Dissertations / Theses: 'Environmental Impacts of Transport'

1

Armstrong, Amrith. "Road Freight Transport : Transport Purchasing and Environmental Impacts." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Ingenjörshögskolan, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-17527.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper on the environmental impacts of transport purchasing in road freight is to highlight how the adaptive capability of transport chains are affected through collaboration and the aim for sustainability through political regulations and societal demands.This paper is divided into a theoretical framework and an empirical study, followed by the analysis, conclusions and discussions based on the framework and empirical study.The theoretical framework will discuss the different aspects of road freight transport which impact the environment and show the interdependencies of each aspect.The analysis will highlight the empirical chapter with a comparison of the theoretical framework in order to make substantial conclusions.Conclusions among others are that standardization is needed although flexibility and agility is also needed. By standardizing processes, routine measures can be implemented and it creates a sense of certainty within the company. Agility and flexibility can be achieved by adding modular processes which can be implemented if the need for customization arises.Governmental involvement is necessary for the development of infrastructure to minimize traffic congestion and improve the infrastructure for increased reliability, accessibility, and flexibility. By developing the rail infrastructure, a larger share of goods can be transferred via railway and thus reduce the environmental impacts of road freight through intermodal transportation.
Program: Industrial Engineering – Logistics Management

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Yang, Qingjun (Judy Qingjun). "Impacts of vegetation-generated turbulence on sediment transport." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/120638.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2018.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 179-188).
Aquatic vegetated habitats, including wetlands and mangroves, are disappearing at an annual rate of 1 to 7%. These ecosystems provide habitats important to fisheries, enhance water quality by filtering nutrients from run-off, and also protect coastal regions from storm surges and waves. To mitigate the loss of these habitats, restoration projects import sediment to eroded areas. The success of the restoration depends on its ability to retain sediment; therefore restoration design requires a good understanding of sediment transport within vegetated landscapes. However, there is currently no quantitative model for sediment transport in vegetated regions, and many restoration projects have failed due to unanticipated erosion from the restored regions. The goal of this thesis is to develop a predictive model for sediment transport in regions with vegetation. First, the affect of vegetation on the critical condition when sediment start to move was explored. To identify the critical condition, an imaging system was designed to track the trajectories of individual moving grain through running water. The critical flow velocity (U[subscript crit]) above which sediment starts to move was identified from the tracked sediment trajectories for both bare (non-vegetated) and vegetated regions. The experimental results showed that for the same type of sediment, U[subscript crit] decreased with increasing vegetation solid volume fraction. This was attributed to the vegetation-generated turbulence, which induced a local, vertical, adverse pressure, or a lift force on the sediment grain, facilitating sediment transport. In contrast, the turbulent kinetic energy (k[subscript t]) was found to be roughly a constant at the critical condition for different vegetation volume fractions, suggesting that k[subscript t] is a more universal metric than T for predicting the critical condition of the sediment transport. A k[subscript t]-based model was developed to predict U[subscript crit] for channels with different vegetation solid volume fractions. The turbulence-based model successfully predicted U[subscript crit] for both bare and vegetated channels, providing a useful tool for ecologists to predict whether a vegetated landscape will erode or not. Second, the impact of vegetation on the bed load transport rate was explored. A system that allows sediment to be bypassed, a cart to distribute sediment, a method that measures the dry weight of wet sand without drying the sediment, a topography system, and an sediment trajectory imaging system were designed. The bed load transport rate (Q[subscript s],) was measured for both bare channels and channels with different vegetation solid volume fractions ([phi]) under different flow rates. At the same [tau], the measured Q[subscript s], increased with increasing [phi], suggesting that vegetation-generated turbulence, which also increased with increasing ]phi], was augmenting the bed load transport. At the same near-bed turbulent kinetic energy, k[subscript t], the Q[subscript s], measured in both bare and vegetated channels agreed within uncertainty, suggesting that k[subscript t] may be a more universal predictor of Q[subscript s] than [tau]. The Einstein-Brown [tau]-based bed load transport model was reinterpreted as a k[subscript t]-based model. The new kt-based model predicted the Q[subscript s] measurements for both bare and vegetated channels. The dependence of Q[subscript s] on k[subscript t] was explained by the statistics of individual grain motion, which showed that Q[subscript s] was predominantly controlled by the number of grains in motion, which correlated with k[subscript t]. The proposed k[subscript t]-based sediment transport model can be used to simulate large-scale landscape evolution and to help ecologists design better coastal restoration strategies. Third, the impacts of vegetation on bed-form characteristics and migration rate were studied. After the measured bed load transport rate converged to an equilibrium value, the bed topography was scanned by a laser topography system. Bed-forms with height less than 2cm were observed and characterized as ripples. For low vegetation solid volume fraction ([phi] by Qingjun Judy Yang.
Ph. D.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Nelson, P. S. "Monetary valuation of the environmental impacts of road transport : a stated preference approach." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1998. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/11051.

Full text

Abstract:

The impact of road transport and road transport infrastructure on the environment is an important public issue in the United Kingdom today. Economists have suggested that the present Trunk Road appraisal process undervalues the environmental impact of road schemes because environmental impacts are not included in the monetary cost-benefit process, i.e. they are externalised. Furthermore, critics state that the present evaluation process is complicated by the number and type of qualitative and quantitative measures of environmental impact, this leads to confusion and non-standardisation in the decision-making process. In answer to these criticisms it has been suggested that monetary values of environmental impacts should be incorporated into the Trunk Road appraisal process, i.e. placing environmental benefits or losses into the cost-benefit framework and hence simplifying the decision-making process. This research identified the present methods of monetary valuation, and showed that these have insufficient institutional or public acceptability to be used for the purpose of monetary valuation in this case. This research therefore examined a new methodology for placing values on environmental impacts. i.e. Stated Preference (SP) techniques. SP determines implicit valuations by asking people to trade-off between a number of different choice situations. SP techniques are widely used throughout the transport industry for placing monetary values on factors such as journey time and ride quality. The research was successful in gaining statistically significant monetary values for Road Safety and Air Quality and respondents were able to understand the SP experiments and to trade logically between choice scenarios. However, the research identified that particular care is required when measuring and representing environmental attributes and attribute levels to respondents, as these impact on the valuations gained. Further research is also required to define the reasons for significant variation within the response data. The reasons for this variation need to be investigated further so that significant valuations can be obtained that relate to the whole population.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Lien, Jung-Hsun, and N/A. "Integrating Strategic Environmental Assessment into Transport Planning." Griffith University. Griffith School of Environment, 2007. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20070813.155624.

Full text

Abstract:

Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) has become recognised as an improvement on the existing, limited system of project-based EIA. It aims to integrate environmental considerations into government policies, plans and programmes, and provides a basis for arriving at better-informed decisions at broader strategic levels. However, the compatibility of this new environmental planning tool with other planning systems such as transport, holds the key to successful integration of environmental concerns into existing planning approaches. This study investigates whether SEA can influence and integrate with transport planning and policy development processes through a survey of attitudes and opinions of planners on transport SEA in Taiwan. Transport planning has been criticised for considering too few alternatives, and for basing evaluations solely on technical and economic grounds. The emerging SEA seems theoretically feasible and potentially beneficial in allowing the integration of environmental concerns into strategic transport planning. Though many countries or regions have transport SEA provisions, practical transport SEA applications remain limited, mostly in Western developed countries with high environmental awareness. SEA applications are also limited in their strategies, focusing mainly on infrastructure-related projects. Moreover, most current transport SEA practices lack strategic focus and thus fail to fulfill SEA principles. This suggests that many planners are unfamiliar with the nature and techniques of SEA, and the conceptual impediments are still critical, which may result in significant barriers to transport SEA application. The EIA Act promulgated in 1994, together with its relevant provisions, have provided an applicable mechanism and a legal basis for SEA application in Taiwan, however, no transport SEA cases have been conducted. Many technical and non-technical barriers have been identified by the interviewees, indicating that most of the planners in Taiwan believe that transport SEA is conceptually and practically immature, and planners are not yet ready for it. The conceptual barriers seem more critical at this stage because practical barriers can only be identified and overcome when planners and decision-makers have a clear and proper concept of SEA. This narrowly-viewed application has limited the benefits of SEA, and has resulted in a rigid and incorrect idea that SEA was a passive impact-reducing mechanism; this may mislead the attitudes of planners to transport SEA. In fact, the emerging SEA is a re-engineered planning system framework that serves to remind planners that they are able to improve their efforts. It is a paradigm revolution, as the way in which planners think can make a vast difference. Thus, the potential for the emerging SEA concept to influence and integrate with transport planning and transport policy development processes depends not only on practical feasibility but also on a fundamental conceptual recognition of transport SEA. SEA could influence and integrate with transport planning and transport policy development processes if planners and decision-makers changed their ways of thinking. This study also found that a tiered and integrated transport SEA, embedded in the main transport planning process at different strategic levels, has great potential to embody the environmental and sustainable concerns in transport planning and decision-making. This finding is based on several contentions supported by the recent SEA studies showing that it should not be detached from the main planning process. SEA needs to be flexible in order to meet various policies, plans and programmes (PPP) demands, and it must be value-driven, not impact-oriented. A tiered, integrated transport SEA provides ways to overcome identified transport SEA application impediments. This two-in-one planning system is a simple solution which allows transport SEA to be conducted without involving complex legal processes. It improves institutional coordination and integrates not only with planning processes but also with values and resources.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Song, Liying. "Transport and Environmental Impacts of Current Home Delivery Services and the Benefits of Alternative Measures." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.485517.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Lung, Hon-kei William. "Environmental impact assessments and transport development in Hong Kong." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk:8888/cgi-bin/hkuto%5Ftoc%5Fpdf?B23339251.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Eriksson, Anders. "Identification of environmental impacts for the Vectus PRT system using LCA." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-183823.

Full text

Abstract:

Emissions from passenger transport causes impacts to the environment and human health. With increasing demand for urban transportation caused by population growth and urbanization new transport solutions are needed. Vectus Intelligent Transport develops a new transport solution with the Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) technology which provides individual, automated and on demand transportation. Vectus is currently building their first commercial system at the Suncheon wetlands in South Korea. One of the purposes with the Suncheon PRT system is to reduce the environmental impact on the unique eco-system of the wetlands. The PRT technology is considered a sustainable transport solution due to the fact that it is electrically powered. However, there has not until now been any detailed environmental analysis of a complete PRT system. In this thesis a life cycle assessment (LCA) for the Vectus PRT was performed to identify the parts of the system that contributed to the largest environmental impact and in which phase of the life cycle these impacts occurred, as well as the impact of some system changes. The Suncheon PRT system was used as a ground scenario. All processes needed to construct, operate and dismantle the system were included in the assessment and were used to build a material and energy flow model for the complete life cycle. For the overall system the track stood for the largest impact followed by the vehicles. These impacts occurred at different phases of the life cycle, the tracks during construction due to its large mass and vehicles during operation due to the energy demand. A track made of steel had a lower environmental impact compared to a concrete track due to its lighter structure. By using certified electricity mix the impact during the operation phase could be reduced by over 95 % for most of the impact categories studied. The choice of electricity mix during operation was the single most efficient way to affect the overall environmental impact of the system. Using power collection instead of batteries was the preferred alternative as the vehicle power system due to short lifetime for batteries and increase in number of vehicles to maintain passenger capacity due to charging time. By combining these configurations for the Suncheon PRT system the overall environmental impact could be lowered by about 50 %. According to the LCA a slight decrease in greenhouse gas emissions and increase of emissions of acidifying substances will occur compared to competing modes of transport, such as transportation with cars and buses, due to the construction of the Suncheon PRT. However, during operation minimal emissions will occur at the Suncheon wetlands thus fulfilling the purpose of the PRT. There is also a large potential to substantially lower the impact by choosing renewable power, an alternative not available for gasoline driven vehicles.
Utsläpp från persontransporter påverkar både miljön och människors hälsa. Med ökad efterfrågan av stadstrafik på grund av befolkningstillväxt och urbanisering krävs nya transportlösningar. Vectus Intelligent Transportation utvecklar en ny transportlösning med konceptet spårtaxi (PRT) som erbjuder individuell och automatiserad passagerartransport på begäran. Vectus uppför för närvarande sitt första kommersiella system vid Suncheons nationalpark i Sydkorea. Ett av syftena med spårtaxisystemet i Suncheon är att minska miljöpåverkan vid nationalparken. PRT-tekniken anses vara en hållbar transportlösning tack vare det faktum att driften sker med el. Någon detaljerad miljöanalys av ett komplett spårtaxisystem har dock inte tidigare utförts. I detta examensarbete utfördes en livscykelanalys (LCA) för Vectus PRT för att identifiera vilka delar av systemet som bidrog till störst miljöpåverkan och i vilken del av livscykeln dessa effekter inträffade samt effekter av olika ändringar i systemutformning. Spårtaxisystemet i Suncheon användes som grundscenario. Alla processer som krävdes för att bygga, driva och avveckla systemet ingick i analysen och användes till att bygga en material- och energiflödesmodell för hela livscykeln. För det totala systemet stod spåret för den största miljöpåverkan följt av fordonen. Dessa effekter uppstod under olika faser av livscykeln, spåret under konstruktion på grund av dess stora massa och fordonen under drift på grund av dess energiförbrukning. Ett spår bestående av stål hade en lägre miljöpåverkan jämfört med ett spår i betong tack vare dess lättare struktur. Genom att använda certifierad elmix kunde effekterna under driftsfasen minskas med över 95 % för flertalet av de studerade miljöeffekterna. Valet av elmix under drift var det enskilt mest effektiva sättet att påverka systemets totala miljöpåverkan. Användandet av strömavtagare i stället för batterier var att föredra som alternativ till fordonens energikälla. Detta på grund av kort livslängd för batterier och en ökning av totala antalet fordon i systemet för att upprätthålla passagerarkapacitet på grund av laddningstiden. Genom att kombinera dessa konfigurationer för Suncheons spårtaxisystem kunde den totala miljöpåverkan sänkas ca 50%. Enligt LCAn kommer en liten utsläppsminskning av växthusgaser men en ökning av utsläpp av försurande ämnen ske jämfört med konkurrerande vägtransporter, så som bilar och bussar, genom uppförandet av spårtaxisystemet vid Suncheon. Däremot kommer minimala utsläpp ske vid Suncheons nationalpark under drifttiden vilket uppfyller syftet med spårtaxisystemet. Det finns också en stor potential att avsevärt sänka effekterna genom att välja förnyelsebara energikällor, ett alternativ som inte skulle vara möjligt för bensindrivna motorfordon.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Ros, Chaos Sergi. "The transport and environmental impacts of cruise ships : application to the case of the Port of Barcelona." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670886.

Full text

Abstract:

The rapid evolution of the cruise industry in the last 50 years is evident. In the nineteenth century, cruise ships were simple modes of transport used by immigrants to travel on transoceanic voyages from Europe to North America in search of a better future. Now, they have become authentic floating cities full of amenities and activities to do on board, whose main objective is leisure and pleasure. Passengers no longer go on a cruise ship simply to get from one point to another. Instead, they seek a unique experience on the ship and do not care so much about the final destination. For this reason, many experts consider that cruise ships have become a travel destination in themselves. This evolution of the concept of cruise ship that occurred in the 1970s has not been easy. It has led to a set of problems that have significantly affected ports and the cities, and to which they have had to adapt. The main change is associated with the increase in size of the ships to accommodate more passengers and all the on-board activities. To receive this type of ships, ports have had to adapt their berthing line, maritime station, adjacent esplanade and road accesses, among other factors. Cruise ships have been increasing in size every year. In 2009, a ship reached 360 m in length and 222,900 GT of gross tonnage. Given this gigantism of ships, this thesis aims to verify and analyse whether an increase in cruise ship capacity and size is justified and supported by economies of scale. The large passenger capacity of these ships also entails difficulties in managing passenger mobility, especially when more than two cruises concur in the same time slot. In this case, the disembarkation operation becomes very complex, since passengers all leave at once and in a short period of time. This thesis analyses the mobility of passengers and studies the main variables that explain disembarking operations. Another important aspect is the impact that cruise ships have on the environment. Moving cruise ships at service speed requires a large amount of fuel. Consequently, polluting gases, mainly nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, suspended particles and greenhouse gases, are emitted in greater amounts into the environment. Many voices have been raised in the civilian population and public administrations that reject cruise tourism. For this reason, by 2020, more restrictive environmental regulations had been created, mainly limiting the sulfur content in marine fuels to 0.5%. Shipowners have various options to meet these requirements: use scrubbers together with catalytic reduction devices, use distilled fuels and less pollutants, the cold ironing solution to connect electrically at the docks to obtain energy or use liquefied natural gas (GNL) as an alternative fuel. The last section of this thesis tries to determine whether LNG could be the most valid option for cruise lines to mitigate emissions to the environment. LNG almost completely eliminates emissions of sulfur oxides and particles. Nitrogen oxides and CO2 are reduced by 90% and 20% respectively. Furthermore, the price of LNG is almost half that of heavy fuel oil, which makes LNG economically attractive. The idea of adopting LNG as a cruise fuel is quite new. Very few cruise ships in the world are adapted to this system. Therefore, an analysis and study of its viability is advisable and may help cruise companies to decide whether to adopt LNG as the majority fuel for cruise ships.
La ràpida evolució de la indústria dels creuers en els darrers 50 anys és evident. Els creuers que al segle XIX eren simples modes de transport utilitzats pels immigrants en viatges transoceànics des d'Europa a Amèrica del Nord a la recerca d'un futur millor, s'han convertit en autèntiques ciutats flotants plenes de serveis i activitats a bord, en les quals l'objectiu principal ha passat a ser el lleure i el plaer. Els passatgers ja no fan un creuer pel simple fet de desplaçar-se d'un punt a un altre, sinó que busquen viure una experiència única dins del vaixell i no els importa tant el destí final del seu viatge. Per aquest motiu, molts experts consideren que el creuer ha esdevingut un destí de viatge en si mateix. Aquesta evolució del concepte del creuer iniciada en la dècada dels anys 70 no ha estat senzilla i ha comportat un conjunt de problemàtiques que han afectat de manera molt significativa als ports i les ciutats, els quals s'han hagut d'adaptar. El principal canvi té a veure amb l'augment de la mida dels vaixells per allotjar més passatgers i totes les activitats que es desenvolupen al seu interior. Per rebre aquest tipus de vaixells, els ports van haver d'adaptar la seva línia d'atracada, l'estació marítima, l'esplanada contigua i els accessos. Els creuers han anat augmentat de mida cada any fins a assolir a l'any 2009, els 360 m d'eslora i 222.900 GT d'arqueig brut. Davant d'aquest gigantisme dels vaixells, la present tesi pretén verificar i analitzar si aquest augment de la capacitat està justificat i es recolza en les economies d'escala. La gran capacitat en passatge d'aquests vaixells també comporta dificultats per gestionar la mobilitat dels creueristes, sobretot quan coincideixen més de dos creuers a la mateixa franja horària. Aleshores l'operació de desembarcament esdevé molt complexa, ja que tots els passatgers surten alhora i en un curt període de temps. En aquest sentit, la tesi analitza la mobilitat dels passatgers i estudia les principals variables que expliquen les operacions de desembarcament. Un altre aspecte important és l'impacte que tenen els creuers sobre el medi ambient. Per desplaçar els creuers a la velocitat de servei es requereix una gran quantitat de combustible. Això comporta l'emissió a l'atmosfera de gasos contaminants, principalment òxids de nitrogen, òxids de sofre, partícules en suspensió i gasos d'efecte hivernacle. Actualment, han sorgit moltes veus entre la població civil i les administracions públiques que rebutgen el turisme de creuers. Per aquest motiu, a l'any 2020, s'han creat noves normatives mediambientals més restrictives, limitant el contingut de sofre en els combustibles marins al 0,5%. Els armadors tenen diverses opcions per complir amb aquests requisits: utilitzar scrubbers juntament amb dispositius de reducció catalítica, utilitzar combustibles destil·lats i menys contaminants, la solució del cold ironing per connectar-se elèctricament als molls i obtenir energia o utilitzar el gas natural liquat (GNL) com a combustible alternatiu. La present tesi en aquest darrer bloc tracta d'esbrinar si el GNL pot ser l'opció més vàlida per a les companyies de creuers per mitigar les emissions al medi. El GNL elimina gairebé les emissions d'òxids i partícules de sofre. Pel que fa als òxids de nitrogen i el CO2, aquests es redueixen un 90% i un 20% respectivament. A més, el preu del GNL resulta gairebé la meitat que el fuel pesat, pel que el GNL també és atractiu econòmicament. La idea d'adoptar el GNL com a combustible per a creuers és força nova. Al món, existeixen molt pocs creuers adaptats a aquest sistema. Per tant, l'anàlisi i estudi de la seva viabilitat resulta molt aconsellable i pot servir a les companyies de creuers per decidir-se finalment en adoptar el GNL com a combustible majoritari per als seus creuers.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Bobrutzki, Kristina von [Verfasser], and Dieter [Akademischer Betreuer] Scherer. "Agricultural ammonia in the atmosphere: transport, monitoring and environmental impacts / Kristina von Bobrutzki. Betreuer: Dieter Scherer." Berlin : Universitätsbibliothek der Technischen Universität Berlin, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1014946336/34.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Chiquetto, Sergio Luiz. "Modelling the impacts of transport policies on the urban environment." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363975.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Lung, Hon-kei William, and 龍漢基. "Environmental impact assessments and transport development in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31945545.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Lee, Sin-yee Cindy, and 李倩儀. "Developing a sustainable transport system in Hong Kong: the nature and impacts of planning and policy constraints." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3125973X.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Hooper, Elizabeth Joanne. "Future resilient transport networks : current and future impacts of precipitation on a UK motorway corridor." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4715/.

Full text

Abstract:

This thesis investigates the impact of precipitation on the UK motorway network, with the aim of determining how speed, flow and accidents are affected. Climate change impact assessments require detailed information regarding the impact of weather in the current (baseline) climate and so this thesis seeks to address gaps in knowledge of current precipitation impacts to better inform future climate impact assessments. This thesis demonstrates that whilst precipitation does impact on traffic speeds, there is no universal significant single factor relationship. Indeed, a key threshold is identified at 0 mm hr-1 – the fastest speeds occur when there is no precipitation and speeds immediately decrease at the onset of precipitation. More detailed findings indicate the impact can be detected in both speed and maximum flow across much of the network as well as a downward reduction in the overall speed – flow relationship. In addition to speed flow, the impact of precipitation on road traffic accidents was also investigated. Fifteen percent of accidents in the UK occur in wet weather. Precipitation related accidents are shown to have a prolonged impact on the road network and can continue to cause a decrease in traffic speed and flow for up to three hours afterwards. With increased instances of heavy precipitation predicted as a result of climate change, these findings highlight the subsequent impact on journey speeds, travel times, traffic flows and the associated economic costs.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Robins, Dawn. "Evaluating the long term impacts of transport policy : the case of passenger rail privatisation in Great Britain." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2011. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/340005/.

Full text

Abstract:

Britain’s national rail system was ‘privatised’ as a result of the 1993 Railways Act, with most of the organisational and ownership changes implemented by 1997. This thesis examines the long term impacts of the privatisation initiative on the passenger rail service. A key issue when examining long term changes is that of the counterfactual – what would have happened if the changes had not occurred? A simple econometric model of the demand for passenger rail services was developed and used in conjunction with extrapolative methods for key variables such as fares, train kms and GDP to determine demand-side counterfactuals. Extrapolative methods were also used to determine counterfactual infrastructure and train operation costs. Although since privatisation rail demand has grown strongly, the analysis indicates that transitional disruptions suppressed demand by around 4% over a prolonged period (1994/95 to 2005/6), whilst the Hatfield accident reduced demand by about 5%, albeit over a short period (2000/1 to 2005/6). A welfare analysis indicates that although consumers gained as a result of privatisation, for most years this has been offset by increases in costs. An exception is provided by the two years immediately before the Hatfield accident. Overall the loss in welfare since the reforms were introduced far exceeds the net receipts from the sale of rail businesses. It is found that although the reforms have had advantages in terms of lower fares and better service levels than otherwise would have been the case, this has been offset by adverse transitional effects and high costs, which in turn may be linked with higher transaction costs.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Vanderhoff, Sean M. "Multiple Storm Event Impacts on Epikarst Storage and Transport of Organic Soil Amendments in South-Central Kentucky." TopSCHOLAR®, 2011. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1128.

Full text

Abstract:

The groundwater in agricultural karst areas is susceptible to contamination from organic soil amendments and pesticides. During major storm events during 2011, dye traces were initiated using sulphorhodamine-B, fluorescein and eosine in a groundwater recharge area where manure was applied to the ground. Fecal coliform samples were collected from significant storm events from January-September 2011. Water samples and geochemical data were collected every four hours before, during, and between the storm events from a waterfall in Crumps cave flowing from the known recharge area to track the transport and residence time of the epikarst water and organic soil amendments during variable flow conditions. Two dataloggers at the same waterfall were set up to collect 10-minute data, which included pH, specific conductivity, temperature, and discharge. Total rainfall amount and other surface meteorological data were collected from a rain station located above the cave. Cave water samples were collected for the analysis of anions, cations, bacterial count, and the presence of dye. The dye traces show variability in the characteristics of epikarstic response and flowpaths. The changes in geochemistry indicate simultaneous storage and transport of meteoric water through epikarst pathways into the cave, with rapid transport of bacteria occurring through the conduits that bypass storage. Fecal coliform counts were elevated all through the study period indicating survivability in soils through the seasons. The results indicate that significant precipitation events affect the storage properties and rapidly impact the various pathways and timing of contaminant transport through the epikarst zone, eventually allowing these contaminants to be transported unfiltered in to the groundwater supply. This study shows that current best management practices in karst lands need to be revisited to incorporate areas that do not have surface runoff but where contaminants are transported by seepage into local aquifer.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Carlsson, Fredrik. "Essays on externalities and transport." Göteborg : Nationalekonomiska institutionen, Handelshögsk, 1999. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=008600324&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

PALADINO, PATRICIA A. "Uso do hidrogênio no transporte público da cidade de São Paulo." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2013. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10596.

Full text

Abstract:

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:42:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:59:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Lee, Sin-yee Cindy. "Developing a sustainable transport system in Hong Kong : the nature and impacts of planning and policy constraints /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19906602.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Queriat, Cisneros Pablo Pierre. "Economic and environmental impacts of road transport fuel policies : a simulation model and a case study of Mexico City." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.406500.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Cisneros, Juan Carlos Montoya. "Redução dos impactos ambientais causados por emissões de gases no transporte marítimo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3135/tde-03042012-081921/.

Full text

Abstract:

O transporte marítimo depende essencialmente da energia dos derivados do petróleo e, em conseqüência, produz emissões de CO2, SOX, NOX e material particulado entre outros. Hoje o transporte aquaviário responde por aproximadamente 4,5% das emissões de carbono, 4% das emissões de óxidos de enxofre e 7% das emissões de oxido de nitrogênio. Se a expansão desse modal de transporte se mantiver nos próximos anos, como se tem previsto, a sua participação na emissão destes tipos de poluentes deve aumentar e, certamente, haverá pressões da sociedade para introdução de medidas que contenham esse aumento. Pode-se afirmar que os poluentes gerados pelo Transporte Marítimo são resultado de deficiência em projeto de navios e de seus sistemas, de uma má gestão operacional, e inclusive da ausência de medidas de regulamentação mais rigorosas. O estudo se concentra em estudar dois destes pontos. O primeiro se refere ao desenvolvimento do projeto do navio e da instalação propulsora com a preocupação de reduzir o consumo de energia. Isso implica em alterações nos projetos e seus sistemas de propulsão, tirando melhor proveito da tecnologia disponível no mercado, bem como análise da viabilidade de uso de fontes alternativas de energia. O segundo ponto se refere ao processo de gestão operacional, com ênfase na redução da emissão de poluentes. Serão examinados exemplos práticos que sustentem as reduções e benefícios, por exemplo, a redução de velocidade do navio. Por ultimo foram expostas as alternativas que o autor considera as mais promissoras para atingir o objetivo pretendido. São selecionadas as melhores opções que contribuem para a redução das emissões de gases, entre as medidas tecnológicas, operacionais e de dimensionamento de frota. Algumas destas alternativas podem ser aplicadas aos navios existentes, enquanto que outras só podem ser aplicadas no projeto de navios novos.
The shipping depends on the energy of oil products, which produce emissions of CO2, SOX, NOX and particulate matter. Today, the water transport accounts for approximately 4.5% of carbon emissions, 4% of sulfur oxides emissions and 7% of nitrogen oxide emissions. If the expansion of this mode of transport is maintained in the coming years, as has been predicted, its participation in the emission of these types of pollutants must increase, and certainly there will be pressure from society for introducing measures to contain its increase. It can be argued that pollutants generated by the Maritime Transport are the result of deficiency in the design of ships and theirs systems, deficient operational management, and even the absence of more stringent regulatory measures. The study focuses on the study of these two points. The first refers to the development of Ship design and propulsion plant with a view to reducing energy consumption. This implies changes in design and propulsion systems, making best use of available technology, as well as the evaluation of viability in the use of sources of alternative energy. The second point refers to the process of operational management, with emphasis on reducing of emissions. Practical examples are examined to support and benefit the reductions of emissions, for example, the reduction of ship speed. Finally is exposed the alternatives that the author considers the most promising to achieve the desired goal. The best options are selected to reducing greenhouse gas emissions between technological measures, operational and fleet sizing. Some of these alternatives can be applied to existing ships, while others may only be applied in the design of new ships.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Gest, Patrick-Henri (Patrick-Henri Gerard) 1977. "Transport-- development : impact study of the London-Stockholm Corridor." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/47908.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2001.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 134-135).
Large-scale transport infrastructure projects are designed to enhance the rate of economic growth and income distribution of regions they link. They are often constrained by various social, economic, environmental and financial considerations. Projects are usually evaluated by economic and financial cost -benefit analysis obtained by a typical cash-flow study. This approach makes projects' appraisal deficient because it does not involve multifactor impacts of the projects. Those impacts that are not included in cost-benefit analysis are referred to as socio-economic effects. In the framework of the trans-European high-speed railway network, this thesis focuses on the London-Stockholm corridor that is only partially completed. Nowadays, one of the European Union's main objectives is a proper socio-economic integration of the different regions between themselves in order to foster regional development and sustainable mobility. Large-scale infrastructure effects on regional development and evaluation methods of such effects are analyzed to study the importance of socio-economic impacts. In megaprojects' evaluation, socio-economic impacts are no longer negligible in comparison to the financial benefits. Furthermore socio-economic impacts drive regional development and thus are the essential justification for implementing the infrastructure. Researchers are beginning to suggest that mega-projects should tend first to maximize the socio-economic benefits and second to being sound and profitable. The implication would be that governments should pay more attention to maximizing the socio-economic impacts and environmental standards and delegate to the private sector the task of making the projects profitable on a financial analysis basis.
by Patrick-Henri Gest.
S.M.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Virtanen, M. (Markku). "Mathematical modelling of flow and transport as link to impacts in multidiscipline environments." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2009. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514292002.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Examples of numerical modelling of surface water hydrodynamics and water quality are presented. Their meaning for the development of the EIA 3D model system is analyzed from the almost 70 tracer studies (mainly 1971–1974) until the 3-dimensional (3D) solutions which became dominant since 1982. Up to summer 2008, the number of 3D applications has increased to almost 230 while the number of all applications exceeds 300. The specific applications considered are from: Porttipahta reservoir in Northern Finland (I), Porttipahta and Lokka reservoirs (II), combination of reservoirs, lake, river sections, Kemi estuary and the sea (III), Kemi estuary and other coastal applications in the Gulf of Bothnia (IV), Lake Haukivesi in Eastern Finland (V), Lake Näsiselkä in South-West Central Finland (VI), and Kymi River and Kotka estuary in Southern Finland (VII). A detailed description of the 3D model system is given in the application of Näsiselkä (VI). It is completed with drastically changing water levels, drying and wetting of immersed areas, characteristics of pulsing system, and internal loading in the application of Porttipahta (I). The application of the Kymi River and Kotka estuary (VII) shows the sensitivity of tracers as transport indicators and the validity of the transport model. In Lokka and Porttipahta (II) the methods of validity tests are extended to include field tests, laboratory experiments, and comparisons with expert evaluations and analytical solutions. A strong indication of model validity is obtained in Näsiselkä (VI). When the loading after the model work was changed according to a plan included in the computation, the observed changes of water quality corresponded closely with those predicted by the model. Another severe indication of the model validity is from Porttipahta and Lokka (I, II). With the parameter values based on data from 1967–1986, a recent application indicated a close agreement with the observed data from 2000–2006. In Haukivesi (V) and Näsiselkä (VI) the agreement between the model and observed results is extended to the biological indicators of the algal biomass. The integrated application to the network of a planned and two existing reservoirs, a strongly regulated lake, river sections, Kemi estuary and the sea (III) shows the usability of the model system to all types of water bodies. As a practical result it highlights the decay of the effects of a new impoundment with time and distance, including fast dilution in the estuary and the sea.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Sandrin, Susannah Kathleen. "The impact of microbial population dynamics on the transport and biodegradation of organic compounds." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290445.

Full text

Abstract:

The impact of microbial population dynamics on the biodegradation and transport of organic compounds was evaluated in this study. At the laboratory-scale, results from miscible-displacement studies demonstrated that transport and biodegradation behavior in systems with increasing biologic diversity and population density variation was considerably more variable. Biokinetic parameters associated with biodegradation of the target compound were found to be considerably different in batch versus flow-through systems. While growth rates were always higher in the flow-through systems, the impacts on microbial lag and cell yield were opposite in different soils. In homogeneous sand, microbial lag was longer and column cell yields were larger than values reported under batch conditions. However, in more heterogeneous soils, microbial lag was shorter and column yields were smaller in the flow-through systems. This was determined in part using a one-dimensional contaminant transport and biodegradation model that incorporates the effects of microbial lag, inhibition, bacterial transport and nonuniform distribution of microbes, which was developed as a part of this study. In the second part of this study, a contaminant transport and biodegradation model incorporating linear biodegradation was applied to recovery data from small input pulses of biotracers at the field scale. One field site was low in oxygen and fairly homogeneous. The other had been subjected to a surfactant flush that enhanced oxygen concentrations, and thus microbial population densities, near the injection wells. Application of this model allowed for quantitative determination of the spatial distribution of microbial activity at the field sites.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Kutschera, Ellynne Marie. "Mechanisms of Methane Transport Through Trees." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/643.

Full text

Abstract:

Although the dynamics of methane (CH4) emission from croplands and wetlands have been fairly well investigated, the contribution of trees to global methane emission and the mechanisms of tree transport are relatively unknown. Methane emissions from the common wetland tree species Populus trichocarpa (black cottonwood) native to the Pacific Northwest were measured under hydroponic conditions in order to separate plant transport mechanisms from the influence of soil processes. Roots were exposed to methane enriched water and canopy emissions of methane were measured using a canopy enclosure. Methane accumulation in the canopy was generally linear and the average canopy methane flux was 3.0 ± 2.6 μg CH4 min-1. Flux magnitudes from stem experiments scaled to the area of the main tree stem are comparable to whole-canopy flux values, indicating that the majority of methane emitted from the tree leaves through the stem. Samples for stable carbon isotope composition were taken during the canopy experiments. Compared to the isotopic composition of root water methane, canopy methane was depleted in 13C on average by 8.6 ± 3.3 permil; this indicates that methane moving through the tree is not following a purely bulk flow pathway (where no depletion would occur), but is instead subject to at least one fractionating mechanism. When temperature was varied, the flux at the coolest temperature was significantly different from the higher flux at the warmest temperature (p-value less than 0.02). The calculated Q10 for methane flux was 2.4, which indicates a positive feedback with temperature increase. Analysis of δ13C values of emitted CH4 in the temperature experiments shows increasing depletion with cooler temperatures and lower flux. This indicates that not only does the magnitude of flux vary with temperature, but the actual dominant transport mechanism changes as well.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Chibsah, Alimatu Alhassan, and David Thomas Ford. "Freight Transport in Urban Areas: : Investigating the Environmental and Societal Impacts of Increased Production Volume on Dominant Stakeholders in Urban Areas. A Mixed Method Approach." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för industriell ekonomi, industridesign och maskinteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-31236.

Full text

Abstract:

As part of an on-going trend, the greening of logistics actions in business activities has become a critical issue for companies and society. Stakeholders are asking companies to minimize their negative impacts on the environment and society, and create effective business, sustainable environment, stakeholders’ benefits and quality of life. Through a case study approach, this research study aimed to examine the environmental and societal effects of freight logistics on dominant stakeholders in urban areas as a result of a company’s production volume increased. Furthermore, the study also aimed to pinpoint and discuss the suitable research method for a multifaceted research study. A mixed- method research approach of both qualitative (case study) and quantitative (simulation) methods were applied in this study consisting of dominant stakeholders (a Swedish company, a Swedish municipality, the Swedish transport administration, and local urban residents). The research revealed that a company’s production volume increase creates development for the company, local municipalities, and residents within the company’s business environment, however, freight trucks logistics that are used in this process to deliver raw materials to the company’s production site(s) creates negative environmental impacts (carbon emission, road congestion, noise, and pollution) on routes and urban areas. Moreover, as production volume is further increased, these negative impacts also increase. The study also revealed that a mixed-method approach is suitable for multifaceted research studies that comprise of multiple conditions, variables, and data from several sources. As such, the qualitative method can be used in the first phrase to collect formative data, which can then be tested and supported for effectiveness with a quantitative method in the second phrase.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Doudnikoff, Marjorie. "Réduire les émissions du transport maritime : les politiques publiques et leurs impacts sur les stratégies des compagnies maritimes de lignes régulières." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PEST1079/document.

Full text

Abstract:

Longtemps ignorée, la pollution atmosphérique générée par l'activité de transport maritime fait l'objet depuis quelques années d'une attention accrue. Des politiques de réduction sont élaborées à différents niveaux pour réduire les polluants de l'air (oxyde de soufre, oxyde d'azote, particules) et les gaz à effet de serre (dioxyde de carbone). Règlementée par le droit international en référence à l'Annexe VI de la Convention MARPOL adoptée par les membres de l'Organisation Maritime Internationale, la pollution atmosphérique du transport maritime fait aussi l'objet de mesures spécifiques de la part de l'Union européenne. Notre travail vise à répondre à la problématique suivante : les politiques de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre et de polluants de l'air des navires sont-elles de nature à modifier l'offre des services maritimes de lignes régulières ?Nous montrons en quoi les émissions de gaz à effet de serre et de polluants de l'air des navires constituent un « objet » de politique publique complexe et original, et comment l'action publique s'en saisit par une analyse des processus politiques qui ont façonné l'élaboration des différentes politiques. Nous démontrons alors que le format particulier des instruments de politique publique (régionalisation des règles, choix des moyens laissés aux compagnies pour atteindre les objectifs fixés, etc.), l'articulation des différentes politiques entre elles et leur évolution dans le temps rendent la prise en compte de ces politiques par les compagnies maritimes véritablement stratégique, au sens où elle dépasse la simple application des prescriptions traditionnelles normatives en matière de sécurité et d'environnement. Nous mettons ensuite en évidence les choix stratégiques possibles des armateurs, combinant des aspects techniques et organisationnels, et les conséquences de ces choix sur l'offre de services maritimes de lignes régulières, au travers de deux études de cas : la première portant sur le transport roulier transmanche et la seconde sur le transport conteneurisé international entre l'Europe et l'Asie. Nous soulignons ainsi les effets différenciés des politiques de réduction des émissions selon les marchés du cabotage et du long cours, mais aussi leurs points communs en matière d'évolution de l'offre de transport maritime. Il apparaît que les politiques de réduction des émissions du transport maritime favorisent certains changements de l'offre en conjonction avec d'autres facteurs plus qu'elles ne les amorcent réellement
Atmospheric emissions from shipping was for a long time ignored, but have begun to attract an increasing amount of interest in recent years, with policies elaborated at different levels to reduce air pollutants (sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, particulate matters) and greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide). Regulated by international law in reference to Annex VI of MARPOL Convention adopted by member states of the International Maritime Organisation (IMO), emissions from shipping are also subject to specific measures by the European Union. This thesis aims to answer the following question: can policies to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants from ships alter the supply of maritime liner services? We show how emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants from ships are a complex and unique public policy issue and analyse the policy-making processes that have shaped the development of the various policies. We demonstrate that the specific format of public policy instruments (regionalisation of rules, set objectives with choice of means left to companies, etc.), as well as the articulation of the various policies and their development over time make the consideration of these policies by shipowners truly strategic, in the sense that it goes beyond the traditional compliance with prescriptive security and environmental norms. We then highlight, through two case studies, the possible strategic choices faced by shipowners, both technical and organisational in nature, as well as the consequences of these choices on the supply of maritime liner services: the first case study looks at roro transport in the English Channel while the second examines international container shipping between Europe and Asia. We highlight not only the differing effects of emission reduction policies on short sea shipping and deep-sea shipping markets, but also what they have in common with respect to changes in shipping services. It appears that emission reduction policies favour certain changes in supply in conjunction with other factors but that they do not necessarily trigger such changes

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Kwok, King-yu, and 郭經裕. "Managing the health impacts of transport-related air pollution: a study of the diesel-to-petrol switchingpolicy in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31240422.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Jain, Nihit. "Assessing the impact of recent fare policy changes on public transport demand in London." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/66866.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis (S.M. in Transportation)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2011.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 170-172).
Public transit agencies across the world have been moving towards electronic ticketing technology and to take advantage of the greater flexibility, have made changes in fare structure. Over the last decade, Transport for London has implemented the Oyster smart card based electronic ticketing system (including the Pay-as-you-Go stored credit payment facility) on the major public transport modes: buses, the Underground and National Rail, and there have also been changes in the fare structure on these modes. This thesis explores the impacts that fare structure and technology changes (known here as fare policy changes) have had on user sensitivity to fares (fare elasticities), ticket usage and demand for travel on public transport modes in London. The first case study uses a log-linear regression model on annual-differenced data to estimate demand on buses and the Underground in London. The findings from this research suggest that London bus and Underground user fare elasticities have not changed significantly since 2000. The implementation of the Oystercard Pay-as-you-Go system increased demand on the Underground, while the effect on buses could not be conclusively estimated. The second case study uses ticket sales and journey data from before and after the implementation of the Oyster electronic ticketing system on National Rail to assess the impact on ticket use, growth in travel and modal switching. The results show that, within 9 months of the implementation, Oystercard Pay-as-you-Go journeys on National Rail tripled, while single or return journeys on paper tickets halved. Further, after controlling for other changes, the electronic ticketing system increased travel on National Rail by around 3%. This increase resulted from growth in public transport travel and possibly from switching from other public transport modes. This research is of value to policy makers in public transport agencies since it suggests that electronic ticketing systems, if implemented properly, may increase public transport demand. The findings also suggest that smart card payment systems offering stored credit and multi-journey passes are preferred by users over less convenient ticket media such as limited paper tickets.
by Nihit Jain.
S.M.in Transportation

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Chao, Hio U. "Simulation of the impacts of topography change on flow and sediment transport in surrounding waters of Macao by numerical model." Thesis, University of Macau, 2002. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1445043.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Girardet, Xavier. "Paysage & [et] infrastructures de transport : modélisation des impacts des infrastructures sur les réseaux écologiques." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01069242.

Full text

Abstract:

Le développement d'infrastructures linéaires de transport conduit, à toutes les échelles, à une artificialisation du territoire et au morcellement du milieu naturel. La fragmentation du paysage est un processus spatial qui s'accompagne d'une diminution progressive de la connectivité entre les différents éléments nécessaires au bon déroulement des processus écologiques. Ainsi, le maintien d'un bon niveau de connectivité entre les habitats naturels, s'il est compatible avec les activités humaines, est devenu un enjeu majeur pour la préservation de la biodiversité. En mobilisant des méthodes empruntées à la théorie des graphes et à l'écologie du paysage, la thèse cherche à démontrer l'intérêt de la modélisation des réseaux écologiques par les graphes paysagers, dans l'analyse des impacts des infrastructures à l'échelle régionale. Cette démarche, fondée sur la modélisation, a permis de démontrer l'influence du réseau écologique du chevreuil dans la localisation des collisions entre les individus de cette espèce et les véhicules empruntant le réseau de la DIR est en Franche-Comté. Le travail a également permis de proposer un cadre méthodologique pour localiser l'impact potentiel de la branche est de la LGV Rhin-Rhône sur la distribution d'une espèce, et estimer la distance de perturbation de cette infrastructure. Enfin, deux démarches sont proposées pour évaluer quantitativement et hiérarchiser des aménagements afin d'éviter ou d'atténuer ces impacts. Les résultats montrent la pertinence de l'intégration des réseaux écologiques dans les études d'impacts des infrastructures de transport.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Reddy, Anvesh. "Phosphorus Transport and Distribution in Kentucky Soils Prepared Using Various Biochar Types." TopSCHOLAR®, 2012. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1210.

Full text

Abstract:

Conserving the environment is an issue that is gaining popularity day by day. Phosphorus transfer from agricultural soils is an important environmental issue that is being closely observed as the transport of phosphorous to water bodies is adversely affecting water quality due to accelerated eutrophication. It is important to establish phosphorous models that accurately account for soil test phosphorous. Standard models like SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) and EPIC (Environmental Policy Integrated Climate) were designed for serving this purpose. They are now used as the basis for developing new models that can more accurately account for the phosphorus transport, depending on local soil conditions and external factors like climate, addition of biochar or other soil amendments. Our research involved development of new methods from published data that are applied to different soils from Kentucky that are incubated for various time periods, with and without the addition of biochar amendments. Changes in the soil labile phosphorus content after phosphorus addition to and depletion from these incubated soils was measured to discern the effect of biochar on the rates of phosphorus transport. The measured labile phosphorus was further analyzed using statistical analysis software drawing comparisons among treatments without biochar, with low temperature biochar and high temperature biochar for specific soil-biochar combinations. Loamy sand soils with both pine chips and switch grass biochar types have shown slightly increased leeching of phosphorus upon addition of biochar whereas clay loam soils have not shown any significant change upon addition of biochar.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Labate, Marcelo Luiz. "Transporte sustentável como fator essencial para a qualidade de vida: o caso de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16135/tde-28022007-153126/.

Full text

Abstract:

Os impactos ambientais do transporte assumem diversas formas e têm efeitos locais, regionais e globais. A crescente dimensão do tema desperta interesse mundial, expresso em inúmeras propostas voltadas à moderação dos impactos em áreas urbanas e em rodovias, bem como à integração entre transporte e sustentabilidade. O referencial teórico mostra que a recomendação de ações para redução de impactos ambientais depende de conhecimento do cenário de intervenção e também da compatibilidade entre propostas, características da área e necessidades da população local, ao passo que a análise do estado-da-arte em cidades globais baliza possíveis metas a atingir. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos criar uma metodologia de avaliação de impactos ambientais e investigar a relação entre transporte, qualidade ambiental e qualidade de vida em alguns locais de São Paulo. Tendo como norte os conceitos de transporte sustentável e desenho ambiental, foi elaborado um modelo de diagnóstico de qualidade ambiental e qualidade de vida. Para tanto, duas pesquisas foram aplicadas: uma subjetiva, caracterizando a demanda por infra-estrutura urbana e a qualidade de vida da população; e a outra objetiva, cujos resultados permitiram avaliar os impactos ambientais. As pesquisas ocorreram em 3 Subprefeituras do Município de São Paulo, sendo que a avaliação dos resultados teve como base o uso de alguns indicadores de qualidade ambiental e uma calculadora de externalidades, especialmente desenvolvidos para o estudo. A metodologia mostrou ser viável para diagnosticar a qualidade de vida da população local, as características físicas pontuais e os impactos ambientais resultantes do tráfego local. O levantamento facilitou a sugestão de uma série de intervenções pontuais, constituindo um instrumento de avaliação flexível e replicável em outras localidades.
The environmental impacts of transport take a myriad of forms and spread locally, regionally and globally. The growing dimension of the issue raises worldwide interest, translated into a series of proposals focused on the mitigation of such impacts in urban areas and motorways, as well as the integration between transport and sustainability. The theoretical framework has shown that the suggestion of mitigation measures requires knowledge about the target scenario, and also balance among proposals, features of the area and the local population?s needs, whereas the analysis of transport in global cities provide some state-of-the-art examples likely to be pursued. The main objectives were to create a methodology for the environmental impact assessment and to investigate the relationship among transport, environmental quality and quality of life at specific spots in the City of São Paulo. Taking into account the concepts of sustainable transport and environmental design, a model for the diagnosis of environmetal quality and quality of life was prepared. For this purpose, two different surveys were carried out: one concerning subjective aspects, featuring the demand for urban infrastructure and the population?s quality of life; and another concerning objective aspects, whose analysis enabled the assessment of environmental impacts. These surveys took place at three administrative regions in the City of São Paulo. The analysis relied on some environmental quality indicators and a simple calculator, especially devised for this project. The methodology has proved to be feasible for the appraisal of the local population?s quality of life, the physical characteristics of the sampled spots and the environmental impacts resulting from local traffic. The survey has facilitated the recommendation of a series of local interventions, making up a flexible and easily adaptable assessment tool.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Rubasinghege, Gayan Randika S. "Chemical and photochemical reactions on mineral oxide surfaces in gaseous and liquid phases: environmental implications of fate, transport and climatic impacts of mineral dust aerosol." Diss., University of Iowa, 2011. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1173.

Full text

Abstract:

Mineral dust aerosols emitted from the Earth crust during various natural and anthropogenic processes continuously alter the chemical balance of the atmosphere via heterogeneous processes and thus, impact on the global climate. Understanding of heterogeneous chemistry and photochemistry on mineral dust has become vital to accurately predict the effect of mineral dust loading on the Earth's atmosphere. Here, laboratory measurements are coupled with model studies to understand heterogeneous chemistry and photochemistry in the atmosphere with the specific focus on reactions on mineral oxide surfaces. Heterogeneous uptake of gas phase HNO3 on well characterized metal oxides, oxyhydroxides and carbonates emphasized binding of nitric acid to these surfaces in different modes including monodentate, bidentate and bridging under dry conditions. It is becoming increasingly clear that the heterogeneous chemistry, including uptake of HNO3, is a function of relative humidity (RH) as water on the surface of these particles can enhance or inhibit its reactivity depending on the reaction. All the studied model systems showed a significant uptake of water with the highest uptake by CaCO3. Quantitative analysis of water uptake indicated formation of multilayers of water over these reactive surfaces. Under humid conditions, two water solvated nitrate coordination modes were observed that is inner-sphere and outer-sphere, which differ by nitrate proximity to the surface. Photochemical conversion of nitric acid to gas phase nitrous oxide, nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide through an adsorbed nitrate intermediate under different atmospherically relevant conditions is shown using transmittance FTIR and XPS analysis. The relative ratio and product yields of these gas phase products change with relative humidity. Photochemistry of adsorbed nitrate on mineral aerosol dust may be influenced by the presence of other distinct gases in the atmosphere making it complicated to understand. This thesis converses formation of active nitrogen, NOx and N2O, and chlorine, ClOx, species in the presence of co-adsorbed trace gases, that could potentially regulate the peak concentration and geographical distribution of atmospheric ozone. Here we report formation of atmospheric N2O, from the photodecomposition of adsorbed nitrate in the presence of co-adsorbed NH3 via an abiotic mechanism that is favorable in the presence of light, relative humidity and a surface. Estimated annual production of N2O over the continental United States is 9.3+0.7/-5.3 Gg N2O, ~5% of total U.S. anthropogenic N2O emissions. Not only NH2 but also gaseous HCl react with adsorbed nitrate to activate "inert" N and Cl reservoir species, yielding NOCl, NOx, Cl and Cl2, through adsorbed nitrate under different atmospherically relevant conditions. Mineral dust aerosol is a major source of bioavailable iron to the ocean with an annual deposition of ~ 450 Tg of dust into the open ocean waters. In this study, we report enhanced Fe dissolution from nano scale Fe-containing minerals, i.e.alpha-FeOOH, beyond the surface area effects that can be attributed to the presence of more reactive sites on specific crystal planes exposed. We further report with clear evidence that aggregation impacts on dissolution. Proton-promoted dissolution of nanorods is nearly or completely quenched in the aggregated state. Acid type, presence of oxyanions and light are several other key factors responsible for regulating for iron dissolution. The work reported in this thesis provides insight into the heterogeneous chemistry and photochemistry of mineral dust aerosol under different atmospherically relevant conditions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Bomfim, Juliana Campos. "A atividade portuária de transporte e armazenagem de granel no Porto de Santos, a poluição atmosférica por material particularizado e a responsabilização pelo dano." Universidade Católica de Santos, 2014. http://biblioteca.unisantos.br:8181/handle/tede/2382.

Full text

Abstract:

Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2016-04-13T18:11:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Campos Bomfim.pdf: 2133400 bytes, checksum: b39eee24a27828fb5434e0813b11beb4 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-13T18:11:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Campos Bomfim.pdf: 2133400 bytes, checksum: b39eee24a27828fb5434e0813b11beb4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-18
This study discusses the interference of the port activities, specifically the transportation and solid bulk cargo storage vegetable origin, which has caused serious threats to the environment and quality of life of the local population to Porto. The city of Santos, home to the largest national port, which is also considered the largest port in extension and ability to export and storage of cargo in Latin America, has been feeling the environmental impacts of the activities a few years ago; the movement of dry bulk made in terminals installed in Ponta da Praia _ neighborhood region is largely responsible for the emission and dispersion of particulate matter in the atmosphere, causing bad smell and cardiorespiratory problems in the population. The particles dispersed in the atmosphere eventually being deposited on the ground, destroying public property and private due to corrosive chemical composition. According to studies by Cetesb, the picture is worrying in view have already been found exceeded the maximum levels of air quality standards. Given this situation, action was filed by the President of the Federative Republic of Brazil in the face of the Mayor of the city of Santos, which enacted a law prohibiting the installation of bulk terminals in the Ponta da Praia region. In the present work, said the question of the triple responsibility of polluters and the importance of preserving the environment for present and future generations, highlighting the importance of the good inherent in human life, which can not be relegated to the background in face of economic interests.
O presente trabalho discorre sobre a interferência das atividades portuárias, especificamente as de transporte e armazenagem de carga a granel sólido de origem vegetal, que tem causado graves ameaças ao meio ambiente e à qualidade de vida da população lindeira ao Porto. A cidade de Santos, sede do maior porto nacional, o qual também é considerado o maior porto em extensão e capacidade de exportação e armazenagem de carga da América Latina, vem sentindo os impactos ambientais decorrentes das atividades há alguns anos; a movimentação dos granéis sólidos efetuada nos terminais instalados na região do bairro da Ponta da Praia é o grande responsável pela emissão e dispersão de material particulado na atmosfera, causando mau cheiro e problemas cardiorrespiratórios na população. As partículas dispersas na atmosfera acabam por se depositar no solo, destruindo o patrimônio público e particular devido à sua composição química corrosiva. Segundo estudos da Cetesb, o quadro é preocupante, tendo em vista já terem sido constatadas ultrapassagens dos índices máximos dos padrões de qualidade do ar. Diante desse quadro, foi ajuizada ação pela União contra o Município de Santos, o qual editou lei proibindo a instalação dos terminais graneleiros na região da Ponta da Praia. Assim, no presente trabalho, frisou-se a questão da tríplice responsabilidade dos poluidores e a relevância da preservação do meio ambiente para as presentes e futuras gerações, ressaltando a importância desse bem inerente à vida humana, que não pode ser relegado a segundo plano em face de interesses econômicos.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Petkovic, Marko, and Martin Söderblom. "Ekoturismföretagens hantering av transportutmaningen : En kvalitativ studie om svenska ekoturismföretag och deras insatser för hållbar transport till och inom destinationer." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, miljö och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-45891.

Full text

Abstract:

Syftet Syftet med denna studie är att ge en ökad förståelse försvenska ekoturismföretagens hantering av transportfrågor.Studien syftar vidare till att identifiera förändringsmönstergällande transport till och inom ekoturismdestinationer. Frågeställningar ➢ På vilka sätt arbetar ekoturismföretag för att främja hållbartransport till och inom destinationerna? ➢ Vilka förändringar har skett inom ekoturismföretagenstransportplanering de senaste åren? Metod För att uppnå syftet och svara på frågeställningarna har vi valt attgenomföra empiriinsamlingen med hjälp av en kvalitativ metod. Detkvalitativa materialet utgörs av sex semistrukturerade intervjuer medsvenska ekoturismföretag. Slutsatser Studiens resultat har visat att svenska ekoturismföretag intearrangerar transport för turisterna till destinationer, om detta inteefterfrågas. Turisterna uppmuntras att alltid välja de mestmiljövänliga transportalternativen till och inom destinationer. Lokalaaktörer är engagerade i arrangerandet av transport inomdestinationerna och efterfrågan på hållbara transporter har ökat.Svenska ekoturismdestinationers lokalisering orsakar attkollektivtrafiken har otillräckligt många åkturer till dessadestinationer, därtill blir kollektivtrafiken ett olämpligttransportalternativ för turisterna.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Svensson, Malin. "Controlling the mobility of organic carbon (OC) ant its impact on metal transport from incineration residues." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-17347.

Full text

Abstract:

Incineration residues contain both inorganic and organic material. The organic material may affect the mobility of pollutants in e.g. landfills or geotechnical constructions. Limit values of TOC (total organic carbon), determined according to European standard are stipulated to reduce the disposal of organic materials. The European standard methods to determine TOC and DOC (dissolved organic carbon) are evaluated. Factors controlling the mobility of DOC and its effect on metal mobility have also been studied. Determination of TOC according to European standard methods EN 13 137 and EN 1 484 include those carbon fractions that are oxidized during combustion. The definition of TOC as total organic carbon is not equivalent with the analytical result. The European standards on the definition of TOC need revision. Both organic and elemental carbon are oxidized upon heating, and the analytical TOC is thus a sum of organic and elemental carbon present in the sample. Since elemental carbon comprise the major part of the analytical TOC in solid samples of incineration residues, such results will most likely be misunderstood. Revision of the standard method EN 13 137 is recommended to better suit incineration residues. The L/S ratio (the relationship between the mass of liquid and the mass of solid material), excessive carbonation (addition of CO2 until the pH in the solution was stable for 2.5 h) and extraction pH were the main factors controlling the mobility of DOC in incineration bottom ash. Up to ~60 weight-% of the TOC in the bottom ash could be mobilized by controlling these factors (i. e. by using them as parameters). Only a minor part of the TOC (~7 weight-%) in APC residues was extractable with water, indicating a high proportion of elemental carbon. Water-soluble organic compounds may affect the mobility of metals in several ways. The formation of DOC-metal complexes has a direct effect on the metal mobility. Biological degradation of organic material may also affect the metal mobility indirectly due to changes of pH and redox- potential. The complexation capacity of DOC can be used in the development of washing as a pre-treatment process of incineration residues. Excessive carbonation may be useful in a washing process to enhance the separation of metals. Further treatment-oriented investigations of bottom ashes and APC residues are recommended in the development of a washing process of the materials.

Godkänd; 2006; 20070109 (haneit)

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Birch, Quinn T. "Sources, Transport, Measurement and Impact of Nano and Microplastics in Urban Watersheds." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1573575831771941.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Cope, Michael James. "How the Choice of Bed Material Load Equations and Flow Duration Curves Impacts Estimates of Effective Discharge." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2017. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6378.

Full text

Abstract:

The purpose of this study is to analyze how estimates of an important geomorphic parameter, effective discharge, are impacted by the choice of bed material load equations and flow duration curves (FDCs). The Yang (1979), Brownlie (1981), and Pagosa equations developed by Rosgen (2006) were compared for predicting bed material load. To calculate the bed material load using the Pagosa equations, the bedload and suspended load are calculated separately and the results are added together. To compare the effectiveness of the equations, measured bed material load data from the USGS Open-File Report 89-67 were used. Following the calculations, the equation results were compared to the measured data. It was determined that the Pagosa equations performed the best overall, followed by Brownlie and then Yang. The superior performance of the Pagosa equations is likely due to the equations being calibrated. USGS regression equations for FDCs were compared to a method developed by Dr. David Rosgen in which a dimensionless FDC (DFDC) is developed. Weminuche Creek in southwestern Colorado was used as the study site. Rosgen's DFDC method requires the selection of a streamgage for a stream that exhibits the same hydro-physiographic characteristics as the site of interest. An FDC is developed for the gaged site and made dimensionless by dividing the discharges by the bankfull discharge of the gaged site. The DFDC is then made dimensional by multiplying by the bankfull discharge of the site of interest and the resulting dimensional FDC is taken as the FDC of the ungaged site. The USGS regression equations underpredicted the discharges while Rosgen's DFDC method overpredicted them. Rosgen's DFDC method produced more accurate results than the USGS regression equations for Weminuche Creek. To calculate the effective discharge, the FDC was used to develop a flow frequency curve which was then multiplied by the sediment rating curve. Effective discharge calculations were performed for Weminuche Creek using several combinations of bed material load prediction equations and FDCs. The USGS regression equations, Rosgen's DFDC method, and streamgage data were all used in conjunction with the Yang and Pagosa equations. The Brownlie equation predicted zero bed material load for Weminuche Creek, and was thus not used to calculate the effective discharge. When the USGS regression equations were used with the Yang and Pagosa equations, the calculated effective discharge was approximately 4.5 cms for both bed material load prediction equations. When Rosgen's DFDC method and streamgage data were used with the Yang and Pagosa equations, the effective discharge was approximately 13.5 cms. From these results, it was determined that the bed material load prediction equations had little impact on the effective discharge for Weminuche Creek while the FDCs did influence the results.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Bladelius, Johanna, and Klara Volmerdal. "The Environmental Impact of E-commerce : A comparative analysis of CO2e emissions in e-commerce and traditional retailing." Thesis, Jönköping University, JTH, Logistik och verksamhetsledning, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-53836.

Full text

Abstract:

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore the environmental impact of e-commerce, considering the effects on CO2e emissions from transportation and implications on product packaging. Method: The research approach used in the study is an exploratory single case study design. The research questions were answered by using both qualitative and quantitative methods and the data collection methods used were interviews and document analyses in combination with a literature review. Findings: The study shows that there is no straightforward answer to whether e-commerce is a better option environmentally speaking or not since it very much depends on the context and circumstances. Regarding transportation, e-commerce and especially home delivery, emitted least CO2e emissions. It was also shown that electric cars were the most environmentally friendly option considering consumer trips. Regarding packaging, it was shown that e-commerce resulted in larger packages and thus more CO2e emissions and waste. Originality: The study contributes to an understanding of the environmental implications of e-commerce, and therefore, it can support companies in their progress toward becoming a more sustainable business. Limitations/delimitations: The study is limited to one case company and focuses on domestic deliveries within Sweden. Returns of products will not be included in any calculations. Emissions resulting from producing more packaging material, or the transportation of packaging material before usage, are not considered. Theoretical implications: The study contributes to existing research within the area since it covers a different context by studying a manufacturer and adds a new perspective by considering different fuels for consumer trips in the calculations. Managerial implications: Based on the result of the study practical suggestions for companies to reduce their environmental impact are presented, for example, implement a standard packaging procedure and outsource logistics activities to 3PL companies.
Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka miljöeffekterna av e-handel, med beaktande av effekterna på CO2e utsläpp från transport och konsekvenser för produktförpackningar. Metod: Forskningsmetoden som används i studien är en undersökande design för enstaka fallstudier. Forskningsfrågorna kan besvaras med både kvalitativa och kvantitativa metoder och de datainsamlingsmetoder som använts är intervjuer och dokumentanalyser i kombination med en litteraturöversikt. Resultat: Studien visar att det inte finns något enkelt svar på om e-handel är ett bättre alternativ miljömässigt eller inte, eftersom det beror mycket på sammanhang och omständigheter. När det gäller transport, e-handel och särskilt hemleverans, släppte de ut minst CO2e utsläpp. Det visades också att elbilar var det mest miljövänliga alternativet med tanke på konsumentresor. När det gäller förpackningar visades det att e-handel resulterade i större paket och därmed mer CO2e utsläpp och avfall. Originalitet: Studien bidrar till en ökad förståelse för miljöpåverkan av e-handel, och kan därför stödja företag i deras framsteg mot att bli en mer hållbar verksamhet. Begränsningar: Studien är begränsad till ett fallföretag och fokuserar på inrikes leveranser inom Sverige. Retur av produkter ingår inte i några av beräkningarna. Utsläpp från produktion av mer förpackningsmaterial eller transport av förpackningsmaterial före användning beaktas inte. Teoretiska implikationer: Studien bidrar till befintlig forskning inom området eftersom den täcker ett annat sammanhang genom att studera en tillverkare och lägger till ett nytt perspektiv genom att beakta olika bränslen för konsumentresor i beräkningarna. Praktiska implikationer: Baserat på resultatet av studien presenteras praktiska förslag för företag för att minska sin miljöpåverkan, till exempel genom att implementera en standardiserad process för att paketering och lägga ut logistikaktiviteter till 3PL-företag.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Ljungberg, David. "Effective transport systems in food and agricultural supply chains for improved economy, environment and quality /." Uppsala : Dept. of Biometry and Engineering, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2006. http://epsilon.slu.se/2006100.pdf.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Schmidt, Annika Rieke. "Transitioning Transport Space : Understanding the barriers to realising the cycling project Radbahn in Berlin." Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-235641.

Full text

Abstract:

Global, as well as local environmental problems, demand a transition of the current fossil-fuel dependent transport system. On the urban level, the bicycle as a sustainable transport mode is gaining importance, as in Berlin. To what extent Berlin is facing a transition of its transport system is discussed in this thesis. The multi-level perspective on societal transitions by Geels and Schot (2007) serves as the theoretical framework. A literature review made it possible to present factors stabilising as well as destabilising Berlin’s current transport regime. Even if it is considered to be robust against change, there are severe pressures from the macro-level, like environmental and health impacts and growing mobility demand. Berlin’s new Mobility Act is even one example of a successfully broken through innovation that has led to regime changes. Hence, niche-innovations, like the cycling project Radbahn are considered to be important for transitions. But there are aspects complicating a breaking through of such niche-innovations. Through semi-structured expert interviews with stakeholders, identified through a stakeholder analysis in advance, barriers to realising theRadbahnare identified. The results show realisation difficulties related to the legislative context and to the administrative system in Berlin. In addition, there are other aspects connected to the innovative nature of the project, its design and the routing that may cause difficulties.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Lundkvist, Markus. "Accident Risk and Environmental Assessment : Development of an Assessment Guideline with Examination in Northern Scandinavia." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Department of Social and Economic Geography, Uppsala University, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-5849.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Thorp, Steven Gregory. "Environmental Assessment of Arsenic and Mercury Levels at the Garfield Mill Site, Calico, California." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/922.

Full text

Abstract:

Environmental impacts of mining at Calico, California, are poorly understood in comparison to the details of its history of silver production. Human health risks associated with arsenic from the lode rock, as well as mercury from the silver milling process, include central nervous system damage, organ failure, and death. To quantify the potential human health risk and manage remediation of this site, tailings from the Garfield Mill site were digitally mapped and chemically analyzed by portable x-ray fluorescence, which permitted volumetric estimates of total mill tailings and the arsenic and mercury budget, as well as identification of anomalies in the distribution of these elements within the tailings deposit. Final products include a high-resolution digital orthomosaic map showing the extent of the tailings deposit, giving contours of arsenic and mercury distribution and identifying areas of high concern for future remediation. The information gathered during this study will be of immense use to the city of Barstow, providing a basis for future public health studies and assessments of human health risks in the area.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Ek, Lina, and Sanna Ström. "Evaluating the Environmental Impact of a Product : Partial Life Cycle Assessment." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Jönköping University, JTH, Logistik och verksamhetsledning, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-49821.

Full text

Abstract:

Purpose – The purpose of this research is to investigate how manufacturing organisations can decrease their environmental impact in the supply chain. To meet the purpose, two research questions were formulated: 1. How can a manufacturing organisation reduce its environmental impact caused by transportation? 2. How can a manufacturing organisation reduce its environmental impact caused by production? Method – To provide the opportunity to reach a conclusion and to create a basic understanding of the research area, a literature review was conducted, which formed the basis of the theoretical framework. Through a case study at a manufacturing organisation, interviews and document analyses were used as sources for empirical data. In order to develop solutions and recommendations, collected data and theoretical framework were analysed and discussed. Findings – The research findings indicate that there are several possible measures to implement to reduce an organisation's environmental impact in the supply chain. A decisive factor is creating a holistic and fundamental understanding of sustainability and enabling everyone involved to work according a common view and in the same direction. In addition, a requirement to pursue the same goal is that all stakeholders are involved where a prerequisite is a well-functioning internal communication. Implications – The research did not contribute to any new theories, but through the research analysis, statements and theories from previous research were strengthened. The research suggests actions that can be used for organisations to reduce their environmental impact, but also to increase the understanding of why actions should be implemented. Society has an important responsibility for motivating and provide conditions for manufacturing organisations to reduce their footprint. This research is considered to lead to an improved environment in the form of lower emission levels where both organisations and the entire community take responsibility for the planet. Limitations – The case study is designed as a single-case study which, from a validity perspective, is not considered as advantageous as a multiple case study because the results are difficult to generalize. In order to strengthen the study's reliability, several functional units and / or organisations could have been included in the study.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Morais, JoÃo Silvio Dantas de. "Use for analysis hydrossedimentological and environmental impacts after CastanhÃo dam construction - downstream of the mouth of the Rio Jaguaribe-CE." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=15436.

Full text

Abstract:

nÃo hÃ
O barramento do fluxo natural do rio Jaguaribe, com a construÃÃo da barragem do CastanhÃo, no limite entre o mÃdio e baixo curso, inserido na polÃtica de gestÃo das Ãguas do Estado do CearÃ, alterou consideravelmente a vazÃo, que no inÃcio do sÃculo XX era de 200 m/s, para menos de 40 m/s nos dias atuais. No entanto, as modificaÃÃes nÃo sÃo apenas da Ãgua barrada, mas na interrupÃÃo do fluxo de sedimentos, acarretando alteraÃÃes no ciclo hidrosedimentolÃgico e nas feiÃÃes geomorfolÃgicas. Associados ao processo de aÃudagem estÃo os impactos das alteraÃÃes e mudanÃas no quadro ambiental considerÃvel em apenas uma dÃcada. O processo de acumulo de sedimento na bacia hidrÃulica do CastanhÃo, as Ãreas ocupadas por ilhas fluviais no leito natural e a jusante do barramento variaram de maneira considerÃvel; assim como na planÃcie litorÃnea e na Ãrea do entorno da foz. As ferramentas de geoprocessamento e as tÃcnicas de Sensoriamento Remoto aplicadas na tese levaram a definiÃÃo de trÃs unidades diferentes: bacia hidrÃulica, baixo curso/planÃcie fluvial e foz/linha de costa adjacente. Esta tendÃncia de modificaÃÃo ambiental, onde o aporte de sedimento no prÃprio aÃude foi inferido, a modificaÃÃo do leito Ã jusante identificado, e a erosÃo e acumulaÃÃes nas margens da foz e linha de zona costeira adjacente foram detectadas atravÃs das modelagens hidrolÃgicas.
The bus of the natural flow from Jaguaribe river, with the construction of the CastanhÃo dam, on the edge between the middle and lower courses of it that are inserted in the policy of the waterâs management of CearÃ State changed considerably the flow, which in the early 20th century was 200m/s, for less than 40m/s nowadays. However, the changes are not only from barred water, but on the interruption of the flow of sediments, causing changes in the hidrosedimentolÃgico cycle and the geomorphological features. Associated with the damming process are the impacts of changes and the changes in considerable environmental framework in just a decade. The process of accumulation of sediment in the hydraulic basin of CastanhÃo, the areas occupied by River Islands in the riverbed and downstream of bus ranged from substantial way; as well as in the coastal plain and in the area surrounding the mouth. The tools of the geoprocessing and the Remote Sensing techniques applied in the thesis led to the definition of three different units: hydraulic basin, lower course/river plain and estuary/adjoining coast line. This trend of environmental modification, where the amount of sediment in the pond itself is implied, the modification of downstream riverbed identified, and erosion and accumulations on the banks of the estuary and adjacent coastal zone line were detected through the hydrological modeling.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Lupsea, Maria-octavia. "Contribution to the environmental impact assessment of buildings : numerical modelling of dangerous substances’ release to water." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAT0007/document.

Full text

Abstract:

Tous les produits de construction ou les ouvrages qui sont en contact avec l’eau de pluie, sont susceptibles de relarguer des composants chimiques potentiellement dangereux pour la santé humaine et l’environnement. Actuellement, le relargage des substances dangereuses dans l’eau est évalué essentiellement par des méthodes expérimentales - généralement des essais de lixiviation réalisées à l’échelle du laboratoire. Par ailleurs, les impacts environnementaux des produits de construction et des bâtiments sont évalués par l’approche Analyse de Cycle de Vie (ACV), réalisées à partir de données propres aux fabricants et de données génériques existantes constituées en bases de données. Or, les émissions de polluants pendant la vie en oeuvre des produits de construction sont actuellement mal prises en compte dans ces mêmes bases de données existantes et dans les méthodes utilisées pour l’évaluation des performances environnementales des produits et des bâtiments.Dans ce contexte, les objectifs de ces travaux ont été : (i) de développer une méthodologie pour l’évaluation du comportement à la lixiviation de différentes matrices de produits de construction et (ii) d’intégrer les données de lixiviation dans les méthodes ACV à l’échelle du bâtiment. La méthodologie développée pour l’évaluation du comportement à la lixiviation des produits de construction est basée sur : (1) des essais de caractérisation à la lixiviation, selon les méthodes standardisées d’évaluation répondant au Règlement Produits de Construction (RPC), (2) la modélisation et la simulation des phénomènes couplés chimie-transport à l’échelle laboratoire et vraie grandeur et (3) l’intégration des données de lixiviation, obtenues par des simulations numériques en conditions d’exposition naturelle des produits de construction, dans les méthodes ACV, aux échelles produit et bâtiment.La méthodologie proposée a été appliquée et validée sur trois produits de construction : le bois traité CBA (Cuivre - Bore - Azole), la plaque fibrociment et la membrane bitumineuse. Les comportements à la lixiviation du bois traité CBA et de la plaque fibrociment a été simulé pour des conditions naturelles d’exposition à long terme, en utilisant le logiciel géochimique PHREEQC®. Les modèles chimiques développées permettent de considérer les matrices organiques et minérales et leurs interactions avec les polluants. Les phénomènes de transport des substances ont été également modélisés. Les modèles d’émission développés (couplage chimie-transport) permettent de simuler la lixiviation dynamique des produits considérés, pour différentes conditions d’exposition. Pour la membrane bitumineuse, seule la caractérisation expérimentale a été réalisée. Les données de lixiviation obtenues lors des simulations sur la durée de vie en oeuvre des produits ont été intégrées dans les inventaires respectifs du cycle de vie (ICV) des produits. Des méthodes d’impact spécifiques ont été utilisées en association avec les inventaires enrichis pour évaluer les impacts “pollution de l’eau”, “toxicité humaine” et “écotoxicité” des produits considérés. L’ACV d’une maison simplifiée a été réalisée en utilisant le logiciel ELODIE. La méthode d’évaluation à l’échelle bâtiment consiste à intégrer les nouvelles données construites sur la base de la méthodologie développée à l’échelle produit aux autres données d’ACV à l’échelle bâtiment. La méthodologie développée au cours de ces travaux permet donc l’intégration des données de lixiviation dans les outils ACV dédiés au bâtiment
Any construction product and building undergoing contact with water during its life cycle can release chemical compounds potentially hazardous for the human health and the environment. The release of dangerous substances is presently investigated especially by experimental approaches commonly by laboratory leaching tests while the environmental impacts of construction products and buildings are evaluated by a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach. The dangerous substances release during use stage of construction products (leaching behaviour) is currently very poorly represented in the existing data bases and methods for environmental assessment of construction products and buildings.In this context, the main objectives of this study were: (i) to develop a methodology for the assessment of the leaching behaviour of various construction products and (ii) to integrate the leaching data in LCA approach at building scale. The methodology developed for the assessment of the leaching behaviour of construction products is based on: (1) characterisation leaching tests at lab scale, following the horizontal standardised assessment methods for harmonised approaches relating to dangerous substances under the Construction Products Regulation (CPR), (2) modelling and simulation of coupled chemical and transport phenomena at lab and field scale, and (3) utilisation of simulated leaching data for the construction products exposed in natural condition with the LCA method for the characterization of the hazardous effect during the use stage. The proposed methodology was applied and validated on three different classical construction products i.e. CBA (Copper-Boron-Azole) treated wood, fibre-cement sheets and bitumen membranes. The leaching behaviour of CBA treated wood and fibre-cement sheets was simulated over several years under natural exposure conditions, using the geochemical software PHREEQC. The chemical models consider both the mineral and the organic matrixes and their interaction with treatmentcompounds. Mass transfer and transport phenomena were modelled. The developed coupled chemical-transport models are able to represent the dynamic leaching behaviour of the respective products in various leaching conditions. For bitumen membranes only experimental characterisation was possible. The leaching data obtained by simulation over the whole use stage of the products were integrated in the life cycle inventory (LCI) and the relevant life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methods were applied with the enriched inventory. A simplified single-family house was modelled using a software designed to evaluate the intrinsic environmental performances of a building over its entire life cycle. ELODIE software was used in this work. The building scale assessment methodology is based on coupling the methodology developed for the product scale with the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) at building scale. This methodology allows a proper integration of leaching data in LCA tools and answers several technical questions raised in the field

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Forsberg, Göran. "Assessment of bioenergy systems : an integrating study of two methods /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1999. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1999/91-576-5857-9.pdf.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Dodd, Brandon M. "Experimental Evaluation of Uranyl Transport into Mesoporous Silica Gel using Fluorescence." VCU Scholars Compass, 2018. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5336.

Full text

Abstract:

This research investigated parameters that can affect the use of nanoporous silica gel as a media for accumulating a detectable amount of uranium. The unique fluorescence of the Uranyl (UO22+) ion was used to evaluate the transport kinetics and accumulation within silica gel in a static fluid and under pressure driven flow. The addition of fluid flow decreased the time constant from on the order of an hour to approximately 2s with a very low fluid velocity of 0.36cm/s. The 0.36cm/s fluid velocity was found to be the critical velocity above which there was no gain in time constant. A table top instrument was developed that can detect trace amounts of uranium in solution. The table top instrument was used to investigate how the time constant depends on the uranyl concentration, which led to the development of a new time-based method for quantifying the uranyl concentration. The time-based method of detection uses a preset threshold and, based on the time it takes to reach that threshold, the concentration in the water sample can be determined. The lifetime of uranyl in complex with silica increased to approximately 120us, allowing for gated detection and background discrimination. In addition to the fluorescent contaminants, competing cations were tested to determine how they affect the fluorescence and transport kinetics of the uranyl. The cations tested were Mn2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, and Li+. The result shows that within the natural concentrations, Mg2+, Na+, and K+ did quench the fluorescent of the uranyl ions by collision quenching. The time constant was also examined in the presence of each cation and showed that Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+ decreased the adsorption time constant. Future studies in this area should be directed toward the development of a portable version of the instrument.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Stryker, Jody Juniper. "Sediment Mobilization from Streambank Failures: Model Development and Climate Impact Studies." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2017. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/703.

Full text

Abstract:

This research incorporates streambank erosion and failure processes into a distributed watershed model and evaluates the impacts of climate change on the processes driving streambank sediment mobilization at a watershed scale. Excess sediment and nutrient loading are major water quality concerns for streams and receiving waters. Previous work has established that in addition to surface and road erosion, streambank erosion and failure are primary mechanisms that mobilize sediment and nutrients from the landscape. This mechanism and other hydrological processes driving sediment and nutrient transport are likely to be highly influenced by anticipated changes in climate, particularly extreme precipitation and flow events. This research has two primary goals: to develop a physics-based watershed model with more inclusive representation of sediment by including simulation of streambank erosion and geotechnical failure; and to investigate the impacts of climate change on unstable streams and suspended sediment mobilization by overland erosion, erosion of roads, and the erosion as well as failure of streambanks. This advances mechanistic simulation of suspended sediment mobilization and transport from watersheds, which is particularly valuable for investigating the impacts of climate and land use changes, as well as extreme events. Model development involved coupling two existing physics-based models: the Bank Stability and Toe Erosion Model (BSTEM) and the Distributed Hydrology Soil Vegetation Model (DHSVM). This approach simulates streambank erosion and failure in a spatially explicit environment. The coupled model is applied to the Mad River watershed in central Vermont as a test case. I then use the calibrated Mad River model to predict the response in watershed sediment loading to future climate scenarios that specifically represent local temperature and precipitation trends for the northeastern US, particularly changing trends in the frequency and magnitude of extreme precipitation. Overall the streambank erosion and failure processes are captured in the coupled model approach. Although the presented calibration of the model underestimates suspended sediment concentrations resulting from relatively small storm/flow events, it still improves prediction of cumulative loads and in some cases suspended sediment concentrations during elevated flow events in comparison to model results without including BSTEM. Increases in temperature affect the timing and magnitude of snow melt and spring flows, as well as associated sediment mobilization, in the watershed. Increases in annual precipitation and in extreme precipitation events produce increases in annual as well as peak discharge and sediment loads in the watershed. This research adds to the body of evidence indicating that streambank erosion and failure can be a major source of suspended sediment, and thereby a major source of phosphorus as well. It also shows that local climate trends in the Northeast are likely to result in higher peak discharges and sediment yields from meso-scale, high-gradient watersheds that encompass headwater forested streams and agricultural floodplains. One limitation was that we could not drive the model with meteorological data that represented changes in both temperature and precipitation, highlighting the need for improved climate predictions. This coupled model approach could be parameterized for alternative watersheds and be re-applied to answer various questions related to erosion processes and sediment transport in a watershed. These findings have important implications for resource allocation and targeted watershed management strategies.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Andersson, Jesper, and Ludwig Gard. "En analys av CO2e-utsläpp vid tillverkning och transport av prefabricerade betongelement." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Byggnadsteknik och belysningsvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-45649.

Full text

Abstract:

Purpose: The global concrete consumption amounts to 25 gigatons annually, making it the most widely used building material (Petek Gursel, et al. 2014). The continued increasing world population in connection with urbanization will lead to a greater demand for cement. The problem with the increased manufacturing process of cement is that carbon dioxide emissions in 2020 will account for 10-15 % of global CO2 emissions, compared with the values measured in 2016, which only reached 5-8 % (Habert & Ouellet-Plamondon, 2016). The aim of the thesis is to analyse stages in the manufacturing process of prefabricated concrete from an environmental point of view with consideration to CO2 emissions. This will later result in providing concrete improvement measures or alternatively only provide useful knowledge for the concrete industry’s future. The stages that will be analysed are transport, concrete, rebar (reinforcement) and cellular plastic production. Method: The methods chosen for the implementation of the thesis were Literature Studies and Interviews. The purpose of the literature study was to educate the authors on the subject and collect various results from current research. The interviews contributed to the necessary information to be able to carry out the analyses at work. Findings: The thesis has resulted in a total amount of CO2eq emissions in four different stages in the concrete manufacturing process. Cement proved to be the biggest contributing factor to CO2eq emissions. There are several different measures to reduce CO2eq emissions in the concrete manufacturing process. The measures discussed the most frequently concern the cement production, which is favourable for the concrete production as a whole. The discussion also highlights measures taken in action at a concrete factory level. Implications: This study shows that cement accounts for the majority of the total CO2 emissions for concrete production. Therefore, much focus placed on improving the cement production with consideration to CO2 emissions is necessary. This does not mean that less focus should aim on research for green transport, insulation production and steelmaking. All productions stages have potential for improvement. Hence, it is important to continue the research to reduce the total CO2 emissions in the production of prefabricated concrete elements. Limitations: The study was limited to the manufacturing process of prefabricated concrete. A specific project HUS F was analysed for CO2 emissions in four production stages; concrete, reinforcement, insulation materials and transport.
Syfte: Den globala betongkonsumtionen uppgår årligen till 25 gigaton vilket gör den till det mest använda byggnadsmaterialet (Petek, Masanet, Horvath & Stadel, 2014). Den fortsatt ökande världspopulationen i samband med urbaniseringen kommer att leda till en större efterfrågan av cement. Problemet med den ökade tillverkningsprocessen av cement är att koldioxidutsläppen år 2020 kommer att stå för 10-15 % av de globala CO2-utsläppen, jämfört med värdena uppmätta år 2016 på cirka 5–8 % (Habert & Ouellet-Plamondon, 2016). Målet med examensarbetet är att analysera skeden i tillverkningsprocessen av prefabricerad betong ur miljösynpunkt med avseende på CO2-utsläpp för att sedan kunna komma med konkreta förbättringsåtgärder alternativt enbart bidra med nyttig kunskap för betongindustrins framtid. Skedena som analyseras är transporter samt betong-, armering- och cellplasttillverkning. Metod: Metoderna som valdes för genomförandet av examensarbetet var Litteraturstudie samt Intervju. Litteraturstudien gjordes i syfte att fördjupa författarna i ämnet samt insamling av diverse resultat från aktuell forskning. Intervjuerna som genomfördes bidrog till nödvändig information för att kunna genomföra analyserna i arbetet. Resultat: Examensarbetet har resulterat i totala CO2-utsläpp i fyra olika skeden i betongtillverkningsprocessen. Cement visade sig vara den absolut största bidragande faktorn till CO2-utsläpp. Det finns flera olika åtgärder för att minska CO2-utsläppet i betongtillverkningsprocessen. De åtgärder som diskuteras flitigast berör cementtilllverkningen vilket är gynnsamt för betongtillverkningen som helhet. Diskussionen framhäver även åtgärder som kan vidtas på en betongfabriks nivå. Konsekvenser: Det konstaterades i denna studie att cement står för majoriteten av det totala CO2-utsläppet i betongproduktionen. Därför bör mycket fokus läggas vid förbättring av cementtillverkningsprocessen med avseende på CO2-utsläpp. Detta innebär inte att mindre fokus skall läggas vid forskning för miljövänligare transport, isolering- och stålproduktion. Samtliga områden bör förbättras och potential finns definitivt att hämta vid alla produktionsskeden. Begränsningar: Studien avgränsades till tillverkningsprocessen av prefabricerad betong. Ett specifikt projekt HUS F analyserades med avseende på CO2-utsläpp i fyra tillverkningsskeden; betong, armering, cellplast samt transport.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Environmental Impacts of Transport'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles