Academic literature on the topic 'Environmental Kuznets hypothesis CO2 emission'

Introduction: This study examines the effect of financial flows (external and internal) on environmental sustainability in Nigeria, testing the environmental Kuznets hypothesis. Methods: The study employed secondary data sourced from the Central Bank Statistical Bulletin and World Development indicator. The period of the inquiry was from 1991 to 2022, both years inclusive. The study employed the auto-regressive distributed lag to determine the short and long-run relationship between the outcome variables and explanatory variables. Results: The findings revealed that external debt, net export and government expenditure on education has a positive significant effect on CO2 emission. Foreign direct investment, foreign aid and tax revenue have a negative significant effect on CO2 emission. It is therefore concluded that external debt and net export channeled through capital project and improvement in receipt from export would increase the units in per capital income of the populace, which in the short-run would increase the level of CO2 emissions in Nigeria. Conclusion and suggestion: It recommended that government should develop policies and incentives that would attract foreign direct investment in green industries and technologies, ensure foreign companies adhere to environmental regulations and standards in the recipient country.

This paper analyzes the revenue-pollution relationship by revisiting the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis for West African countries over the period of 1980–2014. The study approximates the income measurement by GDP per capita and uses carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxide (NO2), and methane emissions as various environmental quality measures. The paper uses parametric and non-parametric estimation techniques to test the EKC hypothesis. The results support the existence of the U-inverted relationship between income and methane emission, on one hand, and between income and nitrogen dioxide emission on the other. The estimates also show a mixed result for the U-inverted hypothesis between income and carbon dioxide emissions. Thus, the verification of the curve depends on the estimation techniques and the measurement of the pollutant used. The obtained results led to the conclusion that the EKC hypothesis is validated for West African countries.

China is the largest CO2 emitter in the world, and it shared 28% of the global CO2 emissions in 2017. According to the Paris Agreement, it is estimated that China’s CO2 emissions will reach its peak by 2030. However, whether or not the CO2 emissions in China will rise again from its peak is still unknown. If the emission level continues to increase, the Chinese policymakers might have to introduce a severe CO2 reduction policy. The aim of this paper is to conduct an empirical analysis on the long-standing relationship between CO2 emissions and income while controlling energy consumption, trade openness, and urbanization. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model and the bounds test were adopted in evaluating the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. The quantile regression was also used as an inference approach. The study reveals two major findings: first, instead of the conventional U-shaped EKC hypothesis, there is the N-shaped relationship between CO2 emissions and real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in the long run. Second, a positive effect of energy consumption and a negative effect of urbanization on CO2 emissions, in the long run, are also estimated. Quantitatively, if energy consumption rises by 1%, then CO2 emissions will increase by 0.9% in the long run. Therefore, the findings suggest that a breakthrough, in terms of policymaking and energy innovation under China’s specific socioeconomic and political circumstances, are required for future decades.

The emission of air pollutants from energy production and consumption is a major cause of environmental problems. In addition, urbanisation and CO2 emissions have become major environmental concerns that are closely related to climate change and sustainable economic growth. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the long-run relationship among CO2 emissions, energy consumption, economic activities, and management issues for Turkey for the period between 1980 and 2021. The STIRPAT hypothesis and the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis were employed by using dynamic conditional correlation (DCC) and ARDL bound methodologies for these goals. The findings indicate that there is a long-run relationship between variables of the STIRPAT model. The coefficient of economic expansion and energy consumption affected CO2 emissions positively, which means that energy consumption and the expansion of economic activity have significant effects on environmental degradation. Those results are also confirmed by the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) model. In addition, the N-shaped environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) is developed for Turkey. The DCC model also shows that economic growth increases CO2 emissions significantly, and energy productivity can be considered for decreasing CO2 emissions.

The objective of this study is to test the hypothesis of the environmental Kuznet curve (EKC) for 6 CEMAC countries covering the period 1960-2014. We wanted to know if the evolution of per capita income affects environmental quality in the income-emissions relationship (environment). To achieve this objective, we used the method of fixed effects. The results of this study reveal that there is no empirical support for the presence of an environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis. On the other hand, there is rather an inverted "N"-shaped relationship between gross domestic product per capita and CO2 emissions. Moreover, the use of the FMOLS method gives robust results. For this purpose, the minimum turning point which corresponds to per capita income from which CO2 emissions increase is 89.84 dollars and the maximum point corresponding to per capita income from which CO2 emissions decreases is 116.21 dollars. Therefore, CEMAC countries must undertake income policies with the aim of reaching at least the threshold of 1116.21 dollars per capita in order to reverse the evolution of CO2 emissions.

The increase in CO2 emissions, recognized as a global problem, is significantly influenced by energy consumption. Türkiye, which is among the developing countries, is a country dependent on foreign sources to meet its energy needs. Nevertheless, it satisfies its energy requirements through both renewable and non-renewable sources. The primary objective of this study is to elucidate the impact of consumption from renewable and non-renewable energy sources in Türkiye between 1990 and 2020 on CO2 emissions and investigate the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis. We apply the traditional and structural break unit root tests to check whether the variables are stationary. We employed the newly accepted Augmented Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method to estimate the long-run relationship between variables. According to the findings, there is a U-shaped relationship between economic growth and CO2 emissions. It means that the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis is not applicable in Türkiye. Moreover, it concluded that non-renewable energy consumption plays a role in emission increase, while renewable energy consumption is effective in emission reduction.

Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis provides support for public policies that emphasize economic growth at the expense of environmental degradation. This hypothesis postulates an inverted U-shaped relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation with plausible explanations. We contribute to the discussion on EKC hypothesis by focusing on anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emission (a greenhouse gas) during an extreme year. In the year 2005, concentration of anthropogenic CO2 became higher than the natural range observed over the last 650,000 years. Using econometric modeling of data from 122 countries for the year 2005, we study the key question: Does EKC hypothesis hold for anthropogenic CO2 emission after controlling for energy consumption and environmental governance? We do not find statistical support for EKC hypothesis. But, we find that improvements in environmental governance reduces CO2 emission. This suggests support for environmental policies that specifically promote CO2 emission reduction and does not emphasize economic growth at the expense of environmental degradation.INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTVolume-5, Issue-2, March-May 2016, Page: 48-60

This paper empirically verifies the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis in Nigeria by focusing on the relationship between key sectors of the Nigerian economy and environmental degradation. The study adopted the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model using time series data for the period 1981-2018. The bounds-testing approach proposed by Pesaran, Shin and Smith, (2001) was adopted to test for cointegration. The results show a long-run relationship between economic growth (disaggregated into key sectors) and environmental degradation measured by carbon dioxide emissions. In the short run, agriculture, industry and services sectors significantly explained the variation in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, while the construction sector does not have any significant effect on Carbon emissions both in the current and the future periods. Specifically, the industrial sector has a positive effect on CO2 emissions which confirms the short-run EKC hypothesis; while agriculture and services though were significant, have a negative effect on CO2 emissions, invalidating the short-run EKC hypothesis. In the long run, industry and services sectors were significant in explaining variation in CO2 emission. However, while the services sector shows a negative relationship with CO2 emission in line with the long-run EKC Hypothesis, the industrial sector invalidates the hypothesis with a positive effect. These results imply that the key sectors of the economy have varied effects on environmental degradation, hence the hypothesis is inconclusive. Nigeria is therefore advised to pursue economic growth via industrial and services sectors with an emphasis on environmental sustainability, which could be achieved through the use of renewable and cleaner technology in nation-building.

One of the world community's current challenges is determining how to achieve the SDGs goals on environmental quality before 2030. This study aims to determine how the massive population and economic growth affect the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas in the six South American countries with the largest population and use the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis approach. The data used is panel data from 2011 to 2021 in six countries based on the average population of the largest population over 11 years in South America. The results of the study explain that the total population has a significant positive effect on CO2 emissions. In addition, trade openness through imports has a significant positive effect and this study was unable to validate the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis in six South American countries from 2011 to 2021.

In this paper, we propose the hypothesis: Given the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis, regional income inequality has a negative, indirect impact on the average level of CO 2 emissions through decreasing marginal emission propensities (MEP) of GDP. We have employed a vector error correction model and three inequality measures in our empirical analysis. The empirical results support the hypothesis in China. The main findings of this paper suggest that a trade-off exists between reducing CO 2 emissions and narrowing regional income disparity and that the MEP contributes to this negative effect.

In order to combat global warming and climate change issues and facilitate economic prosperity in the same time, it is important to understand the possible tradeoffs between economic growth and environmental degradation. In this thesis, we evaluate the hypothesis of an N-shaped environmental Kuznets curve (EKC). Using panel data analysis, we investigate the relationship between CO2 emissions, GDP per capita, renewable energy consumption, technological development, trade, and institutional quality for 74 countries over the period of 1994 to 2012. We find (i) evidence for the Nshaped EKC when using pooled OLS regressions for all income groups but upper-middleincome countries; (ii) heterogeneous results regarding the N-shaped EKC across income groups and quantiles when using quantile regressions; and (iii) a clear and consistent negative relationship between renewable energy and CO2 emissions, indicating the importance of promoting greener energy to combat climate change.<br>För att bekämpa klimatförändringar och samtidigt möjliggöra ekonomiskt välstånd är det viktigt att förstå de möjliga avvägningarna mellan ekonomisk tillväxt och miljöförstöring. I denna uppsats utvärderar vi hypotesen om en N-formad miljökuznetskurva (EKC). Med hjälp av paneldataanalys undersöker vi förhållandet mellan koldioxidutsläpp, BNP per capita, förnybar energi, teknologisk utveckling, internationell handel och institutionell kvalitet för 74 länder under perioden 1994 till 2012. Vi finner (i) bevis för en N-formad EKC för alla inkomstgrupper förutom övre medelinkomstländer när poolad OLS används som skattningsmetod; (ii) heterogena resultat gällande en N-formad EKC, både mellan och inom de olika inkomstgrupperna, när vi använder oss av kvantilregressioner; och (iii) ett tydligt och konsekvent negativt förhållande mellan förnybar energi och koldioxidutsläpp, vilket pekar på vikten av att främja grönare energi för att kunna bekämpa klimatförändringar.

Cette thèse aborde l'un des sujets les plus discutés et en vogue dans le domaine de l'économie, à savoir le lien entre le développement économique et la qualité environnementale. En particulier, on met l’accent sur les effets du développement économique—tant dans ses dimensions économique, sociale que politique—sur la qualité de l'environnement pour les économies en développement et en transition. Le chapitre I, divisé en trois phases clés, à savoir la revue de la littérature théorique, la partie empirique et la revue de la littérature empirique, contribue à la littérature en donnant diverses informations sur le lien entre la croissance économique et la pollution de l'environnement dans les économies en développement et en transition. Globalement, les résultats révèlent que des études empiriques récentes, parvenant à réduire certaines lacunes suggérées par la théorie, pourraient en effet indiquer un certain consensus sur la relation entre la croissance et la pollution, à savoir la validité de l'hypothèse de la Courbe de Kuznets Environnementale (CKE). Le chapitre II examine le lien pollution-croissance dans les pays d'Europe Centrale et Orientale (PECO), en ajoutant à la littérature empirique l’utilisation de l'hypothèse étendue de l'CKE comme cadre théorique. D'une part, il révèle un lien de croissance non linéaire entre le PIB et le CO2 agrégé, qui est fortement robuste pour différents estimateurs et variables de contrôle. En revanche, l'analyse au niveau des pays révèle que la relation entre le PIB et le CO2 se caractérise par une grande diversité dans les PECO. Ainsi, malgré une tendance globale à la hausse, certains PECO ont réussi à assurer à la fois un PIB plus élevé et une réduction des émissions de CO2. Du point de vue politique, les décideurs de l'UE pourraient accorder plus d'attention à ces pays, c'est-à-dire envisager une intégration plus rigoureuse des hétérogénéités des pays et, en même temps, soutenir la croissance économique sans nuire à l'environnement. Le chapitre III étudie la réponse des émissions de CO2 agrégées et sectorielles résultant des perturbations externes du PIB et de l'urbanisation, en supposant un canal de transmission qui intègre deux des éléments clés utilisés dans la lutte contre la dégradation de l'environnement—les énergies renouvelables et l'efficacité énergétique. Les résultats, robustes à plusieurs spécifications alternatives, indiquent que la production globale, l'urbanisation et l'intensité énergétique augmentent les émissions totales de CO2, tandis que les énergies renouvelables ont l'effet inverse. Par ailleurs, en ce qui concerne la réponse du CO2 aux chocs de production et d'urbanisation, le modèle suggère que ces pays atteindront le seuil maximum qui conduirait à un changement de la tendance des émissions à la baisse. Cependant, les résultats varient en fonction du niveau de revenu et du statut des pays sur la ratification/l'adhésion au Protocole de Kyoto. Ensuite, l'analyse sectorielle montre que les transports, les bâtiments et les secteurs non-combustion sont plus susceptibles de contribuer à l'augmentation des niveaux futurs de CO2. En général, ce chapitre peut fournir des informations précieuses sur les perspectives de durabilité environnementale dans les pays en développement. Le chapitre IV explore les effets de la stabilité politique sur la dégradation de l'environnement, donnant une perspective renouvelée sur ce sujet dans les pays en développement. Il montre qu'une évolution non linéaire en forme de cloche décrit la relation entre les variables au niveau agrégé. De plus, bien que ce résultat reste stable pour plusieurs spécifications alternatives, nous identifions des hétérogénéités significatives dans les caractéristiques distinctes des pays et les mesures alternatives de pollution. En outre, des estimations désagrégées révèlent des schémas contrastés pour la relation entre le CO2 et la stabilité politique. (...)<br>This thesis tackles one of the most debatable and in vogue topics in economics, namely the economic development and environmental quality nexus. Notably, it studies the economic development's effects—in terms of its economic, social, and political dimensions—on the environmental quality for developing and transition economies. Chapter I, which is divided into three key phases, namely theoretical review, empirical exercise, and empirical review, contributes to the literature by giving various insights regarding the link between economic growth and environmental pollution in developing and transition economies. Overall, it reveals that the recent empirical studies, indeed, succeeding to curtail some of the deficiencies suggested by theoretical contributions, might indicate a certain consensus regarding pollution-growth nexus and Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis validity. Chapter II examines the pollution-growth nexus in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries, adding to the related empirical literature using the extended EKC hypothesis as a theoretical background. On the one hand, it unveils an increasing nonlinear link between GDP and CO2 at the aggregate level, which is powerfully robust to different estimators and control variables. On the other hand, the country-level analysis reveals that the relationship between GDP and CO2 is characterized by much diversity among CEE countries. Thus, despite an aggregated upward trend, some CEE countries managed to secure both higher GDP and lower CO2 emissions. From a policy perspective, EU policymakers could pay more attention to these countries and amend the current unique environmental policy to account for country-heterogeneities to support economic growth without damaging the environment. Chapter III investigates the aggregated and sector-specific CO2 emissions' responsiveness following exogenous shocks to growth and urbanization, considering a transmission scheme that incorporates two of the widely used instruments in mitigating environmental degradation—renewables and energy efficiency. First, robust to several alternative specifications, the results indicate that output, urbanization, and energy intensity increase the aggregated CO2 emissions, while renewable energy exhibits an opposite effect. Moreover, regarding the CO2 responsiveness in the aftermath of output and urbanization shocks, the pattern may suggest that these countries are likely to attain the threshold that would trigger a decline in CO2 emissions. However, the findings are sensitive to both countries' economic development and Kyoto Protocol ratification/ascension status. Second, the sector-specific analysis unveils that the transportation, buildings, and non-combustion sector exhibits a higher propensity to increase the future CO2 levels. Generally, this chapter may provide useful insights concerning environmental sustainability prospects in developing states. Chapter IV explores the effects of political stability on environmental degradation, giving a renewed perspective on this topic in developing states. It shows that a nonlinear, bell-shaped pattern characterizes the relationship between variables at the aggregate level. Moreover, while this result is robust to a broad set of alternative specifications, significant heterogeneities are found regarding countries' distinct characteristics and alternative pollution measures. Besides, the country-specific estimates unveil contrasting patterns regarding the relationship between CO2 and political stability. Broadly speaking, the findings suggest that both the formal and informal sides of political stability play a vital role in mitigating CO2 pollution in developing countries, and may provide meaningful insights for policymakers. (...)

Banco do Nordeste do Brasil<br>The company apparently always ignored (or did not spend enough attention) externalities of economic activity harmful to the environment and, consequently, is facing its possible effects in recent decades. Recently, now more conscious of their actions, their continued growth policies are usually formulated taking into account the growth the trade-off between economic growth and environmental preservation cluttered, given that "the agenda" is to combine increased income with sustainability and environmental preservation. Thus, this thesis investigated the relationship between CO2 emissions and economic activity, considering an overall look from the second half of the twentieth century. However, it is used as a motto the literature of economic growth by considering that the relationship above can be analyzed from the Environmental Kuznets Curve, the estimation of the trend of CO2 emission intensity and the analysis of convergence Emission CO2pc. According to the results achieved by three chapters, one can say that to reduce the level of CO2 emissions and mitigate the effects of global warming we need to establish a new regime of CO2 emission quotas with more countries than what has been agreed with the PQ and still contemplate developing countries like China, Ãndia, MÃxico and Ãfrica do Sul At the same time, we must establish a system of taxation for GHG emissions in order to achieve the desired goals of stabilizing and subsequently reduce the emission levels more easily. Moreover, it is necessary that quotas and taxation of CO2 emissions are set from the current level of emissions and the speed of convergence for clubs highest emission level. However, there must be differentiated quotas schemes for the rich countries and developing countries, so allow them to reach the income levels of rich countries. The differentiated regime is necessary because the effects of global warming on society in the XXI century and elevations are consequences of the gas atmosphere during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Therefore, it is for developed countries to further reduce CO2 emissions, according to their historical emissions. However, less developed nations can not fail to participate in this system and also is a need to reconcile economic growth with environmental preservation in such a way to mitigate the effects of global warming on future generations. Another measure that tends to be efficient in combating global warming is to support the development of alternative energy sources with low emission intensity, so increasing the speed of convergence for economies with low GHG emissions. That is, we must achieve energy efficiency from the use of clean energy (less carbon-intensive) and, for that necessarily need to replace fossil fuels. Moreover, it is necessary to transfer technologies with low carbon emissions of developed countries to developing nations in order to generate a global welfare, since this measure tends to increase speed of convergence to a low- CO2 emissions.<br>As sociedades aparentemente sempre ignoraram (ou nÃo despenderam atenÃÃo suficiente) as externalidades da atividade econÃmica danosas ao meio ambiente e, como consequÃncia, vem enfrentando seus possÃveis efeitos nas Ãltimas dÃcadas. Recentemente, agora mais consciente de suas aÃÃes, suas polÃticas de continuidade do crescimento sÃo geralmente formuladas levando-se em consideraÃÃo o crescimento o trade-off entre crescimento econÃmico desordenado e preservaÃÃo ambiental, haja vista que âa ordem do diaâ à conciliar aumento da renda com sustentabilidade como a preservaÃÃo do meio ambiente. Neste sentido, esta Tese investigou a relaÃÃo entre as emissÃes de CO2 e a atividade econÃmica, considerando um aspecto global a partir da segunda metade do sÃculo XX. No entanto, utiliza-se como mote a literatura de crescimento econÃmico por considerar que a relaÃÃo supracitada pode ser analisada a partir da Curva de Kuznets Ambiental, da estimaÃÃo da tendÃncia da Intensidade de EmissÃo de CO2 e da anÃlise de ConvergÃncia de EmissÃo de CO2 per capita (CO2pc). De acordo com os resultados alcanÃados pelos trÃs capÃtulos, pode-se dizer que para reduzir o nÃvel de emissÃo de CO2 e mitigar os efeitos do aquecimento global à preciso estabelecer um novo regime de cotas emissÃo de CO2 com mais paÃses do que o que foi acordado com o Protocolo de Quioto e, ainda, contemplar os paÃses em desenvolvimento como China, Ãndia, MÃxico e Ãfrica do Sul. Ao mesmo tempo, à preciso estabelecer um sistema de tributaÃÃo para as emissÃes de gases de efeito estufa (GEE), a fim de permitir alcanÃar os objetivos de estabilizar e, posteriormente, reduzir os nÃveis de emissÃo de maneira mais fÃcil. AlÃm disso, à preciso que as cotas e a tributaÃÃo de emissÃo de CO2 sejam definidas a partir do nÃvel atual de emissÃo e da velocidade de convergÃncia para clubes de maior nÃvel de emissÃo. No entanto, deve haver regimes de cotas diferenciadas para os paÃses ricos e os paÃses em desenvolvimento, de tal maneira a permitir que estes alcancem os nÃveis de renda dos paÃses ricos. O regime diferenciado se faz necessÃrio porque os efeitos do aquecimento global sobre a sociedade nos sÃculo XX e XXI sÃo consequÃncias dos gases alÃados a atmosfera terrestre durante os sÃculos XVIII e XIX. Por isso, cabe aos paÃses desenvolvidos a maior reduÃÃo das emissÃes de CO2, em funÃÃo do seu histÃrico de emissÃo. Todavia, as naÃÃes menos desenvolvidas nÃo podem deixar de participar deste sistema e, ainda, à necessÃrio conciliar crescimento econÃmico com preservaÃÃo ambiental de tal forma a mitigar os efeitos do aquecimento global sobre as futuras geraÃÃes. Outra medida que tende a ser eficiente ao combate do aquecimento global à subsidiar o desenvolvimento de fontes alternativas de energia com baixa intensidade de emissÃo, de tal modo a aumentar a velocidade de convergÃncia para economias de baixa emissÃo de GEE. Ou seja, à preciso alcanÃar a eficiÃncia energÃtica a partir do consumo de energia limpa (menos intensiva em emissÃo de carbono) e, para isto, necessariamente, à preciso substituir os combustÃveis fÃsseis. AlÃm do mais, se faz necessÃrio a transferÃncia de tecnologias com baixa emissÃo de carbono dos paÃses desenvolvidos para as naÃÃes em desenvolvimento a fim de gerar um bem-estar global, uma vez que esta medida tende a aumentar velocidade de convergÃncia para uma economia de baixa emissÃo de CO2.

<p> </p><p>The purpose of this dissertation would be to find the relationship between CO₂ emission and GDP. We found that in case of the majority of countries the CO₂emission is related to national income and follows an inverted-U shaped curve. In our analysis we used the regression technique on 139 countries within the time period 1985-2004 to model and analyze the mentioned relationship and define the variables, that describe it. As it will be proved, Environmental Kuznets Curve validate the model and our hypothesis confirm other researches, therefore the inverse-u relationship proves to be correct.</p><p> </p>

Il riscaldamento globale e il cambiamento climatico sono sfide globali che richiedono un'attenzione olistica e misure da affrontare. Il potenziale delle tecnologie ambientali e, in particolare, il ruolo della società della comunicazione dell'informazione e del settore dell'innovazione delle tecnologie verdi nell'influenzare la sostenibilità dell'ambiente non solo ha attirato l'attenzione globale, ma ha anche generato una nuova linea di interessi di ricerca. Data la gamma di tecnologie in evoluzione che potrebbero svolgere un ruolo cruciale verso la neutralità del carbonio entro il 2050, investire in tecnologie che possono essere sfruttate da famiglie, aziende, industrie e paesi del mondo, la cui adozione può contribuire alla mitigazione delle emissioni di carbonio nel il più breve tempo possibile è di notevole importanza e vale la pena indagare. La banda larga delle TIC e la tecnologia verde pulita sono alcune di queste tecnologie. Questo studio di ricerca ha utilizzato uno stimatore dinamico GMM (Generalized Method of Moments) oltre a una batteria di modelli statici e altre tecniche statistiche per studiare l'impatto della banda larga e delle tecnologie verdi pulite, nonché per esaminare la validità dell'ipotesi EKC sulle emissioni di CO2 in un contesto globale che utilizza un set di dati panel sbilanciato di 190 paesi per rappresentare l'economia globale. Data l'ipotesi che le emissioni e l'accessibilità di queste tecnologie possano variare da paese a paese, lo studio di ricerca ha ritenuto rilevante considerare i livelli di sviluppo dei paesi dell'economia globale classificandoli sostanzialmente in due categorie: paesi sviluppati e paesi in via di sviluppo emergenti per ulteriori analisi comparativa. I risultati empirici hanno indicato che, nel complesso, a livello globale queste tecnologie hanno un impatto di mitigazione sulle emissioni di CO2. A livello di sviluppo, mentre la tecnologia a banda larga ha avuto risultati eterogenei nella mitigazione delle emissioni di CO2 tra i paesi sviluppati ed emergenti in via di sviluppo, la tecnologia verde pulita ha avuto risultati omogenei nella mitigazione delle emissioni di CO2 tra i due gruppi di paesi. Inoltre, coerentemente con il periodo di studio e con i dati utilizzati, i risultati hanno ulteriormente confermato l'evidenza dell'EKC a livello globale e per i paesi emergenti in via di sviluppo nella diffusione di queste tecnologie. L'implicazione ambientale dei risultati della ricerca ha mostrato che se gli utenti della tecnologia a banda larga e il settore ICT in generale fanno molto affidamento sui materiali ecologici e sul consumo di energia o elettricità prodotti da fonti pulite e rinnovabili, una parte significativa del settore ICT e altre impronte antropiche potrebbero essere ridotte che faciliterà successivamente gli sforzi di decarbonizzazione dell'ambiente globale. Relativamente, l'impatto attenuante delle misure dell'indicatore della tecnologia verde pulita sulle emissioni di carbonio scoperte nello studio ha consolidato l'affermazione che lo sviluppo e la diffusione diffusi di tecnologie verdi pulite in generale possono potenzialmente aiutare a ridurre la dipendenza eccessiva dalle fonti fossili per decarbonizzare l'economia globale e migliorare la qualità ambientale. Dal punto di vista politico, lo studio raccomanda che queste tecnologie non solo siano considerate come una parte importante delle misure politiche globali a breve e lungo termine per supportare le strategie di mitigazione dei cambiamenti climatici, ma anche il loro utilizzo massimizzato a diversi livelli di sviluppo. I governi dei paesi dell'economia globale dovrebbero elaborare misure politiche volte a fornire ai loro settori privati, che sono attori critici quando si tratta di sviluppo, applicazione e diffusione di queste tecnologie, il giusto ambiente competitivo. È anche importante a livello nazionale che sia i paesi sviluppati che quelli in via di sviluppo non solo aumentino l'uso di queste tecnologie, ma le rendano anche più economiche e accessibili incoraggiando gli investimenti in esse e in altre tecnologie verdi ed esponenziali emergenti.<br>Global warming and climate change are global challenges that need a holistic attention and measures to tackle. The potential of environmental technologies and in particular, the role of the information communication society and green technology innovation sector to influence sustainability of the environment has not only courted global attention but also generated a new line of research interests. Given the range of evolving technologies that could play a crucial role toward carbon neutrality by the year 2050, investing in technologies that can be leveraged across households, firms, industries and countries of the world, whose adoption can contribute to mitigation of carbon emissions in the shortest possible time is of significant importance and worthwhile investigating. Broadband of ICT and clean green technology are some of these technologies. This research study employed a dynamic GMM (Generalized Method of Moments) estimator in addition to a battery of static models and other statistical techniques to investigate the impact of broadband and clean green technologies as well as examine the validity of the EKC hypothesis on CO2 emissions in a global context using unbalanced panel dataset of 190 countries to represent the global economy. Given the hypothesis that, emissions and accessibility of these technologies could vary among countries, the research study deemed it relevant to consider levels of development of countries of the global economy by classifying them broadly into two categories: developed countries and emerging-developing countries for further comparative analysis. The empirical results indicated that, overall, at the global level these technologies have mitigating impact on CO2 emissions. At the development levels, while broadband technology had heterogenous outcome in mitigating CO2 emissions between developed and emerging-developing countries, clean green technology had homogenous outcome in mitigating CO2 emissions between the two country groups. Additionally, consistent with the study period and data used, the results further confirmed evidence of the EKC at the global level and for emerging-developing countries in the diffusion of these technologies. The environmental implication of the research findings showed that if broadband technology users and the general ICT sector rely heavily on green materials and energy or electricity consumption produced from clean, renewable sources, a significant chunk of the ICT sector and other anthropogenic footprints could be reduced which will subsequently facilitate the decarbonization efforts of the global environment. Relatedly, the mitigating impact of the indicator measures of clean green technology on carbon emissions discovered in the study consolidated the assertion that widespread development and diffusion of clean green technologies in general can potentially help to reduce over dependence on fossil sources to decarbonize the global economy and improve environmental quality. From policy point of view, the study recommends these technologies not only be considered as important part of global short and long-term policy measures to support climate change mitigation strategies, but also their use maximized at different levels of development. Governments in countries of the global economy should come up with policy measures aimed at providing their private sectors which are critical players when it comes to these technologies development, application and diffusion with the right competitive environment. It is also important at the country levels for both developed and developing countries not to only increase the use of these technologies but should also make them more cheaper and accessible by encouraging investments in them and other emerging green and exponential technologies.

碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>產業經濟研究所<br>96<br>The Environmental Kuznets Curve（EKC）describes a relationship between economic growth and environmental quality.In this paper, we apply energy and emission data that published by International Energy Agency（IEA）to analyse CO2 emission variation in Taiwan, Japan and Korea from 1971 to 2005. 　　By using CO2 intensity for environmental pressure index, GDP per captia for economic growth index and other exogenous variables,for instance, energy structure, industry structure, crude oil price, energy productivity and trade effect to show the pattern of EKC in Taiwan, Japan and Korea. The econometric results lead to two conclusions. Firstly, the relationship between CO2 intensity and GDP per captia in Taiwan and Korea is U-shape. The turning point in Taiwan is 7,300 and in Korea is 15,934（US dollar by PPP）. Secondly, the EKC pattern in Japan is monotonically decreasing linear relationship. The reasons for U-shape EKC in Taiwan and Korea are as follows. First of all, both countries are export-oriented. Secondly, the power price in Taiwan and Korea is lower than that in Japan. Thirdly, the industry structure in Korea is industry-oriented and Taiwan too depends on coal using. Finally, the ratio of electricity output by natural gas and nuclear in Taiwan is lower than Japan and Korea. In short, we suggest some measures to improve relationship between CO2 intensity and GDP per captia. First, to develop diversity energy supply strategies. Second, by rising energy price in order to reduce energy use. Third, to enhance the ratio of electricity output by nuclear. Forth, to maintain the growth of service industry and lower the development of high energy intensity industry. Finally, to strengthen energy efficiency in transport sectors.

Politische Entscheidungsträger stehen heute vor der Herausforderung, dem Klimawandel zu begegnen, ohne das Entwicklungspotential von Entwicklungsländern einzuschränken. In diesem Zusammenhang trägt diese Arbeit zur Beantwortung der Frage bei, ob Entwicklung ohne höheren CO2-Ausstoß  möglich ist. Untersucht werden insbesondere die Emissionen von Haushalten und die mögliche Verbreitung erneuerbarer Energien in Entwicklungsländern. Diese Arbeit geht in vier Punkten über die bisherige Literatur hinaus. Erstens untersucht sie aus der Perspektive eines Entwicklungslandes die CO2-Emissionen von Haushalten und analysiert den Einfluss steigender Einkommen auf Emissionen, unter Berücksichtigung sozio-demografischer Eigenschaften der Haushalte. Zweitens betrachtet sie andere relevante Faktoren wie CO2-und Energieintensität, die steigende Emissionen beeinflussen könnten. Drittens untersucht sie, wie ungleich die Emissionen der Haushalte verteilt sind. Aus der Ungleichheit von Emissionen ergeben sich direkte Konsequenzen für die Reduzierung der CO2-Emissionen von Haushalten. Zuletzt wird die Möglichkeit der Verbreitung verschiedener erneuerbarer Energien in Entwicklungsländern erforscht. Erneuerbare Energien scheinen eine Handlungsoption zur Reduzierung von CO2-Emissionen darzustellen. Sie können helfen, Wachstum in Entwicklungsländern zu fördern, ohne die bereits besorgniserregend hohe Konzentration von klimaschädlichen Gasen in der Atmosphäre weiter zu verschlimmern. Der erste Teil der Dissertation untersucht, wie CO2-intensiv der Lebensstil philippinischer Haushalte ist und analysiert Möglichkeiten, Emissionen und Wohlstand von Haushalten zu entkoppeln. Wir schätzen die CO2-Emissionen der Haushalte, die durch den Konsum verschiedener Güter und Dienstleistungen verursacht werden, indem wir eine Input-Output-Analyse mit den Ausgaben der Haushalte in den Jahren 2000 und 2006 kombinieren. Auf Basis der Schätzung sind die Ausgaben der Haushalte, die im Zusammenhang mit Kraftstoffen, Licht und Transport stehen, die CO2-intensivsten, während diejenigen für kurzlebige Güter am wenigsten CO2-intensiv sind. Die zentralen Ergebnisse sind, dass während sozio-demografische Eigenschaften der Haushalte wichtig für die Erklärung der Höhe von Emissionen sind, keine konkreten Anzeichen für eine Entkopplung von CO2-Emissionen und Wohlstand gefunden wurden. Wenn sich das Konsumverhalten nicht ändert, werden philippinische Haushalte bei steigendem Wohlstand wahrscheinlich einen Lebensstil führen, der mit höherem CO2-Ausstoß einhergeht. Der zweite Teil schlüsselt die Veränderung der Emissionen durch Haushalte auf und untersucht andere relevante Einflussfaktoren wie CO2-Intensität und Energieintensität. Während der erste Teil die starke Korrelation zwischen Emissionen und Einkommen herausarbeitet, wird durch die Aufschlüsselung deutlich, dass diese Korrelation nicht gleichverteilt zwischen allen Haushalten ist. Der Einkommenseffekt ist in ärmeren Haushalten ausgeprägter, während der Effekt der Energieintensität in reicheren Haushalten überwiegt. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass die Energieintensität ein Ansatzpunkt dafür sein kann, Emissionen von Haushalten zu reduzieren. Insbesondere kann der Einsatz energieeffizienter Haushaltsgeräte gefördert werden, ebenso wie kraftstoffsparende Fahrzeuge oder der Zugang zu öffentlichen Transportmitteln. Um die CO2-Emissionen von Haushalten zu reduzieren, muss untersucht werden, wie sich die Emissionen auf die Haushalte verteilen. Jede politische Maßnahme zur Linderung des Klimawandels, die die Reduktion von Emissionen beinhaltet, hat einen direkteren Einfluss in gleicheren Gesellschaften, als in Ungleicheren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich die Emissionen sehr ungleich zwischen den Haushalten verteilt sind, dass diese Ungleichheit zunimmt und sich ein großer Anteil der Emissionsungleichheit durch energieintensiven Konsum von Kraftstoffen, Licht und Transport erklärt. Dies legt nahe, dass politische Entscheidungsträger sich auf energieintensiven Konsum fokussieren sollten, um die Ungleichheit von Emissionen zu reduzieren.  Die ersten drei Teile der Arbeit stellen heraus, dass ein großer Anteil der CO2-Emissionen der Haushalte durch energieintensiven Konsum verursacht wird. Dies deutet auf die Notwendigkeit hin, auf emissionsneutrale Energiequellen wie erneuerbare Energien umzusteigen um den Lebensstil der Haushalte zu erhalten oder zu verbessern ohne die globalen Emissionen weiter ansteigen zu lassen. Daher wird im vierten Teil die potentielle Ausbreitung verschiedener erneuerbarer Energiequellen in Entwicklungsländern modelliert  und ihre Bestimmungsfaktoren untersucht. Wir konzentrieren uns auf die Diversifikation, da die meisten erneuerbaren Energien wetterabhängig und dadurch nicht planbar sind, eine Diversifikation aber eine stabile und verlässliche Energieversorgung ermöglicht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen einen robusten nichtlinearen Effekt von Einkommen auf Diversifikation, der sich als grafisch als U-förmige Beziehung zeigt, so dass wir eine weitere Diversifikation erneuerbarer Energiequellen bei steigenden Einkommen in Entwicklungsländern erwarten. Darüber hinaus können technologisch fortschrittlichere Entwicklungsländer, Entwicklungsländer mit ausgebildeten Fachkräften, entwickelten Finanzmärkten, guter Regierungsführung und hohem Rohstoffvorkommen den Einsatz erneuerbarer Energien diversifizieren ohne auf ausländische Direktinvestitionen und Entwicklungshilfe angewiesen zu sein. Wir dokumentieren ferner, dass sich die Diversifizierung erneuerbarer Energiequellen seit Einführung des Kyoto-Protokolls Ende 1997 weiter verbreitet hat. Auf Grundlage der obigen Erkenntnisse können die folgenden Politikempfehlungen abgeleitet werden. Auf Seiten der Haushalte: Es ist unwahrscheinlich, dass Haushalte bei steigendem Wohlstand einen Lebensstil führen werden, der mit geringem CO2-Ausstoß einhergeht. Den Konsum der Haushalte zu beschränken ist jedoch schwierig und umstritten. Güter, durch die ein hoher CO2-Ausstoß verursacht wird, können besteuert werden um die Emissionen von Haushalten einzuschränken. Allerdings sollten politische Entscheidungsträger dabei Vorsicht walten lassen, um nicht die Bemühungen der Armutsbekämpfung zu gefährden, da auf den Philippinen ein Viertel der Bevölkerung als arm anzusehen ist. Es gibt verschiedene andere Optionen, die CO2-Emissionen der Haushalte zu drosseln. Dazu zählt die Verbesserung der Produktionseffizienz und die Veränderung des Konsumverhaltens hin zu einem weniger CO2-intensiven Lebensstil. Wichtig sind dabei insbesondere Verbesserungen beim Zugang zu öffentlichem Verkehrsmitteln, sowie zu energieeffizienteren Beleuchtungs- und Kühltechnologien. Ferner ist es ein wichtiger Politikansatz, den Einsatz erneuerbarer Energiequellen auszuweiten und erneuerbare Energie in den Energiemix von Entwicklungsländern einzugliedern, um wirtschaftliches Wachstum von Emissionen zu entkoppeln.

The 1972 Stockholm convention initiated the debate over whether economic growth and environmental degradation are complementary or substitute. In 1983, the Brundtland commission began incorporating environmental considerations into conventional economics. Almost at the same time, the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis gained popularity and behind the veil of the EKC hypothesis the developed countries started putting pressure on the developing and least developed countries to be pro-growth even at the cost of the environment so that they come at par of the developed nations. In this background, the present chapter considers 41 Asian countries over five years spanning from 2015 to 2019. It has taken per capita emission of CO2 (metric-ton) as the dependent variable and growth of per capita income along with access to electricity as the independent variable. The result indicates that there is no statistically significant impact of per capita income growth on the emission of per capita CO2 and the EKC hypothesis does not hold for the Asian continent.

The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis reflects the relationship between environmental quality and GDP per capita. The environmental quality decreases in early periods of GDP growth per capita until a certain point, and after that, it begins to increase. This paper investigates the presence of the EKC curve in OECD countries over the period 1997–2015 and identifies thresholds levels of GDP per capita leading to lower emissions per capita for these countries. Also, it points out the key role of energy from renewable sources. Based on nonlinear panel data methods, findings show that CO2 emissions increase up to a certain level of income (10774$–44494$ per head) and then, they decrease. Policymakers are encouraged to consider economy, technology, and environment all together and handle the legal regulations they will implement, accordingly.

This chapter examines the connection between foreign direct investment (FDI) and environmental degradation in Uganda from 1990 to 2022. It includes control variables such as GDP growth, trade openness, urbanization, industrialization, and agricultural activity, utilizing data from the World Bank's World Development Indicators. Using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to tackle endogeneity, the study finds a significant long-term non-linear relationship between FDI and CO2 emissions, aligning with the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. The results indicate an inverse U-shaped relationship, where carbon emissions initially increase with FDI before declining over time. The research highlights the influence of GDP growth, urbanization, agriculture, and industrialization on environmental outcomes. The findings stress the need for policymakers to balance attracting FDI with maintaining environmental sustainability, supporting the pollution haven theory in Uganda.

Mother Nature has suffered through many industrial revolutions. Ecology suffered after the first industrial revolution. Industrial revolutions quadrupled CO2. Industrial Revolution 4.0 follows the Stockholm Conference in 1972 and Brundtland's report “Our Common Future” (1983-1987) on sustainable development. The emerging and less developed countries are condemned for their carbon footprint and CO2 emissions from manufacturing and consumption. According to the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis, developed countries advise developing nations to follow their development path to reduce carbon emissions. Industrial Revolution 4.0 replaced the Fordist style of production with information-based production. In this context, is digitization pro-environment? Regrettably, this has not been empirically studied. This chapter examines the environmental effects of digitalization and Industrial Revolution 4.0. The chapter will examine the link between the environment, digitalization, and Industrial Revolution 4.0 using empirical validation and descriptive analysis.

Economic and financial crisis thwarts the process of global economic growth, development, integration, and efforts to promote a sustainable environment. The onset of the recent crisis aggravates the problem of inequality and more resources need to be channeled for economic recovery. This study attempts to examine the impact of income inequality on environmental pollution in a sample of an unbalanced panel of 120 countries which consist of 42 high-income, 35 upper-middle-income, and 43 lower-middle- and low-income countries. The sample period runs from 1985 to 2019. The empirical results are quantitatively robust to a different alternative of proxy. Results affirmed an inverted U-shaped relationship between income inequality and environmental pollution for lower-middle- and low-income countries. The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis is present in the case of upper-middle, lower-middle- and low-income countries but not for high-income countries. The policy implication based on these findings is policies must be coordinated to cushion the impact of income inequality to enable more allocation for environmental protection such as measures to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Despite the crisis and economic slowdown, countries should take the opportunity to review their recovery plans by incorporating environmental concerns.

The carbon emission problem is a global problem and is a research topic that many researchers have examined in the literature. In this study, an empirical analysis was made within the scope of the carbon emission problem. This study also examines urbanization, that is, the flow of people from rural areas to cities. The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis was examined for sample data. Finally, this study examines the concept of economic growth and how it relates to both carbon emissions and urbanization. By understanding these connections, the complex interplay between these factors can be understood. The study of carbon emissions, economic growth and urbanization in India is included in this chapter as it is essential not only to address the country's environmental concerns but also to contribute to global efforts to mitigate climate change.

This study examines the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, which suggests that carbon and greenhouse gas emissions initially rise with urbanization and industrialization but eventually decrease as economic development progresses. Focusing on India and G7 countries from 2003 to 2022, the analysis employs the PMG-ARDL model to investigate short-run convergence in carbon and total greenhouse gas emissions. The findings indicate significant convergence in emissions for both India and the G7, suggesting similar emission patterns over time. The study also reveals that domestic credit to private firms is significantly and positively associated with increased emissions, highlighting the role of financial development in environmental degradation. Conversely, alternative energy sources and labor contributions are found to significantly reduce carbon emissions in the long run. These results underscore the complexity of balancing economic development with environmental sustainability and the critical importance of policy measures that promote green energy and sustainable practices.

High Speed Rail (HSR) plays a significant role in economic urbanization and environmental impacts. India is also debating on the importance and impacts of HSR on climate. HSR is already operational in several countries today and a total of 12 HSR corridors are already planned in India, of which the construction of the Mumbai – Ahmedabad corridor is already underway. Even though there are several studies in literature in the context of various countries related to the impact of HSR on CO2 emissions, however such studies are very limited in Indian context. Keeping in mind that passenger travel is a major human activity contributing to CO2 emissions, the prime objective of this research is to study the impacts of HSR on CO2 emissions in Indian corridors. Hence a study of the Bengaluru – New Delhi corridor is taken. The hypothesis of the study is that introduction of HSR between Bengaluru – New Delhi will reduce CO2 emissions. Revealed Preference and Stated Preference survey was conducted using interview method for the purpose of data collection. Percentage shift of passengers from air travel to HSR was calculated. Thereafter the percentage reduction in CO2 emissions was calculated using emission factors from literature. It was found that there is a percentage reduction in CO2 emissions for all HSR options, and more so for the HSR option with night journey (with speed of 200 kmph) and moderate fare levels equivalent to the Rajdhani Express 2nd AC fares and that of a half day or night journey (with speed of 350 kmph) with fares equivalent to that of the Rajdhani 1st AC fare. The study suggests different possible options to introduce HSR in India that can reduce CO2 emissions from passenger travel and can help the Indian Government with some policy decision support.

This study aims to explore the validity of environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in case of Central Asian countries. For this purpose, annual data of selected countries for the period 1993-2018 was utilized. Environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis implies that the environmental quality deteriorates at the beginning of economic growth and improves over time. The existence of this hypothesis has been evaluated by employing panel ARDL (autoregressive distributed lags) model. The findings indicate the validity of the N-shaped EKC hypothesis in the case of the Central Asian countries. Moreover, renewable energy consumption improves the environmental quality by reducing CO2 emissions. These outcomes have practical policy implications for the government and policymakers of the studied countries. The appropriate recommendations for designing a regional energy policy that is both inclusive and environmentally friendly were suggested.

In the period after 2000, the Western Balkans countries significantly improved their development performance and realized benefits from the increase in per capita income. However, the region today faces complex environmental challenges, because of the fact that economic development in these countries is associated with a growing environmental impact. Raising concerns about the growth patterns sustainability in the context of global environmental challenge require coordinated regional efforts and significant investment in adapting and mitigating the impact of harmful environmental practices in order to build resilient and sustainable economies. In this context, the question of the existence of an Environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) in the countries of the Western Balkan region, that is, the existence of an inverted U-shaped relationship between per capita income and environmental quality, arises. Increasing awareness of climate change and the need for sustainable development give the importance of education and technological innovation in reducing CO2 emissions. For this reason, this study examines the relationship between the education and technological innovation and CO2 emissions in the Western Balkan countries over the period 2002- 2022 employing an econometric model based on the panel data for these countries. The findings revealed a positive correlation between education and the reduction of CO2 emissions, while the impact of technological innovations varies depending on the type of technologies used, suggesting that EKC hypothesis is valid in the countries in region. In order to achieve environmental objectives and achieving green economic growth, the authorities of the Western Balkan countries must pursue the strategies for mitigating the CO2 emissions through educational and technological investments.

The recent slowdown in CO2 emission is largely result of three factors; weaker economic growth due to global crisis aftermaths, continual improvements in energy intensity and shifts to lower carbon energy thus higher carbon footprint of energy. Various approaches such as IPAT and/or KAYA identities are used to analyze the input factors of CO2 emissions, playing a crucial role in the creation of distinct emission forecasts. In addition, Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesizes a positive relation between income and environmental quality. Arguments that came out of the controversies regarding the validity of these identities provided relevant theoretical discussion for the claim that economic growth can be achieved on sustainable and green foundations. Based on a scarce number of papers related to Green GDP – energy intensity – carbon footprint nexus, we want to analyze how major environmental factors (GDP per capita, emissions of CO2, energy consumption per GDP and carbon intensity per unit energy) affect the so-called green growth perspective. Long-run empirical assessment is founded on a panel cointegration modelling for the period 2007-2019 for the sample of 37 European countries. The results confront some established environmental stances, confirming the negative effect of GDP per capita and CO2 emissions, and a positive effect of both energy intensity and carbon footprint on the green growth developments.

The main aim of this study is to empirically investigate the impact of energy consumption and foreign direct investments on carbon emissions and the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis in Eurasian countries over the period of 1993-2013. In this context, firstly cross-section dependency and homogeneity tests were applied for the the panel. The existence of unit root was investigated by one of the second-generation unit root test CIPS. The cointegration relationship between the variables was investigated with the Gengenbach, Urbain ve Westerlund panel cointegration test and finally, the causality relationship was examined using the Dumitrescu and Hurlin causality test. Empirical results indicate that there is no cointegraion between carbon dioxide emission representing environmental pollution and other variables. Also, it was concluded that the inverted U-shaped Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis is not valid. There is a bidirectional causality between carbon emission and GDP, the square of GDP, energy consumption and foreign direct investment.

Although environmental deterioration is a main result of the process of economic growth, global warming and climate change has been threating the quality of human life. Though Central Asian countries (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Georgia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Armenia) signed to Kyoto protocol to decrease CO2 emission levels, these countries still have environmental pollution concerns. This paper examines relationships between CO2 emissions, economic and financial development and fossil fuel energy consumption for a panel of Central Asian countries over the period 1992-2013. The findings of this study show that an inverted U shape environmental Kuznets curve for Central Asia. Moreover, energy consumption and urbanization are found to have positive effects on CO2 emissions. However, analysis suggests that financial development and trade openness are essential factors for the reduction of CO2 emissions.

Today, one of the most important global problems is the phenomenon of climate change. The main reason for this phenomenon is that all the energy required for production and consumption is provided from fossil fuels instead of renewable energy sources. The widespread use of fossil fuels increases carbon emissions intensity. Due to the importance of carbon emissions, it is aimed to determine the asymmetric effect of economic growth and oil price on carbon emissions in Turkey. For this purpose, the long and short-term effects of per capita income and oil price on carbon emissions are analyzed using the nonlinear ARDL cointegration method between 1987-2019. The findings support the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis for the relationship between carbon emissions and per capita income for Turkey. In addition, it has been determined that there is a significant and asymmetrical effect between oil prices and carbon emissions in the long run. While the increase in the oil price tends to decrease carbon emission, the decrease in the oil price leads to increase in carbon emission in the long term. In line with these results, economic growth and energy policies are critical in reducing environmental problems caused by carbon emissions in Turkey. Namely, it is necessary to implement environmental policies that support economic growth to reduce the impact of environmental degradation in Turkey. Especially renewable energy consumption should be increased for sustainable growth. Therefore, research on renewable energy should be encouraged and it is important to implement training activities required for technology production.

This study aims to establish a comprehensive linkage between CO2 emissions and the composition of energy sources, economic growth, and reforestation, thereby shedding light on their intricate connections in Colombia over the period 1970-2018. First, we use different types of energy consumption including non-renewable, renewable, and hydroelectric sources. As expected, our findings reveal a noteworthy effect of non-renewable sources that lead to increased emissions, while renewable sources help mitigate those emissions. Second, the preservation of forested areas plays a crucial role in mitigating CO2 emissions. Third, the agricultural sector significantly contributes to the rise in emissions, encompassing both crops and livestock, a characteristic often observed in emerging economies. Moreover, in the long-run equilibrium, we find real GDP show the characteristic inverted U-shaped pattern commonly linked with the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis.