To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Environmental Law and Economics.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Environmental Law and Economics'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Environmental Law and Economics.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Woerdman, Edwin. "Implementing the Kyoto mechanisms political barriers and path dependence /." [Groningen]: [Edwin Woerdman], 2002. http://dissertations.ub.rug.nl/FILES/faculties/jur/2002/e.woerdman/thesis.pdf.
Full text
2
Deimann, Sven. "Federalism and the environment : finding the right balance in a free trade context in the European Union and Canada." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=20530.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis seeks to probe deeper into possible criteria for allocating jurisdiction over environmental policy in a free trade context. The investigation proceeds by examining first recent moves within the European Community to adjust environmental policy to the principle of subsidiarity. The analysis then adopts a comparative approach and discusses various issues for Canadian environmental policy arising from the Canadian division of powers. The Canadian division of powers is shown to operate with much more narrow principles and rules than under the EC-Treaty with the resultant overlap in concurrent policy-making necessitating various forms and techniques for policy-coordination. A final part of the inquiry engages economic theories of federalism, in particular recent prescriptions for greater decentralization of environmental policy that have informed the debate on subsidiarity. These theories are shown to be deficient in furnishing an adequate account of why individuals would accept regulatory competition without assurances as to a guaranteed minimum of environmental quality irrespective of a particular level of material wealth. The study, therefore, concludes that on a redistributive understanding of environmental policy, central agents, corresponding in their territorial span to the geographical reach of 'markets' have an important role to play.
3
Okajima, Shigeharu. "Essays on the effect of environmental policies in Japan." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1337263028.
Full text
4
Zhou, Jia Lei. "EU water law : the right balance between environmental and economic considerations?" Thesis, University of Macau, 2005. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1637070.
Full text
5
Mekonin, Abere. "Human Rights and Sustainable Development Law : Sustainabale Development Law :The Path to Sustainable Peace." Thesis, Linnaeus University, Linnaeus School of Business and Economics, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-6568.
Full textAbstract:
This paper considers the fast changing developments and changes in relation to sustainable development law with its three pillars, and the needs of international development. The focus of the analysis is on the connection between international economic, international social and international environmental law which constitute sustainable development law at their intersection point, and will show how they can be the paths to sustainable peace. As sustainable development law is emerging as international concern, the qualitative approach of this paper will show its pillars separately and their connection under different conditions. This paper also demonstrates that this approach is gaining ground in the literature, and it contends that it is a more appropriate way of addressing the problems of economic, social and environmental. In support of this argument, the paper looks initially how sustainable development law fits to be the path to sustainable peace within the contemporary world which is full of economic, social and environmental conflicts. Secondly, it provides a theoretical framework how sustainable development law with its pillars can lead the world to sustainable peace. Thirdly, the three pillars, (-international economic law, international social law and international environmental law-), will be elaborated in relation to their intersection and sustainable development law.
6
Smith, Sean Robert. "An Empirical Analysis of Differences in Environmental Transparency Across Firms." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/677.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, many firms have voluntarily taken actions to gradually increase the transparency of their corporate social responsibility (CSR) efforts. Using data on a sample of U.S. firms, this paper empirically examines the factors that encourage firms to choose different levels of CSR transparency. This adds to the previous literature that has focused only on the binary decision to engage or not to engage in CSR, as opposed to the extent and comprehensiveness of voluntary CSR reporting. Environmental transparency data are collected from the Roberts Environmental Center (REC) at Claremont McKenna College, while data for firm characteristics and toxic releases are collected from Standard & Poor’s Compustat North American and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Robust regression analysis of environmental transparency shows that consumer, investor, and community stakeholders significantly increase the level of environmental transparency. In addition, environmental transparency is higher among firms that compete internationally relative to those with only a domestic presence.
7
Bial, Joseph J. 1969. "Theoretical and empirical examination of decentralized environmental regulation." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191225.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation closely examines the merits, weaknesses, and potential of decentralized environmental regulation. I examine three areas of particular concern in the structure of environmental regulation. In the first chapter, I examine how information problems resulting from incorrectly specified atmospheric models are likely to affect economic efficiency in a permit market. While permit markets have been heralded as a promising solution for controlling environmentally damaging emissions, there is no formal research linking the atmospheric model, which directly affects permit prices, with economic outcomes. In the chapter, I develop a generalized theoretical model that demonstrates the problems that are likely to arise when there is uncertainty in the underlying atmospheric parameter estimates. As it turns out, permit markets operating with incorrectly specified atmospheric models may result in large losses in economic efficiency, even if the permit market is operating ideally in an economic sense. The second chapter analyzes a much broader issue, that of state versus federal environmental regulation. The chapter focuses on the methods used by states attempting to control interstate water pollution in the Ohio Valley in the early 1900s. The time period was chosen to predate federal intervention into environmental regulation and, hence, allows for a clean test of how states might be expected to address difficult pollution problems under a system of state regulation. Using a simple game theoretic model, the paper explores interstate water pollution control compacts and their uses in addressing interstate water pollution. I find that states were able to overcome significant bargaining difficulties in formulating the compacts, which ultimately led to effective control of interstate water pollution. The final chapter focuses on voluntary overcompliance by firms facing environmental standards. The paper models environmental regulation according to the EPA's Best Available Control Technology (BACT). The model predicts voluntary overcompliance by firms as they attempt to raise the (endogenous) environmental standard and, in the process, raise their rivals' costs. The paper also demonstrates the merits of nonuniform environmental standards. In attempting to elicit efficient levels of R&D investment, the regulatory authority may discourage socially wasteful overinvestment in pollution technology through the use of nonuniform standards.
8
Dorsey, Lauren. "Adapting to the Changing Tide: An Evaluation of California’s Drought Policies and Future Mitigation Strategies." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1898.
Full textAbstract:
California endured an extreme and prolonged drought from 2012 until the winter of 2017, offering a fascinating yet tragic example of how drought impacts lives. Despite this recent and stark phenomenon, there is surprisingly little information about its effects and implications. This thesis aims to lessen this knowledge gap by asking how severe the drought was, how well the state responded, and what policies would increase California’s water security. It answers these questions by exploring the Golden State’s long and complicated water management history, which is necessary to understand the current drought policy framework; then, it collects the emerging literature concerning the drought’s multifaceted effects into one of the first state-wide meta-analyses. With this perspective, it becomes clear that the most severe drought vulnerability is in the agricultural sector—alone costing Californians billions of dollars—but spreads into a host of other economic and ecological effects. Australia provides an apt comparison and some potential lessons, including agricultural water efficiency, market solutions, a more consistent drought culture, and innovative water supply solutions. In addition to offering some infrastructure and public education solutions, Australia’s example hints that the California state government may need to assume a heightened enforcement and information-gathering role in order to more efficiently manage scarce water resources. Nonetheless, as the State emerges from drought and looks to an uncertain future—where the next drought may already be upon us—the extent to which California proactively adopts drought strategies will not only affect millions of lives and billions of dollars, but must be at the forefront of ethical, forward-looking, and cost-minimizing resource management.
9
Cordonier, Segger Marie-Claire. "Sustainable development in international trade law : integrating economic and social development and environmental protection in emerging trade regimes." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669870.
Full text
10
Cardoso, Tatiana de Almeida Freitas Rodrigues. "Por uma tutela efetiva ao meio ambiente: a aplicação da law & economics para combater a tragédia dos bens comuns." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2011. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/4610.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by William Justo Figueiro (williamjf) on 2015-07-22T23:22:50Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
05d.pdf: 2537097 bytes, checksum: 56c8d8d8120beecf5693e98fb5f2dec4 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T23:22:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 05d.pdf: 2537097 bytes, checksum: 56c8d8d8120beecf5693e98fb5f2dec4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011
CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos
A proposta deste trabalho é estudar a problemática que envolve o meio ambiente, encontrando um meio de realmente atribuir eficácia social à esse direito comum a todos os indivíduos, posto que os problemas ambientais vislumbrados ao redor do globo hodiernamente fogem da normalidade, atingindo a todos os seres humanos no âmago do seu Direito Humano ao meio ambiente sadio e ecologicamente equilibrado. Nesse escopo, introduz-se a problemática ambiental, demonstrando a dificuldade atual enfrentada pelo homem referente aos baldios e exibindo a teoria por traz deste verídico drama ambiental que se vivencia, pensado por Garret Hardin – a Tragédia dos Bens Comuns. Ademais, faz-se uma construção acerca do que é esse novo Direito Humano, explicando o seu surgimento por meio da própria evolução histórica da sociedade e a sua consagração enquanto direito consuetudinário internacional de terceira dimensão. Na sequência, abordar-se-á a insuficiência da “positivação” desse Direito para contornar a Tragédia, sendo essa a principal problemática que se buscará responder no texto, partindo da crise paradigmática do positivismo até o surgimento de um novo paradigma, o qual observa a função desempenhada pelo sistema jurídico e, por causa disso, busca outros ferramentais para contornar o problema, como a Análise Econômica do Direito, oriunda do Direito e Economia. Logo, estudar-se-á os instrumentos originários das Ciências Econômicas, particularmente, as ideias edificadas por Arthur Pigou e Ronald Coase para controlar o problema, além de duas metodologias da microeconomia significativamente relevantes para o Direito, quais sejam, a Teoria da Escolha Racional e a Teoria dos Jogos. Por fim, analisar-se-á detalhadamente as contribuições geradas por esses inputs econômicos, desde a monetarização do meio ambiente à criação de incentivos positivos, os quais tendem a ser a “nova” solução para contornar não só o estruturalismo do sistema jurídico, como também o problema ambiental, vez que motiva os agentes sociais a agirem em prol das condutas esverdeadas. Desta feita, mostrar-se-á dois exemplos dessa aplicação, uma no panorama doméstico, envolvendo o tema dos tributos ambientais, e outra no panorama internacional, no que compete aos mercados transacionáveis como aquele elucubrado pelo Protocolo de Kyoto. Para tanto, traça-se um resgate teórico-qualitativo acerca do tema, com intuito de revisar a bibliografia existente, porém, sem o condão de querer esgotá-la.
This thesis aims at studying the problems arising from the environment, trying to establish a method of truly attaching social efficacy to this common right to all individuals, since the environmental problems that have emerged worldwide escape from normality, intrinsically affecting human beings in their human right to a healthy and balanced environment. In this scope, it will be primarily introduced the environmental problems, demonstrating the current difficulty faced by individuals concerning the commons and showing the theory behind this true problem mankind face as Garret Hardin exposed, called The Tragedy of the Commons. Moreover, a historical construction of what this novel human right is will be made, in order to explain its establishment as a customary rule of international law of third dimension. Furthermore, the insufficiency of such “positivation” to fight the Tragedy will be addressed, constituting the main quest of his text, departing from the positivism paradigmatic crisis until the erection of a new paradigm that observes the functional character of law. Due to such view, the necessity of finding in other sciences mechanisms to overcome this current issue, such as incorporating the Economic Analysis of Law methodology, originated form the Law and Economics School will be clarified. Thus, the Economic Science instruments will be studied; chiefly, the Pigouvean and Coasean concepts, and two significant theories for the Law field, which are the Rational Choice and Game Theory. Above and beyond, the detailed contributions generated by these economic inputs will be discussed from the monetization of the environment to the emergency of positive incentives, which tend to be the “new” key to solve both the structural view of the law system and the environmental problem, as it encourages the social agents to act greenly. In this sense, two examples of such application will be shown: one in the domestic system involving environmental taxes, and the other in the international arena, concerning the transactional markets (cap-and-trade) as the one established by the Kyoto Protocol. For such analysis, a theoretical-qualitative research on the matter will be made, intending to review the existing bibliography, but not expecting to exhaust it.
11
Survis, Felicia D. "Beyond Water Restrictions| Informing Effective Lawn Watering Behavior." Thesis, Florida Atlantic University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10300326.
Full textAbstract:
Evaluating trends of historical rainfall on a weekly and seasonal basis is needed for optimizing the design and implementation of lawn water conservation strategies like outdoor water restrictions. While “day of the week” water restrictions are a typical strategy to limit the frequency and duration of urban lawn water use, they may not necessarily result in more conservative behaviors from end-users. Because weekly rainfall and local climate variables are seldom taken into account in water restriction strategies, they are not connected to actual lawn water demand. However, since lawn water demand is directly related to weekly rainfall totals, not to a particular number of watering days per week, water restriction schedules have the potential to unintentionally promote overwatering. This study investigated the weekly patterns of average seasonal rainfall and evapotranspiration in South Florida to determine the typical variability of weekly net irrigation needs and found that typical wet season weekly rainfall often provides a significant amount of water to meet the demand of residential lawns and landscapes. This finding underscores opportunity to reduce supplemental overwatering in residential landscapes if watering guidelines were modified to recognize seasonal average weekly rainfall in this region.
This study also tested a rainfall-based water conservation strategy to determine if providing residents with information about how local rainfall could promote more effective lawn watering behavior than just water restrictions alone. Experimental households reduced lawn water use by up to 61% compared to the control group by the end of the study. These results demonstrate that the neighborhood “rain-watered lawn” signs helped experimental study group households become more aware of rainfall as the primary input of water to their lawns. This study also investigated the role that lawn irrigation from self-supplied sources plays in the urban lawn water demand and investigates how the lawn water use and lawn watering behaviors of households that source from self-supply differ from those who source from the public supply.
12
Cavalcanti, Bernardo Morais [UNESP]. "A ordem econômico-constitucional e o mercado de etanol: diretivas de um marco regulatório para o estado democrático de direito." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98944.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Previous issue date: 2011-03-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:48:16Z : No. of bitstreams: 1
cavalcanti_bm_me_fran.pdf: 470076 bytes, checksum: f45e23743934b9a8cdf3fde3c9cd3464 (MD5)Este trabalho tem como objetivo apontar diretivas que possam embasar um futuro marco regulatório do setor de biocombustíveis, com ênfase especial no mercado de etanol carburante. Para alcançá-lo, partimos de uma discussão de pressupostos jurídicos e econômicos e procedemos logo em seguida à análise desta atividade econômica específica sob a luz desses pressupostos. O método de abordagem utilizado foi o hipotético-dedutivo. Os métodos de procedimento utilizados foram o histórico-evolutivo, comparativo, monográfico, estatístico, funcionalista e estruturalista. A técnica empregada foi a da documentação indireta, por meio da pesquisa documental e bibliográfica. Foram, assim, alcançados os seguintes resultados: a) a exploração da atividade econômica relativa ao etanol carburante sempre foi realizada pela iniciativa privada, em regime de economia de mercado; b) o Estado sempre teve participação crucial nesse processo, por meio da indução estatal; c) atualmente vive-se mais uma fase desse processo, impulsionada pelas necessidades de preservação do meioambiente, da segurança energética e de autonomia nacional; d) a trajetória histórica do Brasil faz com que seja o principal exportador de etanol carburante do planeta; e) essa posição tem gerado uma rápida expansão das lavouras de cana no país; f) é premente a necessidade de um marco regulatório que estabeleça, a priori, uma política de expansão dessa atividade econômica sem prejudicar outras atividades essenciais à sociedade brasileira. As conclusões derivadas desses resultados apontam para as seguintes diretivas: a) preservação do meioambiente; b) estímulo à livre-iniciativa e à livre-concorrência; c) proteção do mercado interno; d) incentivo à pesquisa e desenvolvimento; e) mecanização do processo de produção do etanol carburante; f) realocação da...
This work aims to outline guidelines that can support a future regulatory framework for the biofuels sector, with special emphasis on the ethanol fuel market. To achieve this, we begin with a discussion of economic and legal presuppositions and then proceed to the analysis of this specific economic activity in the light of these presuppositions. The method of approach used was hypothetic-deductive. The methods of procedure used were the historicalevolutionary, comparative, monographic, statistical, functionalist and structuralist. The technique used was indirect documentation, through archival research and literature. The following results were thus achieved: a) the exploitation of the economic activity regarding ethanol fuel has always been conducted by the private sector under a market economy system; b) the state has always played a crucial role in this process, through inductive planning; c) currently, one more step in this process is being experienced, driven by the needs of environment protection, energy security and national autonomy; d) the historical trajectory of Brazil makes it the leading exporter of ethanol fuel on the planet; e) this position has generated a rapid expansion of sugarcane crops in the country; f) there is a pressing need for a regulatory framework that establishes, a priori, a policy of expansion of this economic activity without posing a risk to other essential activities to the Brazilian society. The conclusions derived from these results converge to the following guidelines: a) preservation of the environment; b) encouraging market economy and free competition; c) protecting the domestic market; d) encouraging research and development; e) mechanization of the process of producing ethanol fuel; f) reallocation of manpower dislodged in the process of mechanization; g) integration... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
13
Cichelero, César Augusto. "Eticidade democrática: a liberdade social no consumo para o enfrentamento da crise ambiental e a proteção do direito ao meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2018. https://repositorio.ucs.br/11338/4152.
Full textAbstract:
Este trabalho tem como primeiro objetivo buscar uma conexão entre a ideia de consumocentrismo, a crise ambiental e o direito ao meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado. Pretende-se expor as amplas consequências socioambientais fruto de uma sociedade consumocentrista, com a ideia de que existe uma crise ambiental que limita o direito de todos ao meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado. Em um segundo momento, a presente dissertação pretende relacionar esse cenário do consumo atual com a obra O Direito da Liberdade de Axel Honneth. A escolha desta obra conduz a uma posição interdisciplinar que busca, em última instância, ir além da compreensão jurídica. Para tanto, a método adotado foi o dialético com o procedimento de revisão bibliográfica. Analisa-se os três conceitos de liberdade da teoria de Honneth em momentos específicos, em cada elemento a ideia é vislumbrar como a práxis do consumo ocorre sob cada um dos conceitos em suas respectivas instituições. A questão que se almeja responder é como a concepção de liberdade social pode transformar o consumo. O propósito final, portanto, será vislumbrar, ainda que à distância, as implicações e possibilidades de uma esfera de eticidade nas relações de consumo tendo em vista a crise ambiental e o dever de defender e preservar o meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES
This work aims to find a connection between the idea of consumerism, the environmental crisis and the right to the ecologically balanced environment. It is intended to expose the broad socioenvironmental consequences of a consumer-centric society, with the idea that there is an environmental crisis that limits everyone’s right to an ecologically balanced environment. In a second moment, the present dissertation intends to relate this current consumption scenario with the Axel Honneth’s book Freedom’s Right. The choice of this work leads to an interdisciplinary position that seeks, ultimately, to go beyond legal understanding. For this, it was used the dialectic method with a bibliographic review procedure. It will be analyzed the three concepts of freedom in Honneth's theory at specific moments, in each element the idea is to glimpse how the praxis of consumption occurs under each of the concepts in their respective institutions. The question that is intended to answer is how the conception of social freedom can transform consumption. The ultimate purpose, therefore, will be to glimpse, even if at a distance, the implications and possibilities of a sphere of ethics in consumer relations in view of the environmental crisis and the duty to defend and preserve the ecologically balanced environment.
14
Whalen, Christina. "The Environmental, Social, and Economic Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing, Horizontal Drilling, and Acidization in California." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/969.
Full textAbstract:
The oil extraction mechanisms of hydraulic fracturing, horizontal drilling, and acidization have recently spread throughout the state of California. This thesis explores and assesses whether federal and state legislation should approve of fracking operations in California after studying its effects on human health, the environment, and the economy. This thesis assesses the impacts of fracking; analyzes the role of current legislation and regulation; compares California fracking to fracking in other states and countries; and provides recommendations for future action.
15
Kouba, Cox Martina. "The approximation of EC law in the Czech Republic : transposiiton or transformation?" Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=78217.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis examines the process of approximating EC law that the Czech Republic has undertaken both under the Europe Agreement and in order to fulfill one of the conditions for membership in the European Union. The thesis aims to determine whether the transposition of EC legislation has been undertaken with a view to effective implementation of the acquis communautaire and to assess what implications this process will have for the Czech Republic. To this end, three areas of law which are subject to approximation are examined, namely competition law, environmental law and company law. Accordingly, Chapter I provides a general overview of the process of approximation and the challenges it poses for the Czech Republic. The process of approximation in the field of competition law is examined in Chapter II, followed by environmental law in Chapter III. The area of company law is addressed in Chapter IV. Finally, Chapter V concludes with an analysis of the findings of the previous chapters with a discussion of the implications of approximation for the legal order of the Czech Republic.
16
Colton, Katie L. "The Sue-and-Settle Phenomenon: Its Impact on the Law, Agency, and Society." DigitalCommons@USU, 2019. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7412.
Full textAbstract:
Sue-and-settle is the name applied to a federal agency’s use of litigation to create policy outside of the normal regulatory process. This paper discusses the impact that the sue-and-settle policy has had on Congress, the judiciary, and the Environmental Protection Agency. Specifically, this paper will discuss the issues caused by the perception of collusion within the sue-and-settle policy. First, this paper examines whether a relationship occurs between the litigants. The paper then discusses whether the relationship between the litigants in sue-and-settle cases tends to be collusive or not. The second part of the paper examines how Congress, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the judiciary are viewed because of the continued perception of collusion in the agency’s settlements. Overall, this paper finds that, the impacts of the sue-and-settle policy, and the perception of collusion, has affected Congress, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the judiciary by increasing regulation, distorting the purpose of the courts, and resulting in a lost value for the regulatory process.
17
Cavalcanti, Bernardo Morais. "A ordem econômico-constitucional e o mercado de etanol : diretivas de um marco regulatório para o estado democrático de direito /." Franca : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98944.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Alexandre Walmott BorgesBanca: Anderson Rosa Vaz
Banca: José Carlos de Oliveira
Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo apontar diretivas que possam embasar um futuro marco regulatório do setor de biocombustíveis, com ênfase especial no mercado de etanol carburante. Para alcançá-lo, partimos de uma discussão de pressupostos jurídicos e econômicos e procedemos logo em seguida à análise desta atividade econômica específica sob a luz desses pressupostos. O método de abordagem utilizado foi o hipotético-dedutivo. Os métodos de procedimento utilizados foram o histórico-evolutivo, comparativo, monográfico, estatístico, funcionalista e estruturalista. A técnica empregada foi a da documentação indireta, por meio da pesquisa documental e bibliográfica. Foram, assim, alcançados os seguintes resultados: a) a exploração da atividade econômica relativa ao etanol carburante sempre foi realizada pela iniciativa privada, em regime de economia de mercado; b) o Estado sempre teve participação crucial nesse processo, por meio da indução estatal; c) atualmente vive-se mais uma fase desse processo, impulsionada pelas necessidades de preservação do meioambiente, da segurança energética e de autonomia nacional; d) a trajetória histórica do Brasil faz com que seja o principal exportador de etanol carburante do planeta; e) essa posição tem gerado uma rápida expansão das lavouras de cana no país; f) é premente a necessidade de um marco regulatório que estabeleça, a priori, uma política de expansão dessa atividade econômica sem prejudicar outras atividades essenciais à sociedade brasileira. As conclusões derivadas desses resultados apontam para as seguintes diretivas: a) preservação do meioambiente; b) estímulo à livre-iniciativa e à livre-concorrência; c) proteção do mercado interno; d) incentivo à pesquisa e desenvolvimento; e) mecanização do processo de produção do etanol carburante; f) realocação da... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This work aims to outline guidelines that can support a future regulatory framework for the biofuels sector, with special emphasis on the ethanol fuel market. To achieve this, we begin with a discussion of economic and legal presuppositions and then proceed to the analysis of this specific economic activity in the light of these presuppositions. The method of approach used was hypothetic-deductive. The methods of procedure used were the historicalevolutionary, comparative, monographic, statistical, functionalist and structuralist. The technique used was indirect documentation, through archival research and literature. The following results were thus achieved: a) the exploitation of the economic activity regarding ethanol fuel has always been conducted by the private sector under a market economy system; b) the state has always played a crucial role in this process, through inductive planning; c) currently, one more step in this process is being experienced, driven by the needs of environment protection, energy security and national autonomy; d) the historical trajectory of Brazil makes it the leading exporter of ethanol fuel on the planet; e) this position has generated a rapid expansion of sugarcane crops in the country; f) there is a pressing need for a regulatory framework that establishes, a priori, a policy of expansion of this economic activity without posing a risk to other essential activities to the Brazilian society. The conclusions derived from these results converge to the following guidelines: a) preservation of the environment; b) encouraging market economy and free competition; c) protecting the domestic market; d) encouraging research and development; e) mechanization of the process of producing ethanol fuel; f) reallocation of manpower dislodged in the process of mechanization; g) integration... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
18
Duruigbo, Emeka Alexander. "Environmental aspects of international oil trade and shipping, business ethics and economic cooperation as compliance tools in international law." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0001/MQ34443.pdf.
Full text
19
Holmström, Linn. "Can the environment and bird species have priority over economic interests? : A study of the protection of protected areas, bird species and their habitats." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Ekonomihögskolan, ELNU, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-21288.
Full textAbstract:
Human enlargement and improvements are following the same scheme as the world economies, and have through the same structure damaged and overexploited the ecological systems of the Earth, leading to a progressive degradation of its biodiversity. The need for protected areas is now inescapable when it comes to restoring species while sustainable development and prevention of damaging the environment have become prominent. It is now even more important that the awareness of an actual impact of our living standards on the ecological system has been established. International and more specifically European Laws have been established to prevent and ensure species of all kinds to live in a safe and preserved environment, but the question of their effectiveness has to be asked and nuanced. In that respect the issue of bird species is one of major importance as they are victims of human development. Within the European member states the problem is coming from the inability of some of them to implement and apply European laws because all do not agree on the terms of a protection provided for bird species.
20
Yeukai, Chandaengerwa. "Trade promotion vs the environment: Inevitable conflict." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
Full textAbstract:
This study unveiled the trade-environment debate which has been revolving in the World Trade Organization for quite a long time now. While economic integration and trade liberalization offer the promise of growth and prosperity, environmentalists fear that free trade will lead to increased pollution and resource depletion. On the other hand, free traders worry that over-reaching environmental policies will obstruct efforts to open markets and integrate economies around the world. Trade liberalization has the potential to affect the environment both positively and negatively. Trade and environment tensions have therefore emerged as a major issue in the debate over globalisation. This paper examined the contours of these tensions and argued that trade policy and environmental programs can be better integrated and made more mutually supportive.
21
Puvimanasinghe, Shyami Fernando. "Foreign investment, human rights and the environment : a perspective from South Asia on the role of public international law for development /." Leiden [u.a.] : Nijhoff, 2007. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0712/2007276511.html.
Full text
22
Wollet, Benjamin W. "Switching Tracks: The Place of Railroads in an Era of Economic and Environmental Reform, 1966-80." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1322711209.
Full text
23
Ramushu, Mahlatse Rosinah. "The socio-economic impact of Modikwa Platinum Mine on the Maandagshoek Community with reference to the applicable mining law framework." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/406.
Full text
24
Kelly, Lori Lee. "THE ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS THE U.S. FARM BILLS HAVE ON THE STATE OF OHIO." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1375792739.
Full text
25
Haas, Johanna Marie. "Law and Property in the Mountains: A Political Economy of Resource Land in the Appalachian Coalfields." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1204466619.
Full text
26
Lermen, Inácio Fabiano. "O hiperconsumo na sociedade moderna : uma análise da sustentabilidade ambiental através da teoria do risco com enfoque nos impactos ambientais dos resíduos sólidos das empresas coureiro-calçadistas no município de Portão, RS." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2017. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/3024.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2017-08-07T17:26:57Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
Dissertacao Inacio Fabiano Lermen.pdf: 231156 bytes, checksum: c425c24e91bb927229bec0f3576fdf1d (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-07T17:26:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Inacio Fabiano Lermen.pdf: 231156 bytes, checksum: c425c24e91bb927229bec0f3576fdf1d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-07
27
Zarbakhsh, Hallie Ida. "The Potential of Islamic Finance for Environmental Sustainability and Social Equity in Iran." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1461334909.
Full text
28
Bluffstone, Zoe. "Seeking Redemption in a World of Waste: A Comparative Analysis of Bottle Deposit Systems and Campaigns and a Consideration of Their Comprehensive Sustainability." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1462983935.
Full text
29
Mao, Jessica J. "California's War Over the Bay-Delta: Historic Failures and Current Battles." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/482.
Full textAbstract:
California has one highly-coveted possession: the Bay-Delta, which is the second largest estuary in the United States. Today, tensions are higher than ever as Southern California continues to grow and demand water from the Delta, agriculture suffers from drought and less-than-promised water allocations, and aquatic life diminishes due to environmentally damaging processes like pumping and exporting of water elsewhere. This paper will examine the historic policies that have shaped how the Delta has been managed, their successes and failures, and current plans in discussion for continuing improvement of the Delta. The Bay-Delta Conservation Plan and the Sacramento-San Joaquin Valley Water Reliability Act (HR 1837) are the specific current plans presented and analyzed for potential effectiveness. Despite some of the promising suggestions in HR 1837 and the Bay-Delta Conservation Plan, the Delta will remain a problem in the 21st century until stakeholders from all perspectives compromise enough to enact a single, clear-cut solution.
30
Marong, Alhagi. "The role of law in sustainable development : a case study of the petroleum industry in Nigeria." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=19479.
Full textAbstract:
The giant Pascua Au-Ag-Cu high-sulphidation system is located in the El Indio belt in north-central Chile, and is hosted mainly by Triassic granitic rocks and locally by Miocene breccia bodies. Hydrothermal activity involved two distinct high-sulphidation alteration stages, the later of which was accompanied by main stage mineralization. The early hydrothermal activity consisted of extensive and pervasive advanced argillic alteration, local development of vuggy silica and distal argillic to propylitic alteration. This alteration was locally overprinted by an intermediate stage comprising argillic alteration, silicification and primary jarosite, more or less contemporaneously with the formation of Brecha Central, the main breccia body in the deposit. The superimposed second major hydrothermal event produced significant advanced argillic and vuggy silica alteration. The latter likely formed at pH near 0 owing to the limited buffering capacity of previously altered rocks. Termination of the second stage of alteration coincided with the main Au-Ag-Cu mineralizing event, in which Au dissolved in pyrite and enargite, formed inclusions in these minerals, and precipitated as isolated grains of native gold. Detailed EPMA and SIMS imaging and analyses of pyrite and enargite show that both contain Au, Ag, As, Cu, Se and Te and that their distribution is crystallographically controlled. The main trace element associations in the mineralized pyrite are As-Ag, Au-Cu and Se-Te. I suggest that the first two, As-Ag and Au-Cu, were the result of coupled substitution in the Fe site, whereas Te and Se replace S by direct anion exchange. The nature of the coupled substitutions observed in the gold-bearing pyrite underlines the fact that gold is not necessarily coupled with arsenic as previously thought and that arsenic can behave as a metal in the structure of pyrite. Approximately 55% of the gold in the deposit was scavenged from mineralizing fluids that were mainly under-saturated with respect to native gold and trapped into the structure of pyrite and enargite (50 and 5%, respectively). The remaining 45%, including - 7% as inclusions in sulphides, precipitated mainly in the form of native gold with lesser calaverite for which the gold depositional mechanism is interpreted to be an increase in pH that destabilized AuHS and AuCb". Substantial late-stage Ag-enrichment, characterized by halogen-bearing phases, is evident in the upper parts of the deposit and overprints previous alteration and mineralization. The silver enrichment event is interpreted to represent the waning stage of the hydrothermal system. Secondary leaching and weathering of pyrite, enargite and alunite created two supergene products, one dominated by secondary soluble sulphates such as voltaite, massive coquimbite, chalcanthite, and romerite, and one by jarosite. Abundant sulphides in vuggy silica altered rocks, which lacked the capacity to neutralize later oxidizing fluids, were the main locus of formation of the soluble sulphates. Elsewhere, the pH likely rose above 1, which inhibited precipitation of soluble sulphates and favoured formation of jarosite. Direct-ion SIMS images and trace element analyses of soluble sulphates indicate that these minerals likely contain gold in their structures.
31
Yuen, Wai-ip Edmond, and 袁偉業. "Polluter pays principle laws in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253623.
Full text
32
Österlund, Ida. "Samhällsnyttan av vattenverksamheter : Hur tillämpas samhällsnyttokravet i 11 kap. 6 § miljöbalken vid tillståndsprövning av vattenverksamheter?" Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Life Sciences, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-3749.
Full textAbstract:
Denna uppsats handlar om hur den särskilda tillåtlighetsregeln i 11 kap. 6 § miljöbalken tillämpas vid tillståndsprövning av vattenverksamheter. Av paragrafen följer att en vattenverksamhet endast får bedrivas om den samlade nyttan av verksamheten överväger de kostnader samt skador och olägenheter som verksamheten medför. Syftet med paragrafen är att hindra vattenverksamheter som inte är samhällsekonomiskt motiverade samt utgöra ett extra skydd för miljön utöver miljöbalkens generella miljökrav.
Syftet med studien är undersöka hur denna paragraf tillämpas i praktiken – både i rättspraxis och i ansökningsförfarandet. Studien bygger i första hand på rättsvetenskaplig metod men ger även en mer allmän introduktion till samhällsekonomiska analysmetoder. Studien visar att det är mycket svårt att finna vägledning i praxis för hur en bedömning av samhällsnyttan bör gå till. Praxis visar dock att även faktorer som verksamhetens överensstämmelse med olika miljökvalitetsmål, art- och områdesskydd och estetiska värden kan få betydelse vid samhällsnyttobedömningen. Från sökandenas sida riktas generellt ett för stort fokus mot den privata eller företagsekonomiska nyttan av verksamheten. Sammantaget medför detta en risk för att miljövärden inte värderas på ett korrekt sätt när de vägs mot en mer konkret uttryckt monetär nytta. Ett bredare perspektiv på bedömningen bör därför antas. Vidare diskuteras även hur tillämpningen av bestämmelsen skulle kunna förbättras mot bakgrund av olika värderingsmetoder.
The subject matter of this Bachelor’s thesis is the special permit condition applying to water operations in accordance with chapter 11 section 6 of the Swedish Environmental Code. The article states that water operations may only be undertaken if the benefits, from the point of view of public and private interests, are greater than the costs and damages associated with them. The purpose of the regulation is to prevent water operations that are not socially efficient and to provide an additional protection for the environment, in excess of the general rules of consideration in the Code.
The purpose of this study is to look into how this particular article is applied in practice. This is done by analysing the legal usage as practiced by the court as well as by the applicants. The general rule is that the applicant has to show that the operation, for which the permit is being sought, is in compliance with the obligations associated with the activity. The study shows that it is very difficult to find guidance from case law on how an assessment of the social efficiency is to be carried out. Court practice indicates that circumstances such as whether the operation is in compliance with certain environmental objectives can be used to weight different aspects in the social efficiency assessment. However, the assessments carried out by the applicants are in general focused on the economic benefits for the applicant. This practice might entail a risk for environmental values not being properly valued when weighted against more tangible monetary benefits. A broader perspective is therefore called for. Potential improvements on the practice of the article are discussed against different valuation methods.
33
Bellandi, Daniel. "Instrumentos jurídicos e econômicos de enfrentamento da degradação ambiental gerada pela prática da obsolescência programada na sociedade de consumo." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2016. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/1408.
Full textAbstract:
A pesquisa exibe uma análise da prática da obsolescência programada, enquanto instrumento incentivador do consumo na sociedade moderna. Introduzida furtivamente em nosso sistema econômico, a obsolescência programada é responsável por uma série de problemas ambientais, em especial pelo aumento na quantidade de resíduos sólidos descartados. Abordada a partir da perspectiva da sociedade de risco, onde se destaca o não conhecimento de fronteiras pelos riscos fabricados pela ação do homem, a necessidade de consumo e a acumulação de capital também são trazidos ao trabalho como marco teórico complementar. As crises de sobreacumulação e as implicações ambientais advindas do fluxo do capital, em consonância com a busca incessante do crescimento econômico sem limitações gera uma sobrecarga ao meio ambiente, em especial pela degradação entrópica. Situação esta desprezada por grande parte das escolas econômicas, com exceção da escola da economia ecológica que aborda a economia como um ciclo aberto à entrada e saída de materiais e energia, diferentemente das escolas convencionais da economia. Tendo como base sólida um sistema consumista, que atua em dissonância das premissas ecológicas, aparece a estratégia da obsolescência programada, que privilegia a produção em massa de bens em detrimento da sustentabilidade, incluindo a prática da obsolescência programada entre as responsáveis pelos altos índices do PIB de uma nação e pela manutenção do sistema capitalista em nossa sociedade de consumo. Partindo-se do objetivo de verificar a interação das ciências jurídica e econômica, o presente trabalho traz a contribuição da escola da economia ecológica, posteriormente agregando à discussão os elementos jurídicos que possibilitam o enfrentamento à prática da obsolescência programada, tais como a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos e, por outra perspectiva, a educação ambiental.Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2016-12-02T12:06:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Daniel Bellandi.pdf: 296470 bytes, checksum: 028bc6f3db9990f5ab51d231a55d3d88 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-02T12:06:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Daniel Bellandi.pdf: 296470 bytes, checksum: 028bc6f3db9990f5ab51d231a55d3d88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-02
The research shows an analysis of programmed obsolescence practice as motivational tool consumption in modern society. Introduced furtively in the economic system, planned obsolescence is responsible for a number of environmental problems, in particular the increase in the amount of solid waste disposed. Approached from the perspective of risk society, which highlights lack of knowledge of the risks boundaries made by man, the need for consumption and capital accumulation are also in the text as a complementary theoretical base. The over accumulation crisis and the environmental implications arising from the capital flow in line with the relentless pursuit of economic growth without limitation causes a burden to the environment, especially the entropic degradation. This situation despised by much of the economic schools, except for the school of ecological economics that deals with the economy as an open cycle the input and output of materials and energy, unlike conventional schools of the economy. With the solid foundation consumerist system, which operates in dissonance ecological assumptions, it appears the planned obsolescence strategy, which favors mass production of goods at the expense of sustainability, including the practice of obsolescence scheduled between the responsible for high rates of PIB of a nation and the maintenance of the capitalist system in our consumer society. Starting with the objective of verifying the interaction of legal and economic sciences, this paper presents the contribution of the school of ecological economics, later adding to discuss the legal elements which make it possible to confront the practice of planned obsolescence, such as the National Policy Solid waste and from another perspective, environmental education.
34
Costa, Ervandil Corrêa. "OS PRINCÍPIOS CONSTITUCIONAIS AMBIENTAIS DOS ESTADOS PARTES DO MERCADO COMUM DO SUL." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2009. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/9708.
Full textAbstract:
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoThis study aimed at analyzing the environmental principles present in the Constitution of Mercosur Member States. Therefore, as a presupposed, we initially carried out an approach of points that are considered significant in the context of the economic integration in relation to the anthropocentric activity versus environment and, from this point constructing, from this view, a connection of the Mercosur formation history, as an informative feature in relation to the environment protection. In this context, we based the study through a reflection about the Environmental Law in vigor at the countries that are members of the Mercosur and in Latin America. Next, we established a discussion about the historicity of Mercosur constitution, highlighting as pyramidal points, the most significant events in the block construction since the Asunción Treat. We emphasized, along the text, the environment as an important element in the political and socioeconomic integration. In the final part of the work, we made an interpretative and prospective analysis of the environmental principles: fundamental human right; property social function; equity; sustainable development; precaution; prevention; polluter-pays; information; participation and cooperation that are present in the Constitutions of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. In the discussion, we highlighted the similarity of environmental principles inserted in the constitutional devices as well as the harmonization of these environmental rules. The results made it possible to adduce that during the period of the Southern Common Market construction, there was a progressive valorization of the environment, due to the elaboration of harmonized environmental rules, consequence of meetings which resulted in the production of important documents about environmental tutelage. Later on, there was a stagnation of this process. It is also unquestionable, that the paradigm adopted in the formation of the Southern Common Market was based in the principles inserted in the International Environmental Law and in the EU Constitutive Acts. Finally, to make this work proposal operative, we used the comparative process which allowed us to affirm that the principles of fundamental human right, property social function, equity, polluterpays and participation were found as present in the Constitution of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. Although, we understand that all the principles listed to the analysis of this study are present only in the Constitution of Argentina and Brazil. Therefore, we can say that there are neither similarities of environmental principles in the Constitution of all Mercosur States nor a harmonization of environmental legislation with Constitutional support.
O estudo proposto objetivou uma análise dos princípios ambientais nas Constituições dos Estados Partes constituintes do Mercosul. Entretanto, como pressuposto, procedeu-se, inicialmente uma abordagem de pontos considerados importantes no contexto da integração econômica em relação à atividade antropocêntrica versus meio ambiente construindo-se, a partir desta exposição, uma conexão da historicidade da formação do Mercosul, como ponto informativo em relação à proteção ambiental. Nesse contexto fundamentou-se o estudo pela elaboração de uma reflexão do Direito Ambiental vigente nos países integrantes do Mercosul e América Latina. Na seqüência se estabeleceu uma discussão quanto à historicidade da constituição do Mercosul destacando-se como pontos piramidais os eventos mais significativos na construção do bloco a partirtir do Tratado de Assunção. Enfatizou-se, ao longo do texto o meio ambiente como elemento importante na integração política e socioeconômica. Na parte final elaborou-se uma análise interpretativa e prospectiva dos princípios ambientais: direito humano fundamental; função social da propriedade; eqüidade; desenvolvimento sustentável; precaução; prevenção; poluidor-pagador; informação; participação e cooperação, presentes nas Constituições da Argentina, Brasil, Paraguai e Uruguai. Destacou-se na discussão a similitude de princípios ambientais inseridos em dispositivos constitucionais, bem como a harmonização dessas normas. Os resultados permitem aduzir que no período da construção do Mercado Comum do Sul houve uma valoração progressiva do meio ambiente, face a proposição da elaboração de normativas ambientais harmonizadas, fruto de encontros que resultaram na constituição de importantes documentos de tutela ambiental. Havendo, posteriormente uma estagnação deste processo. É indiscutível, também que o paradigma adotado na formação do Mercado Comum do Sul esteve fundamentado na adoção de princípios inseridos no Direito Ambiental Internacional e Atos Constitutivos da UE. Por último, para que se pudesse operacionalizar o presente estudo empregou-se o processo comparativo, permitindo a afirmação de que os princípios do direito humano fundamental, função social da propriedade, eqüidade, poluidor-pagador e participação foram interpretados como presentes nas Constituições da Argentina, Brasil, Paraguai e Uruguai. E, em derradeiro, entende-se que somente nas Constituições da Argentina e do Brasil se encontram todos os princípios elencados para análise no decorrer desse estudo. Concluí-se, portanto que não ocorre uma similitude de princípios ambientais nas constituições dos Estados mercosulinos, bem com uma harmonização da legislação ambiental de amparo Constitucional.
35
Manfredini, Fábio Navarro [UNESP]. "Aplicação da legislação ambiental na valoração econômica dos serviços ambientais da Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) de Itupararanga." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/154184.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by Fabio Navarro Manfredini (fabiomanfredini@gmail.com) on 2018-06-07T14:43:11Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
Tese Aplicação da legislação ambiental.pdf: 19924100 bytes, checksum: 3f636e76c6f08e84a14a5da1265da584 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Bacalgini null (bruna@sorocaba.unesp.br) on 2018-06-07T16:46:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 manfredini_fn_dr_soro.pdf: 19908962 bytes, checksum: 2043ea9c2ba639fd198da37efa109e6f (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-07T16:46:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 manfredini_fn_dr_soro.pdf: 19908962 bytes, checksum: 2043ea9c2ba639fd198da37efa109e6f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-18
A tese considerou com hipótese que os Serviços Ambientais (SA) - definidos pela Avaliação Ecossistêmica do Milênio como os benefícios recebidos pela população pela existência de ecossistemas - são aspectos fundamentais para a gestão do uso do solo e deve ser implementada considerando a legislação ambiental, a valoração econômica ambiental e a inteligência territorial. O trabalho teve como desafio dissecar a temática, para responder as seguintes questões: a) A Avaliação Ambiental Estratégica (AAE) é um método que atende aos requisitos necessários para a análise de uma política pública de uso do solo que contemple os SA?; b) Os métodos de valoração econômica ambiental existentes são adequados a valoração de SA? O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi realizar uma Avaliação Ambiental fundamentada na legislação ambiental aplicável aos SA e a valoração econômica ambiental para subsidiar políticas públicas alinhadas às diretrizes da Política Estadual de Mudanças Climáticas. Os objetivos específicos foram: elencar a legislação ambiental aplicável à Avaliação Ambiental aos SA e Valoração Econômica Ambiental; quantificar os SA associados aos usos do solo da APA de Itupararanga; identificar qual método de valoração econômica é mais adequado para a valoração de SA; analisar a gestão do uso do solo por meio da AAE da APA de Itupararanga. Foi realizado um estudo de caso para analisar a gestão do uso do solo que considera o SA como fator preponderante para a sua definição. O trabalho evidenciou que os SA são critérios basilares para a gestão do uso do solo e os programas derivados de uma política pública devem considerar a legislação ambiental, a valoração econômica ambiental e a inteligência territorial. O estudo de caso demonstrou que a AAE é um método que atende aos requisitos necessários para a elaboração de uma política pública de uso do solo que contemple os SA e que o melhor método de valoração econômica ambiental é o método de valoração contingente. A tese também demonstrou que as variáveis que devem compor a legislação aplicável aos SA tendem a possuir uma amplitude maior do que natureza jurídica essencial do Direito Ambiental e, nesse sentido, os instrumentos econômicos como o Pagamento por SA devem fazer parte de um ramo jurídico, ainda embrionário, mas que futuramente será fundamental na implementação de políticas públicas como as propostas no Plano de Manejo da APA de Itupararanga, ou seja, o Direito da Sustentabilidade
The thesis hypothesized that the Environmental Services (ES) are fundamental aspects for the management of land use and should be implemented considering environmental legislation, economic valuation and territorial intelligence. The study had as a challenge to dissect the subject, to answer the following questions: a) The Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is a method that meets the necessary requirements for the analysis of a public policy of land use that contemplates ES?; b) Are the existing environmental economic valuation methods adequate to the valuation of ES? The main objective of this work was to carry out an Environmental Assessment based on the environmental legislation applicable to ES and the environmental economic valuation to subsidize public policies in line with the guidelines of the State Policy on Climate Change. The specific objectives were: to enclose the environmental legislation applicable to the Environmental Assessment to ES and Environmental Economic Valuation; to quantify the ES associated to the land uses of the APA of Itupararanga; identify which method of economic valuation is most appropriate for the valuation of ES; analyze the management of land use through the SEA of the APA of Itupararanga. A case study was carried out to analyze the land use management that considers ES as a preponderant factor for its definition. The study evidenced that ES are basic criteria for the management of land use and the programs derived from a public policy must consider environmental legislation, environmental economic valuation and territorial intelligence. The case study has demonstrated that the SEA is a method that meets the requirements necessary for the elaboration of a public policy of land use that contemplates the ES and that the best method of environmental economic valuation is the method of contingent valuation. The thesis also showed that the variables that should be included in the legislation applicable to the ES tend to have a greater breadth than the essential legal nature of Environmental Law and, in this sense, economic instruments such as Payment by ES should be part of a legal branch, still embryonic, but that in the future will be fundamental in the implementation of public policies such as those proposed in the Management Plan of the Itupararanga APA, that is, the Law of Sustainability.
36
Manfredini, Fábio Navarro. "Aplicação da legislação ambiental na valoração econômica dos serviços ambientais da Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) de Itupararanga /." Sorocaba, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/154184.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Leandro Cardoso de MoraisCoorientador: Manuel Enrique Gamero Guandique
Banca: Plínio Barbosa de Camargo
Banca: Renata Fracácio Francisco
Banca: Anselmo Jose Spadotto
Banca: Amanda Alves Domingo Maia
Resumo: A tese considerou com hipótese que os Serviços Ambientais (SA) - definidos pela Avaliação Ecossistêmica do Milênio como os benefícios recebidos pela população pela existência de ecossistemas - são aspectos fundamentais para a gestão do uso do solo e deve ser implementada considerando a legislação ambiental, a valoração econômica ambiental e a inteligência territorial. O trabalho teve como desafio dissecar a temática, para responder as seguintes questões: a) A Avaliação Ambiental Estratégica (AAE) é um método que atende aos requisitos necessários para a análise de uma política pública de uso do solo que contemple os SA?; b) Os métodos de valoração econômica ambiental existentes são adequados a valoração de SA? O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi realizar uma Avaliação Ambiental fundamentada na legislação ambiental aplicável aos SA e a valoração econômica ambiental para subsidiar políticas públicas alinhadas às diretrizes da Política Estadual de Mudanças Climáticas. Os objetivos específicos foram: elencar a legislação ambiental aplicável à Avaliação Ambiental aos SA e Valoração Econômica Ambiental; quantificar os SA associados aos usos do solo da APA de Itupararanga; identificar qual método de valoração econômica é mais adequado para a valoração de SA; analisar a gestão do uso do solo por meio da AAE da APA de Itupararanga. Foi realizado um estudo de caso para analisar a gestão do uso do solo que considera o SA como fator preponderante para a sua definição. O trabalho evide... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The thesis hypothesized that the Environmental Services (ES) are fundamental aspects for the management of land use and should be implemented considering environmental legislation, economic valuation and territorial intelligence. The study had as a challenge to dissect the subject, to answer the following questions: a) The Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is a method that meets the necessary requirements for the analysis of a public policy of land use that contemplates ES?; b) Are the existing environmental economic valuation methods adequate to the valuation of ES? The main objective of this work was to carry out an Environmental Assessment based on the environmental legislation applicable to ES and the environmental economic valuation to subsidize public policies in line with the guidelines of the State Policy on Climate Change. The specific objectives were: to enclose the environmental legislation applicable to the Environmental Assessment to ES and Environmental Economic Valuation; to quantify the ES associated to the land uses of the APA of Itupararanga; identify which method of economic valuation is most appropriate for the valuation of ES; analyze the management of land use through the SEA of the APA of Itupararanga. A case study was carried out to analyze the land use management that considers ES as a preponderant factor for its definition. The study evidenced that ES are basic criteria for the management of land use and the programs derived from a public poli... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
37
Artigas, Priscila Santos. "Contribuição ao estudo das medidas compensatórias em direito ambiental." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2133/tde-15052013-163336/.
Full textAbstract:
Este trabalho estuda o instituto das medidas compensatórias como uma nova obrigação imposta pelo direito aos empreendimentos com potencial de causar impactos negativos ao meio ambiente. A pesquisa do tema se deu de forma crítica, enfrentando as contradições do sistema econômico vigente. Verificou-se que as medidas compensatórias emergiram da mais evidente crise ambiental ou à crescente escassez dos recursos naturais, buscando, ao mesmo tempo, a proteção ambiental e a manutenção do sistema de mercado. Procurando a melhor funcionalidade das medidas, pretendeu-se demonstrar que elas não se equiparam a uma forma de reparação por dano futuro, tampouco se enquadram necessariamente em uma espécie tributária; podem, como quis o Supremo Tribunal Federal, ser chamadas de compartilhamento de despesas entre o Poder Público e os empreendedores pelos custos da utilização dos recursos naturais no processo produtivo. Na verdade, em razão de serem dotadas das características da transversalidade e da interdisciplinaridade, as medidas compensatórias apresentam-se com diversas facetas, podendo mostrar características predominantes de mecanismos de comando e controle, como também de instrumentos econômicos. Assim, concluiu-se nesta tese ser um instituto híbrido, não enquadrável em uma categoria jurídica estanque. Verificou-se, ainda, ser necessária uma análise estrutural a fim de serem eficazes. Nesse sentido, propôs-se a sua instituição por normas primárias, nas quais se fixem padrões mínimos e com critérios objetivos de aplicação. Para tanto concluir, o estudo partiu dos debates já travados, tanto pela jurisprudência quanto pela doutrina, acerca da constitucionalidade, metodologia de cálculo e natureza jurídica de uma das medidas compensatórias, chamada compensação ambiental, instituída pela Lei nº 9.985/2000 (Lei do Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação-SNUC). A partir daí, buscou-se demonstrar o processo subjacente à edição de normas ambientais, recaindo nos princípios do Direito Ambiental, dentre eles o importante princípio do poluidor-pagador, cuja premissa é internalizar os custos pela utilização dos recursos naturais no processo produtivo, para não serem assumidos pelo Poder Público e por toda a coletividade. Ainda, buscou-se diferenciar os conceitos de dano ambiental e de impacto negativo ao meio ambiente, porquanto as medidas compensatórias visam a compensar o meio ambiente pelos impactos negativos, significando uma perda aceita, prevista e gerenciada; o dano ambiental, por sua vez, é algo intolerável, indesejado e, por isso, objeto de reparação civil objetiva, de responsabilidade administrativa e, ainda, da penalização criminalThis paper studies the institution of compensatory measures, considered as a new obligation imposed by law for projects with the potential to cause adverse environmental impacts. The theme was investigated critically, facing the contradictions of the current economic system. In this regard, we verified compensatory measures instituted to cope with an increasingly apparent environmental crisis and the growing shortage of natural resources, while seeking environmental protection and maintenance of the market. In the search for a better functionality of the measures, we sought to demonstrate that they do not represent a form of compensation for future damages, nor do they necessarily fall within the range of any legitimate taxation. In fact, these measures were adopted by the Supreme Court more as a sharing of costs between government and entrepreneurs for the use of natural resources in the production process. Fundamentally, the compensatory measures of this instrument, equipped with characteristics of transversality and interdisciplinarity, present different aspects, which can deploy features to carry out command and control mechanisms, as well as economic instruments. Our thesis has therefore led us to the conclusion that this instrument is not readily classifiable under any isolated legal category, and should be looked upon as a hybrid mechanism. Nevertheless, we considered that a structural analysis was necessary to ensure the effectiveness of the measures. In this respect, we proposed it be instituted on primary norms, with the establishment of minimum standards and objective application criteria. This required starting with debates conducted in jurisprudence and doctrine over the constitutionality, method of calculation, and legal nature of a compensatory measure called environmental compensation, established by Law No. 9.985/2000 (Law of the National System of Conservation Units, SNUC). From there, we sought to demonstrate the process behind the issuing of environmental standards falling within the principles of environmental law; among which the important polluter pays principle, which is premised on the environmental externalities of economic activities that use natural resources, and prevents that pollution costs be borne by Government and, ultimately, by the whole community. We went on by delimiting the concepts of environmental damage and negative environmental impact, considering that compensatory measures aim at providing compensation for adverse impacts, which signify accepted, provided and managed losses. Environmental damage, in turn, is something unacceptable and undesirable, and must therefore be subject to civil liability, as well as criminal penalties.
38
Weschenfelder, Paulo Natalício. "O direito constitucional de todos ao meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado e sua força normativa para a construção de uma cultura de equilíbrio ambiental no Brasil." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2010. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/560.
Full textAbstract:
Trata-se de estudo da força normativa do direito constitucional de todos ao meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado para a construção de uma cultura de equilíbrio ambiental no Brasil, integrante da linha de pesquisa Direito Ambiental e Novos Direitos, área de concentração Direito Ambiental e Sociedade, do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito, nível de Mestrado acadêmico, da Universidade de Caxias do Sul (Brasil). O meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado, que é direito transindividual, é bem de uso comum do povo e essencial à sadia qualidade de vida, incumbindo ao Poder Público e da coletividade o dever de defendê-lo e preservá-lo para as presentes e futuras gerações. O novo paradigma constitucional do direito de propriedade privada condiciona o exercício do domínio à função social e à função ambiental da propriedade. Por isso, o Estado não mais defende qualquer propriedade, mas aquela que cumpre a sua função social e ambiental. A democracia participativa ambiental, por meio de seus vários instrumentos, garante às cidadãs e aos cidadãos a participação ativa na construção de uma cultura de equilíbrio ambiental no Brasil. A educação ambiental tem especial importância para criar em todos os partícipes da vida nacional a consciência da vontade de Constituição. A informação ambiental completa a educação ambiental. Tendo presente os pressupostos da força normativa da Constituição (Konrad Hesse), o estudo constata que, quanto ao conteúdo, a Constituição é atual, e quanto à práxis, o direito constitucional de todos ao meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado está tendo força normativa para a construção de uma cultura de equilíbrio ambiental no Brasil.Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-06-03T18:03:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Paulo Natalicio Weschenfelder.pdf: 1244233 bytes, checksum: bb6b7d4352b1bbe5ba0e65055e354b37 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-03T18:03:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Paulo Natalicio Weschenfelder.pdf: 1244233 bytes, checksum: bb6b7d4352b1bbe5ba0e65055e354b37 (MD5)
This is a study of the normative force of everyone´s constitutional right to an ecologically balanced environment in order to build a culture of environmental balance in Brazil, belonging to Environmental Law and New Rights research line, main field Enviromental and Social Law, of Post-Graduate Program in Law, for Master degree obtention, University of Caxias do Sul (Brazil). The ecologically balanced environment, which is a transindividual right, is a people´s common use and essential to a healthy quality of life, commissioning the Government and the collectivity to defend it and preserve it for the current and future generations. The new constitutional right to private property paradigm affects the exercise on the field of the social function and environmental function of the property. Therefore, the State no longer maintains any property, but one that fulfills its social and environmental function. Environmental participatory democracy, through its various instruments, guarantees to citizens the right to participate actively in building a culture of environmental balance in Brazil. Environmental education has particular importance for all participants in the national life consciousness of the will of the Constitution. Environmental information completes environmental education. Bearing in mind the assumptions of the normative force of the Constitution (Konrad Hesse), the study notes that, in substance, the Constitution is modern, and what about práxis, the everyone´s constitutional right to an ecologically balanced environment is having normative force for building a culture of environmental balance in Brazil.
39
Pereira, Lílian Argenta. "Energia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável: o etanol no estado de direito ambiental." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2014. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/1125.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:34:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Lilian Argenta Pereira.pdf: 847606 bytes, checksum: d158e9f17d3eab9fe3946650ef192133 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2014-03-28Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie
This research aims to analyze the sustainability of ethanol as the criterias of the State of Environmental Law. It was achieved by investigating the sustainable development as a compatibilizer between environment and economy through the Environmental Economic Law and the analysis of the Brazilian energetical policy, the reasons for the inclusion of ethanol in the energy matrix of Brazil and how ethanol energy policy is governed in Brazil in order to promote sustainability. Finally, are presented the possibilities for ethanol to be a sustainable biofuel and the major obstacles that prevent this from occurring in Brazil. Considering all the above and the conclusions of the previous chapters, reaching the main and final analysis about the sustainability of ethanol using as criteria, the assumptions of the Environmental State. And also, considering this, is verified the necessity to impose limits to the economical power.
A presente pesquisa pretende analisar a sustentabilidade do etanol conforme os pressupostos do Estado de Direito Ambiental. Para tanto, parte-se da investigação do desenvolvimento sustentável como compatibilizador entre meio ambiente e economia, através do Direito Econômico Ambiental e da análise da política energética brasileira, dos motivos para a inserção do etanol na matriz energética e da forma como o etanol é regulado no Brasil, visando promover a sustentabilidade. Por fim, são apresentadas as possibilidades do etanol de ser um biocombustível sustentável e os principais entraves que impedem que isso ocorra no Brasil. Para então, apoiando-se em todo o exposto e nas conclusões dos capítulos anteriores, fazer a principal e final análise acerca da sustentabilidade do etanol, utilizando-se como critério os pressupostos do Estado de Direito Ambiental. A partir de tais pressupostos, verifica-se também a necessidade de imposição de limites ao poder econômico. Palavras-chave: agrocombustíveis; etanol; desenvolvimento sustentável; direito econômico ambiental; estado de direito ambiental.
40
Asokan, Ratik. "The Political Economy of Environmental Justice: A Comparative Study of New Delhi and Los Angeles." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1190.
Full textAbstract:
Though mainstream environmentalism, both in the U.S. and India, was initially rooted in social justice, it has, over time, moved away from this focus. The Environmental Justice Movement consequently arose to reunite social and environmental activism. In this thesis, I trace the historical relationship between the mainstream environmentalism, the Environmental Justice Movement, and marginalized communities. After providing this general overview, I examine two case studies – in Los Angeles and New Delhi respectively – where marginalized communities have been involved in Environmental Justice activities. My analysis reveals that marginalized communities often act in an ‘environmentalist’ or ‘environmentally friendly’ manner, without defining their actions as such. That is, their socio-political activism often is or becomes environmental because of the contexts it operates within.
41
Campos, Rafael de Moura. "A logística reversa do óleo lubrificante: a aplicação da law and economics para análise da eficiência da logística reversa no âmbito da política nacional de resíduos sólidos." Universidade Católica de Santos, 2017. http://biblioteca.unisantos.br:8181/handle/tede/4301.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2017-12-15T11:51:10Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
Rafael de Moura Campos.pdf: 942118 bytes, checksum: 8c503d67f06f1991c956c4e67107c613 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-15T11:51:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael de Moura Campos.pdf: 942118 bytes, checksum: 8c503d67f06f1991c956c4e67107c613 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-26
This dissertation proposes to analyze the reverse logistics of used or contaminated lubricating oil within the scope of the national solid waste policy, against the background of the economic analysis of the law regarding the efficiency of legislation relevant to the achievement and effectiveness of logistics lubricant oil used or contaminated. Beginning with the conceptualization of economic analysis of law, a free translation of the law and economics movement, which aims to study legal events under certain economic principles, notably that of efficiency, according to the economists of the movement. Beginning with some mandatory definitions in the field of environmental law, through sustainable development, the national solid waste policy and the polluter pays and protector-receiver principles, through the practical example in which the reverse logistics of the used lubricating oil itself or already occurred even before the validity of the national solid waste policy, and as a result of the mandatory reverse logistics of that waste. The aforementioned case analysis shows, supported by an executive interview of the company that provided the example paradigm, evidence in a practical way that the economic efficiency, which can be equated with the financial viability, of a given transaction can transcend the legal determination. The research will be based on indirect documentation. There will be documentary and bibliographic research, including Internet research. In the work the hypothetical-deductive method will be used with the construction of conjectures based on the hypotheses, that is, they can be confirmed or not in the final considerations.
Esta dissertação propõe-se a analisar a logística reversa do óleo lubrificante usado ou contaminado no âmbito da política nacional de resíduos sólidos, tendo como pano de fundo a análise econômica do direito no que tange à eficiência da legislação pertinente para a consecução e eficácia da logística reversa do óleo lubrificante usado ou contaminado. Começando pela conceituação da análise econômica do direito, tradução livre do movimento ¿law and economics¿, que visa estudar os eventos jurídicos sob a égide de determinados princípios econômicos, notadamente o da eficiência segundo assim entendimento pelos economistas do movimento. Iniciando com algumas definições obrigatórias na seara do direito ambiental, passando pelo desenvolvimento sustentável, a política nacional de resíduos sólidos e os princípios do poluidor-pagador e de protetor-recebedor, através do exemplo prático em que a logística reversa do próprio óleo lubrificante usado ou contaminado já ocorria mesmo antes da vigência da política nacional de resíduos sólidos, e por consequência da obrigatoriedade da logística reversa daquele refugo. A mencionada análise de caso mostra, lastreada por entrevista de executivo da companhia que forneceu o exemplo paradigma, evidência de forma prática que a eficiência econômica, que pode ser equiparada com a viabilidade financeira, de determinada operação pode transcender a determinação legal. A pesquisa se baseará na documentação indireta. Haverá pesquisa documental e bibliográfica, incluindo também a pesquisa na Internet. No trabalho se empregará o método hipotético-dedutivo com a construção de conjecturas baseada nas hipóteses, ou seja, podem ser confirmadas ou não nas considerações finais.
42
Wu, Jun Ye. "A study of contemporary issues of conflict between trade liberalization and protection of the environment with a specific reference to the position of developing and least developed contries." Thesis, University of Macau, 2005. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1637068.
Full text
43
Vallee, Jean-François. "La nécessité d'une mise en cohérence d'un ordre juridique environnemental et économique mondial." Thesis, Orléans, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ORLE0006.
Full textAbstract:
La problématique générale abordée dans cette thèse est la suivante : Peut-on continuer à libéraliser les échanges au niveau mondial sans simultanément faire respecter les règles de protection de l’environnement ?L’hypothèse d’une gouvernance mondiale pour un développement du durable du commerce et de l’environnement est-t-elle possible ?Ce débat relève d’une question fondamentale qui, historiquement, a souvent été abordée mais sans être jamaisréglée. Aujourd’hui, dans le contexte de crise actuelle et du processus de globalisation, il demeure d’une brûlante actualité.L’étude des relations du commerce et de l’environnement suscite un certain nombre d’interrogations, les interactions qui en découlent sont-elles compatibles.Les liens qui unissent l’économie et l’environnement sont désormais évidents, les effets de libération des échanges ont une incidence non négligeable sur l’environnement et inversement la protection de l’environnement influe nécessairement sur la nature de ces échanges.Les organisations et les institutions ayant pour objectif la protection de l’environnement sont- elles réellement efficaces ? Ne sont-elles pas trop éparpillées ? Ne manquent- elles pas de cohérence ?Les législations nationales et internationales sont- elles suffisantes ? Les dispositions sont-elles appliquées ?Dans un contexte ultra libéral, le phénomène de dérégularisation, semble favoriser l’épanouissement des activités économiques et financières au détriment d’un renforcement des mesures environnementales.Devant un tel constat, il semble de plus en plus opportun de parvenir à un rééquilibrage de la gouvernance mondiale en faveur de l’environnement. Quelles pourraient être, le cas échéant, les mesures à mettre en œuvre, les voies de conciliation envisageables pour harmoniser ces relations en apparence conflictuelles.Quelle est la position du droit international relatif à la protection de l’environnement face à celui du commerce.Il apparaît nécessaire d’envisager de combiner les règles du droit international du commerce fondées sur le dogme du libre échange et les impératifs vitaux du droit de la protection de l’environnement dans un cadre de développement durable.Doit-on envisager de créer pour cela une nouvelle enceinte internationale spécialisée qui régirait l’environnement mondial ? Ou au contraire renforcer une Organisation existante en la dotant d’une double compétence qui élaborerait un nouveau droit international du développement durable en édictant un corps de règles commerciales et environnementales unifiées et cohérentes ; (Une sorte d’international law of sustainable development) ?La transformation du système commercial multilatéral, le renforcement et le verdissement de ses structures apparaîsent comme des solutions possibles, pour parvenir à faire coexister les préoccupations environnementales et les exigences commerciales au sein d’un même cadre.Une autre gouvernance plus juste, plus équilibrée est possible, une mise en cohérence d’un ordre juridique environnemental et économique mondial n’est pas une utopie.Ce défi ambitieux représente probablement une occasion de juger de la nécessaire combinaison du droit de l’environnement et du commerce internationalIs the hypothesis of a more balanced global governance for the sustainable development ofboth trade and environment plausible?Are the institutions devoted to environmental protection really efficient?Are they not too scattered to be effective? Don’t they lack some kind of coherence?Can institutions in charge of trade development enforce environmental rules? Do they havethe means to do so?In an ultra-free market context the phenomenon of deregulation seems to favor thedevelopment of economic and financial activity at the expense of a strengthening ofenvironmental measures.It seems necessary to consider reconciling the rules of free trade-based international trade lawand the vital requirements of environmental protection law within the scope of sustainabledevelopment.Should then one contemplate creating a new specialized international body in charge ofgoverning the global environment? Or on the contrary, should one strengthen an alreadyexisting organization by granting it a dual competency , responsible for working out a newinternational sustainable development law by enacting a set of unified and coherent trade andenvironmental rules; ( A kind of international sustainable development law).The transformation of the multilateral system, the strengthening and the greening of itsstructures appear as possible solutions to handle both environmental concerns andcommercial requirements.This ambitious challenge of a fairer, more balanced global governance probably provides anopportunity to see how necessary it is to combine environmental law and international tradelaw; this coherence in global environmental and economic law seems possible
44
Ferguson, Mary C. "Sediment Removal from the San Gabriel Mountains." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pitzer_theses/16.
Full textAbstract:
The issue of sediment removal from the San Gabriel Mountains has been a complex issue that has created problems with beach replenishment, habitat destruction and the need to spend millions of dollars at regular intervals to avoid safety hazards. Most recently 11 acres of riparian habitat, including 179 oaks and 70 sycamores, were removed for sediment placement. Other sites including Hahamongna Watershed Park and La Tuna Canyon also face a similar fate. This thesis questions: How did we get to this point of destroying habitat to dump sediment which is viewed as waste product? What are the barriers for creating long term solutions and progressive change? What are some other options? And how should we move forward? The issues with sediment management have stemmed from regulatory compliance issues, adversarial relationships within agencies and among NGO's and the public, and the lack of a comprehensive long-term plan to prevent further habitat loss and other sediment removal issues. A recommendation includes looking at a community forestry model to include a wide cross-section of the community, NGO's and government agencies to come up with a long term comprehensive and progressive solution.
45
Tlhapane, Keatlaretse Kefilwe. "A case study exploring the level of awareness of NCP Chlorchem's staff of environmental costs associated with hazardous waste." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015639.
Full textAbstract:
[Integrative executive summary] NCP Chlorchem (Pty) Ltd manufactures and distributes Chlor alkali products such as chlorine, hydrochloric acid, caustic soda flakes, etc. and in the process generates both hazardous and general waste. Following changes in South African waste management legislation in 2011, the organisation’s waste service provider had to increase the costs associated with the handling of site’s hazardous waste. Top management of NCP Chlorchem (Pty) Ltd requested a meeting with the waste service provider in order to establish the reasons behind the price increase. In that meeting, which the researcher attended, the waste service provider explained the changes in waste legislation and how it was going to impact on their business. Top management understood the reasons behind the price increase; however, they requested the waste service provider to review the price increase. The waste service provider gave the top management of NCP Chlorchem (Pty) Ltd assurance that they were going to discuss the price reduction request with their own senior management and would provide feedback. The researcher did not participate in the feedback meetings; however, to this day, NCP Chlorchem (Pty) Ltd still uses the services of the same waste service provider. The effect the escalating annual waste handling costs has had on NCP Chlorchem (Pty) Ltd’s management team led to the study. Environmental impacts have costs that directly impact on company’s bottom line, such as the costs associated with the generation of waste. Although environmental costs are only one of the many costs incurred by businesses, they deserve management’s attention. According to Jasch (2003), there is an apparent lack of awareness and understanding of the magnitude of the environmental costs generated by organisations, and many opportunities for cost savings through good environmental management are lost. However, using a relatively new tool in environmental management, that is, environmental management accounting (EMA), management would ensure that relevant and significant environmental costs are considered when making business decisions (Jasch, 2003). The main purpose of the thesis is to explore the level of awareness of environmental costs associated with hazardous waste within NCP Chlorchem (Pty) Ltd. In order to carry out the study, literature about environmental and cost accounting as well as literature on waste management was reviewed. Questionnaires were distributed to staff members, and meetings were held with different senior personnel. This case study seeks to answer the following questions: What is NCP Chlorchem (Pty) Ltd’s staff members’ level of understanding of waste management? What is the level of awareness of NCP Chlorchem (Pty) Ltd’s staff of environmental costs with regard to the generation, handling, transportation and disposal of hazardous waste? How can the current traditional accounting within the organisation be integrated with environmental management accounting? The findings of the first research objective revealed that staff members knew the site’s waste streams as per the South African legal definition of waste and as identified in the site’s environmental management system documentation. The conceptual approach to waste management is underpinned by the waste hierarchy. The respondents support the waste hierarchy in its approach to waste management, which is prevention of waste, reduction, reuse, recycle and safe disposal of waste as the last resort. Lack of awareness of environmental management, among other things, was cited as the cause of waste. In addition to that, the respondents believe the waste hierarchy can be achieved by employing recycling facilities, following procedures and by carrying out environmental awareness campaigns. Improving process design and control and including changes in raw material was cited, among other things, as the respondents’ perception on how waste can be reduced. The findings of the respondents’ understanding of waste hierarchy revealed that staff members understood waste management. The respondents cited the impacts of waste on the business as financial impact on the business, impact on their bonuses, and possible loss of business. In relation to the second research objective, it was found that staff members knew the hazardous waste streams and identified amongst other waste, sludge and chlorine emissions as NCP Chlorchem (Pty) Ltd’s hazardous waste. However, with regard to environmental management accounting data, an average of 55.1% of respondents were not familiar with the physical and monetary components of EMA. An average of 19.6% of respondents who were aware of EMA might have been senior personnel. It could further be established that those who were familiar with EMA information were actually working with the data, either for reporting purposes, or for employing waste minimisation strategies, as well as awareness purposes, to their juniors. On average, 80% of the respondents perceived the production department as the area within site that has the EMA information.
46
Piser, Gabriel A. "Appalachian Anthropocene: Conflict and Subject Formation in a Sacrifice Zone." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1469120301.
Full text
47
Araujo, Joana Franklin de. "Tributação sustentável: a experiência estrangeira e a política fiscal brasileira." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2133/tde-11022015-143539/.
Full textAbstract:
O presente trabalho pretende examinar a utilização de tributos como forma de intervenção do Estado na busca da efetivação do disposto no artigo 170, inciso VI, da Constituição Federal, com especial enfoque na orientação que as experiências estrangeiras consubstanciadas nos relatórios produzidos pela Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico OCDE podem conferir à política fiscal brasileira e nos princípios inerentes a uma tributação sustentável. O estudo se inicia com uma análise do conceito de meio ambiente, de sua tutela jurídica e da política ambiental e seus instrumentos, passando, posteriormente, à questão do desenvolvimento e da intervenção do Estado no domínio econômico, com o objetivo de moldar as premissas para a utilização dos tributos como instrumento na busca da sustentabilidade. São analisados os princípios que norteiam a tributação relacionada ao meio ambiente e a experiência estrangeira consubstanciada nos relatórios produzidos pela OCDE com o objetivo de, ao final, verificar como a política fiscal brasileira poderia ser orientada para a sustentabilidade. Propõe-se, então, que os tributos previstos na Constituição Federal sejam orientados à sustentabilidade. Para tal, estudaremos, em especial, as CIDEs, o IPI, o ICMS, o IPVA e o IPTU, por entendermos que são os tributos com maior potencial para tratar da questão ambiental. Ao final, serão traçadas as perspectivas de uma tributação sustentável no Brasil.This paper seeks to examine the use of taxes as a form of state intervention in the pursuit of the fulfillment of the provisions of Article 170, section VI, of the Brazilian Constitution. The study analyses the foreign experience embodied in the reports produced by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Economic Development - OECD and verifies how such experiences may influence the Brazilian fiscal policy. The principles inherent to a sustainable taxation are also examined under this paper. Initially, an analysis of the concept of environment, its legal protection and policy instruments is carried out. The matter of development and state intervention in the economy is later studied, with the aim of shaping the premises for the use of taxes as an instrument in the pursuit of sustainability. The principles that govern the taxation related to the environment and the foreign experience embodied in the reports produced by the OECD are at last assessed, and finally the paper analyses how the Brazilian fiscal policy could be geared towards sustainability. The study proposes that the taxes provided for in the Federal Constitution are oriented to sustainability. To this end, we analyze, in particular the CIDEs, the IPI, the ICMS, the IPVA and the IPTU, since we believe that such taxes have the greatest potential to address environmental issues in Brazil. At last, the paper goes through the prospects for a sustainable taxation in Brazil.
48
Marques, José Roberto. "O desenvolvimento sustentável e sua interpretação jurídica." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2009. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/8786.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:29:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Jose Roberto Marques.pdf: 1493238 bytes, checksum: 68155ed6a1788a73a554d9c3b32e9cdb (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2009-10-07The environmental matter is a topic present in any line of discussion. It is a result of the laws of Biology, Chemistry and Physics, once we can not ignore that next generations quality of life is submitted to them, so, protecting the environment is really valuable. The current environmental degradation has many of its effects deferred to a time we can not precise. This process arises from the inevitability, at the moment, of satisfying the needs of the present generations and allowing them to harvest the benefits of their right to development. In order to do so, it must be considered that the environmental resources are limited and there are no conditions to assure for how long they will serve men. In such context, the role of Law is important, in charge of balancing the environmental preservation and the economic growth, without ignoring the necessary benefit that shall result from it to human being. This scenery constitutes what is called sustainable development. With such a purpose, the operators of Law, when interpreting juridical laws, must consider, first, the laws of nature, adjusting the legislation to them. Then, considering the constitutional orders observing the acknowledged social rights and the individual s dignity principle one has to interpret the rules so that the result favors the collectivity and, as much as possible to do such adjustment, promote the sustainable development. Considering that sustainability only can be ascertained a long time after the action, looking back to the past, the caution in the administration of the environmental resources available (Legislative, Executive and Judiciary Powers activities, each one performing its role), must guide all public and private politics, applying the principles of prevention, precaution and polluter pays
A questão ambiental é tema de qualquer pauta de discussão. É uma decorrência das leis da Biologia, da Química e da Física, pois não se pode ignorar que a qualidade de vida das futuras gerações está submetida a elas e, assim, o cuidado com relação ao meio ambiente é muito valioso. A degradação ambiental provocada atualmente tem muitos de seus efeitos diferidos para época que não sabemos precisar. Esse processo decorre da inevitabilidade, no momento, de satisfazer as necessidades das atuais gerações e permitir que colham os proveitos do direito ao desenvolvimento. Para tanto, deve ser considerado que os recursos ambientais são limitados, e não se tem condições de assegurar até quando servirão ao homem. Nesse contexto, é importante a função do Direito, encarregado de equilibrar a preservação ambiental e o crescimento econômico, sem se descuidar do necessário benefício que deve advir para o ser humano, constituindo, esse cenário, o que se chama de desenvolvimento sustentável. Com essa finalidade, os operadores do Direito, na interpretação das leis jurídicas, devem considerar, primeiramente, as leis da natureza, a elas ajustando a legislação. Depois, atentos aos mandamentos constitucionais com observância dos direitos sociais reconhecidos e do princípio da dignidade da pessoa , cumpre interpretar as normas de forma que o resultado favoreça a coletividade e, no quanto for possível fazer esse ajuste, promova o desenvolvimento sustentável. Levando-se em conta que a sustentabilidade somente pode ser apurada muito tempo depois da ação, voltando-se para o passado, a cautela na administração (atividades dos Poderes Legislativo, Executivo e Judiciário, cada um dentro de suas funções) dos recursos ambientais disponíveis deve orientar todas as políticas públicas e privadas, notadamente com aplicação dos princípios da prevenção, da precaução e do poluidor-pagador
49
Al-Obaid, Hussain M. A. "Rapidly changing economic environments and the Wagner's Law the case of Saudi Arabia /." Access citation, abstract and download form; downloadable file 11.14 Mb, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3131650.
Full text
50
Souza, Arivaldo Santos de. "Licenciamento ambiental, energia e desenvolvimento: caso da usina hidrelétrica Jirau." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/8115.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by Cristiane Shirayama (cristiane.shirayama@fgv.br) on 2011-05-19T17:45:31Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
60090200006.pdf: 408483 bytes, checksum: 30af984f5fb81aea372a5e3985cc0df9 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Gisele Isaura Hannickel(gisele.hannickel@fgv.br) on 2011-05-19T17:46:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 60090200006.pdf: 408483 bytes, checksum: 30af984f5fb81aea372a5e3985cc0df9 (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia(suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2011-05-19T17:47:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 60090200006.pdf: 408483 bytes, checksum: 30af984f5fb81aea372a5e3985cc0df9 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-19T17:48:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 60090200006.pdf: 408483 bytes, checksum: 30af984f5fb81aea372a5e3985cc0df9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-08
This dissertation thesis examines the environmental licensing of a hydroelectric power plant in the Amazon Basin: 'Usina Jirau.' This starting point for this case study was an allegation that the Brazilian environmental licensing process for hydroelectric power plants slows down the Brazilian development. As an initial matter, I assumed that such an argument is partially mistaken. On the one hand there may be problems in the administrative procedures and in the institutional design and functioning of the environmental agency, IBAMA; but on the other hand, the entrepreneurs did not properly consider legal environmental rules during the planning process. To test this hypothesis, I attended specific meetings on the subject, conducted interviews with key actors in the process, and researched the issues raised in different courts by a variety of litigators. I also analyzed the environmental licensing procedures extensively and some other to understand the economic argument, its variations and the proponents of such ideas. Additionally, I explain how and which hypotheses were tested in my research. In part II, I discuss the environmental licensing economic content, put the environmental documents from both state and non-state players. This paper is divided into four separate parts, and a conclusion. In part I, I explain the research problem, the context surrounding the construction of Usina Jirau as well, discuss some key players, and demonstrate how licensing rules together, and assess how the two aforementioned perspectives relate to each other. In part III, I describe the IBAMA bureaucracy functions as a means of assessing if, as a public administration, it was inefficient in licensing Usina Jirau. Thus, I describe the IBAMA authority to license such entrepreneurship, its structure and ability to provide this service, and list other administrative branches and entrepreneurs’ obligations. Lastly, I identify what were the sensitive points in the environmental licensing dynamics, which may have offered obstacles to the process. In park IV, I discuss the supposed failures in the control system of administrative duties. In conclusion, I summarize the research key points, offer some suggestions to improve the environmental licensing process and establish the distinction between inefficiency and enforcement of environmental conservational legal rules. Usina Jirau is an exemplary case of how a licensing process does not slow down the Brazilian development, and it is also a calling for Brazil to modernize and rationalize its environmental regulatory framework.
Esse é o caso do licenciamento ambiental do aproveitamento hidrelétrico Jirau, parte do Complexo Hidrelétrico do Rio Madeira. O ponto de partida da pesquisa foi a alegação de que o licenciamento ambiental de usinas hidrelétricas atrapalha o desenvolvimento brasileiro. Para enfrentar o argumento mencionado, levantei a suspeita de que o mesmo está parcialmente equivocado. Se por um lado, há problemas no procedimento administrativo do licenciamento ambiental e na estrutura e funcionamento do órgão licenciador; por outro lado, os interessados no sucesso da obra fizeram o planejamento do empreendimento sem levar em consideração exigências legais relativas ao ambiente. Para confirmar ou negar minha suspeita, fiz um levantamento dos atos do processo administrativo e das ações judiciais movidas por diferentes partes referentes ao licenciamento da UHE Jirau, conduzi entrevistas semiestruturadas com algumas pessoas envolvidas nesse processo, e consultei documentos dos órgãos estatais relacionadas ao caso, bem como documentos dos consórcios de empresas que concorreram ao leilão de geração de energia. O caminho metodológico adotado me fez dividir o trabalho em quatro capítulos e uma conclusão. No primeiro capítulo, apresento o problema da pesquisa, explico qual é o contexto da construção da UHE Jirau, e menciono os principais atores envolvidos. Também explico o funcionamento do argumento enfrentado. Por fim, explico como e quais são as hipóteses que serão testadas: hipótese da falha no sistema de controle e hipótese da ineficiência do procedimento. No segundo capítulo, trato do sentido jurídico-econômico do licenciamento ambiental, mapeio as regras que disciplinam esse instrumento de política ambiental e mostro o funcionamento da teoria e das regras na prática do licenciamento da usina Jirau. No terceiro capítulo, descrevo o funcionamento da burocracia do órgão licenciador para avaliar se o licenciamento ambiental da usina hidrelétrica Jirau foi ineficiente. Assim, descrevo as competências, a estrutura e a capacidade de atendimento do órgão licenciador, bem como as obrigações do empreendedor e demais órgãos. Por fim, identifico quais foram os pontos sensíveis da dinâmica do licenciamento ambiental que podem ter eventualmente impedido a administração de cumprir prazos legais. No quarto capítulo, busco identificar eventuais falhas no sistema de controle do processo do licenciamento ambiental da UHE Jirau a partir dos embates administrativos e judiciais que ocorreram a partir da alteração do projeto da usina após a realização do leilão, assim como das inovações processuais ocorridas no caso. O capítulo derradeiro retoma os pontos chave da pesquisa; aponta caminhos para a melhoria do licenciamento ambiental de usinas hidrelétricas no âmbito do órgão federal; e indica algumas exigências próprias da natureza das leis de conservação ambiental, as quais não devem ser confundidas com fatores de produção de ineficiência do procedimento. O caso de Jirau não pode ser acusado de criar embaraços temporais à expansão da oferta da energia necessária para o desenvolvimento brasileiro em razão de burocracia excessiva e fragilidades institucionais do órgão. O temor de criminalização dos técnicos aumentou o grau de exigências e o sistema de controle administrativo e judicial expôs à sociedade questões do licenciamento sem fazer com que o mesmo demorasse ainda mais. Palavras-chave: Usina hidrelétrica Jirau. Licenças ambientais. Direito Ambiental. Desenvolvimento Econômico.