Journal articles: 'Environmental management – Rwanda'

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Sharma, Ravi, and Jean Damascene Hategekimana. "Rwandan environmental impact assessment: practices and constraints." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 29, no. 1 (January 8, 2018): 89–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-05-2016-0041.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review the Rwandan Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) practice and identify the possible constraints faced by EIA practitioners in Rwanda. The results presented here will help to highlight strengths and weakness of the Rwandan EIA practice. Design/methodology/approach The EIA practice was evaluated by a self-administered questionnaire survey for respondents including approved EIA experts in Rwanda, government agencies involved in EIA process and corporate which have received environmental clearance. The aspects of practices and challenges were evaluated and include the suitability of institutional arrangements, the scientific methodological bases of EIA, the conduct of EIA, the effectiveness of EIA with respect to influence decision making, overall results and EIA as a learning process. These aspects were rated on different scales by the respondents to identify where the Rwandan EIA practice stands now in terms of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and constraints. Findings The institutional arrangements of EIA were judged to be good overall by the respondents with main strengths being seen in the policy and legal base, and the scope of application. Only the marginal weaknesses are seen in the monitoring. The scientific and empirical basis for assessment was judged to stand moderately strengthened during the last five years. The performance of key activities is more than satisfactory. A majority of Rwandan EIA stages are good and excellent to some extent. Originality/value This paper identifies some of the constraints and challenges faced by the Rwandan EIA practitioners. It will contribute to an understanding of EIA practice and robust practices across the globe.

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Umurungi, Yvette, Samuel Kanyamibwa, Faustin Gashakamba, and Beth Kaplin. "African Biodiversity Challenge: Integrating Freshwater Biodiversity Information to Guide Informed Decision-Making in Rwanda." Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 2 (June 15, 2018): e26367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/biss.2.26367.

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Freshwater biodiversity is critically understudied in Rwanda, and to date there has not been an efficient mechanism to integrate freshwater biodiversity information or make it accessible to decision-makers, researchers, private sector or communities, where it is needed for planning, management and the implementation of the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP). A framework to capture and distribute freshwater biodiversity data is crucial to understanding how economic transformation and environmental change is affecting freshwater biodiversity and resulting ecosystem services. To optimize conservation efforts for freshwater ecosystems, detailed information is needed regarding current and historical species distributions and abundances across the landscape. From these data, specific conservation concerns can be identified, analyzed and prioritized. The purpose of this project is to establish and implement a long-term strategy for freshwater biodiversity data mobilization, sharing, processing and reporting in Rwanda. The expected outcome of the project is to support the mandates of the Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA), the national agency in charge of environmental monitoring and the implementation of Rwanda’s NBSAP, and the Center of Excellence in Biodiversity and Natural Resources Management (CoEB). The project also aligns with the mission of the Albertine Rift Conservation Society (ARCOS) to enhance sustainable management of natural resources in the Albertine rift region. Specifically, organizational structure, technology platforms, and workflows for the biodiversity data capture and mobilization are enhanced to promote data availability and accessibility to improve Rwanda’s NBSAP and support other decision-making processes. The project is enhancing the capacity of technical staff from relevant government and non-government institutions in biodiversity informatics, strengthening the capacity of CoEB to achieve its mission as the Rwandan national biodiversity knowledge management center. Twelve institutions have been identified as data holders and the digitization of these data using Darwin Core standards is in progress, as well as data cleaning for the data publication through the ARCOS Biodiversity Information System (http://arbmis.arcosnetwork.org/). The release of the first national State of Freshwater Biodiversity Report is the next step. CoEB is a registered publisher to the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and holds an Integrated Publishing Toolkit (IPT) account on the ARCOS portal. This project was developed for the African Biodiversity Challenge, a competition coordinated by the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) and funded by the JRS Biodiversity Foundation which supports on-going efforts to enhance the biodiversity information management activities of the GBIF Africa network. This project also aligns with SANBI’s Regional Engagement Strategy, and endeavors to strengthen both emerging biodiversity informatics networks and data management capacity on the continent in support of sustainable development.

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Majoro, Félicien, Umaru Garba Wali, Omar Munyaneza, François-Xavier Naramabuye, Philibert Nsengiyumva, and Concilie Mukamwambali. "Soil Erosion Modelling for Sustainable Environmental Management in Sebeya Catchment, Rwanda." Journal of Water Resource and Protection 12, no. 12 (2020): 1034–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2020.1212062.

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Nishimwe, Grace, Didier Milindi Rugema, Claudine Uwera, Cor Graveland, Jesper Stage, Swaib Munyawera, and Gabriel Ngabirame. "Natural Capital Accounting for Land in Rwanda." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 22, 2020): 5070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12125070.

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Land, as a valuable natural resource, is an important pillar of Rwanda’s sustainable development. The majority of Rwanda’s 80% rural population rely on agriculture for their livelihood, and land is crucial for agriculture. However, since a high population density has made land a scarce commodity, growth in the agricultural sector and plans for rapid urbanisation are being constrained, and cross-sectoral trade-offs are becoming increasingly important, with a risk that long-term sustainability may be threatened if these trade-offs are not considered. To help track land value trends and assess trade-offs, and to help assess the sustainability of trends in land use and land cover, Rwanda has begun developing natural capital accounts for land in keeping with the United Nations’ System of Environmental-Economic Accounting. This paper reports on Rwanda’s progress with these accounts. The accounting approach adopted in our study measures changes in land use and land cover and quantifies stocks for the period under study (2014–2015). Rwanda is one of the first developing countries to develop natural capital accounts for land, but the wide range of possible uses in policy analysis suggests that such accounts could be useful for other countries as well.

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Percival, Val, and Thomas Homer-Dixon. "Environmental Scarcity and Violent Conflict: The Case of Rwanda." Journal of Environment & Development 5, no. 3 (September 1996): 270–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107049659600500302.

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Okia, C. A., W. Odongo, P. Nzabamwita, J. Ndimubandi, N. Nalika, and P. Nyeko. "Local knowledge and practices on use and management of edible insects in Lake Victoria basin, East Africa." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 3, no. 2 (June 16, 2017): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2016.0051.

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Edible insects (EIs) provide an important food source in Africa, but their potential to improve livelihoods and environmental conservation is yet to be fully exploited. This study contributes towards enhancing the use of EIs in the Lake Victoria basin (LVB), with particular attention to local perspectives of the catalogue, ecology, management, collection, processing and consumption. The study was conducted along the LVB in Uganda, Burundi and Rwanda between 2012 and 2013 using a household survey and focus group discussions. Results revealed that up to 20 insect species were eaten in Uganda, 13 in Burundi, and six in Rwanda. In Uganda, the most consumed insects were a katydid grasshopper (Ruspolia differens), palm weevil (Rhynchophorus phoenicis) larvae and termites (Macrotermes), while in Rwanda and Burundi, Macrotermes species were the most consumed. The most common source of EIs in households was their own collection from the wild, although a number of insects were also bought from markets. Local communities reported various ways of collecting, processing and storing insects. Overall, most of these activities require technological interventions. Despite the high consumption of EIs, no deliberate efforts were reported on conservation and rearing of any of the insects consumed in the three countries. This raises serious questions pertaining to the sustainable consumption of EIs, especially in the face of climate change in this region.

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Austin, Kemen, Robert Beach, Daniel Lapidus, Marwa Salem, Naomi Taylor, Mads Knudsen, and Noel Ujeneza. "Impacts of Climate Change on the Potential Productivity of Eleven Staple Crops in Rwanda." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 18, 2020): 4116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104116.

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This study quantifies the potential responses of 11 staple crop yields to projected changes in temperature and precipitation in Rwanda, using a cross sectional model based on yield data collected across more than 14,000 villages. We incorporated a relatively high spatial resolution dataset on crop productivity, considered a broad range of crops relevant to national agricultural production priorities, used environmental data developed specifically for Rwanda, and reported uncertainty both from our estimation model and due to uncertainty in future climate projections. We estimate that future climate change will have the largest impacts on potential productivity of maize, bush bean, and Irish potato. All three crops are likely to experience a reduction in potential yields of at least 10% under Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and at least 15% under RCP 8.5 by 2050. Notably, these are important crops nationally, and three of the crops targeted by Rwanda’s Crop Intensification Program. We find that the most severe reductions in potential crop yields will occur in the drier eastern savannah and plateau regions, but that the impacts of climate change could be neutral or even positive in the highlands through mid-century. The refined spatial scale of our analysis allows us to identify potentially vulnerable regions where adaptation investments may need to be prioritized to support food security and climate resilience in Rwanda’s agricultural sector.

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Nutakor, Felix, Sylvestre Bizumuremyi, Jinke Li, and Wei Liu. "Does the Environmental Kuznets Curve for CO2 Emissions Exist for Rwanda? Evidence from Bootstrapped Rolling-Window Granger Causality Test." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 19, 2020): 8636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208636.

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This paper examined the causal relationship between economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) in Rwanda using annual data from 1960–2014. The study was conducted within the framework of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis using the rolling-window bootstrap Granger causality test approach with a rolling-window size of 15 years. The methodology allows for non-constancy in the parameters of the vector autoregression (VAR) model in the short run as well as in the long run. The study found bi-direction causality between the real gross domestic product (GDP) and CO2 emissions in metric tons per capita. The results from the rolling-window bootstrap Granger causality test show that GDP negatively influenced CO2 emissions in the 1976–1977, 1990–1993, 2005–2006, and 2007–2013 sub-sample periods. This result depicts a monotonically decreasing EKC, contrary to the standard EKC relationship. The downward-sloping EKC was explained by the transition of the Rwandan economy from an industrial-based economy to a service-based economy. Further, a feedback effect from CO2 emissions to the economy was established.

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Thurman, Tonya Renee, Laura J. Haas, Abel Dushimimana, Bridget Lavin, and Nancy Mock. "Evaluation of a case management program for HIV clients in Rwanda." AIDS Care 22, no. 6 (May 11, 2010): 759–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540120903443376.

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Rizinjirabake, Fabien, Abdulhakim M. Abdi, David E. Tenenbaum, and Petter Pilesjö. "Riverine dissolved organic carbon in Rukarara River Watershed, Rwanda." Science of The Total Environment 643 (December 2018): 793–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.194.

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Osei, Lydia, Jonathan Amoyaw, Godfred Odei Boateng, Sheila Boamah, and Isaac Luginaah. "The paradox of water accessibility: understanding the temporal and spatial dimensions of access to improved water sources in Rwanda." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 5, no. 4 (November 26, 2015): 553–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2015.029.

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According to the United Nations, the world has met the Millennium Development Goal target of halving the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water. However, global figures mask massive disparities between regions and countries, and within countries. For instance, only 64% of the people in sub-Saharan Africa have access to improved water sources. Over 40% of all people globally who lack access to drinking water live in sub-Saharan Africa. Rwanda is used as a case in point in this study. Despite the abundance of water resources in the country, access to improved water sources is limited. Using the Rwandan Demographic and Health Surveys (2000–2010), we examined regional disparities in access to improved water sources. Results from logistic regression models show that overall, access to improved water has declined between 2000 and 2010; except in the western region, where access to water marginally improved. Educated individuals, wealthier and urban dwellers were more likely to have access to improved water sources over time compared to their uneducated, poor and rural counterparts. The persistence of regional disparities in access to improved water over time suggests the need for policy to address insufficient investments in water infrastructure in Rwanda.

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Mathur, Poonam, Emily Comstock, Jean Damascene Makuza, Benjamin Emmanuel, Jackson Sebeza, Athanase Kiromera, Eleanor Wilson, et al. "Implementation of a unique hepatitis C care continuum model in Rwanda." Journal of Public Health 41, no. 2 (July 6, 2018): e203-e208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdy115.

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Abstract Background There has been an evolution in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C (HCV) due to highly effective direct-acting antivirals, however, restriction of treatment to medical specialists hinders escalation of HCV treatment. This is particularly true in resource-limited settings (RLS), which disproportionately represent the burden of HCV worldwide. The ASCEND study in Washington, DC, demonstrated that complete task-shifting can safely and effectively overcome a low provider-to-patient ratio and expand HCV treatment. However, this model has not been applied internationally to RLS. Method The validated ASCEND model was translated to an international clinical program in Kigali, Rwanda, aimed at training general medicine providers on HCV management and obtaining HCV prevalence data. Results The didactic training program administered to 11 new HCV providers in Rwanda increased provider’s knowledge about HCV management. Through the training program, 26% of patients seen during the follow-up period were screened for HCV and a prevalence estimate of 2% was ascertained. Of these patients, 30% were co-infected with hepatitis B. Conclusion The ASCEND paradigm can be successfully implemented in RLS to escalate HCV care, in a self-sustaining fashion that educates more providers about HCV management, while increasing the public’s awareness of HCV and access to treatment.

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Semrau, Maya, Gail Davey, Ursin Bayisenge, and Kebede Deribe. "High levels of depressive symptoms among people with lower limb lymphoedema in Rwanda: a cross-sectional study." Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 114, no. 12 (November 21, 2020): 974–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/traa139.

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Abstract Background There is a growing body of evidence that mental distress and disorder are common among people with lower limb lymphoedema, although no research has been conducted on this subject in Rwanda. Methods This research was embedded within a mapping study to determine the national prevalence and geographical distribution of podoconiosis in Rwanda. Using a cluster sampling design, adult members of households within 80 randomly selected sectors in all 30 districts of Rwanda were first screened and 1143 patients were diagnosed with either podoconiosis (n=914) or lower limb lymphoedema of another cause (n=229). These 1143 participants completed the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9 to establish the prevalence of depressive symptoms. Results Overall, 68.5% of participants reported depressive symptoms- 34.3% had mild depressive symptoms, 24.2% had moderate, 8.8% moderately severe and 1.2% severe depressive symptoms. The mean PHQ-9 score was 7.39 (SD=5.29) out of a possible 0 (no depression) to 27 (severe depression). Linear regression showed unemployment to be a consistently strong predictor of depressive symptoms; the other predictors were region (province), type of lymphoedema and, for those with podoconiosis, female gender, marital status and disease stage. Conclusions Levels of depressive symptoms were very high among people with lower limb lymphoedema in Rwanda, which should be addressed through holistic morbidity management and disability prevention services that integrate mental health, psychosocial and economic interventions alongside physical care.

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Imasiku, Katundu, Valerie M. Thomas, and Etienne Ntagwirumugara. "Unpacking Ecological Stress from Economic Activities for Sustainability and Resource Optimization in Sub-Saharan Africa." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (April 26, 2020): 3538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093538.

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Most sub-Saharan African (SSA) nations are governed by traditional economic models of using varied varieties of capital (including human), technological and natural approaches to supply goods and services. This has undoubtedly led to annual economic growth of about 3.2% in several African nations and higher per capita income as some of the major benefits, which have improved the standards of living and social wellbeing but conjointly have led to environmental degradation. In response to the environmental degradation problem, while benchmarking against international policies, this article evaluates approaches to economic development, environmental management, and energy production in the context of climate change. Case studies consider the mine-dependent nations of Zambia and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and the agriculture-dependent nation of Rwanda. In Zambia and DRC, energy efficiency in the mining and metals industries could increase the electrification rate in Zambia and DRC by up to 50%. Additional industrial utilization of solar or wind energy is key to a stable energy supply, economic development and environmental protection. In Rwanda, population growth and land constraints point to economic growth and agricultural improvements as the key to sustainability and sustainable development. These case studies emphasize resource optimization, energy efficiency, renewable energy deployment, strategies to reduce biodiversity loss and environmental degradation, and the improvement of social wellbeing for both present and future generations to achieve an ecologically enhanced sub-Saharan Africa.

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Niyigaba, Jean, Jessica Ya Sun, Daiyan Peng, and Clemence Uwimbabazi. "Agriculture and Green Economy for Environmental Kuznets Curve Adoption in Developing Countries: Insights from Rwanda." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 11, 2020): 10381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410381.

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Development and climate change are crucial global concerns with significant contrasts between developed and developing nations. Contrary to several developing countries, Rwanda opted for a green growth policy pathway while struggling with its economic emergence through the alternative green sectors, including agriculture. No research has yet been conducted on the choice’s performance on emission sequestration or the country’s income, allowing the formulation of strategies accordingly. The environmental Kuznets curve (EKC), mostly adopted by developed countries, is applied for the Rwandese scenario to verify its adoption in developing countries. The within and between effects of the agricultural sector (AGRc) and gross domestic products (GDPc) on CO2 emission (CO2) are examined with an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) cointegration and coupling methods in January 2008−December 2018 period. Results confirm the short-run and long-run cointegration relationships of variables, where CO2-GDPc and CO2-AGRc are relatively decoupling and absolute decoupling, respectively. The EKC adoption to CO2-GDPc relationship, and the significant negative causality from GDPc and AGRc to CO2, are confirmed. The performance resulted from the country’s environment conservation policies, and Rwanda is a learning example as a developing country. However, the green economy through the agro-economy is at a low level and should be reinforced.

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Guzman, Andrea. "Case study: Reducing preventable maternal mortality in Rwandan healthcare facilities through improvements in WASH protocols." Journal of Patient Safety and Risk Management 23, no. 3 (June 2018): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2516043518778117.

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Problem A lack of proper water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) infrastructure and poor hygiene practices reduce the preparedness and response of health care facilities (HCFs) in low-income countries to infection and disease outbreaks. According to a World Bank Service Provision Assessment conducted in 2007, only 28% of HCFs in Rwanda had water access throughout the year supplied by tap and 58% of HCFs provided functioning latrines. 1 This evaluation of services and infrastructure in HCFs in Rwanda indicates that targets for WASH in-country need to be enhanced. Objectives To present a case study of the causes and management of sepsis during delivery that led to the death of a 27-year-old woman, and propose a WASH protocol to be implemented in HCFs in Rwanda. Methods The state of WASH services used by staff, caregivers, and patients in HCFs was assessed in 2009 in national evaluations conducted by the Ministry of Infrastructure of Rwanda. Site selection was purposive, based on the presence of both water and power supply. Direct observation was used to assess water treatment, presence and condition of sanitation facilities and sterile equipment in the delivery room, provision of soap and water, gloves, alcohol-based hand rub, and WASH-related record keeping. Results All healthcare facilities met Ministry policies for water access, but WHO guidelines for environmental standards, including for water quality, were not fully satisfied. Conclusions The promotion and provision of low-cost technologies that enable improved WASH practices could help to reduce high rates of morbidity and mortality due to infection in low-income countries.

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Smith, Lindsay J., Janna M. Schurer, Eurade Ntakiyisumba, Anselme Shyaka, and Janetrix Hellen Amuguni. "Rift Valley fever knowledge, mitigation strategies and communication preferences among male and female livestock farmers in Eastern Province, Rwanda." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 8 (August 23, 2021): e0009705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009705.

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The Government of Rwanda reported an outbreak of Rift Valley fever (RVF) in the Eastern Province in 2018. To respond to the outbreak, vaccination and education campaigns about the disease were carried out. Because RVF cases continue to be detected in Rwanda and the disease impacts livelihoods and health, accurate knowledge and communication are imperative. The objectives of this study were to evaluate knowledge and risk perceptions of RVF transmission among livestock farmers in Nyagatare District, Eastern Province, Rwanda, and to compare RVF knowledge, risk perceptions, and farming practices between male and female livestock farmers. This cross-sectional, quantitative study was conducted in selected sectors of Nyagatare District in the Eastern Province of Rwanda in June 2019. A 34-question survey was used to ask about demographics, livestock ownership, risk perceptions about zoonotic diseases and livestock management, RVF knowledge, preferred communication sources and information sharing strategies, and protective strategies for RVF mitigation while working with livestock. Livestock farmers were interviewed at three milk collection centers, two village meeting points, a farm cooperative meeting, and during door-to-door visits in villages. In total, 123 livestock farmers were interviewed. The survey found that most livestock farmers lacked knowledge about epizootic and zoonotic transmission of RVF, more male livestock farmers were familiar with RVF and risk mitigation strategies, and female livestock farmers are not viewed as reliable sources of information. Additionally, most livestock farmers had not vaccinated their animals against RVF despite past vaccination campaigns. Radio was the most popular communication channel. These findings show that RVF knowledge and information sharing are inadequate among livestock farmers in Eastern Province. Therefore, vaccination and education campaigns may need to be reevaluated within the context of these trends in order to prepare for future RVF outbreaks.

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Kazora, Amos Shyaka, and Khaldoon A. Mourad. "Assessing the Sustainability of Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems in Rwanda." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (December 5, 2018): 4617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124617.

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Kigali city, the capital of Rwanda, relies on decentralized, on-site, wastewater systems due to the absence of central sewerage systems and the limited finances to construct sustainable sanitation infrastructures. However, the city has increasingly shown failures in managing these on-site systems either at individual or collective levels. This study aims at assessing the sustainability of the operated collective public semicentralized sewage systems in Kigali city. To fully cover the sustainability assessment of such collective systems, the methods used were field observation, questionnaires, interviews, and laboratory tests. The study also reviewed the influence of national ruling sanitation legal instruments in addressing development, operation and management of such decentralized wastewater systems. The results showed that the sustainability levels of these systems were low in the technical, socioeconomic status, institutional, and legal dimensions. While the sustainability level was fair for the environmental quality. In conclusion, the research highlighted that the improved sanitation coverage does not mean coverage in terms of sewerage connection proportions for wastewater collection as these connections do not imply safe and sustainable treatment before being discharged into the environment.

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Stage, Jesper, and Claudine Uwera. "Prospects for establishing environmental satellite accounts in a developing country: The case of Rwanda." Journal of Cleaner Production 200 (November 2018): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.274.

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Thomas, Evan, Abigail Bradshaw, Lambert Mugabo, Laura MacDonald, Wyatt Brooks, Katherine Dickinson, and Kevin Donovan. "Engineering environmental resilience: A matched cohort study of the community benefits of trailbridges in rural Rwanda." Science of The Total Environment 771 (June 2021): 145275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145275.

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Kabera, Telesphore, David C. Wilson, and Honorine Nishimwe. "Benchmarking performance of solid waste management and recycling systems in East Africa: Comparing Kigali Rwanda with other major cities." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 37, no. 1_suppl (January 2019): 58–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x18819752.

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This paper aims to benchmark performance of combined solid waste management (SWM) and recycling systems in major cities of East Africa. The Wasteaware indicators are used to present a detailed systems analysis for Kigali in Rwanda, including a mass flow diagram; comparative data are taken from the Wasteaware database for Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Kampala, Uganda, Nairobi, Kenya, and also for neighboring Maputo, Mozambique. The stand-out result is the relatively high collection coverage achieved, in Maputo with extensive international technical assistance, and in Kigali using its own local resources. In both cases, governance factors are key. Kigali uses a public–private partnership, with exclusive franchises in 35 sectors being tendered every three years; households pay an affordable fee depending on their ability to pay (the service is free to the poorest category); and 95% fee collection rates are achieved, partly through co-collection with charges for local security patrols, which is a service people value highly given the recent history of the country. Another key priority to improve SWM across East Africa is to eliminate open dumping – only Kampala currently has an engineered disposal site. Recycling rates also need to be increased – only Nairobi currently has a good baseline to build on (30%). Common weaknesses include a lack of segregation at source, of institutional capacity, and of available and reliable waste data.

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Adeyemi, Olukemi, Mary Lyons, Tsi Njim, Joseph Okebe, Josephine Birungi, Kevin Nana, Jean Claude Mbanya, et al. "Integration of non-communicable disease and HIV/AIDS management: a review of healthcare policies and plans in East Africa." BMJ Global Health 6, no. 5 (May 2021): e004669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004669.

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BackgroundLow-income and middle-income countries are struggling to manage growing numbers of patients with chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs), while services for patients with HIV infection are well established. There have been calls for integration of HIV and NCD services to increase efficiency and improve coverage of NCD care, although evidence of effectiveness remains unclear. In this review, we assess the extent to which National HIV and NCD policies in East Africa reflect the calls for HIV-NCD service integration.MethodsBetween April 2018 and December 2020, we searched for policies, strategies and guidelines associated with HIV and NCDs programmes in Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda. Documents were searched manually for plans for integration of HIV and NCD services. Data were analysed qualitatively using document analysis.ResultsThirty-one documents were screened, and 13 contained action plans for HIV and NCDs service integration. Integrated delivery of HIV and NCD care is recommended in high level health policies and treatment guidelines in four countries in the East African region; Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda, mostly relating to integrating NCD care into HIV programmes. The increasing burden of NCDs, as well as a move towards person-centred differentiated delivery of services for people living with HIV, is a factor in the recent adoption of integrated HIV and NCD service delivery plans. Both South Sudan and Burundi report a focus on building their healthcare infrastructure and improving coverage and quality of healthcare provision, with no reported plans for HIV and NCD care integration.ConclusionDespite the limited evidence of effectiveness, some East African countries have already taken steps towards HIV and NCD service integration. Close monitoring and evaluation of the integrated HIV and NCD programmes is necessary to provide insight into the associated benefits and risks, and to inform future service developments.

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Rutebuka, Jules, Aline Munyeshuli Uwimanzi, Olive Nkundwakazi, Desire Mbarushimana Kagabo, Jean Jacques Muhinda Mbonigaba, Pieter Vermeir, and Ann Verdoodt. "Effectiveness of terracing techniques for controlling soil erosion by water in Rwanda." Journal of Environmental Management 277 (January 2021): 111369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111369.

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Akumuntu, Jean Baptiste, Uta Wehn, Martin Mulenga, and Damir Brdjanovic. "Enabling the sustainable Faecal Sludge Management service delivery chain—A case study of dense settlements in Kigali, Rwanda." International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 220, no. 6 (August 2017): 960–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.05.001.

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Manzi, Anatole, Jean Claude Mugunga, Laetitia Nyirazinyoye, Hari S. Iyer, Bethany Hedt-Gauthier, Lisa R. Hirschhorn, and Joseph Ntaganira. "Cost-effectiveness of a mentorship and quality improvement intervention to enhance the quality of antenatal care at rural health centers in Rwanda." International Journal for Quality in Health Care 31, no. 5 (August 25, 2018): 359–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzy179.

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ABSTRACT Objective To estimate cost-effectiveness of Mentorship, Enhanced Supervision for Healthcare and Quality Improvement (MESH-QI) intervention to strengthen the quality of antenatal care at rural health centers in rural Rwanda. Design Cost-effectiveness analysis of the MESH-QI intervention using the provider perspective. Setting Kirehe and Rwinkwavu District Hospital catchment areas, Rwanda. Intervention MESH-QI. Main outcome measures Incremental cost per antenatal care visit with complete danger sign and vital sign assessments. Results The total annual costs of standard antenatal care supervision was 10 777.21 USD at the baseline, whereas the total costs of MESH-QI intervention was 19 656.53 USD. Human resources (salary and benefits) and transport drove the majority of program expenses, (44.8% and 40%, respectively). Other costs included training of mentors (12.9%), data management (6.5%) and equipment (6.5%). The incremental cost per antenatal care visit attributable to MESH-QI with all assessment items completed was 0.70 USD for danger signs and 1.10 USD for vital signs. Conclusions MESH-QI could be an affordable and effective intervention to improve the quality of antenatal care at health centers in low-resource settings. Cost savings would increase if MESH-QI mentors were integrated into the existing healthcare systems and deployed to sites with higher volume of antenatal care visits.

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Vento, Gianfranco A., Helen Chiappini, and Giuseppe Lia. "Corporate social responsibility, social and financial performance: The case study of the loan appraisal process of the Rwanda Development Bank." Corporate Ownership and Control 15, no. 3 (2018): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv15i3art4.

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Development banks play an active role in smoothing growth of world’s disadvantaged areas. The social mission of development banks requires that they pay attention to corporate social responsibility (CSR) and to the social outcome of financing activities. However, like any other financial institution, they must consider the business sustainability and the financial stability over time. Thus, a comprehensive loan appraisal process should include financial and social aspects. Literature does not properly investigate development banks loan appraisal process, thus the aim of this paper is to contribute to this stream of literature, analysing how development banks can include the evaluation of social and environmental variables within their loan appraisal process. For the purpose of the research, we employed a case study of the Rwanda Development Bank (BRD). The BRD loan appraisal process combines the evaluation of typical aspects of corporate social responsibility – like the firms or projects compliance to health and safety regulations or the implementation of the code of ethics including diversity policies – with the evaluation of social and environmental impact, as well with financial aspects. The BRD social impact assessment is also valuable because it follows the criteria of proportionality of loans evaluation, balancing completeness of information with the cost of the assessment.

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Manzi, Maximillian, Lotta Rydhmer, Martin Ntawubizi, Claire D’Andre Hirwa, Callixte Karege, and Erling Strandberg. "Milk production and lactation length in Ankole cattle and Ankole crossbreds in Rwanda." Tropical Animal Health and Production 52, no. 6 (June 8, 2020): 2937–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-020-02311-9.

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Abstract This study assessed daily milk yield (DMY), 100-day (MY100), and 305-day (MY305) milk yield, and lactation length (LL) in purebred Ankole cattle and Ankole crossbreds, and the influence of environmental factors on these traits. Milk yield data were obtained for 865 cows and 1234 lactations and analyzed using a mixed linear model. The overall least squares mean of DMY, MY100, and MY305 across breed groups was 2.7 L (N = 1234, SD = 1.7), 262 L (N = 959, SD = 176), and 759 L (N = 448, SD = 439), respectively, while the average lactation length was 256 days (N = 960, SD = 122). All factors included (breed group, season and year of calving, and parity) were significant for yield traits, except season of calving for MY305. First-parity cows had the lowest milk production, and fourth-parity cows the highest. For all traits, pure Ankole cows had the lowest milk yield. Among the crossbreds, there was no significant difference between Ankole × Friesian, Ankole-Jersey mother × Sahiwal sire, and Ankole-Sahiwal mother × Jersey sire, or between Ankole × Sahiwal and Ankole-Sahiwal mother × Sahiwal sire. It was concluded that Ankole crosses with Friesian or Jersey can be beneficial, even under a management system of limited nutrition as in Rwanda.

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Muhimpundu, Marie Aimee, Kristy T. Joseph, Muhammad Jami Husain, Francois Uwinkindi, Evariste Ntaganda, Samuel Rwunganira, Francois Habiyaremye, et al. "Road map for leadership and management in public health: a case study on noncommunicable diseases program managers’ training in Rwanda." International Journal of Health Promotion and Education 57, no. 2 (December 18, 2018): 82–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14635240.2018.1552178.

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Abbott, Pamela, Aimé Tsinda, Roger Sapsford, and John Rwirahira. "A critical evaluation of Rwanda's potential to achieve the millennium development goals for clean water and sanitation." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 5, no. 1 (September 10, 2014): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2014.188.

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In the world-wide Millennium Development Goals initiative, Rwanda promised to halve by 2015 the number of people who lacked access to safe water and improved sanitation in 1990. Progress has been made in access to water, but the target figure will probably not be met. Targets for improved sanitation will be met on the original definition of ‘improved’, though probably not if shared provision is excluded. However, beyond the usual rural/urban divide, the article highlights how the numerical target conceals a serious problem in the capital city, where ‘informal settlements’ have grossly inadequate provision. We argue that the problems are not soluble at the individual level; a whole and unbreakable chain of provision is needed. Centralised provision is also not very feasible in Rwanda, so Government and/or development partners will probably have to work at the level of communities to set up sanitation chains and train communities in servicing them. Solving the problem is essential if the urban poor are to be offered a decent life and to solve the public health problem of contaminated water.

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van Oosten, Cora, Assumpta Uzamukunda, and Hens Runhaar. "Strategies for achieving environmental policy integration at the landscape level. A framework illustrated with an analysis of landscape governance in Rwanda." Environmental Science & Policy 83 (May 2018): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2018.02.002.

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Chankova, Slavea, Laurel Hatt, and Sabine Musange. "A community-based approach to promote household water treatment in Rwanda." Journal of Water and Health 10, no. 1 (January 24, 2012): 116–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2012.071.

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Treatment of drinking water at the household level is one of the most effective preventive interventions against diarrhea, a leading cause of illness and death among children in developing countries. A pilot project in two districts in Rwanda aimed to increase use of Sûr'Eau, a chlorine solution for drinking water treatment, through a partnership between community-based health insurance schemes and community health workers who promoted and distributed the product. Evaluation of the pilot, drawing on a difference-in-differences design and data from pre- and post-pilot household surveys of 4,780 households, showed that after 18 months of pilot implementation, knowledge and use of the product increased significantly in two pilot districts, but remained unchanged in a control district. The pilot was associated with a 40–42 percentage point increase in ever use, and 8–9 percentage points increase in use of Sûr'Eau at time of the survey (self-reported measures). Our data suggest that exposure to inter-personal communication on Sûr'Eau and hearing about the product at community meetings and health centers were associated with an increase in use.

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Barry, Abbie, Sten Olsson, Christabel Khaemba, Joseph Kabatende, Tigist Dires, Adam Fimbo, Omary Minzi, et al. "Comparative Assessment of the Pharmacovigilance Systems within the Neglected Tropical Diseases Programs in East Africa—Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, and Tanzania." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 17, 2021): 1941. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041941.

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Monitoring the safety of medicines used in public health programs (PHPs), including the neglected tropical diseases (NTD) program, is a WHO recommendation, and requires a well-established and robust pharmacovigilance system. The objective of this study was to assess the pharmacovigilance systems within the NTD programs in Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, and Tanzania. The East African Community Harmonized Pharmacovigilance Indicators tool for PHPs was used to interview the staff of the national NTD programs. Data on four components, (i) systems, structures, and stakeholder coordination; (ii) data management and signal generation; (iii) risk assessment and evaluation; and (iv) risk management and communication, were collected and analyzed. The NTD programs in the four countries had a strategic master plan, with pharmacovigilance components and mechanisms to disseminate pharmacovigilance information. However, zero individual case safety reports were received in the last 12 months (2017/2018). There was either limited or no collaboration between the NTD programs and their respective national pharmacovigilance centers. None of the NTD programs had a specific budget for pharmacovigilance. The NTD program in all four countries had some safety monitoring elements. However, key elements, such as the reporting of adverse events, collaboration with national pharmacovigilance centers, and budget for pharmacovigilance activity, were limited/missing.

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Uwimana, Aline, Michael J. Penkunas, Marie Paul Nisingizwe, Didier Uyizeye, Dieudonne Hakizimana, Clarisse Musanabaganwa, Jean Pierre Musabyimana, et al. "Expanding home-based management of malaria to all age groups in Rwanda: analysis of acceptability and facility-level time-series data." Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 112, no. 11 (September 1, 2018): 513–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/try093.

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Basset-Mens, Claudine, Béatrice Rhino, Assinapol Ndereyimana, Ulrich Kleih, and Yannick Biard. "Eco-efficiency of tomato from Rwamagana district in Rwanda: From field constraints to statistical significance." Journal of Cleaner Production 229 (August 2019): 420–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.256.

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Uwimana, Abias, Anne A. van Dam, Gretchen M. Gettel, and Kenneth Irvine. "Effects of agricultural land use on sediment and nutrient retention in valley-bottom wetlands of Migina catchment, southern Rwanda." Journal of Environmental Management 219 (August 2018): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.04.094.

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Harelimana, Vincent, Zhu Jun Gao, Ernestine Nyiranteziryayo, and Amechi S. Nwankwegu. "Identification of weaknesses in the implementation of environmental impact assessment regulations in industrial sector: A case study of some industries in Rwanda, Africa." Journal of Cleaner Production 258 (June 2020): 120677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120677.

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Abbas Mohammed Elfakki, Fakhralddin, Marai Mohammed Alamri, Islam Ashraful, Mustafa Elnimeiri, and Ehab Frah. "Self-Regulated Learning in the University of Tabuk: Gender Differences in Strategy and Outcomes." Rwanda Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences 4, no. 1 (April 8, 2021): 151–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rjmhs.v4i1.11.

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Background Self-Regulated Learning (SRL) is defined as the adjustment of the individual's affective, meta-cognitive, and behavioral operations during learning to attain the desired level of academic achievement. It is an important skill for undergraduate students and its ignorance cause anxious behavior, a sense of potential failure, and avoidance of learning situations. Objective The objective of the study was to explore the pattern of SRL among medical students from a student perspective aiming to recognize the learning context and to provide recommendations for future support strategies. Methods This is a cross-sectional study that targeted a total coverage of medical students at the University of Tabuk, Saudi Arabia using a Self-Regulated Learning Questionnaire which composed of six constructs, namely: environment structuring, goal setting, time management, help-seeking, task strategies, and self-evaluation. An independent-samples test, ANOVA, and post-hoc analysis were conducted. Results Females agreed on regular practice of the four domains namely: "environmental structuring, time management, help-seeking, and self-evaluation", mean scores: 3.7(SD=1.023), 3.42(SD=1.035), 3.68(SD=0.99), 3.54(SD=0.94) respectively. Conclusion This study identified a remarkable difference in SRL among undergraduate medical students. Females outperformed males in self-regulation; however, both genders in the second year have shown a low level in self-regulation in comparison to fifth year medical students. Rwanda J Med Health Sci 2021;4(1):151-165

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Uwimana, A., A. A. van Dam, and K. Irvine. "Effects of conversion of wetlands to rice and fish farming on water quality in valley bottoms of the Migina catchment, southern Rwanda." Ecological Engineering 125 (December 2018): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2018.10.019.

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Stern, Erin, Sonia Martins, Leigh Stefanik, Sidonie Uwimpuhwe, and Robyn Yaker. "Lessons learned from implementing Indashyikirwa in Rwanda- an adaptation of the SASA! approach to prevent and respond to intimate partner violence." Evaluation and Program Planning 71 (December 2018): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2018.08.005.

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Glew, L., and M. D. Hudson. "Gorillas in the midst: the impact of armed conflict on the conservation of protected areas in sub-Saharan Africa." Oryx 41, no. 2 (April 2007): 140–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605307001755.

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AbstractThe frequently anecdotal nature of evidence concerning the impact of warfare on conservation poses numerous problems and there have been calls to apply a strict set of conditions to such data to improve the rigor of scientific analysis in this field. To illustrate the difficulties, however, of applying strict quantitative conditions on such data a deterministic model of conflict-linked deforestation in sub-Saharan Africa was constructed and the implications of the model discussed. Our model indicates that from 1990–2005 approximately 35,000 ha of timber have been used to support officially recorded UN refugees in this region: this is a continuing impact, albeit quantified using data with some potential error. An alternative semi-quantitative approach was also used, with reported environmental impacts of conflict assessed for reliability and severity using a number of empirical criteria. Data focusing on the Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda were subsequently analysed using this framework. Illegal resource exploitation was identified as the primary impact resulting from conflict and, in some instances, a driver of the hostilities. From the joint consideration of the conflict and post-conflict phases such exploitation is concluded to be the product of lawlessness and anarchy generated by violent uprisings rather than violence per se. As such, armed conflict does not pose a novel threat to protected areas but rather amplifies threats extant during peace, creating a need for appropriate responses by those involved in conservation management. With both the occurrence and violence of conflicts in sub-Saharan Africa increasing, the impacts of warfare are pertinent to both the immediate and long-term management of biological resources in the region.

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Robb, Katharine Ann, Caste Habiyakare, Fredrick Kateera, Theoneste Nkurunziza, Leila Dusabe, Marthe Kubwimana, Brittany Powell, et al. "Variability of water, sanitation, and hygiene conditions and the potential infection risk following cesarean delivery in rural Rwanda." Journal of Water and Health 18, no. 5 (August 19, 2020): 741–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2020.220.

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Abstract Safe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) is critical for the prevention of postpartum infections. The aim of this study was to characterize the WASH conditions women are exposed to following cesarean section in rural Rwanda. We assessed the variability of WASH conditions in the postpartum ward of a district hospital over two months, the WASH conditions at the women's homes, and the association between WASH conditions and suspected surgical site infection (SSI). Piped water flowed more consistently during the rainy month, which increased availability of water for drinking and handwashing (p < 0.05 for all). Latex gloves and hand-sanitizer were more likely to be available on weekends versus weekdays (p < 0.05 for both). Evaluation for suspected SSI after cesarean section was completed for 173 women. Women exposed to a day or more without running water in the hospital were 2.6 times more likely to develop a suspected SSI (p = 0.027). 92% of women returned home to unsafe WASH environments, with notable shortfalls in handwashing supplies and sanitation. The variability in hospital WASH conditions and the poor home WASH conditions may be contributing to SSIs after cesarean section. These relationships must be further explored to develop appropriate interventions to improve mothers’ outcomes.

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Wilson, Daniel Lawrence, Kendra N. Williams, and Ajay Pillarisetti. "An Integrated Sensor Data Logging, Survey, and Analytics Platform for Field Research and Its Application in HAPIN, a Multi-Center Household Energy Intervention Trial." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (February 28, 2020): 1805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12051805.

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Researchers rely on sensor-derived data to gain insights on numerous human behaviors and environmental characteristics. While commercially available data-logging sensors can be deployed for a range of measurements, there have been limited resources for integrated hardware, software, and analysis platforms targeting field researcher use cases. In this paper, we describe Geocene, an integrated sensor data logging, survey, and analytics platform for field research. We provide an example of Geocene’s ongoing use in the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN). HAPIN is a large, multi-center, randomized controlled trial evaluating the impacts of a clean cooking fuel and stove intervention in Guatemala, India, Peru, and Rwanda. The platform includes Bluetooth-enabled, data-logging temperature sensors; a mobile application to survey participants, provision sensors, download sensor data, and tag sensor missions with metadata; and a cloud-based application for data warehousing, visualization, and analysis. Our experience deploying the Geocene platform within HAPIN suggests that the platform may have broad applicability to facilitate sensor-based monitoring and evaluation efforts and projects. This data platform can unmask heterogeneity in study participant behavior by using sensors that capture both compliance with and utilization of the intervention. Platforms like this could help researchers measure adoption of technology, collect more robust intervention and covariate data, and improve study design and impact assessments.

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Brunet, Carole, Oumarou Savadogo, Pierre Baptiste, Michel A. Bouchard, Céline Cholez, Corinne Gendron, and Nicolas Merveille. "The three paradoxes of the energy transition - Assessing sustainability of large-scale solar photovoltaic through multi-level and multi-scalar perspective in Rwanda." Journal of Cleaner Production 288 (March 2021): 125519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125519.

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Akinyemi, Felicia O. "Land change in the central Albertine rift: Insights from analysis and mapping of land use-land cover change in north-western Rwanda." Applied Geography 87 (October 2017): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2017.07.016.

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Doyle, Kelly C., and Peter Shanahan. "Effect of first flush on storage-reliability-yield of rainwater harvesting." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 2, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2012.055.

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Rainwater harvesting (RWH) entails capture of rainwater falling on a roof and conveyance to a storage tank for later use as domestic water supply. During dry weather, dust and pollutants accumulate on the roof surface and are subsequently washed off with the ‘first flush’ at the beginning of the next rain. Diverting the first flush can improve the quality of stored water but at the cost of reducing the reliability with which the system can supply water. A storage-reliability-yield (SRY) analysis of RWH was completed for Bisate, Rwanda for a period of 20 years with a range of normalized storage volumes and yields. Reliability expressed as days per year on which demand was met was determined for alternative first-flush strategies and compared to the reliability of an otherwise equivalent system without first-flush diversion. Diversion of the first flush was found to reduce reliability by at most 8%. Analysis of three existing RWH systems in Bisate indicates that a recommended 1 mm first-flush diversion would reduce the number of days the system meets demand by no more than 7 days per year.

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Sklar, Rachel, Zeyi Zhou, Wellars Ndayisaba, Ashley Muspratt, Erica R. Fuhrmeister, Kara Nelson, and S. Katharine Hammond. "Risk of adenovirus and Cryptosporidium ingestion to sanitation workers in a municipal scale non-sewered sanitation process: a case study from Kigali, Rwanda." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 11, no. 4 (May 3, 2021): 570–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2021.241.

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Abstract Sanitation workers provide essential services that protect public health, often at the cost of their own health and safety. In this study, we evaluate occupational exposure to fecal pathogens at each stage in a non-sewered sanitation process. Bulk fecal waste samples were collected during waste collection and waste processing tasks and analyzed for Cryptosporidium, adenovirus, E. coli, and total coliforms using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and culture methods. Structured observations of worker hand-to-mouth behavior were conducted, and worker hand- and glove-rinse samples were collected and analyzed for E. coli and total coliforms. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to model the dose of pathogen ingested and the risk of disease across two waste collection and processing tasks. The model results show that the probability of disease was highest from exposure to adenovirus during collection. Our analysis highlights that pathogen-to-indicator ratios are useful for predicting the risk to adenovirus which has a high detection rate. On the other hand, the use of pathogen-to-indicator ratios to predict Cryptosporidium concentration is fraught due to variable detection rates and concentration.

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Nambajimana, Jean de Dieu, Xiubin He, Ji Zhou, Meta Francis Justine, Jinlin Li, Dil Khurram, Richard Mind’je, and Gratien Nsabimana. "Land Use Change Impacts on Water Erosion in Rwanda." Sustainability 12, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010050.

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Rwanda has experienced accelerated soil erosion as a result of unsustainable human activities and changes in land use. Therefore, this study aimed at applying the RUSLE (Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation) model using GIS (Geographical Information System) and remote sensing to assess water erosion in Rwanda, focusing on the erosion-prone lands for the time span 2000 to 2015. The estimated mean annual soil losses were 48.6 t ha−1 y−1 and 39.2 t ha−1 y−1 in 2000 and 2015, respectively, resulting in total nationwide losses of approximately 110 and 89 million tons. Over the 15 years, 34.6% of the total area of evaluated LULC (land use/land cover) types have undergone changes. The highest mean soil loss of 91.6 t ha−1 y−1 occurred in the area changing from grassland to forestland (0.5%) while a mean soil loss of 10.0 t ha−1 y−1 was observed for grassland converting to cropland (4.4%). An attempt has been made to identify the embedded driving forces of soil erosion in Rwanda. As a result, we found that mean soil loss for Rwanda’s districts in 2015 was significantly correlated with poverty (r = 0.45, p = 0.013), increased use of chemical fertilizers (r = 0.77, p = 0.005), and especially was related to extreme poverty (r = 0.77, p = 0.000). The soil conservation scenario analysis for Rwanda’s cropland in 2015 revealed that terracing could reduce the soil loss by 24.8% (from 14.6 t ha−1 y−1 to 11.7 t ha−1 y−1). Most importantly, the study suggests that (1) terracing integrated with mulching and cover crops could effectively control water erosion while ameliorating soil quality and fertility, and (2) reforestation schemes targeting the rapid-growing tree species are therefore recommended as an important feature for erosion control in the study area.

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Cottyn, Ine. "Livelihood Trajectories in a Context of Repeated Displacement: Empirical Evidence from Rwanda." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (September 30, 2018): 3521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103521.

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Displacement, forced migration, and resettlement in Africa have been attributed to a variety of causes and is disrupting all aspects of people’s lives, breaking social, cultural and economic networks that are critical to sustaining livelihoods. Rwanda is one of the countries in Africa with a long history of multiple displacements, and the life trajectories of many Rwandans are characterised by multiple experiences of displacement, and involuntary migration. Although many have researched the effects of displacement on people’s livelihoods from both an academic, as well as a practitioner’s viewpoint, less is known about the effects of multiple and repeated displacements over time on people’s livelihood. Instead of treating each displacement separately, this article aims to analyse the effects of repeated displacement the livelihoods and adaptive capacity of households in Rwanda. To this purpose, six months of fieldwork were conducted in the north-western region of Rwanda, collecting data from a household livelihood survey, household livelihood and mobility histories, and focus group discussions. The research highlights the importance of social and human capital as crucial to people’s resilience. However, the successive loss of natural capital in combination with changing social and economic conditions diminishes the ability of many households to keep employing these capitals to reconstruct a sustainable livelihood. Forced to become increasingly creative and flexible in their coping strategies, many households employ mobility as a survival mechanism to spread risks.

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Bashangwa Mpozi, Bosco, Mireille Mizero, Andrew Ogolla Egesa, Paul M. Dontsop Nguezet, Bernard Vanlauwe, Patrice Ndimanya, and Philippe Lebailly. "Land Access in the Development of Horticultural Crops in East Africa. A Case Study of Passion Fruit in Burundi, Kenya, and Rwanda." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (April 10, 2020): 3041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12073041.

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Rapid population growth in fertile agricultural lands of East Africa creates land scarcity, which has become a major hindrance to land access for the introduction of new horticultural crops. But their introduction in these areas is increasing, because of their high market price, which improves farmers’ income. As such, this research evaluated land access dynamics (availability, acquisition, and use changes) on the introduction of passion fruits in East Africa. The study used purposeful sampling to collect information from 171 passion fruit farmers from Burundi (60), Kenya (51), and Rwanda (60) through interviews during field surveys. Among the respondents from all three countries, inheritance and land purchase were the predominant modes of land access (>50% and >21%, respectively). Furthermore, the substitution of other crops by passion fruits was high (>60%) among Kenyan and Rwandan farmers, but low (18%) among Burundian farmers. Our findings indicate that land access influences the patterns of adoption of new crops, since, when limited in supply, it may require the acquisition of new land space, abandonment of other crops, or opting for mixed farming. As such, land access should be a consideration in the promotion of new crops for sustainable agricultural ventures.

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Musafili, Ildephonse, Jean Chrysostome Ngabitsinze, Fidèle Niyitanga, and Dave Weatherspoon. "Farmers’ usage preferences for Rwanda’s Volcanoes National Park." Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 9, no. 1 (May 14, 2019): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jadee-01-2018-0004.

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Purpose Policymakers and stakeholders lack empirical evidence on the effectiveness of community participatory management for agribusiness development and environmental conservation. The purpose of this paper is to assess the management preferences, approaches and practices of farm communities in Rwanda’s Volcanoes National Park (VNP). Design/methodology/approach Primary data collected from 191 farmers were used. A choice experiment on current and potential park management practices and utilization levels was conducted along with a survey on socioeconomic, farm and institutional behavior characteristics. Findings Results show that farmers prefer preserving VNP resources for the production of agribusiness crops that are low input and environmental friendly and provide high income to farmers in addition to handcraft production to enhance cultural, plant and wild animal tourism development. Farmers highly value integrated stakeholder participatory decision making about the parks natural resources. High-income farmers prefer to restore traditional cultural heritage park sites for recreation, and ancestral intellectual and cultural property rights. Research limitations/implications The sample size limited the analysis to a conditional logit model. Originality/value This is the first study to assess the management preferences of farm communities in the VNP area.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Environmental management – Rwanda'

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