale heterogeneity. Salicornia and Suaeda maritima occur throughout the marsh and exhibit striking variations in phenotype associated with particular microhabitats. 3. Monitoring of field populations of these annuals during successive phases of the life cycle showed that morphologically distinct populations differed in aspects of their life-histories. These differences included the control of dormancy and germination, the phenology of growth and development, and fecundity. 4. The genetic and environmental components of these differences were examined in reciprocal transplant experiments of both seed and seedling material and in uniform growth conditions in growth cabinets and in a glasshouse. Survival and many aspects of both vegetative and reproductive performance were measured throughout the life cycle. 5. Much of the variation in natural populations was attributable to differences in plant density. Plant size and fecundity were extremely plastic in their response to density. Phenological features were more stable and structural characters were most stable. Survival was density independent. 6. Environmental differences between sites also had profound effects on growth and survival of the plants. In particular, some aspect of hypersaline edaphic conditions and the presence of perennial vegetation reduced considerably the survival and growth of annual plants. 7. When the density dependent components of performance were removed, and plants from different parts of the marsh were grown under the same environmental conditions, significant differences remained between them in morphology and life-history. This applied both to plants grown on the same site in the field and to those grown under uniform conditions. These differences between populations were likely to be genetic. 8. Three sorts of explanation of the adaptive significance of genetic differences between populations were examined. First, the relative performance and survival of local and foreign populations planted on the same site were examined at all stages of the life cycle. These differences were expressed as relative selection coefficients. The relative success of populations was also measured over an entire generation by comparing numbers of seeds sown with those produced. This gives an estimate of the relative fitness of the local and foreign populations at each site. Second, correlations were examined between life history characteristics of the populations and features of their environment that were likely to act as selective agents. Third, parallel variation was examined between Salicornia and Suaeda maritima populations within the same zone of the marsh. 9. All three of these approaches were adopted to achieve a concensus of information. Each approach suffers different limitations and the interpretation of information obtained from each is discussed critically. 10. Selection usually favoured the survival and growth of local relative to that of foreign populations at all sites and at all stages in the life cycle. The highest selection coefficients were for survival of the lower marsh 1 t" ... upper morsn 1 . popu a lon ln competltlon wlth the~perennla vegetatlon during the growth phase (ca 0.7) and for seed production of upper marsh Suaeda maritima on the lower marsh (ca 0.9). 11. Measures of the intensity of selection at specific stages of the life cycle did not predict accurately the magnitude of selection over an entire generation. All populations planted as seeds on their native site were relatively fitter than foreign populations transplanted to same site. Relative fitness is likely to have been underestimated because the local and foreign populations at each site were not grown in competition with one another. 12. Chromosome numbers were counted in Salicornia plants typical of the populations recognized by their morphologies and life histories. Three tetraploid and three diploid Salicornia populations and three diploid Suaeda maritima populations were identified at stiffkey. 13. The breeding systems and possible genetic structures of Salicornia and Suaeda maritima populations are discussed in relation to population differentiation. salicornia populations appear to be largely inbreeding and consist of many predominantly homozygous lines. occasional outcrossing provides sufficient variability to allow divergence of the populations under selection. population differentiation in Suaeda maritima apears to be maintained by restriction of gene flow between populations by divergence in flowering times, as well as by intense selection.
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Smethurst, Rebecca. "The influence of morphology, AGN and environment on the quenching histories of galaxies." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c7023345-ec69-42c3-907e-32c12a9ee115.
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What drives the transition of galaxies from the disc dominated, star forming blue cloud to the elliptical dominated, quiescent red sequence? What role does the morphology, central supermassive black hole and galaxy environment play in this transition? I have attempted to answer these questions by using Bayesian statistics to infer a simple star formation history (SFH) describing the time, tq, and exponential rate, τ, that quenching occurs in a galaxy. I use both the optical and NUV photometry of a galaxy in order to infer the posterior distribution of its SFH across the two dimensional [tq, τ] parameter space. I then utilise the Galaxy Zoo 2 morphological classifications to obtain a morphology weighted, combined population distribution across each quenching parameter for a sample of galaxies. I apply this method across the blue cloud, green valley and red sequence of a sample of 126,316 galaxies and find a clear difference between the quenching timescales preferred by smooth and disc weighted populations, with three major routes through the green valley dominated by smooth (rapid rates, attributed to major mergers), intermediately classified (intermediate rates, attributed to galaxy interactions) and disc morphologies (slow rates, attributed to secular evolution). I hypothesise that morphological changes occur in systems which have undergone quenching with an exponential rate, τ < 1.5 Gyr, in order for the evolution of galaxies in the green valley to match the ratio of smooth to disc galaxies observed in the red sequence. I repeat this SFH analysis for a sample of 1,244 Type 2 AGN host galaxies and find statistical evidence for recent, rapid quenching, suggesting that this may be caused by AGN feedback. However I find that rapid quenching rates cannot account for all the quenching across the AGN host population; slow quenching rates, attributed to secular evolution, are also significant in the evolution of AGN host galaxies. I investigate this possible secular co-evolution of galaxies and black holes further by measuring the black hole masses of a sample of 101 bulgeless AGN host galaxies and compare them to typical black hole-galaxy scaling relations. I find that the measured black holes of the bulgeless galaxies are ~1-2 dex more massive than they should be, given their lack of bulges. This suggests that black hole-galaxy scaling relations may arise due to mutual correlations to the overall gravitational potential of the dark matter halo of the galaxy. I also considered the effect of the group environment on the time and rate that quenching occurs, with respect to the group-centric radius, for 4,629 satellite galaxies. I find that although mergers, mass quenching and morphological quenching are all occurring in groups, environmentally driven quenching mechanisms are also prevalent. However, I find that these environmentally driven quenching processes are not correlated with the velocity of a satellite within a group, ruling out ram pressure stripping as a possible mechanism. I discuss how all of these quenching mechanisms are likely to affect a galaxy across its lifetime, acting in concert to reduce the SFR, which in turn produces the wide distribution of quenching timescales seen across the colour-magnitude diagram. I discuss ideas for future work using the method employed in this work, including applying it to forthcoming data from large integral field unit surveys.
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Liljekvist, Adam, and Danny Svensson. "Det invändiga tätskiktets historia." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-43705.
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Att bygga täta hus är något som alltid eftersträvats. Till en början var det för att öka den inre komforten med att förhindra drag i golv och väggar för att senare få förståelsen för hur otätheter kan var skadlig för våra konstruktioner i form av de termiska drivkrafterna i konvektion och diffusion genom byggnadsskalet. Då byggnadskraven och regelverken blivit hårdare har byggnadsbranschen och forskarsamfundet utvecklat nya lösningar för att konstruera tätare hus. Med syftet att öka och bredda den allmänna, grundläggande förståelsen och kunskapen inom området görs en historisk sammanställning om hur täthet har uppnåtts. Sammanställningen börjar vid 1800-talets slut i den moderna byggnadskonsten ursprung. I varje epok undersöks vilka typer av lösningar som kan förväntas att finnas i olika konstruktioner och hustyper, vilka forskningsrapporter och litteratur har legat till grund för den historiska utvecklingen samt vilka regelverk som varit styrande under respektive epok. Arbetet fokuserar enbart på den svenska utvecklingen inom täthet och berör enbart träkonstruktioner.En litteraturstudie är det som ligger till grund för rapporten där rapporter, tidskrifter och byggnadsanvisningar granskas. En dialog har förts med utredningsingenjör Stig Johansson.Syftet med dialogen har varit för att kunna ge vägledning samt för att belysa viktiga tidpunkter som bör undersökas. Vidare undersöks när man började förstå att tätheten inte enbart påverkade komforten utan också påverkade effektiviteten hos ventilationssystemen och värmeisoleringen, det vill säga den totala energiförbrukningen. Arbetet visar att läckaget är som störst i skarvar mellan yttervägg och vindsbjälklag, yttervägg och golvbjälklag, i folie/pappskarvar samt vid genomföringar genom tätskiktet. Här har olika metoder använts för att uppnå så god täthet som möjligt. Allt ifrån klämning av skarvar till häftning och tejpning. Tätning reagerar olika på fukt och beständigheten hos de olika lösningarna kan vara olika efter några år. Studien visar att det var i början av 70-talet som forskarsamfundet förstod hur tätheten påverkade energihushållningen och ventilationen. Då togs metoder fram för tryckmätning av konstruktioner och energihushållningen kunde då beräknas. Följande slutsatser kan dras ifrån studien: Det invändiga tätskiktet har förändrats väldigt mycket under det senaste århundradet, antagligen har förändringen varit styrd av ”trial and error”. Förändringen i materialval ifrån förhydningspapp till plastfolie beror främst på plastfoliens lätthanterlighet vid förvaring och montering. Det finns inte ett entydigt svar till när man insåg att det invändiga tätskiktet gjort mer nytta än att enbart täta mot drag. Men troligtvis var det kring 20-talet då begreppet diffusion diskuteras i rapporter. Monteringstekniken har förändrats mycket sedan plastfolien lanserades på marknaden. Antagligen är denna förändring driven dels av ”trial and error” tillsammans med de forskningar som upptäckten av felen har motiverat.Building houses with proper indoor environmental sealing is something that always has been strived after. At the beginning the purpose was to increase indoor comfort by stopping gusts of wind in floors and ceilings. Later, understanding was gained how leaks can be damaging for our constructions in the shape of thermal forces in convection and diffusion through the environment sealing. With the purpose of increasing and broadening the general, basic understanding and knowledge in the field a compilation from a historical perspective of how isolation is achieved. This essay is focused solely on the Swedish development in isolation of wooden structures. The foundation of this essay is based on a literature study where rapports, periodicals and building instructions are examined. Another area of study that is examined here is when a proper understanding of the benefits of isolation was reached in relation to its impact on the efficiency of ventilation systems and heat isolation, which impacts the total energy consumption. The following conclusion can be made from the study: The indoor environment sealing has changed a lot in the latest hundred years and the change was probably made by ”trial and error”. The change in material is probably due to the easiness when using the plastic folie. There is not only one answer to when the realization was made that the indoor sealing had more of a purpose than protection against gusts. But it was probably in the 1920´s. The installation technique has change since the introduction of the plastic folie. The change was probably made by ”trial and error” or in a combination with the scientific discoveries that was made.
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Johnson, Ylva. "Procedural environmental rights - a tool for sustainable development?" Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk historia och internationella relationer, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-194039.
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Joseph, Anny-Claude. "Assessing the Impact of Incorporating Residential Histories into the Spatial Analysis of Cancer Risk." VCU Scholars Compass, 2019. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5949.
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In many spatial epidemiologic studies, investigators use residential location at diagnosis as a surrogate for unknown environmental exposures or as a geographic basis for assigning measured exposures. Inherently, they make assumptions about the timing and location of pertinent exposures which may prove problematic when studying long latency diseases such as cancer.
In this work we explored how the association between environmental exposures and disease risk for long-latency health outcomes like cancer is affected by residential mobility. We used simulation studies conditioned on real data to evaluate the extent to which the commonly held assumption of no residential mobility 1) affected the ability of generalized additive models to detect areas of significantly elevated historic environmental exposure and 2) increased bias in the estimates of the relationship between environmental exposures and disease in a case-control study.
While the literature suggests that some researchers have begun to develop methods to incorporate historic locations in studies of health outcomes, a number of questions remain. One reason for the knowledge gap is that residential histories have not been collected in most U.S. epidemiologic studies. In our work we evaluated the impact of using public-record database generated histories to estimate the effects of exposure in lieu of using subject-reported addresses collected during a study. Finally, we evaluated the effect of environmental exposure on cancer risk in a case-control study using an approach that combined a multiple membership conditional autoregressive (CAR) model with an environmental exposure index for temporally correlated time-varying exposure assigned based on residential histories. We used this model in a data application to explain bladder cancer risk in the New England Bladder Cancer Study. We included a temporal arsenic exposure index in the model to assess a large number of correlated arsenic exposures.
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Strömsten, Henrik. "Military and Nature : An environmental history of Swedish military landscapes." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-302652.
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This thesis, an environmental history of a selected number of Swedish military training environments, is based on observation of military landscapes with a permanent presence of military-related objects and activities, all of which leave their traces in the environment, and how continued military activity is legitimised with environmental arguments. By also observing military policies and documents, I look into how the Swedish military frame their own training environments, and how ‘environmentalist’ discourses is adopted to justify past and present activities. The military landscapes must also be considered in a wider context of geopolitics and security; hence I also include an historical analysis of military land appropriation and defense policy in Sweden. An important contribution with this thesis, besides provide a Swedish context to studies of military landscapes, lies also in testing a historical ecological framework in analyses and methods when approaching research on military landscapes, as I consider this thesis as a pilot-project on Swedish military landscapes providing incentives for further studies. The Swedish military landscapes studied in this thesis have both a centennial and decadal presence of military activities. Some training sites such as Marma and Revinge, which are also Natura 2000 areas, have had a military presence since the 19th century, and the various military structures and buildings promote a kind of military biography, an identity tied to landscapes, reinforcing military presence. The presentation of military sites as ecological refuges for rare species and habitats is evident in the management plans for the studied landscapes. The way military space is understood, legitimised and produced from the perspectives of the military policy level is, as I will argue, centred on two core motivations. First, it is that military presence in a landscape is the product of a militarisation processes, considering a geopolitical context and defense policies. The military presence has long-term effects in form of an alteration of physical nature and development of a high biodiversity. Second, the long-term positive effects, enhances an environmentalist discourse within the military when it comes to legitimise past and present military space, and to justify a continued military presence in a landscape.Denna uppsats, en miljöhistoria av ett utvalt antal svenska militära övningsområden, är baserat på en observation av militära landskap med en permanent närvaro av militärrelaterade objekt och aktiviteter vilka lämnar sina spår i miljön, och hur fortsatt militär aktivitet legitimeras genom miljöargument. Jag analyserar militära riktlinjer och dokument, för att se på hur svensk militär förhåller sig till dess övningsområden, och hur diskurser om miljövård används för att motivera fortsatt militär aktivitet. De militära landskapen bör studeras i en större geopolitisk säkerhetskontext; därför inkluderar jag också en historisk studie av svensk försvarspolitik och militära markanskaffningar. En viktig insats med denna uppsats, förutom att bidra med en svensk kontext till militära landskapsstudier, är att testa ett historiskt-ekologiskt ramverk i analys och metod vid studier av militära landskap då jag anser att denna uppsats är ett pilot-projekt för militära landskapsstudier i Sverige och ger incitament till vidare forskning i ämnet. De svenska militära landskapen som studeras här har upp till en hundraårig närvaro av militär aktivitet. Vissa övnings- och skjutfält såsom Marma och Revingehed, vilka också är Natura 2000- områden, har haft militär aktivitet sedan slutet av 1800- talet, och de varierande militära ytorna och byggnaderna främjar en militär biografi, en identitet knuten till landskapet, vilken förstärker fortsatt militär närvaro. Presentationen av de militära fälten som ekologiska refuger av sällsynta arter och habitat är uppenbar i skötsel- och vårdplanerna av de studerade landskapen. Sättet som det militära landskapet förstås, legitimeras och produceras ur militärperspektiv i policy och dokument är, som jag kommer argumentera, koncentrerade kring två faktorer. För det första, militär närvaro i ett landskap är ett resultat av en militariseringsprocess baserat på en geopolitisk kontext och försvarsbeslut. Militär närvaro har en långsiktig effekt i form av en förändring av den fysiska naturen och utvecklingen av en biologisk mångfald. För det andra, de långsiktiga positiva effekterna underbygger en naturvårdsdiskurs inom militären när det kommer till att motivera dåtida och nuvarande militär landskapsanvändning, och för att rättfärdiga en fortsatt militär närvaro.
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Nottingham, PatrÃcia Carvalho. "Tempos Verdes em Fortaleza: ExperiÃncia do Movimento Ambientalista (1976-1992)." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2006. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=2404.
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nÃo hÃO presente estudo sobre o movimento ambientalista em Fortaleza faz uma anÃlise de sua organizaÃÃo, da inserÃÃo das questÃes ambientais nos debates polÃticos e nos movimentos sociais no contexto das dÃcadas de 1970 e 1980. Pela da anÃlise das falas, dos panfletos, manifestos e artigos de jornais, foi possÃvel compreender o processo histÃrico do movimento, suas contradiÃÃes, seus limites, potencialidades e prÃticas sociais. Um dos momentos significativos para os ambientalistas foi a luta vitoriosa pelo Parque do Cocà que configurou na legitimaÃÃo deste movimento, tornando-se referÃncia para as lutas posteriores num processo de politizaÃÃo da ecologia, num novo contexto onde a SOCEMA sede lugar para as ONGs.
The present study on the environmentalist movement in Fortaleza analyzes its organization, the insertion of environmental issues in the political debates and in the social movements in the contexts of the 70âs and 80âs. Through the analysis of oral narratives, pamphlets, manifestos and newspaper articles, it was possible to understand the historical process of this movement, its contradictions, limits, potentialities and social practices. One of the most significant moments for the environmentalists was the victorious struggle for the Cocà Park, which represented the legitimacy of this movement, becoming a reference for the subsequent fights in the ecology politicization process, in a new context where SOCEMA yields place to NGOs.
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Hammami, Feras. "Heritage in Authority-Making : Appropriating Interventions inThree Socio-Political Contexts." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-93685.
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The perpetual evolution of the value of heritage in urban development is producing newsocio-spatial realities, shaped by different relationships of power at multiple scales.Heritage has always played an important role in the construction of individual andgroup identities, but is now increasingly seen as a capital for the making of cityidentity. Although professional heritage practices have attempted to embrace a similaror parallel vision, they are likely to overlook how interventions in heritage challengeidentity, meaning and sense of place. This thesis employs methods of discursiveanalysis to investigate the evolution and the appropriation of heritage in three sociopoliticalcontexts: Botswana, a post-colonial society; Palestine, an occupied society;and Sweden, a developed Western society. It also uncovers the ways authority is put towork through the discursive field of heritage in historic environments.Heritage in Palestine under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, British Mandate, and theIsraeli Occupation has been engulfed by both armed and discursive struggles overhistory, identity, and superiority. Narratives of the ‘Holy Land’ in addition to thepressures of the occupation forces and international interventions have shaped currentheritage practices in the Historic City of Nablus. In Botswana, Western planning ideashave been promoted in both the colonial and post-colonial eras, with little attention tolocal culture. The socio-spatial realities this produces have divorced the Batswana fromthe familiar and played an authoritarian role in defining valuable heritage in thedevelopment of Shoshong village and Sowa town. Heritage in the town of Ystad,Sweden, has since the late nineteenth century been regulated and legitimized through aconsistent inscription of a medieval identity on the town landscape, overlooking socialand spatial consequences.These findings are presented in four papers that each addresses a specific aspect ofheritage in urban development. An introductory monograph links the articles,developing theoretical analyses on how heritage-authority relations. This discussiongoes beyond direct practices of authority in management of physical heritage. Instead,it uncovers how heritage is utilised to gain and reinforce authority over identity politicsin historic environments. It also sheds light on how discursive struggles over meaningin the three cases are influenced by a ‘universalized heritage discourse’. In thisdiscourse, heritage is perceived as physical things representing a specific version of thepast, framed by European values and controlled by professional expertise andconventional knowledge. This discourse is rooted in the ‘authorized heritage discourse’that emerged in Europe in the nineteenth century and disseminated globally throughinternational treaties on heritage. Situating site-specific interventions in their social,cultural, and political contexts would allow for productive dissonance, rather thannarrow mediations of competing views. The virtue of working with heritage in the faceof authority at different spatial scales is stressed as one way to build sufficient capacityin heritage practices, capacity that would allow individuals and social groups to freelynegotiate their identity against any intervention in their spaces of heritage.Den ständigt pågående omvandlingen och utvecklingen av det kulturella arvetproducerar nya rumsliga villkor, formade av såväl intern socio-politisk dynamik somexterna krafter. Kulturarv har alltid spelat en central roll i individers och gruppersidentitetsskapande och uppfattas nu allt oftare även som ett kapital i konstruktionen avstäder och regioner. Dock saknar kulturarvspraktikerna ofta förståelse för de sociopolitiskakonsekvenserna och kan därmed inte på ett medvetet sätt hantera dessaaspekter. Denna avhandling undersöker utvecklingen av det kulturella arvet och dessinverkan i tre socio-politiska kontexter: Botswana, ett postkolonialt samhälle; Palestina,ett ockuperat samhälle; och Sverige, ett västerländskt samhälle. En analys av lokalainterventioner i de tre områdena visar hur auktoritet kommer till uttryck genomdiskurser om kulturarvet i historiska miljöer.I Palestina har - under det ottomanska styret, det brittiska mandatet och den israeliskaockupationen - det kulturella arvet utgjort en arena kännetecknad av såväl militär somdiskursiv kamp för historia, identitet och makt. Så till exempel präglar narrativ om ’detheliga landet’ nutida praktiker kring kulturarv i den av historien präglade stadenNablus. I Botswana har västerländskt utvecklade idéer för stadsplanering praktiseratsunder både den koloniala och den postkoloniala eran, vilket formaturbaniseringsstrategier ofta utan hänsyn till lokal kultur. Den sociala och rumsligaverklighet som därigenom skapats har lett till en tilltagande distansering mellanBotswanierna och deras kulturarv. Detta fick avgörande konsekvenser vid definitionenav värdefullt kulturarv under utvecklingen av Shoshong village och Sowa town. IYstad har det kulturella arvet under sena nittonhundratalet reglerats och legitimeratsgenom framhållandet av en medeltida identitet, en identitet som starkt formatstadsmiljön men men vars sociala och rumsliga konsekvenser inte beaktats.Dessa resultat presenteras i fyra artiklar, som var och en lyfter en specifikfrågeställning kring kulturellt arv. I en ”kappa” kopplas artiklarna samman ochanalyseras särskilt med avseende på hur det kulturella arvet involveras iauktoritetsskapande,. Analysen visar att auktoritet kommer till uttryck genomdiskursiva praktiker kring kulturellt arv. Samtidigt som varje fall präglas av enkontextuell och situerad diskurs, påverkas alla av en ’universell kulturarvsdiskurs’.Inom ramen för denna universella diskurs uppfattas kulturarv som fysiska tingomgärdade av sociala och kulturella erfarenheter ofta kopplade till europeiskavärderingar, under kontroll av professionella experter och i linje med konventionellkunskap. Denna diskurs har sina rötter i den ’auktoriserade kulturarvsdiskursen’ somväxte fram i Europa under artonhundratalet och spred sig globalt genom internationellkultursamverkan. En av avhandlingens slutsatser är att en situering av platsspecifikainterventioner i sina komplexa sociala, kulturella och politiska kontexter kan erbjuda enför samhället produktiv dissonans, snarare än den begränsning som oundvikligen blirföljden av ambitionen att snabbt komma fram till konsensus. Genom att synliggöra hurauktoritet kommer till uttryck genom kulturarvets olika rumsliga nivåer, kan en ökadkapacitet och förståelse för socio-politiska aspekter också byggas upp ikulturarvspraktiken.
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Williams, Nicholas Philip. "Carbon management and the historic built environment in Wales." Thesis, Bangor University, 2016. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/carbon-management-and-the-historic-built-environment-in-wales(be4a871f-cf60-432a-99f0-1df60da0cb23).html.
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A potential clash of ideologies is identified between the climate change agenda and the conservation of the historic built environment. Whilst the conservation of both the natural environment and our built heritage should ideally be mutually beneficial, the lack of a robust policy framework within the planning system is proving to be highly problematic. The study examines how the historic built environment in Wales can contribute towards the national target of achieving a carbon neutral society within a generation through policy reform within the planning system. A brief history of the building conservation movement is provided, along with a description of how it has evolved. Climate change and its implications for the planning system are also examined. A hypothesis is also included in the study, which suggests that the current planning policy framework is insufficiently equipped to aid the historic built environment in adequately contributing towards the target of achieving a carbon neutral society within a generation. The analytical section draws upon the evidence base of the study, which is in the form of primary data such as surveys and secondary data such as previously published statistics. The findings of the study are identified and analysed in order to reach robust conclusions, which in turn lead onto a series of recommendations on how the planning policy framework for the historic built environment in Wales can be modified to become more effective in making significant reductions in carbon emissions over the next generation. The duration of the study period is from 1st January 2010 to 31st December 2014. All literature, data and other information included in this thesis, and subsequent analysis and conclusions, are considered to be up-to-date at the study’s ‘cut-off’ date of 31st December 2014. The Viva Voce for the study took place on 7th October 2015. Subsequently, changes have been made to the thesis that refer to information released after the original 31th December 2014 cut-off date.
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Zhang, Yiting. "Urban morphology and ecosystem services : a historico-geographical study of fringe belts and urban green spaces in Birmingham, UK." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2018. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8455/.
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Cities have tended to be treated by ecologists as essentially physical entities unconnected to the concerns of historical geographers. In contrast, urban morphologists have tended to focus on how urban physical expressions of culture have changed over time: such an approach has stimulated research on the characteristics and planning of the form of cities that has been largely divorced from concerns about ecosystem services. This is somewhat paradoxical in light of the significant areas of most cities that are vegetated and the increasing evidence of the value to society of these green spaces. This thesis examines the connection between urban morphological research on the fringe-belt concept, as developed by M. R. G. Conzen and others, and the character and distribution within cities of major areas of green space. The principal focus is on how green spaces within fringe belts that are embedded within cities (for example, parks, allotment gardens, golf courses, and land attached to educational and medical institutions) have changed over time, especially during the past 100 years. Detailed studies of fringe-belt sites in Birmingham reveal a decline in green space over time but maturation of surviving green space towards mature wood-grassland. Comparisons are made with residential areas.
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Ahlqvist, Jenny. "Miljöarkeologi i Umeå stads hamn och slagfältsarkeologi på Krutbrånet : Två fallstudier inom historisk arkeologi i Umeås 1800-tal." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Miljöarkeologiska laboratoriet, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-93944.
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This master thesis deals with two case studies in environmental archaeology and battlefield archaeology focusing on two major events in the late history of the Swedish coastal town Umeå and its nearby village Sävar. Established in the early 1600's, Umeå was known for its export of timber and import of cereals. The town has suffered from numerous fires, the fire in 1888 being the most devastating. Few written records of the town remain from before the 1900's. The latest war in Sweden's history is documented in historical sources and took place at Krutbrånet, Sävar where the Swedish troops suffered defeat against the russian forces in 1809. The old port in Umeå has not been previously excavated archaeologically and only a small part of the battlefield area at Krutbrånet has been surveyed. Neither of the sites have yet been protected sites under Swedish heritage conservation act. The purpose of these two case studies is to present new research results from these two sites.In the first case study, archaeobotany and soil chemistry methods were used to analyse soil samples from undisturbed cultural layers in a construction trench at the old port of Umeå. A thick burnt layer consisted of charcoal, oats and weeds, suggesting storage and possibly intended as food for horses. Oat and pea were radiocarbon dated to most likely late 1800's which places the burned layer with oats to the big city fire in 1888. The area could have intact cultural layers that are important to investigate for understanding the unknown history of Umeås old port.The basis for the second case study is the material evidence of lead musket bullets found during a small field survey at Krutbrånet, conducted in 2010. The bullets were studied using X-ray Fluorescence together with spatial analysis to determine if troop nationality could be possible to distinguish based on composition, characteristics and spatial positions. The results revealed bullets in varied sizes and composed of lead but also alloys of copper, antimony and tin that appear in mixed quantities spread in all the studied areas of the battlefield. Field surveys of uninvestigated areas at Krutbrånet are needed to understand the context of the studied material and of troop formations. Further studies could also be isotope analyses to determine the origins of the oats and bullets.
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Legnér, Mattias. "Perceptions of the Built Environment in Stockholm, c. 1750-1800." Högskolan på Gotland, Institutionen för kultur, energi och miljö, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hgo:diva-827.
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Casallas-Gutiérrez, Rubby. "Objets historiques et annotations pour les environnements logiciels." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004982.
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Dans un environnement guidé par les procédés de fabrication de logiciel (EGPFL), la gestion de l'information est un problème complexe qui doit concilier deux besoins: gérer le produit logiciel et gérer les procédés de fabrication. Outre la grande quantité d'entités diverses et fortement interdépendantes, la gestion du produit doit prendre en compte l'aspect évolutif et les facteurs de variation du logiciel, ainsi que la nature coopérative des activités de fabrication des logiciels. La gestion des procédés recouvre la modélisation, l'exécution, l'évaluation et la supervision des procédés. Diverses informations doivent alors être prises en compte: la trace d'exécution des procédés, les événements survenus dans l'environnement et les mesures de qualité. Nous proposons les objets historiques annotés pour gérer l'information d'un EGPFL. L'objet historique constitue la notion de base d'un modèle à objets historique permettant de représenter à la fois les entités logicielles et leur évolution. La notion d'annotation vient, quant à elle, enrichir ce modèle pour permettre d'introduire des informations qui dénotent des faits (notes, mesures, observations, etc) pouvant être ponctuellement associés aux entités de l'EGPFL. Un langage de requêtes est défini afin d'accéder aux différentes informations. Grâce à ce langage, l'EGPFL dispose d'un service puissant pour rassembler, à partir de la base d'objets, les diverses informations nécessaires à l'évaluation et au contrôle des procédés de fabrication. Nous proposons également d'exploiter les possibilités offertes par notre modèle pour définir des événements et, éventuellement, en conserver un historique. Les événements permettent d'identifier des situations liant des informations provenant aussi bien de l'état courant que des états passés de l'EGPFL. C'est pourquoi la définition d'un événement peut comporter des conditions exprimées dans le langage de requêtes. L'emploi d'annotations permet d'enregistrer les occurences d'événements, ainsi qu'une partie de l'état du système. Une implantation du modèle est proposée dans le système Adèle
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Árnason, Þorvardur. "Views of Nature and Environmental Concern in Iceland." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-4591.
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Environmental concern in contemporary societies is a complex phenomenon which is shaped and influenced by a host of different factors. One of the most important of these is the interplay between culture and nature that has taken place during the course of a nation’s history and the various ‛views of nature’ that such interplay has generated. Such views can e.g. manifest themselves in aesthetic judgments of natural scenery or, more generally, in the values that nature is seen to contain or carry. They form the base from which contemporary ideas, conceptions, and evaluations of nature are generated and debated. The five studies that together comprise this thesis explore the socio-cultural background of Icelandic environmentalism from a number of different perspectives. The first study concerns the depiction(s) of nature that can be found in the oldest literary works that have survived in Iceland. The second study deals with the first attempts by an Icelander to visualize nature in his homeland, using photographic media. The third study seeks to compare contemporary views of nature amongst Icelanders, e.g. concerning the appreciation of natural beauty, with those of Swedes and Danes. The fourth study reports the results of an extensive survey which probed the environmental values, knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of present day Icelanders. The fifth study builds on this same survey but focuses on the public understanding and perceptions of sustainable development, and also on the connections between attitudes toward environmental and developmental issues. This overall thesis project was multi-disciplinary in nature, combining theory drawn from environmental philosophy, especially ethics and aesthetics, with the theories and methods of environmental sociology, politics and history. The empirical studies employed, furthermore sought to operationalize certain key theoretical constructs relating to views of nature, such as environmental value orientations and aesthetic appreciation of nature, and thus ‛build bridges’ between the concerns, theories and methods of the humanities, on one side, and those of the social sciences, on the other.
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Gepford, Stephanie B. "The Feedback Loop: In Pursuit of ‘Living’ Design that Integrates Natural Environmental Cycles and Transformative Processes." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1306500656.
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Christensen, Kelly Marie. "Wilderness Values, the Environmental Movement and Mission 66." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12188.
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x, 111 p. ； ill. (some col.), mapsMission 66 was a ten-year program that began in 1956 and concluded in 1966, the 50th anniversary of the founding of the National Park Service. The stated goal of Mission 66 was to increase public access and enjoyment of the national parks through a program of development and reconstruction. However, wilderness conservationists and environmentalists criticized the program heavily during its time. This reaction has left Mission 66 with a controversial legacy that reflects negatively on the historical developments of the program. The goal of this thesis is to delve into why Mission 66 was such a controversial program by examining the historic roots of wilderness and environmental thought in the national parks in the United States. It is hoped this study work will provide an important perspective on Mission 66 that can be utilized in the ongoing conversation about Mission 66 and its cultural legacy.
Committee in charge: Dr. Robert Z Melnick, Chair; Hugh C. Miller, Member;
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Andersson, Martin. "Historisk verkstad som undervisningsform : Lägerskolan på Stavgard, en fallstudie." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för samhälls- och kulturvetenskap (from 2013), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-72891.
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Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka vilken roll de estetiska lärprocesserna i historisk verkstad kan spela för att utveckla elevers historiemedvetande och historiska empati. Detta har undersökts genom att intervjua sex lärare som varit på Stavgards järnålderslägerskola med sina klasser. I undersökningen konstateras att historiska verkstäder är uppskattade bland lärare och elever och att det prioriteras i undervisningen trots att det innebär en stor ekonomisk ansträngning för skolan. De estetiska lärprocesserna representeras på Stavgard genom praktiskt arbete, berättelser och i viss mån drama. Vistelsen på Stavgard skapar en gemensam referensram för lärare och klass, utifrån vilken historiemedvetande byggs under kommande historieundervisning. På lägerskolan lever eleverna järnåldersliv under två dagar och undersökningen visar att eleverna genom att själv få uppleva järnåldersmänniskornas umbäranden utvecklar historisk empati. Utöver detta beskrivs också hur för- och efterarbetet i samband med Stavgardsvistelsen utformas av de olika lärarna.The aim of this study is to investigate what role the aesthetic learning processes in historical workshops can play in developing students' historical consciousness and historical empathy. This has been investigated by interviewing six teachers who have been at Stavgard iron age camp school with their classes. The survey found that historical workshops are appreciated among teachers and students and that it is a priority in the teaching, even though this means a great financial effort for the school. The aesthetic learning processes are represented at Stavgard through practical work, stories and to some extent drama. The stay at Stavgard creates a common frame of reference for teachers and class, based on which historical consciousness is built during future history teaching. At the camp school, the pupils practice iron age life for two days, and the study shows that the pupils themselves by experiencing the hardship of the Iron Age people develop historical empathy. In addition to this, it is also described how the pre- and post-work in connection with the stay at Stavgard is designed by the different teachers.
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Yang, Wanyun. "Sustainability and Historic Preservation: A Case Study of Nanjing." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1113.
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This thesis examines the city of Nanjing in the context of challenges to its sustainability and preservation represented by contesting forces in play in its rapid urbanization and redevelopment. These contesting forces are represented in a discourse matrix that illustrates the tensions between holism and economic development on one axis and contested interpretations of intrinsic values and place-based associations of residents on another. These tensions, which are present in many historic preservation cases across the globe, are made very specific by the administrative structure of preservation in China and in the city in tension with the pressures of conventional redevelopment that destroys historic fabric. At issue are losses of authenticity in the life of the city as understood by the associations of residents with their places of residence. This tension is exacerbated by the cultural and difficult political history of Nanjing, which can be understood to embody its intrinsic history. This history is recounted here to provide context for the evaluation of two city preservation projects, the Ming City Wall and the South Old Town preservation districts in relation to the discourse matrix. Conclusions are offered which suggest that only the future will reveal how Nanjing will or will not resolve these tensions between holistic preservation and government-controlled redevelopment.
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Žáčková, Markéta. "Historie a činnost urbanistického pracoviště Výzkumného ústavu výstavby a architektury v Brně." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta architektury, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233262.
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The dissertation explores the history and activities of the Brno-located Town and Country Planning Department of The Research Institute for Building and Architecture (RIBA) since its foundation in 1954 until its abolishment in 1994. As a part of the department functioning, a description of its main research tasks and publications, which had played an essential part while formulating theory and methodology of urban planning after the 2nd World War in Czechoslovakia, are introduced. Special attention is paid to tasks and publications whose authors and research workers applied interdisciplinary approaches and – in spite of the prevailing totalitarian regime – managed to apply their experience acquired abroad to produce highly influential works such as The Principles and Rules of Spatial Planning. Another objective of the dissertation is the creation of a complex bibliography of texts that were produced by the department (books, reports on the outcomes of research tasks that had been explored at the Town and Country Planning Department and that were released internally as handbooks serving research workers of the institute and other institutions focusing on building and architecture). Depictions of the Brno department of RIBA from the perspective of two of its significant representatives who have outlived the institution they had witnessed to be founded and to the functioning of which they had significantly contributed, become a key part of the text: Ing. arch. Vladimír Matoušek, CSc., the second head of the Town and Country Planning Department of RIBA and Ing. arch. Dušan Riedl, CSc., a theoretician of architecture and urban planning and a top expert on Czech national herritage. As the topic has not yet been subjected to scholarly research, the main objective of the work is to create the very first complex text on the Brno department of RIBA and its activities. The circumstances surrounding the constitution of RIBA in the context of other similarly functioning research institutes are pursued with a special focus on the fields of building, architecture and urban planning as well as legislative embedding of its foundation and functioning, its organization structure, staff, definition of taskmasters and the way the tasks were approached, relations to other institutions in the field, publishing activities and transfer of theoretical research outcomes to practice. The text also deals with the state of present-day research of architecture and urban planning. Archive material and publications released by the institute represent a predominant source of information about RIBA activities. They are now stored at the archive of ABF Foundation in Prague (the foundation has been administering both the archive and library of the Prague department of RIBA since its abolishment), at the library of The Institute for Spatial Development in Brno (the institute administers the library of the former Brno department) and at the Moravian Land Archive in Brno. Both of the archives have been thoroughly researched by the author. Critical reflections upon the urban-planning department of RIBA occurring in contemporary publications and periodicals are another important source of information which help to specify the character of its activities (recent literature mentions RIBA scarcely, a complex evaluation is still missing). Oral history reported by former employees of RIBA, who had contributed to the first-rate quality of its research activities.
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Leathwick, D. M. "Applied ecology of the Tasmanian lacewing Micromus tasmaniae Walker (Neuroptera : Hemerodiidae)." Lincoln College, University of Canterbury, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1044.
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The Tasmanian lacewing (Micromus tasmaniae Walker) is one of the most common aphid predators occurring in lucerne crops in New Zealand. A comparison of sampling techniques, and the output from a simulation model, suggest that the abundance of this lacewing may have been significantly underestimated in the past. Although the occurrence of aphid predators was erratic M. tasmaniae occurred more often and in far greater numbers (up to 100 m⁻²) than any other predator species. A simulation model for lacewing development in the field indicated that the large adult populations which occurred could be accounted for on the basis of reproductive recruitment. Independent evidence that immigration was not involved in the occurrence of these large populations was gathered using directional flight traps around the field perimeter. The major factors influencing lacewing population dynamics were the availability of aphid prey and, in the autumn, parasitism. Otherwise, survival of all life-histoty stages was high with no evidence of egg or larval cannibalism. Several instances of high lacewing mortality were identified by the model and the lack of any obvious cause for these highlights inadequacies in the understanding of lacewing bionomics. The model, which used a linear relationship (day-degrees) between development and temperature, was incapable of accurately predicting lacewing emergence under field temperatures which fluctuated outside the linear region of the development rate curve. Temperature thresholds and thermal requirements estimated under fluctuating temperatures similar to those in the field produced almost identical model output to those estimated under constant temperatures in the laboratory. Prey species was capable of influencing the rate of lacewing development. M. tasmaniae has the attributes necessary to produce large populations in the short time available between lucerne harvests. The asymptote of the functional response curve is low but the efficiency at converting aphids to eggs is high. Therefore, the lacewing is able to attain maximun reproductive output at low prey densities. A low temperature threshold for development (4-5° C), rapid development and short preoviposition period results in a short generation time (49 days at 15° C). Long adult life, high fecundity and the absence of any form of estivation or diapause, results in complete overlap of generations and multiple generations per year. M. tasmaniae's role as an aphid predator is restricted by its low appetite for prey and by the lucerne management regime currently practiced in New Zealand. Because it consumes relatively few aphids per day the lacewing's ability to destroy large aphid populations is limited. However, this may be offset by its ability to attack aphids early in the aphid population growth phase, and by the large numbers of lacewings which may occur. Under the present lucerne management schemes the large lacewing populations which do occur are forced out of the fields, or die, following harvest. A number of management options for increasing the lacewings impact as an aphid predator are briefly discussed.
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Steinert, Anne Delano. "Standing Right Here: The Built Environment as a Tool for Historical Inquiry." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1613686270648078.
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Thimrén, Tove. "En skitig historia : - En studie kring varför samhällen slutar använda mänsklig avföring som gödsel vid matodling." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för miljö- och livsvetenskaper (from 2013), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-67432.
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Fosfor är ett nödvändigt näringsämne inom jordbruket, trots detta är vi på väg att använda upp den fosfor vi har tillgång till i marken. Denna studie har därför valt att fokusera på en stor källa till fosfor som inte tas till vara på i många av dagens samhällen: mänsklig avföring. Många samhällen har genom historien använt mänsklig avföring som en resurs, bland annat som gödsel vid matodling, vilket återför en stor del av fosforn till marken. I dagens samhällen ses mänsklig avföring som någonting oönskat och äckligt. Vad är det som skapat denna ovilja att använda denna källa till fosfor? Varför slutade samhällen använda mänsklig avföring som gödsel vid matodling? Syftet med denna studie är att belysa de anledningar som ligger bakom att människor slutar att använda mänsklig avföring vid odling av mat. En tematisk analys, och utvalda delar av en komparativ analys, har använts för att analysera lämpligt publicerat material. Denna analys har skapat resultatet som sedan har ställts mot studiens teoretiska ramverk vilket inkluderar: människans syn på sin egen avföring, smuts och renhet, och mänsklig avföring som resurs. Studiens resultat tyder på att det främst är en accelererad urbanisering och en modernisering av samhället som leder till att människor slutar att använda mänsklig avföring som gödsel inom matodling. Människans syn på renhet ställs mot synen av mänsklig avföring som en resurs. Valet att använda mänsklig avföring eller ej styrs av den kulturella uppfattningen om vad som är rent och smutsigt. När de negativa associationerna kring mänsklig avföring överväger de positiva så leder det till att människor tar avstånd från mänsklig avföring trots att exkrementer fortfarande skulle kunna användas som en resurs.Phosphorus is an essential nutrient in agriculture, despite this fact we are well on our way to using up the phosphorus we have access to in the ground. This study has therefore focused on a major source of phosphorus that is not taken into consideration in a vast majority of today’s societies: human excrement. Many countries have used human excreta as a resource throughout history, including as a fertilizer when producing food, which ensured that a major part of the phosphorus was returned to the soil. In societies today human excrement is viewed as something unwanted and disgusting. What is it that makes humans hesitant to use this source of phosphorus? Why did societies stop using human excrement as a fertilizer when growing food? The purpose of this study is to examine the underlying causes for why people stop using human excrement as a fertilizer when producing food. A thematic analysis, combined with selected parts of a comparative analysis, has been used to analyze apt publicized material. This analysis has resulted in the study’s result, which has then been pitted against the theoretical framework for this study. The theoretical framework includes: people’s view of their own excreta, dirt and cleanliness, and human excreta as a resource. The result suggests that it primarily is an increased urbanization and a modernization of society that leads people to stop using human excrement as a fertilizer when producing food. Human perception of purity is pitched against the view of human excrement as a resource. The choice of using human excrement or not is governed by the cultural perception of what is clean and what is dirty. When the negative associations connected to human excrement outweigh the positive, then humans distance themselves from it, even though the excrement could still be used as a resource.
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Ustunkaya, Meltem Cemre. "Biological Decay And Its Control By Biomineralisation In Calcareous Stones." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12610259/index.pdf.
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Biodeterioration has an important role in weathering of historical materials. Natural stone materials become vulnerable to physical and chemical changes in outdoor conditions, favouring the biological growth.
In this study, biodeterioration on calcareous stones and its control by biomineralisation were studied on limestones from Nemrut Mount Monument and marbles from Pessinous Archaeological Site. For qualitative and quantitative detection of biological activity fluorescein diacetate (FDA) method that was developed for soil microbial activity was applied to stones of historic monuments. Qualitative FDA analysis was used on cross sections of the samples in order to observe the depth of penetration and effects of biomineralisation using a light microscope with fluorescent light source. Quantitative FDA analysis was done by spectrophotometric determination of fluorescence formed by FDA treatment. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses were used in determining mineralogical structure of patinas and stone base. Light microscopy was used to investigate changes in morphological structure of historic stone in cross and thin sections of the samples. The control of biodeterioration on stone surfaces was studied by biomineralisation treatments using Bacillus cereus. The results of biomineralisation were evaluated by XRD, light microscopy, SEM-EDX and FDA analyses.
The results of this study showed that the biodeterioration was an important decay factor in stone materials. It started from the surface and penetrated through the microstructure of the stone up to about four cm depth. Biodeterioration also contributed to the growth of microcracks. Results of biomineralisation using B.cereus to form a protective coating on limestone and marble were also discussed.
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Håkansson, Karolina, and Svensson Frida Hartman. "Klimatpositiva kolsänkor ger negativa koldioxidutsläpp : en tvärvetenskaplig analys." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Fakulteten för naturvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-20551.
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Genom att sammanföra historiskt och modernt kartmaterial kan våtmarkers naturliga lokaler synliggöras. När kartmaterialet jämförs med inmätningar av dikesstrukturer blir det tydligt hur marken har dränerats. Korrelationen mellan historisk våtmark, modern torvmark och dikesstrukturer synliggör var i landskapet det finns god potential att nyskapa våtmarker med syfte att bilda kolsänkor. Kolsänkor binder in kol och minskar koldioxidutsläpp till atmosfären. Nyskapade våtmarker och regenererade kolsänkor kan bidra till att nå Sveriges miljömål Begränsad klimatpåverkan – ett tvärvetenskapligt perspektiv behöver utvecklas för att naturvetenskaplig forskning ska kunna appliceras effektivt inom klimatpolitiskt arbete. Med ett sådant synsätt tydliggörs även additionalitet gällande andra miljömål som bidrar till hållbar utveckling.
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Atutu, Theresa. "The historical ecology of oil in Nigeria. : The social, economic and environmental impact in the Niger Delta and how the Nigerian government, oil companies and local communities interact because of oil." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-354614.
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Burke, Andrew Douglas Pinkerton. "Patterns in archaelogical monument loss in East Central Scotland since 1850." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2587.
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The Monuments at Risk Survey 1995 (MARS) outlined rates and causes of identified monument loss in England, showing that 16% of recorded monuments had been completely destroyed by 1995, and that 95% of surviving monuments in England had suffered partial destruction. Hitherto, no equivalent research has been undertaken in Scotland. Using a 17% random stratified sample of 779 field monuments surviving in 1850 within a study area encompassing much of the local authority areas of Perth and Kinross, Fife and Angus, the present research has analysed the distribution and quantified loss of archaeological monuments since 1850 in relation to a number of variables including land use, Land Capability for Agriculture, elevation, local authority area, monument period and material construction. Results show that monument distribution within the study area varies most noticeably according to land use and elevation. The highest densities of extant monuments are found in semi-natural woodland (17.2 extant sample monuments per 100km2) and non-intensive land uses such as unimproved grazing and moorland (13.8 extant sample monuments per 100km2). The lowest density of extant monuments is found in arable and improved pasture (4.5 extant sample monuments per 100km2), although this is offset by a recorded density of 11.5 cropmark sample monuments per 100km2. By elevation, monument densities are highest below 100m OD (24.4 monuments per 100km2) and between 250m OD and 400m OD (21 monuments per 100 km2)with a pronounced paucity of recorded monuments between 100m OD and 200m OD, particularly on improved and arable land. For each sample monument, a condition history has been constructed through a desk-based study using data from the National Monuments Record of Scotland. This desk-based study has recorded the greatest causes of monument loss since 1850 as unknown causes (28% of loss), archaeological excavation (24% of loss), farming (15% of loss) and development (11% of loss). The monument condition histories created through the desk-based study have then been augmented and calibrated for a subsample of 258 monuments by means of an accuracy assessment, using information from vertical and oblique aerial photographs, survey reports from Historic Scotland Monument Wardens and a programme of field survey. Using these additional data sources, the accuracy assessment has identified the largest causes of monument loss within the study area since 1850 as forestry (31% of loss), farming (28% of loss) and development (12% of loss). Analysis shows that among monuments extant in 1850, a minimum of 38% have been reduced in extent, with at least 5% destroyed. Loss has been greatest among monuments found in arable and improved land (39% reduced, 27% destroyed), forestry (79% reduced, 9% destroyed) and developed land (63% reduced, 27% destroyed), and lowest among monuments found in permanent pasture (91% undamaged), semi-natural woodland (75% undamaged) and rough grazing and moorland (85% undamaged). Although the use of a desk-based study and accuracy assessment has proved successful in identifying trends in the loss of visible monuments, it has been necessary to employ alternative methods by which to assess damage at buried monuments represented by cropmarks. To this end, a programme of excavation, topographic survey and soil depth recording has been undertaken at five locations in Perth and Kinross. Analysis of the results from this programme of excavation and survey has identified statistically significant relationships between land surface curvature and topsoil depth at three of the five sites examined, enabling the mapping at site scale of areas which are likely to have been subject to greatest agricultural damage. Extrapolating from these site-specific maps, it has been possible to map probable damage and risk to cropmark monuments at a regional scale. Although the validity of this regional scale mapping has been limited by the 25m cell size of the digital terrain model on which it has been based, the potential of such a technique in enabling a rapid preliminary assessment of damage and risk to cropmark monuments has been demonstrated.
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Zanardi, Luciana Schreiner de Oliveira [UNESP]. "As margens e as águas do rio Corumbataí: uma perspectiva de antigos moradores." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/90189.
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zanardi_lso_me_rcla.pdf: 2123790 bytes, checksum: 019431e906a2d72d709bbc82c96ab42c (MD5)Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida na cidade de Corumbataí (SP) que fica às margens de um rio, de mesmo nome, que na prática virou um canal a céu aberto, com todas as retificações possíveis. Ao perder o rio a cidade conta uma história que necessitamos ouvir para evitar que estas se repitam. Os objetivos são: 1) Registrar o cenário histórico do povoado de Corumbataí do início do século XX e a importância das águas do rio para a constituição deste povoado; 2) Relembrar as tramas e os modelos das práticas sociais, que historicamente foram surgindo, a partir da importância do rio na formação da cidade de Corumbataí. Para realizar esta investigação nos utilizamos dos depoimentos de antigos moradores da cidade elaborados conforme os procedimentos metodológicos de pesquisas em História Oral. Com base nestas narrativas foi construído um discurso comum polifônico criando uma nova maneira de contar a história da cidade de Corumbataí e de seu rio em que palavras e imagens engendram vidas identificadas por aqueles que as viveram compondo quadros de compreensão de problemáticas sociais e ambientais narradas nesta pesquisa.
This research was developed in city of Corumbataí (SP) that it is to the border of a river, of same name, that in the practical one turned a canal the opened sky, with all the possible rectifications. When losing the river, the city says a history that we need to hear to prevent that these if repeat. The goals are: 1) To register the historical scene of the town of Corumbataí of the beginning of century XX and the importance of waters of the river for the constitution of this town; 2) To remind the practical trams and models of the social ones, that historically had been appearing, from the importance of the river in the formation of the city of Corumbataí. To carry through this inquiry in we use them of the testimony of old inhabitants of the city elaborated as the methodological procedures of research in Oral History. With base in these narratives a polyphonic common speech was constructed creating a new way to say the history of the Corumbataí city and its river where words and images produce identified lives for that they had lived them composing told social and environmental problematic pictures of understanding of in this research.
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Crupi, Maria Cristina [UNESP]. "A natureza nos livros didáticos de história: uma investigação a partir do PNLD." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/90229.
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crupi_mc_me_rcla.pdf: 592293 bytes, checksum: 3c6cc6d8d8b8ac88da726762bd9d568d (MD5)Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Este trabalho tem como objetivos investigar as concepções de natureza presentes em doze coleções didáticas da disciplina de História, destinadas aos dois últimos ciclos do ensino fundamental - 5ª a 8ª séries (6º ao 9º ano) das escolas públicas brasileiras e problematizar se a relação sociedade-natureza é abordada nesses livros didáticos como uma questão política. Assumimos como referencial teórico que a educação ambiental deve ser entendida como educação e educação crítica voltada para cidadania, e que o saber histórico construído na escola deve propiciar a “desnaturalização” tanto da concepção de natureza, quanto da relação sociedadenatureza, contribuindo para a compreensão da crise contemporânea como crise socioambiental, e não somente como uma crise ecológica. Configurando-se como uma pesquisa qualitativa, a coleta e análise dos dados, foi baseada na análise de conteúdo, constatando-se, a partir dela, a predominância da concepção de natureza utilitarista, a qual ocorre de forma hegemônica em todas as coleções. As concepções naturalista, científica, religiosa, normativa, romântica, imaginária e natureza como “bem comum”, também foram observadas nas coleções, sendo a última a menos presente no conjunto dos livros didáticos. A pesquisa evidenciou também que o enfoque da relação sociedade-natureza como questão política é incipiente nas coleções didáticas e que, entre as doze coleções analisadas, somente uma apresenta uma abordagem aprofundada da questão. Os resultados do trabalho apontam que a crise socioambiental contemporânea, embora se constitua como grave problema no tempo presente, pouco tem influenciado na seleção e no tratamento dos conteúdos a respeito da relação sociedade-natureza nos livros didáticos de História. E, este é um dado preocupante, tendo em vista o agravamento dos...
This study investigates the conceptions of nature in twelve didactic collections in the discipline of History, for the last cycles of the fundamental education – 5th to 8th series (6th to 9th year) of Brazilian public school, and evaluate if the relationship society-nature is approached as a political question in those books. As theoretical background we took for granted that environmental education must be understood as education and critical education directed towards citizienship, and that historical knowledge built at school must allow the “denaturalization” in both conceptions, of nature as well as in the relationship society-nature, contributing to the understanding of contemporary crisis as a socioenvironmental crisis, and not just as an ecological crisis. Characterized as a qualitative research, the data collection and treatment were based on the content analysis, and revealed the overcoming concept of utilitarian view of nature, predominant in all collections. The conception of naturalistic, scientific, religious, normative, romantic, imaginary, and nature as a “common wealth” was also reported in the collections, but the later conception is less mentioned among the didactic books. The research has also evidenced that the focus on the relationship society-nature as a political issue is incipient in didactic collections, and all of the twelve collections but one have deeply dealt with that question. The results of the study has shown that the contemporary socioenvironmental crisis, although constitute a serious present problem, has little influence on the selection and elaboration of the contents on the relationship society-nature in textbooks of History. That is a data to worry about taking into acoount the worsening of socioenvironmental problems, and the importance and influence of textbooks in basic education and the continuous update of teachers, that can not be neglected.
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Edblom, Ylva. "Sambandet mellan jordbruksform och fäbodtyp i Ångermanland : En studie på sockennivå utifrån historiska redogörelser och 1865 års jordbruksstatistik." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Avdelningen för miljö- och biovetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-21815.
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Fäbodar är en bosättning på den utmark som under sommarsäsongen nyttjas till bete för kreatur. I Sverige förekommer olika former av fäbodtyper som nyttjas olika, exempelvis används vissa endast till bete medan andra har både bete, slåtter och/eller åker. I Ångermanland förekommer två fäbodtyper. En slåtterlös fäbod i landskapets östra och centrala del och en fäbodtyp med slåtter som särskilt förekommer i landskapets västra delar. Orsaken till olika fäbodtyper beskrivs bero på olika jordbruksformer med antingen en inriktning mot åkerbruk eller mot boskapsskötsel. Studiens grundar sig i att utifrån historiska redogörelser och 1865 års jordbruksstatistik studera tio utvalda socknar för att se om det går att tyda olika inriktningar i jordbruket beroende på vilken fäbodtyp som dominerade i socknen. Utifrån statistiken har arealer av åker till stråsäd och skogbeklädd mark samt nötkreaturenheter sammanställts. Utifrån de historiska redogörelserna har studien sammanställt beskrivningar som berör de utvalda socknarna och beskriver boskapsskötsel och jordbruk. Resultaten visar en påtaglig skillnad i tillgången till skogsmark där betesmarkerna är. De socknar med den slåtterlösa fäboden hade lägre arealer skogsmark 1865 och i de historiska redogörelserna beskrivs en betesbrist. Socknarna med slåtter på fäbodarna hade tillgång till större arealer skogsmark 1865 och beskrivs ha vidsträckta betesmarker som gynnar boskapsskötseln. I de historiska skildringarna kan mönster tydas av områdena med slåtterlösa fäbodar hade större tillgång till åkermark än bygderna med slåtter på fäboden. Socknarna med den slåtterlösa fäboden visar en större inbördes variation i såväl kreatursbesättning som åker till stråsäd vilket visar att jordbruket skilde sig mellan socknarna.
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Manyanga, Munyaradzi. "Resilient landscapes : socio-environmental dynamics in the Shashi-Limpopo Basin, southern Zimbabwe c. AD 800 to the present /." Uppsala : Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7205.
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Uhrqvist, Ola. "Seeing and Knowing the Earth as a System : An Effective History of Global Environmental Change Research as Scientific and Political Practice." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-110654.
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Previous research connecting scientific knowledge production with governing of the global environment usually start in international climate change negotiations and related assessments. From that vantage point Earth system science and models are studied as an expansion of Global Circulation Models. By tracing of the history of the present Earth system outlook this thesis offers a reflection about how scientific knowledge produce and connects problems with descriptions of desired order of things and strategies to get there. Knowledge becomes a productive power by shaping fields of possible action in relation to the global environment. The interpreted empirical material consists of scientific discussions from the International global environmental change programmes and particularly the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) and the International Human Dimensions Programme on global environmental change (IHDP). The studied period spans from the start of the planning of the IGBP in 1983 to the presentation of the new research programme Future Earth in 2013. The thesis is organised around the effects of the IGBP’s strategy to use predictive Earth system models as a tool to bring a broad range of scientific disciplines together. The results demonstrate the historicity of the present Earth system outlook by showing how ecosystems and human dimensions were attributed new and more important roles as drivers of global change. The thesis also argue for the need to approach the ‘Earth system’ as a result of a productive tension between top-down perspectives found in global modelling and bottom-up empirical research engaging with process interactions down to local scales.Genom att studera diskussioner inom internationella miljöforskningsprogram spårar den här avhandlingen framväxten av dagens syn på planeten jorden som ett sammanlänkat system – Jordsystemet. Kopplingen mellan makt och kunskap, styrning och mentaliteter, ligger till grund för studiens tolkande ansats. Den knyter samman sätt att betrakta och beräkna den globala miljön, grunden för jordsystemperspektivet, och de handlingsalternativ det synliggör inom politik och vetenskap. Studien baseras primärt på analyser av arkivmaterial från International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) och International Human Dimensions Programme of Global Environmental Change (IHDP). Tillsammans representerar dessa två program ett brett nätverk för forskning om globala miljöförändringar. Den undersökta perioden startar i och med planeringen av IGBP 1983 och avslutas 2013 med att Future Earth etableras som ett nytt internationellt program för forskning om globala miljöförändringar. Avhandlingen undersöker effekter av IGBPs strategi att använda prediktiva Jordsystemmodeller som ett redskap för att integrera och koordinera forskningen om globala miljöförändringar. Studiens resultat visar på historiciteten i nuvarande sätt att betrakta Jordsystemet. Framförallt studeras hur introducerandet av ekologisk och social komplexitet i förståelsen och modelleringen av Jordsystemet hänger samman med en förändrad bild av relationen människa-miljö och därmed också bilden av globala miljöförändringar som vetenskapligt och politiskt problem. Avhandlingen visar att förståelsen av Jordsystemet vuxit fram i en produktiv spänning mellanovanifrånperspektivet i globala modeller och lokalt förankrad socio-ekologisk interaktion.
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Mendes, Maria Isabel Porazza. "A terra sob medida : aplicações e reflexões sobre o uso da historia da ciencia em ambientes virtuais de aprendizagem." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/287606.
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Orientador: Silvia F. de Mendonça FigueiroaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias
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Resumo: A presente tese refere-se ao desenvolvimento e resultados de um curso à distância oferecido durante o 2º semestre de 2004 e início de 2005, em várias edições e versões, para professores dos níveis de ensino fundamental e médio. O tema central são as discussões referentes à direção do achatamento terrestre ocorridas no início do século XVIII, principalmente opondo newtonianos e cartesianos. Este trabalho fundamenta-se na importância da História da Ciência em espaços de ensino de ciências e na possibilidade de se trabalhar com ambientes virtuais de aprendizagem. Sua construção está alinhada tanto à compreensão de que a ciência é uma atividade social, como à abordagem sociocultural da aprendizagem. As estratégias de aprendizagem desenvolvidas neste curso privilegiaram as simulações históricas e a resolução de situações-problema. Nos capítulos iniciais são apresentados a metodologia, as referências teórico-históricas e o contexto do curso desenvolvido. Os resultados destas experiências são analisados e discutidos nos capítulos seguintes. Na conclusão deste trabalho apresentamos a análise da hipótese levantada sobre a virtualidade encontrada em ambientes virtuais de aprendizagem e na História da Ciência
Abstract: The present thesis refers to the development and results of a distance course offered during 2º semester of 2004 and beginning of 2005, in a couple of editions and versions, for teachers of the basic levels and average education. The central subject are the quarrels about the direction of the Earth flattening occured in the beginning of 18th century, mainly opposing newtonian and cartesian. This work is based on the importance of the History of Science in spaces of sciences learning and the possibility of working with virtual learning environments. Its construction is lined up such as the understanding that science is a social activity, as to the sociocultural approach of learning. The developed strategies of learning in this course had privileged the historical simulations and the resolution of situation-problem. In the initial chapters are presented the methodology, the theoretic-historical references and the context of the developed course. The results of these experiences are analyzed and argued in the next chapters. In the conclusion of this work we present the analysis of the hypothesis raised up about the virtuality found in virtual learning environments and in the History of Science
Doutorado
Doutor em Ciências
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Araújo, Caramello Nubia Deborah. "La historia ambiental de un río no se cuenta solamente por sus aguas: estudio de caso de la Cuenca Rio Branco y Colorado – Rondônia/Brasil." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/400579.
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Esta investigación consistió en abordar diferentes técnicas y ciencias multidisciplinares para revelar en los cambios del paisaje de la Cuenca Río Branco y Colorado o protagonismo de sus ríos. La historia ambiental, la geografía y sus ramas, instrumentalizaran la mirada que parte de la necesidad de integrar tiempo, espacios, recursos naturales y actores hidrográficos para explorar otras posibilidades de escuchar la historia de un río. En esa trama de investigación consiste como objetivo central “Analizar el papel de la historia ambiental de los ríos como facilitadores de la gestión participativa e inclusiva del agua en la Amazonia”, con estudio de caso de la unidad de gestión hídrica en proceso de implantación Cuenca del Río Branco y Colorado. El trayecto de la investigación si hecho por la comprensión de los procesos metabólicos de apropiación configurando (producindo) una segunda naturaleza. La analice de los cambios en el río fue identificado por la memoria de sus actores y por la posibilidad de las aguas como testigo pasajero hablar (los varios usos que ha tenido hacia 40 años), posibilitando identificar la vulnerabilidad de patrón químico, físico y bacteriológico correlacionando con el marco legal brasileño; resulta de ello percepciones fluviales diferenciadas en los actores de la cuenca, con una presente tensión ambiental en la apropiación de las orillas del río Branco y Colorado por las pequeñas centrales generadoras de energía. Los resultados obtenidos posibilitaran identificar que el conflicto por el río no es algo reciente, mientras sean recientes la cooperación entre actores del tramo Alta Floresta do Oeste a Tierras Indígenas Río Branco, en luchar juntos para que el río Branco sea “libre” y que todos tenga derecho a él. Lo que nos permite identificar un diseño de gobernanza hídrica local que establece el diálogo a parte del río y no de las aguas, aunque estos sea intrínsecos, posibilitando inferir que escuchar la población y sus percepciones es proponer una gestión hídrica fluvial donde la representatividad de cada territorialidad identificada de la cuenca pueda ser inseridas en el proceso de implantación del Comité de Bacía Hidrográfica de la Cuenca del Río Branco y Colorado, para que el diseño de una política hídrica integre derechos y deberes múltiplos sean sociales o naturales. Atender las particularidades de la cuenca, implica en la implantación de una política hídrica flexible a realidad local y no a normas burocráticas que insiste en conectar lugares con el diálogo a partir de las aguas, mientras los que de hecho aplica la normas legales hablan de ríos que componen territorialmente su propia historia.Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo abordar diferentes técnicas e ciência multidisciplinar para revelar na transformação da paisagem da bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Branco e Colorado (BHIRC) o protagonismo de seus rios. A história ambiental, a geografia e suas ramas possibilitaram a necessidade de integrar espaço-tempo, recursos naturais e atores hidrográficos para explorar possibilidades de ouvir a história de um rio. Nesse quadro da investigação, o objetivo central é "Analisar o papel da história ambiental dos rios como facilitador da gestão participativa e inclusiva da água na Amazônia", através do estudo de caso da unidade de gestão de água em processo de implementação –Bacia Hidrografia do Rio Branco e Colorado- em Rondônia, Brasil. O trajeto da investigação se realizou através da compreensão dos processos metabólicos de apropriação, configurando uma nova natureza. As análises da evolução do rio foram identificadas pela memória de seus atores e a possibilidade das águas como uma testemunha passageira, permitiu identificar a vulnerabilidade do padrão de parâmetros químicos, físicos e bacteriológicos, correlacionando com o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. O reflexo da apropriação dos recursos naturais ocorridos nos últimos 40 anos e as suas consequências, proporcionam percepções fluviais diferenciadas por parte dos atores da BHIRC, provocando uma tensão ambiental voltada a apropriação das margens dos rios Branco e Colorado e vinculadas a presença de pequenas centrais hidrelétricas. O resultado nos permitiu identificar que o conflito pelo rio não é algo contemporâneo, no entanto, são recentes os estabelecimentos de cooperação entre os atores que vivem na região de Alta Floresta do Oeste e as Terras Indígenas Rio Branco, lutando juntos para que o Rio Branco seja "livre" e que todos tenham o mesmo direito de usufruir dele. Fato que nos permitiu identificar um projeto de governança ambiental local em andamento, liderado pela Sociedade Civil Organizada, que estabelece o diálogo a partir do rio e não de suas águas, ainda que a água e o rio sejam percebidos de forma intrínseca. Concluímos que ouvir a percepção dos autores e compreender a relação que cada territorialidade estabelece com o chamado recurso hídrico local deve ser considerado no processo de implementação do Comitê da bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Branco e Colorado, inserindo representatividade direta de cada territorialidade, para que a concepção de uma política integrada da água integre direitos e deveres múltiplos. Abordar as particularidades do BHIRC envolve a introdução de uma política da água flexível à realidade local e não regras burocráticas que insiste em conectar lugares com o diálogo de água, enquanto que aqueles que realmente aplicaram as leis se unem pelos rios que compõem territorialmente sua própria história.
This research consisted on revealing the main role of the rivers of the Rio Branco and Colorado Hydrographic basin (BHIRC, in Portuguese) on its landscape transformation, by applying diverse techniques and multidisciplinary science. Environmental History, as Geography and its subareas, made possible the scope that emerges from the necessity of integrating –in space and time- natural resources and hydrographic actors, so as to explore other possible ways of hearing a river’s history. Under this research model, the main objective is to analyze the role of environmental history of the rivers, as an enables of participative and inclusive management of the Amazonian water, through the case study of the water management unit that is in process of being implanted - Rio Branco and Colorado Hydrographic Basin – at Rondônia, Brazil. The research route was made through the comprehension of the metabolic processes of appropriation, configuring a new nature; the analysis of the river’s evolution were identified by the memory of its actors, and also it was discussed the possibility of the water being a transient witness, this way identifying the vulnerability of the pattern of chemical, physical and bacteriological parameters, in correlation to the Brazilian juridical system; the response to the appropriation of natural resources during the last 40 years, its consequences offer differentiated fluvial perceptions among the BHIRC actors, provoking an environmental tension that derives on the appropriation of the watersides of the Branco and Colorado rivers, which are involved in the existence of small hydroelectric centrals. The result will allows us to identify that the conflict towards the river is not a contemporary issue, nonetheless, there are recent efforts to establish cooperation among the actors that live in the Western High Forest region and in the native area of Terras Indígenas Rio Branco, so as to struggle together to “free” the Rio Branco and allow everyone to have the same rights to make use of it. This fact mad it possible to identify an ongoing local environmental governance project by the Organized Civil Society, which establishes a dialogue from the river and not from its water. Although water and river are perceived in an intrinsically manner. Thus enabling the conclusion that hearing the perception of the actors and comprehending the relation that each territoriality establishes with the so called local hydric resource, must be considered in the process of implanting the Committee of the Hydrographic Basin of the Branco and Colorado rivers. By inserting direct representatives of each territoriality, as a way of conceiving an integrated water policy that includes multiple rights and duties. Approaching the particularities of the BHIRC involves the introduction of a water policy that is flexible and accommodates to local reality, and not bureaucratic rules that insist on connecting places with the water dialogue, while those that really apply the policies get together through the rivers that territorially compose their own history.
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Sheehan, Molly Elaine. "GLORIOUS CONSTRUCTIONS: The Struggle to Preserve Salvation-Themed Visionary Art Environments." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2010. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/447.
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Salvation-themed art environments are a roadside rarity, built out of a strong visionary dedication to God, but the sites are disappearing simply because the work is misunderstood. The historiography on the subject is sparse, trending more toward coffee table books with big glossy pictures than real scholarly endeavors, but the consensus among all has been clear. The sites are a valuable part of the recent American cultural landscape, crossing several scholarly fields - art, architecture, and history - and uniting them into a cohesive preservation movement. On a series of trips to visit, see, and experience five of these sites, I began to understand the massive scale that each site required to assemble and exactly what it would take to restore and preserve each site. The preservation goal is not small, but it is not unattainable. There are federal grants, nonprofit groups and localized support committees from which to gather support so that the site may continue to be a piece of history.
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Bergquist, Ann-Kristin. "Guld och gröna skogar? : miljöanpassningen av Rönnskärsverken 1960-2000." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Ekonomisk historia, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1375.
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The aim of this thesis is to reach further understanding of the development of environmental adaptation in Swedish heavy industry by studying the case of the Rönnskär Smelter 1960-2000. More specifically, the aim of the thesis is to investigate the interplay between firm level environmental adaptation and national environmental politics and economic development. To fulfil this aim, the following questions are asked: How have company activities such as production processes, organisation and company strategies been developed and adopted in order to meet environmental demands with maintained competitiveness? How have company activities been framed by environmental policies and the specific environmental regulations, relevant for this case? What other factors, beside environmental regulations, have driven and framed the environmental adaptation process of the firm? The study concludes that a long-range competitive environmental adaptation was reached by a combination of investments in environmental technology with an overall rationalisation and modernisation of the enterprise. The study suggests that the environmental adaptation process of the Rönnskär Smelter became part of an overall process of industrial modernisation during the period, which reflects a wider context than the environmental issue itself. It mirrors technological development on other fields than the environment, and an increasing competition on a global scale that called for lower unit costs of production. This led to a modernisation for pollution reduction strategy that enabled the firm to increase production but still cutting its pollution levels considerably over time. The result is partly consistent with the Porter hypothesis that suggests that strict environmental regulation can strengthen firms’ and nations’ competitiveness. Time series data shows that emissions from the Rönnskär factory have radically declined since the 1960s. For these changes, process technology has proven to be most important. Technological adjustments came about through a step-by-step adaptation. It is clear that internal solutions, developed by the companies’ own engineers were more important at an early stage, when the supply of external solutions was limited. The study also concludes that environmental regulation has strongly influenced the environmental adaptation at the Rönnskär Smelter. Of most importance is the Environmental Protection Act (EPA: Miljöskyddslagen) implemented in 1969. In the economic historian Nathan Rosenberg’s terminology, this study suggests that the EPA model of individual testing promoted long-term innovative and cost-effective technical solutions, because it was consistent with decentralised experimental activity and the specific conditions that characterise the dynamics of technological development. However, not much can be said before comparative studies within the Swedish system have been conducted, or perhaps most fruitful, between various national systems of environmental protection. This study also concludes that the environmental issue became of strategic dignity at the very beginning of the 1970s, mainly as a consequence of the implementation of the EPA. Even though environmental issues did not become important for market strategies until the 1990s, the environmental issue called already in the 1970s for adjustments that required financial and personnel resources that demanded priorities and strategic decisions at the highest level of the organisation. The study also concludes that even though the technological dimension has played the most decisive role for lowering emissions, the significance of organisation has increased over time. While the 1960s, and especially the 1970s, brought about substantial pollution reductions through new technology, organisational aspects became relatively more important when the costs of abatement were rising in the 1980s. Organisational co-ordination, division of local responsibilities and education of personnel became a supplement to technology to obtain further pollution reductions. The technician as the “environmental hero” of the firm was successively replaced by the organisational co-ordinator.
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Bylund, Melin Charlotta, Jonny Bjurman, Maria Brunskog, and Hofsten Astrid von. "Painted wood as a climate indicator? : experiences from a condition survey of painted wooden panels and environmental monitoring in Läckö Castle, a dehumidified historic buildiing." Högskolan på Gotland, Avdelningen för Kulturvård, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hgo:diva-354.
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Läckö Castle is an historic building that has never been permanently heated but has been dehumidifiedsince the early 2000s to house museum collections. The purpose of the work was to evaluate thedehumidification performance and compare the climate with the state of preservation of wooden wallpaintings. Compiled climate recordings for different rooms in the castle from 1997 to 2009, before andduring dehumidification, were used and compared to the outside climate. The RH set point value of 70 % for dehumidification was not reached often, especially in winter with high outside RH. Wood painted witha linseed oil paint performed well, whereas paint containing resin was seriously damaged. It is concludedthat microclimatic differences in relation to dominating wind direction are important. The air exchangeof the building is very decisive for dehumidification efficiency.
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Jouanne, François. "Mesure de la déformation actuelle des Alpes occidentales et du Jura par comparaison de données géodésiques historiques." Phd thesis, Chambéry, 1994. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00723714.
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La chaîne des Alpes est encore en formation. Sa sismicité étant modérée, la déformation actuelle y est soit faible, soit en grande partie asismique. Pour mieux comprendre la tectonique actuelle du sud du Jura et du nord des Alpes occidentales, nous utilisons des comparaisons de nivellements pour obtenir les mouvements verticaux actuels et de triangulations pour mesurer les mouvements horizontaux. Les déplacements verticaux reflètent principalement la tectonique actuelle de la région, ceux liés au rebond post-glaciaire étant négligeables. La bonne correlation entre la répartition des tendances régionales des mouvements verticaux et la position des principales rampes de chevauchement montre que les déplacements verticaux traduisent l'activité de ces accidents. Pour estimer les taux de déplacement horizontal sur ces rampes, une inversion d'un profil de taux de déplacement vertical est réalisée. On obtient une vitesse de déplacement de 6 mm/an sur le chevauchement crustal de Belledonne, de 4mm/an sur le chevauchement de socle du Jura interne (Haute Chaîne) sur le soubassement du Jura externe et de 4 mm/an pour le déplacement de la couverture du Jura externe sur ce soubassement. Dans la région étudiée, le chevauchement crustal le plus externe est donc localisé entre Jura interne et Jura externe. Ce résultat est conforté par la comparaison de triangulations réalisée. Cette dernière a nécessité le développement de différents tests statistiques (test de Fischer, ellipses de confiance, calcul d'erreur sur les tenseurs de taux de déformation) qui établissent tous la présence d'une déformation importante et significative dans le Jura externe. Celle-ci est caractérisée par les tenseurs de taux de déformations qui montrent une compression proche de la direction E-W et un taux de raccourcissement de 5 mm/an. La déformation horizontale des Bauges apparaît très faible au regard de la précision des mesures. Cependant, le déplacement d'un point, au nord d'Annecy, indique une forte extension E-W de la cluse d'Annecy, résultat qui demande à être confirmé. Ainsi, par deux méthodes indépendantes, il est établi que le Jura est le front actuellement actif de la partie nord des Alpes occidentales. La déformation du Jura est caractérisée par le jeu du chevauchement du socle du Jura interne sur le Jura externe avec une vitesse de 4 à 5 mm/an.
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Åslund, Jonathan. "Historisk myggplåga vid nedre Dalälven : En miljöhistorisk granskning av myggproblematiken vid Tärnsjö, Heby kommun, mellan åren 1985-1995." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för samhälls- och kulturvetenskap (from 2013), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-84081.
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Uppsatsens syfte var att utreda ett område som tidigare forskning inom miljöhistoria inte har utforskat rörande myggproblematiken vid Nedre Dalälvsområdet mellan åren 1985-1995. Tanken var att utreda de möjliga myggbekämpningsmetoderna som föreslogs, vilka aktörer det var som förespråkade dessa, samt naturens påverkan på närområdet under samma tid. Forskningsläget beskriver tankesättet bakom miljöhistorisk forskning, ger en bakgrund till myggförekomsten i Nedre Dalälvsområdet från år 2000 och framåt, och belyser relationen mellan människa och natur. Länsstyrelsen Västmanlands rapport från 2003 täcker hur invånare i Heby kommun lyfte frågan om myggproblematik till kommunal nivå år 1985. Hebys kommunarkiv erhöll två samlade ärenden rörande den aktuella perioden. Undersökningen utgår från en förklarande kvalitativ analys av två kommunstyrelseärenden hos Heby kommunarkiv namngivna som KS.1985.292 och KS.1991.552. Källmaterialet omfattar 95 sidor av sammanträdesprotokoll, inbjudningar till informationsträffar, forskningsrapporter,informationsdokument och diverse övriga handlingar som ej kan kategoriseras. Undersökningsresultaten visar att Heby kommun under den aktuella perioden av 1985-1995 inte vidtog åtgärder i form av myggbekämpning, även om flertalet förslag fanns representerade i kommunstyrelsens sammanträdesprotokoll. Anledningen till varför myggbekämpningen uteblev har troligtvis flertalet faktorer som exempelvis kommunens ekonomiska begränsning, kommunstyrelsens motvilja att bruka kemiska bekämpningsmetoder, eller att kommunstyrelsen inväntade svar från andra, större samhällsorgan.Bekämpningsmetoderna som förespråkades var dels biologiska metoder som inplantering av inhemsk fisk och groddjur, eller kemisk bekämpning i form av besprutning med insekticider.