Relevant bibliographies by topics / Environmental Impacts of Transport

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Environmental Impacts of Transport'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Environmental Impacts of Transport"

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Wangai, Agnes, Utku Kale, and Sergey Kinzhikeyev. "AN APPLICATION OF IMPACT CALCULATION METHOD IN TRANSPORTATION." Transport 35, no. 4 (November 23, 2020): 435–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2020.13909.

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Forecasted/projected rise of impacts in modes of transportation has necessitated a new rethinking of the evaluation of total impact. While most researchers deal with defined parts (like environmental impact) of the total impact. The total impact calculation methodology includes: (1) analysis of all the impacts (environmental impact, safety and security, costs, cost benefits and sustainability), (2) evaluation on the transportation system level, (3) as their total value (including all the related sub-systems and elements, i.e. transport infrastructure, transport flow control), (4) generation of total impact index. Such an index might be called as transport total sustainability index. The paper defines the Total Impact Performance Index (TIPI) evaluating the total impact in the form of generalized (summarized) costs, specifies its calculation methodology, develops a simplified Excel based calculation methods. It aims to demonstrate the applicability of this methodology, which involves evaluation of impacts in more detailed forms, two parts calculation methods namely impact of road transport safety aspects and impact of the railway transport. Finally, some selected results of the applied new index calculation and developed methodology are introduced and analysed.
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Peeters, Paul, Eckhard Szimba, and Marco Duijnisveld. "Major environmental impacts of European tourist transport." Journal of Transport Geography 15, no. 2 (March 2007): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2006.12.007.

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Török, Ádám, and Norbert Stubán. "THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION INTO EXHAUST GAS ENERGETIC UTILISATION." TRANSPORT 25, no. 4 (December 31, 2010): 357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2010.44.

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Sustainable development is a kind of development where the pace of technical development, the satiation of increasing supply and the raw materials and resources of the Earth are poised so that the rate of living and the opportunities of the future generations should not decline. For this reason, transportation systems must be developed and the effectiveness of transportation service must be increased while environmental pollution must be decreased or prevented. Vehicles are burning fuels inefficiently. There are two options of decreasing environmental impacts – one is to reduce fuel consumption while another is to do it in a more acceptable way increasing efficiency. There is justifiable demand put forward by the society to moderate environmental impacts caused by road transportation. This article deals with modelling the energetic utilisation of exhaust gas.
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Zeng, Zhuxuan, Wendong Yang, Shengrun Zhang, and Frank Witlox. "ANALYSING AIRPORT EFFICIENCY IN EAST CHINA USING A THREE-STAGE DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS." Transport 35, no. 3 (June 25, 2020): 255–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2020.12869.

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This paper evaluates the Technical Efficiencies (TEs) of a group of airports in East China by applying a three-stage Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method. The merit of this method allows us to consider the impact of the environmental factors on measuring airport efficiencies. Three variables, i.e. per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the proportion of the tertiary industry, and the number of tourists, are used to represent the environmental factors. The results show that the environmental factors have airport-specific impacts on the value of the efficiencies. Additionally, airport TE are dominated by both Pure Technical Efficiency (PTE) and Scale Efficiency (SE). Based on empirical results, airport specific strategies can be provided to enhance airport efficiency, such as taking the effects of environmental variables and the statistical noise into consideration when analysing the airport efficiency, improving airport efficiencies according to their own conditions and improving the PTE or SE according to their categorizations.
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Rohács, József, and Dániel Rohács. "TOTAL IMPACT EVALUATION OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS." Transport 35, no. 2 (May 11, 2020): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2020.12640.

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Impact assessment, in general, includes the environmental safety and security considerations, and cost/cost-benefit analysis of the used sources. As usual, the impact is evaluated at two levels: (1) impact during operation (usage) related to a chosen operational unit (e.g., running distance [km], operational time [h] or calendar time [h]), (2) the life-cycle (project life-cycle) impact. The environmental impact is characterized by the chemical and noise emissions. Safety and security are estimated by risks. Costs are calculated based on the required financial support and caused losses. All these calculations are related to the individual vehicles or vehicles with average behaviours. The investigation of sustainability impact requires a wider evaluation and approach, for example, by also including production and recycling beside the operational aspects. This paper generalizes the impact analysis. At first, it considers all types of impacts including the direct (e.g., accidents) and indirect long-term effects (e.g., health problems caused by emissions). All the impacts are expressed as costs. The defined Sustainable Transportation Performance Index (STPI) is the Total Life-Cycle Cost (TLCC) related to the unit of transport work. As such, it combines the life-cycle emissions evaluation and transport costing methods. It contains the total operational and total impact costs. The proposed approach introduces three new specific features in the impact analysis: (1) the impact is evaluated on the transportation system level, (2) the impact is estimated as the total value (including all the related sub-systems and elements, like vehicles, transport infrastructure, transport flow control, etc.), (3) proposes a unique index to describe the total impact. The paper describes the general equations and the developed methodology for the estimation of the total impact and analyses its applicability. The preliminary results demonstrate the applicability of the defined index and its evaluation methodology. It also shows the limitations of traditional cost models. Further test results and wider application of the methodology will be provided in a series of follow up papers by the research team.
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Chatti, Walid. "Information and communication technologies, road freight transport, and environmental sustainability." Environmental Economics 11, no. 1 (October 19, 2020): 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.11(1).2020.11.

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Despite progress in reducing air pollutants in several countries, freight transport continues to have undesirable effects on environmental quality, human health, and the economy. Road freight transport, in particular, is associated with various negative externalities, including environmental and health damages, and the overexploitation of non-renewable natural resources. This paper investigates how ICTs interact with road freight transport to affect environmental quality regarding reducing CO2 emissions. The empirical strategy is focused on the yearly dataset from 2002 to 2014 in 43 countries. Using the two-step GMM techniques, the findings suggest that ICTs can decrease road freight transport’s negative impacts on environmental sustainability. Besides, the interactions of mobile phone and fixed telephone technologies with road freight transport are more efficient in reducing pollution than using internet networks. This paper underlines the importance of using ICTs to dampen road freight transport’s negative effects on environmental sustainability.
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Michaelis, Laurie. "Global warming impacts of transport." Science of The Total Environment 134, no. 1-3 (June 1993): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(93)90344-6.

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Fraselle, Justin, Sabine Louise Limbourg, and Laura Vidal. "Cost and Environmental Impacts of a Mixed Fleet of Vehicles." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 22, 2021): 9413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169413.

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Urban parcel delivery is increasingly restricted by regulations limiting access to certain heavy or high emitting vehicles to reduce emissions and noise pollution in cities. Cargo bikes represent an alternative solution that enables deliveries with low environmental impact, but they may represent a higher economic cost and come with constraints like battery autonomy or small loading capacity. As a transport scheme relying on bikes for the last miles with fewer externalities, it is regarded as an environmentally friendly choice, and economic sustainability is assessed. This paper aims to present the environmental and economic aspects of different delivery means of transport in European urban areas. Life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology is selected to analyse the environmental impact of several vehicles, allowing us to quantify the emissions according to the loading factor. The electricity mix is an important parameter and makes the results vary according to the country studied. For the economic aspect, the cost price allows us to quantify the operational cost of each means of transport. A trade-off can thus be made between the two.
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Agioutantis, Z., K. Komnitsas, and A. Athousaki. "Aggregate transport and utilization: ecological footprint and environmental impacts." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 47, no. 4 (December 21, 2016): 1960. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11005.

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The Ecological Footprint (EF) measures how much of the biosphere’s annual regenerative capacity is required to renew the natural resources used by a defined population in a given year. In essence, the EF is a resource accounting tool that measures how much biologically productive land and sea is used by a given population or activity, and compares this with the available land and sea.Productive land and sea support population demands for food, fiber, timber, energy, and space for infrastructure. These areas also absorb gaseous emissions (i.e. CO2) generated from human activities.The present paper discusses a methodology that allows the parametric estimation of the EF due to the transport of aggregates to urban areas as a function of tonnage and distance.
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Lyng, Kari-Anne, and Andreas Brekke. "Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Biogas as a Fuel for Transport Compared with Alternative Fuels." Energies 12, no. 3 (February 7, 2019): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030532.

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Upgraded biogas, also known as biomethane, is increasingly being used as a fuel for transport in several countries and is regarded as an environmentally beneficial option. There are, nevertheless, few studies documenting the environmental impacts of biogas as a transport fuel compared with the alternatives on the market. In this study, life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology was applied to compare the environmental performance of biogas used as a fuel for bus transport with natural gas, electricity fueled buses, biodiesel, and fossil diesel. A sensitivity analysis was performed for the biogas alternative to assess the importance of the underlying assumptions. The results show that biogas has a relatively low contribution to the environmental impact categories assessed. Emissions of greenhouse gases are dependent on assumptions such as system boundaries, transport distances and methane leakages.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Environmental Impacts of Transport"

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Armstrong, Amrith. "Road Freight Transport : Transport Purchasing and Environmental Impacts." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Ingenjörshögskolan, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-17527.

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This paper on the environmental impacts of transport purchasing in road freight is to highlight how the adaptive capability of transport chains are affected through collaboration and the aim for sustainability through political regulations and societal demands.This paper is divided into a theoretical framework and an empirical study, followed by the analysis, conclusions and discussions based on the framework and empirical study.The theoretical framework will discuss the different aspects of road freight transport which impact the environment and show the interdependencies of each aspect.The analysis will highlight the empirical chapter with a comparison of the theoretical framework in order to make substantial conclusions.Conclusions among others are that standardization is needed although flexibility and agility is also needed. By standardizing processes, routine measures can be implemented and it creates a sense of certainty within the company. Agility and flexibility can be achieved by adding modular processes which can be implemented if the need for customization arises.Governmental involvement is necessary for the development of infrastructure to minimize traffic congestion and improve the infrastructure for increased reliability, accessibility, and flexibility. By developing the rail infrastructure, a larger share of goods can be transferred via railway and thus reduce the environmental impacts of road freight through intermodal transportation.
Program: Industrial Engineering – Logistics Management
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Yang, Qingjun (Judy Qingjun). "Impacts of vegetation-generated turbulence on sediment transport." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/120638.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2018.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 179-188).
Aquatic vegetated habitats, including wetlands and mangroves, are disappearing at an annual rate of 1 to 7%. These ecosystems provide habitats important to fisheries, enhance water quality by filtering nutrients from run-off, and also protect coastal regions from storm surges and waves. To mitigate the loss of these habitats, restoration projects import sediment to eroded areas. The success of the restoration depends on its ability to retain sediment; therefore restoration design requires a good understanding of sediment transport within vegetated landscapes. However, there is currently no quantitative model for sediment transport in vegetated regions, and many restoration projects have failed due to unanticipated erosion from the restored regions. The goal of this thesis is to develop a predictive model for sediment transport in regions with vegetation. First, the affect of vegetation on the critical condition when sediment start to move was explored. To identify the critical condition, an imaging system was designed to track the trajectories of individual moving grain through running water. The critical flow velocity (U[subscript crit]) above which sediment starts to move was identified from the tracked sediment trajectories for both bare (non-vegetated) and vegetated regions. The experimental results showed that for the same type of sediment, U[subscript crit] decreased with increasing vegetation solid volume fraction. This was attributed to the vegetation-generated turbulence, which induced a local, vertical, adverse pressure, or a lift force on the sediment grain, facilitating sediment transport. In contrast, the turbulent kinetic energy (k[subscript t]) was found to be roughly a constant at the critical condition for different vegetation volume fractions, suggesting that k[subscript t] is a more universal metric than T for predicting the critical condition of the sediment transport. A k[subscript t]-based model was developed to predict U[subscript crit] for channels with different vegetation solid volume fractions. The turbulence-based model successfully predicted U[subscript crit] for both bare and vegetated channels, providing a useful tool for ecologists to predict whether a vegetated landscape will erode or not. Second, the impact of vegetation on the bed load transport rate was explored. A system that allows sediment to be bypassed, a cart to distribute sediment, a method that measures the dry weight of wet sand without drying the sediment, a topography system, and an sediment trajectory imaging system were designed. The bed load transport rate (Q[subscript s],) was measured for both bare channels and channels with different vegetation solid volume fractions ([phi]) under different flow rates. At the same [tau], the measured Q[subscript s], increased with increasing [phi], suggesting that vegetation-generated turbulence, which also increased with increasing ]phi], was augmenting the bed load transport. At the same near-bed turbulent kinetic energy, k[subscript t], the Q[subscript s], measured in both bare and vegetated channels agreed within uncertainty, suggesting that k[subscript t] may be a more universal predictor of Q[subscript s] than [tau]. The Einstein-Brown [tau]-based bed load transport model was reinterpreted as a k[subscript t]-based model. The new kt-based model predicted the Q[subscript s] measurements for both bare and vegetated channels. The dependence of Q[subscript s] on k[subscript t] was explained by the statistics of individual grain motion, which showed that Q[subscript s] was predominantly controlled by the number of grains in motion, which correlated with k[subscript t]. The proposed k[subscript t]-based sediment transport model can be used to simulate large-scale landscape evolution and to help ecologists design better coastal restoration strategies. Third, the impacts of vegetation on bed-form characteristics and migration rate were studied. After the measured bed load transport rate converged to an equilibrium value, the bed topography was scanned by a laser topography system. Bed-forms with height less than 2cm were observed and characterized as ripples. For low vegetation solid volume fraction ([phi] by Qingjun Judy Yang.
Ph. D.
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Nelson, P. S. "Monetary valuation of the environmental impacts of road transport : a stated preference approach." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1998. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/11051.

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The impact of road transport and road transport infrastructure on the environment is an important public issue in the United Kingdom today. Economists have suggested that the present Trunk Road appraisal process undervalues the environmental impact of road schemes because environmental impacts are not included in the monetary cost-benefit process, i.e. they are externalised. Furthermore, critics state that the present evaluation process is complicated by the number and type of qualitative and quantitative measures of environmental impact, this leads to confusion and non-standardisation in the decision-making process. In answer to these criticisms it has been suggested that monetary values of environmental impacts should be incorporated into the Trunk Road appraisal process, i.e. placing environmental benefits or losses into the cost-benefit framework and hence simplifying the decision-making process. This research identified the present methods of monetary valuation, and showed that these have insufficient institutional or public acceptability to be used for the purpose of monetary valuation in this case. This research therefore examined a new methodology for placing values on environmental impacts. i.e. Stated Preference (SP) techniques. SP determines implicit valuations by asking people to trade-off between a number of different choice situations. SP techniques are widely used throughout the transport industry for placing monetary values on factors such as journey time and ride quality. The research was successful in gaining statistically significant monetary values for Road Safety and Air Quality and respondents were able to understand the SP experiments and to trade logically between choice scenarios. However, the research identified that particular care is required when measuring and representing environmental attributes and attribute levels to respondents, as these impact on the valuations gained. Further research is also required to define the reasons for significant variation within the response data. The reasons for this variation need to be investigated further so that significant valuations can be obtained that relate to the whole population.
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Lien, Jung-Hsun, and N/A. "Integrating Strategic Environmental Assessment into Transport Planning." Griffith University. Griffith School of Environment, 2007. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20070813.155624.

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Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) has become recognised as an improvement on the existing, limited system of project-based EIA. It aims to integrate environmental considerations into government policies, plans and programmes, and provides a basis for arriving at better-informed decisions at broader strategic levels. However, the compatibility of this new environmental planning tool with other planning systems such as transport, holds the key to successful integration of environmental concerns into existing planning approaches. This study investigates whether SEA can influence and integrate with transport planning and policy development processes through a survey of attitudes and opinions of planners on transport SEA in Taiwan. Transport planning has been criticised for considering too few alternatives, and for basing evaluations solely on technical and economic grounds. The emerging SEA seems theoretically feasible and potentially beneficial in allowing the integration of environmental concerns into strategic transport planning. Though many countries or regions have transport SEA provisions, practical transport SEA applications remain limited, mostly in Western developed countries with high environmental awareness. SEA applications are also limited in their strategies, focusing mainly on infrastructure-related projects. Moreover, most current transport SEA practices lack strategic focus and thus fail to fulfill SEA principles. This suggests that many planners are unfamiliar with the nature and techniques of SEA, and the conceptual impediments are still critical, which may result in significant barriers to transport SEA application. The EIA Act promulgated in 1994, together with its relevant provisions, have provided an applicable mechanism and a legal basis for SEA application in Taiwan, however, no transport SEA cases have been conducted. Many technical and non-technical barriers have been identified by the interviewees, indicating that most of the planners in Taiwan believe that transport SEA is conceptually and practically immature, and planners are not yet ready for it. The conceptual barriers seem more critical at this stage because practical barriers can only be identified and overcome when planners and decision-makers have a clear and proper concept of SEA. This narrowly-viewed application has limited the benefits of SEA, and has resulted in a rigid and incorrect idea that SEA was a passive impact-reducing mechanism; this may mislead the attitudes of planners to transport SEA. In fact, the emerging SEA is a re-engineered planning system framework that serves to remind planners that they are able to improve their efforts. It is a paradigm revolution, as the way in which planners think can make a vast difference. Thus, the potential for the emerging SEA concept to influence and integrate with transport planning and transport policy development processes depends not only on practical feasibility but also on a fundamental conceptual recognition of transport SEA. SEA could influence and integrate with transport planning and transport policy development processes if planners and decision-makers changed their ways of thinking. This study also found that a tiered and integrated transport SEA, embedded in the main transport planning process at different strategic levels, has great potential to embody the environmental and sustainable concerns in transport planning and decision-making. This finding is based on several contentions supported by the recent SEA studies showing that it should not be detached from the main planning process. SEA needs to be flexible in order to meet various policies, plans and programmes (PPP) demands, and it must be value-driven, not impact-oriented. A tiered, integrated transport SEA provides ways to overcome identified transport SEA application impediments. This two-in-one planning system is a simple solution which allows transport SEA to be conducted without involving complex legal processes. It improves institutional coordination and integrates not only with planning processes but also with values and resources.
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Song, Liying. "Transport and Environmental Impacts of Current Home Delivery Services and the Benefits of Alternative Measures." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.485517.

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Lung, Hon-kei William. "Environmental impact assessments and transport development in Hong Kong." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk:8888/cgi-bin/hkuto%5Ftoc%5Fpdf?B23339251.

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Eriksson, Anders. "Identification of environmental impacts for the Vectus PRT system using LCA." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-183823.

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Emissions from passenger transport causes impacts to the environment and human health. With increasing demand for urban transportation caused by population growth and urbanization new transport solutions are needed. Vectus Intelligent Transport develops a new transport solution with the Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) technology which provides individual, automated and on demand transportation. Vectus is currently building their first commercial system at the Suncheon wetlands in South Korea. One of the purposes with the Suncheon PRT system is to reduce the environmental impact on the unique eco-system of the wetlands. The PRT technology is considered a sustainable transport solution due to the fact that it is electrically powered. However, there has not until now been any detailed environmental analysis of a complete PRT system. In this thesis a life cycle assessment (LCA) for the Vectus PRT was performed to identify the parts of the system that contributed to the largest environmental impact and in which phase of the life cycle these impacts occurred, as well as the impact of some system changes. The Suncheon PRT system was used as a ground scenario. All processes needed to construct, operate and dismantle the system were included in the assessment and were used to build a material and energy flow model for the complete life cycle. For the overall system the track stood for the largest impact followed by the vehicles. These impacts occurred at different phases of the life cycle, the tracks during construction due to its large mass and vehicles during operation due to the energy demand. A track made of steel had a lower environmental impact compared to a concrete track due to its lighter structure. By using certified electricity mix the impact during the operation phase could be reduced by over 95 % for most of the impact categories studied. The choice of electricity mix during operation was the single most efficient way to affect the overall environmental impact of the system. Using power collection instead of batteries was the preferred alternative as the vehicle power system due to short lifetime for batteries and increase in number of vehicles to maintain passenger capacity due to charging time. By combining these configurations for the Suncheon PRT system the overall environmental impact could be lowered by about 50 %. According to the LCA a slight decrease in greenhouse gas emissions and increase of emissions of acidifying substances will occur compared to competing modes of transport, such as transportation with cars and buses, due to the construction of the Suncheon PRT. However, during operation minimal emissions will occur at the Suncheon wetlands thus fulfilling the purpose of the PRT. There is also a large potential to substantially lower the impact by choosing renewable power, an alternative not available for gasoline driven vehicles.
Utsläpp från persontransporter påverkar både miljön och människors hälsa. Med ökad efterfrågan av stadstrafik på grund av befolkningstillväxt och urbanisering krävs nya transportlösningar. Vectus Intelligent Transportation utvecklar en ny transportlösning med konceptet spårtaxi (PRT) som erbjuder individuell och automatiserad passagerartransport på begäran. Vectus uppför för närvarande sitt första kommersiella system vid Suncheons nationalpark i Sydkorea. Ett av syftena med spårtaxisystemet i Suncheon är att minska miljöpåverkan vid nationalparken. PRT-tekniken anses vara en hållbar transportlösning tack vare det faktum att driften sker med el. Någon detaljerad miljöanalys av ett komplett spårtaxisystem har dock inte tidigare utförts. I detta examensarbete utfördes en livscykelanalys (LCA) för Vectus PRT för att identifiera vilka delar av systemet som bidrog till störst miljöpåverkan och i vilken del av livscykeln dessa effekter inträffade samt effekter av olika ändringar i systemutformning. Spårtaxisystemet i Suncheon användes som grundscenario. Alla processer som krävdes för att bygga, driva och avveckla systemet ingick i analysen och användes till att bygga en material- och energiflödesmodell för hela livscykeln. För det totala systemet stod spåret för den största miljöpåverkan följt av fordonen. Dessa effekter uppstod under olika faser av livscykeln, spåret under konstruktion på grund av dess stora massa och fordonen under drift på grund av dess energiförbrukning. Ett spår bestående av stål hade en lägre miljöpåverkan jämfört med ett spår i betong tack vare dess lättare struktur. Genom att använda certifierad elmix kunde effekterna under driftsfasen minskas med över 95 % för flertalet av de studerade miljöeffekterna. Valet av elmix under drift var det enskilt mest effektiva sättet att påverka systemets totala miljöpåverkan. Användandet av strömavtagare i stället för batterier var att föredra som alternativ till fordonens energikälla. Detta på grund av kort livslängd för batterier och en ökning av totala antalet fordon i systemet för att upprätthålla passagerarkapacitet på grund av laddningstiden. Genom att kombinera dessa konfigurationer för Suncheons spårtaxisystem kunde den totala miljöpåverkan sänkas ca 50%. Enligt LCAn kommer en liten utsläppsminskning av växthusgaser men en ökning av utsläpp av försurande ämnen ske jämfört med konkurrerande vägtransporter, så som bilar och bussar, genom uppförandet av spårtaxisystemet vid Suncheon. Däremot kommer minimala utsläpp ske vid Suncheons nationalpark under drifttiden vilket uppfyller syftet med spårtaxisystemet. Det finns också en stor potential att avsevärt sänka effekterna genom att välja förnyelsebara energikällor, ett alternativ som inte skulle vara möjligt för bensindrivna motorfordon.
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Ros, Chaos Sergi. "The transport and environmental impacts of cruise ships : application to the case of the Port of Barcelona." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670886.

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The rapid evolution of the cruise industry in the last 50 years is evident. In the nineteenth century, cruise ships were simple modes of transport used by immigrants to travel on transoceanic voyages from Europe to North America in search of a better future. Now, they have become authentic floating cities full of amenities and activities to do on board, whose main objective is leisure and pleasure. Passengers no longer go on a cruise ship simply to get from one point to another. Instead, they seek a unique experience on the ship and do not care so much about the final destination. For this reason, many experts consider that cruise ships have become a travel destination in themselves. This evolution of the concept of cruise ship that occurred in the 1970s has not been easy. It has led to a set of problems that have significantly affected ports and the cities, and to which they have had to adapt. The main change is associated with the increase in size of the ships to accommodate more passengers and all the on-board activities. To receive this type of ships, ports have had to adapt their berthing line, maritime station, adjacent esplanade and road accesses, among other factors. Cruise ships have been increasing in size every year. In 2009, a ship reached 360 m in length and 222,900 GT of gross tonnage. Given this gigantism of ships, this thesis aims to verify and analyse whether an increase in cruise ship capacity and size is justified and supported by economies of scale. The large passenger capacity of these ships also entails difficulties in managing passenger mobility, especially when more than two cruises concur in the same time slot. In this case, the disembarkation operation becomes very complex, since passengers all leave at once and in a short period of time. This thesis analyses the mobility of passengers and studies the main variables that explain disembarking operations. Another important aspect is the impact that cruise ships have on the environment. Moving cruise ships at service speed requires a large amount of fuel. Consequently, polluting gases, mainly nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, suspended particles and greenhouse gases, are emitted in greater amounts into the environment. Many voices have been raised in the civilian population and public administrations that reject cruise tourism. For this reason, by 2020, more restrictive environmental regulations had been created, mainly limiting the sulfur content in marine fuels to 0.5%. Shipowners have various options to meet these requirements: use scrubbers together with catalytic reduction devices, use distilled fuels and less pollutants, the cold ironing solution to connect electrically at the docks to obtain energy or use liquefied natural gas (GNL) as an alternative fuel. The last section of this thesis tries to determine whether LNG could be the most valid option for cruise lines to mitigate emissions to the environment. LNG almost completely eliminates emissions of sulfur oxides and particles. Nitrogen oxides and CO2 are reduced by 90% and 20% respectively. Furthermore, the price of LNG is almost half that of heavy fuel oil, which makes LNG economically attractive. The idea of adopting LNG as a cruise fuel is quite new. Very few cruise ships in the world are adapted to this system. Therefore, an analysis and study of its viability is advisable and may help cruise companies to decide whether to adopt LNG as the majority fuel for cruise ships.
La ràpida evolució de la indústria dels creuers en els darrers 50 anys és evident. Els creuers que al segle XIX eren simples modes de transport utilitzats pels immigrants en viatges transoceànics des d'Europa a Amèrica del Nord a la recerca d'un futur millor, s'han convertit en autèntiques ciutats flotants plenes de serveis i activitats a bord, en les quals l'objectiu principal ha passat a ser el lleure i el plaer. Els passatgers ja no fan un creuer pel simple fet de desplaçar-se d'un punt a un altre, sinó que busquen viure una experiència única dins del vaixell i no els importa tant el destí final del seu viatge. Per aquest motiu, molts experts consideren que el creuer ha esdevingut un destí de viatge en si mateix. Aquesta evolució del concepte del creuer iniciada en la dècada dels anys 70 no ha estat senzilla i ha comportat un conjunt de problemàtiques que han afectat de manera molt significativa als ports i les ciutats, els quals s'han hagut d'adaptar. El principal canvi té a veure amb l'augment de la mida dels vaixells per allotjar més passatgers i totes les activitats que es desenvolupen al seu interior. Per rebre aquest tipus de vaixells, els ports van haver d'adaptar la seva línia d'atracada, l'estació marítima, l'esplanada contigua i els accessos. Els creuers han anat augmentat de mida cada any fins a assolir a l'any 2009, els 360 m d'eslora i 222.900 GT d'arqueig brut. Davant d'aquest gigantisme dels vaixells, la present tesi pretén verificar i analitzar si aquest augment de la capacitat està justificat i es recolza en les economies d'escala. La gran capacitat en passatge d'aquests vaixells també comporta dificultats per gestionar la mobilitat dels creueristes, sobretot quan coincideixen més de dos creuers a la mateixa franja horària. Aleshores l'operació de desembarcament esdevé molt complexa, ja que tots els passatgers surten alhora i en un curt període de temps. En aquest sentit, la tesi analitza la mobilitat dels passatgers i estudia les principals variables que expliquen les operacions de desembarcament. Un altre aspecte important és l'impacte que tenen els creuers sobre el medi ambient. Per desplaçar els creuers a la velocitat de servei es requereix una gran quantitat de combustible. Això comporta l'emissió a l'atmosfera de gasos contaminants, principalment òxids de nitrogen, òxids de sofre, partícules en suspensió i gasos d'efecte hivernacle. Actualment, han sorgit moltes veus entre la població civil i les administracions públiques que rebutgen el turisme de creuers. Per aquest motiu, a l'any 2020, s'han creat noves normatives mediambientals més restrictives, limitant el contingut de sofre en els combustibles marins al 0,5%. Els armadors tenen diverses opcions per complir amb aquests requisits: utilitzar scrubbers juntament amb dispositius de reducció catalítica, utilitzar combustibles destil·lats i menys contaminants, la solució del cold ironing per connectar-se elèctricament als molls i obtenir energia o utilitzar el gas natural liquat (GNL) com a combustible alternatiu. La present tesi en aquest darrer bloc tracta d'esbrinar si el GNL pot ser l'opció més vàlida per a les companyies de creuers per mitigar les emissions al medi. El GNL elimina gairebé les emissions d'òxids i partícules de sofre. Pel que fa als òxids de nitrogen i el CO2, aquests es redueixen un 90% i un 20% respectivament. A més, el preu del GNL resulta gairebé la meitat que el fuel pesat, pel que el GNL també és atractiu econòmicament. La idea d'adoptar el GNL com a combustible per a creuers és força nova. Al món, existeixen molt pocs creuers adaptats a aquest sistema. Per tant, l'anàlisi i estudi de la seva viabilitat resulta molt aconsellable i pot servir a les companyies de creuers per decidir-se finalment en adoptar el GNL com a combustible majoritari per als seus creuers.
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Bobrutzki, Kristina von [Verfasser], and Dieter [Akademischer Betreuer] Scherer. "Agricultural ammonia in the atmosphere: transport, monitoring and environmental impacts / Kristina von Bobrutzki. Betreuer: Dieter Scherer." Berlin : Universitätsbibliothek der Technischen Universität Berlin, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1014946336/34.

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Chiquetto, Sergio Luiz. "Modelling the impacts of transport policies on the urban environment." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363975.

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Books on the topic "Environmental Impacts of Transport"

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Nicolopoulou-Stamati, P., L. Hens, and C. V. Howard, eds. Environmental Health Impacts of Transport and Mobility. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4307-4.

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Establishment, Building Research. Transport related environmental impacts of buildings project (TRIP) - case studies. Watford: Building Research Establishment., 1999.

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Rothengatter, Werner, Yoshitsugu Hayashi, and Wolfgang Schade. Transport moving to climate intelligence: New chances for controlling climate impacts of transport after the economic crisis. New York: Springer, 2011.

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Ghana Environmental Assessment Capacity Development Programme and Ghana Environmental Assessment Support Programme, eds. Environmental impact assessment guideline for the transport sector. Accra: Environmental Protection Agency, Ghana, 2011.

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Éco-fiscalité et transport durable: Entre prime et taxe? Villeneuve d'Ascq, France: Presses universitaires du septentrion, 2011.

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Haque, Mahfuzul. Final report on assessment of environmental impact of flood 1998 on Dhaka City: Transport impact study (1.8) (impacts on roads and transportation). Dhaka]: Bangladesh Unnayan Parishad, 1998.

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Sikonia, W. G. Impact on the Columbia River of an outburst of Spirit Lake. Tacoma, Wash: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1985.

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Engineering, National Academy of, National Academies Press (U.S.), and National Research Council (U.S.). Panel on Alternative Liquid Transportation Fuels, eds. Liquid transportation fuels from coal and biomass: Technological status, costs, and environmental impacts. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press, 2009.

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FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION. Final environmental impact statement: Baltimore/Washington International Airport, extension of Runway 15L/33R. [Baltimore]: Maryland State Aviation Administration, 1989.

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Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Environment, Transport and Regional Affairs Committee. Environmental impact of supermarket competition: The Government's Response to the Environment, Transport and Regional Affairs Committee: Second Report. London: Stationery Office, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Environmental Impacts of Transport"

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Friedrich, Rainer, and Peter Bickel. "Impacts on Building Materials." In Environmental External Costs of Transport, 59–72. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04329-5_6.

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Friedrich, Rainer, and Peter Bickel. "Impacts on Terrestrial Ecosystems." In Environmental External Costs of Transport, 73–85. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04329-5_7.

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Bergh, J. C. J. M., K. J. Button, P. Nijkamp, and G. C. Pepping. "Impacts of Mobility and Transport Policy." In Meta-Analysis in Environmental Economics, 181–91. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8865-2_14.

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Ashraf, Muhammad Aqeel, Maliha Sarfraz, Rizwana Naureen, and Mohamedreza Gharibreza. "Transport of Metals: Statistical Approach and Pollution Indices." In Environmental Impacts of Metallic Elements, 79–104. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-293-7_4.

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Ferrary, Chris, and Polash Banerjee. "Transport." In Methods of Environmental and Social Impact Assessment, 365–98. 4th edition. | New York : Routledge, 2017. | Series: The natural and built environment series: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315626932-10.

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Davenport, John, and T. A. Switalski. "Environmental impacts of transport, related to tourism and leisure activities." In The Ecology of Transportation: Managing Mobility for the Environment, 333–60. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4504-2_14.

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Friedrich, Rainer, and Peter Bickel. "The Impact Pathway Methodology." In Environmental External Costs of Transport, 5–10. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04329-5_2.

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Brotchie, J. F., M. Anderson, P. G. Gipps, and C. McNamara. "Urban Productivity and Sustainability — Impacts of Technological Change." In Transport, Land-Use and the Environment, 81–99. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2475-2_5.

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Taylor, A. W., and W. F. Spencer. "Volatilization and Vapor Transport Processes." In Pesticides in the Soil Environment: Processes, Impacts and Modeling, 213–69. Madison, WI, USA: Soil Science Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser2.c7.

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Enfield, C. G., and S. R. Yates. "Organic Chemical Transport to Groundwater." In Pesticides in the Soil Environment: Processes, Impacts and Modeling, 271–302. Madison, WI, USA: Soil Science Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser2.c8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Environmental Impacts of Transport"

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Kováčiková, Kristína, and Antonín Kazda. "Life cycle assessment of the environmental impacts of transport infrastructure and individual modes of transport." In Práce a štúdie. University of Zilina, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/pas.z.2021.2.18.

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The paper is focused on the assessment of the environmental impacts of transport infrastructure and individual types of transport using the life cycle assessment method. The paper contains a description of the basic terminology of the problem related to transport, the environment and methods of environmental impact assessment. The paper contains analysis on monitoring carbon dioxide emissions from a global perspective as well as from a regional perspective focused on Slovakia. The aim of the paper is to create a proposal for the assessment of environmental impacts of transport infrastructure, in the form of specification of areas of assessment for selected types of transport with a focus on carbon dioxide emissions. Using the knowledge and principles of the life cycle method, a proposal for relevant indicators and a proposal for a comprehensive assessment of the impacts of selected types of transport, focused on carbon dioxide emissions, is created in the paper
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Yang, Xueyao, and Dominic L. Boccelli. "The Impacts of Demand Variability on Distribution System Hydraulics and Transport." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41036(342)19.

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Gray, Derek R. "Environmental Impact of Aircraft Deicing." In 27th International Air Transport Conference. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40646(2003)25.

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Kempa, Jan, Jacek Chmielewski, and Grzegorz Bebyn. "Benefits from Constructing a Dam Across the Vistula in Siarzewo in Terms of Transport and Environmental Protection." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.025.

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This paper presents the results of analyses that concern the benefits from the planned construction of a dam across the Vistula in Siarzewo. The simulated transport model developed in the VISUM environment has been used to determine the forecast traffic intensity, the value of traffic volume indices, transport activity, travel times of drivers and passengers as well as the costs of environmental impact. The above-mentioned characteristics have enabled to determine savings both in terms of traffic costs and environmental impacts resulting from the dam construction. The paper indicates that the implementation of the investment project improves traffic conditions on the road network and reduces the transport environmental impact in Kujawsko-Pomorskie Province. Moreover, it has been found that the revealed effects concern in particular the first years after the launch of the project. The development of the road network diminishes the role of the analysed investment project significantly.
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Nemaniute-Guziene, Jolanta, and Justas Kazys. "Climate Change and Lithuanian Roads: Impacts, Vulnerability and Adaptation." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.138.

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In Lithuania, like in other countries, climate change causes and will cause changes in natural and anthropogenic environment. The entire transport sector will be impacted, influencing the way it plans, designs, constructs and maintains infrastructure in the future. Roads are already sensitive to current climate variability. If today’s extreme weather events become both more frequent and extreme, so too will the level of disruption that they cause. Thus, roads must be adapted to changing climate conditions. The aim is to ensure resilience, to ensure that roads remain open under extreme weather conditions. The easiest and the most effective economically way is to implement adaptation measures for the new or reconstructed roads. But the existing older roads should be adapted also. The steps required to improve and maintain resilience of roads are definition of climate projections, identification of key roads and their vulnerability, identification and research on technologies for adaptation, preparation of methodologies, establishment of field operational trials. The aim of the research is to review Lithuanian roads in the context of climate change and its consequences. Methodology: climate and associated data collection and review, initial prognoses of the change (in short, medium and long term perspective) of meteorological elements, vulnerability assessment of the study area and the roads. Results: initial recommendations for adaptation action planning.
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Angelevska, Beti, and Vaska Atanasova. "An implementation framework for developing cities – the way to smart mobility." In Public Transport & Smart Mobility. Faculty of Transport and Traffic Sciences, University of Zagreb, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptsm.2020.7.

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The smart mobility is a concept, where with various past and real-time data, and with the help of information and communication technologies, travel time is optimized, resulting in reductions of space usage, road congestion, road accidents and emissions of harmful gases and noise. [1] For implementation of smart mobility it will be necessary to combine sustainable solutions and smart innovations at the same time. This will contribute for moving forward in developing cities, which are lacking behind considering inclusion of smart mobility in their urban transport systems. Also, smart mobility will contribute for improved environmental footprint of urban transport, having in mind that environmental issues (air pollution in particular) in these cities are very serious. More specifically, the paper identifies implementation framework for smart mobility, along with drivers and barriers for its implementation, as well as strategies in transport that are environmentally friendly. Turning carbon-dependent transport sector in developing cities into a clean and smart mobility system might seem like a mission impossible. But, it can be done and it is also a must, given the current transport system’s impacts on the environment and public health [2]. At the end, this is an indispensable opportunity to start with changes and to build a better and sustainable future.
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Oriel, Kimberly A., Andrew J. Thuman, Christopher Magruder, and Sandra L. McLellan. "Evaluation of Bacteria Impacts on Beaches in Milwaukee: The Bacteria Source, Transport, and Fate Study." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2006. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40856(200)433.

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Glaser, D., D. Rucker, R. McGill, J. Fink, C. Baldyga, J. Hansen, and A. Magliocchino. "Residual Potential Mapping of Contaminant Transport Pathways in Karst Formations of Southern Texas." In 10th Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40796(177)63.

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Tacla, D., R. C. Botter, O. F. Lima, and S. Suyama. "Logistic net working to reduce cost and environmental impact for urban cargo deliveries." In URBAN TRANSPORT 2007. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ut070101.

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Yuhara, Tatsunori, Kenichi Rinoie, and Y. Makino. "Conceptual Design Study on LH2 Fueled Supersonic Transport considering Performance and Environmental Impacts." In 52nd Aerospace Sciences Meeting. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2014-0028.

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Reports on the topic "Environmental Impacts of Transport"

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Barrett, Stephen B., Schlezinger, David, Ph.D, Cowles, Geoff, Ph.D, Patricia Hughes, Samimy, I. Roland, and and Terray, E, Ph.D. Environmental Effects of Sediment Transport Alteration and Impacts on Protected Species: Edgartown Tidal Energy Project. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1059377.

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Whelan, G., J. W. Buck, and K. J. Castleton. Unit environmental transport assessment of contaminants from Hanford`s past-practice waste sites. Hanford Remedial Action Environmental Impact Statement. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/102530.

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Liddle, Brantley. Demographic dynamics and per capita environmental impact: using panel regressions and household decompositions to examine population and transport. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, August 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/mpidr-wp-2003-029.

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Duchesne, M. J. Environmental impacts of permafrost degradation. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/326990.

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Duchesne, M. J. Environmental Impacts of permafrost degradation. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/314915.

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Duchesne, M. J. Environmental impacts of permafrost degradation. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328466.

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Goldsmith, Gregg S. Environmental Impacts of Military Range Use. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada561209.

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Pathan, Alina, Alain Schilli, Jens Johansson, Iivo Vehviläinen, Anna Larsson, and Jürg Hutter. Tracking environmental impacts in global product chains. Nordic Council of Ministers, March 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/tn2013-520.

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Huang, Ed. Impacts of environmental design on residential crowding. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.774.

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Rollinson, Andrew N., and Jumoke Oladejo. Chemical recycling: Status, Sustainability, and Environmental Impacts. Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives, June 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46556/onls4535.

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