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1
Mushir Ali, Mushir Ali. "Environmental Impact Assessment: An over View of Theory and Policy Framework in Ethiopia." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 5 (June 1, 2012): 270–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/may2013/90.
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Assele, Alemayehu Assefa, Yohannes Aberra, and Dawit Diriba. "Trends and Regulatory Challenges of Environmental Institutions: Evidences from Federal and selected Regions of Ethiopia." Environmental Management and Sustainable Development 8, no. 2 (April 3, 2019): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/emsd.v8i2.14603.
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The trend of development of environmental institutions in the third world has experienced a considerable lag since 1970s compared to the pace and scale of environmental threats; and mainly challenged by poor autonomy, weak regulatory capacity, and inadequate political support. Ethiopia, being prone to recurrent droughts and environmental maladies, has been grappled with policy responses towards building green and environmentally benign economy. The objective of this study was to explore the trends of institutionalization in environment sector and the challenges that hamper their regulatory performances in Ethiopia. Based on evidences from federal to local levels, the study has indicated that Ethiopia has made its late debut in institutionalization of environmental mandates in early 1990s and introduced three waves of institutional reforms so far. The institutionalization process both at the center and regional levels has got some arduous challenges, most of which were akin to the experiences of other developing countries. However, there were some distinct challenges in Ethiopian context such as sustained influence from agriculture sector coupled with parochialism in mandate allocation, recurrence of droughts that mostly caught the wits of policy makers, and resource laden economic growth which utterly undermined environmental regulations. Therefore, redefining institutional mandates to avoid role conflict, elevating their status and autonomy, and working towards filling the environmental knowledge deficit could be amicable solutions.
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Mengistie, Belay Tizazu. "Ethiopia: The Environmental Aspects of Policy and Practice in the Ethiopian Floriculture Industry." Environmental Policy and Law 50, no. 4-5 (March 12, 2021): 373–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/epl-200239.
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The floriculture sector is booming in Ethiopia, making the country the second largest flower exporter in Africa and one of the largest suppliers of flowers globally. Despite the enormous advantages of the Ethiopian floriculture industry to the country’s economy, the industry’s unsustainability related to environmental and human rights is growing. Failure to protect the environment can have profound negative impacts on long-term economic development and human rights, including the right to life, adequate food, water and housing. The floriculture industry has been identified as having the potential to grow and contribute positively to the agricultural transformation and economy of Ethiopia. Policy, laws and regulations play a vital role in the implementation of any regulatory objective. During the last decade, Ethiopia has developed many policies and laws that link to improving the environment, and the flower farm industry itself has adopted self-regulation and standards, enhancing the protection of workers and the environment. But there is increasing evidence that the economic benefits of the flower industry come at the expense of the environment. So, what is the impact of these State and non-State regulations on a safe and clean environment? This paper aims to analyse how, why and under what circumstances environmental policy implementation might work or fail, by investigating the challenges for the floriculture industry relating to the intensive use of pesticides and water, and inappropriate waste disposal in the policy implementation process. It is safe to say that Ethiopia has developed a lot of legislation on the environment but the challenge of effective monitoring and enforcement remains. This paper concludes with recommendations, based on the fact that the principles of environmental rights, the right to life and the right to development cannot be realised in the absence of the right to a healthy environment.
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Portner, Brigitte. "Frames in the Ethiopian Debate on Biofuels." Africa Spectrum 48, no. 3 (December 2013): 33–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000203971304800302.
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Biofuel production, while highly contested, is supported by a number of policies worldwide. Ethiopia was among the first sub-Saharan countries to devise a biofuel policy strategy to guide the associated demand toward sustainable development. In this paper, I discuss Ethiopia's biofuel policy from an interpretative research position using a frames approach and argue that useful insights can be obtained by paying more attention to national contexts and values represented in the debates on whether biofuel production can or will contribute to sustainable development. To this end, I was able to distinguish three major frames used in the Ethiopian debate on biofuels: an environmental rehabilitation frame, a green revolution frame and a legitimacy frame. The article concludes that actors advocating for frames related to social and human issues have difficulties entering the debate and forming alliances, and that those voices need to be included in order for Ethiopia to develop a sustainable biofuel sector.
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Nyssen, Jan, Mitiku Haile, Jan Moeyersons, Jean Poesen, and Jozef Deckers. "Environmental policy in Ethiopia: a rejoinder to Keeley and Scoones." Journal of Modern African Studies 42, no. 1 (March 2004): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x03004518.
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Ongoing land degradation in Ethiopia requires urgent action, and has been addressed at different levels of society, including widespread soil and water conservation activities, and the introduction of technologies which integrate local knowledge and farmer's initiatives. This comment, drawing on extensive research on soil erosion processes in Ethiopia since 1994, in intense cooperation with farmers and local authorities, challenges the conclusions of a paper published in this journal on environmental rehabilitation and rapid agricultural intensification for food self-sufficiency in Ethiopia (Keeley & Scoones 2000). In our view, this paper firstly underestimates the importance of environmental degradation and apparently rejects current conservation techniques and policy, and secondly makes an artificial contradiction between environmental rehabilitation policy and a participatory approach. In our experience, and in line with studies reviewed elsewhere, natural resources conservation in Ethiopia is directed towards an integration of food self-sufficiency with conservation/restoration of the environment, and frequently follows a participatory approach.
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Urkato, Samuel, and Hio-Jung Shin. "Environmental Management Challenges of Emerging Industrial Firms: Evidence from Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia." American Journal of Trade and Policy 2, no. 3 (December 31, 2015): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v2i3.390.
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In developing economies like Ethiopia, emerging industries are mostly subject to state protection, as a prominent rationale articulated by Hamilton (1791). However, they are less responsive to environmental health degradation caused by their effluent. In this paper, Akaki River pollution in Addis Ababa city is thought-out to understand how those industries aligning the river bank are polluting the environment and how local policy is responding to regulate it. By using secondary information, focus group discussion and key informant interview, this study describes that Ethiopian environmental policy, which addresses state and market approaches, is silent to protect the pollution. However, the societies in the catchment areas, whom lack proper property right of the river, are seriously vulnerable to family health since they use the polluted river water for smallholder farming, drinking, and other domestic activities. Moreover, the weak performance of this policy is a burden for other sectoral policies such as health and agriculture. Empirical studies for river pollution impact are further needed.
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Birhanu, Taye. "Philosophical Enquiry into Environmental Policy of Ethiopia: Challenges and Prospects." American Journal of Environmental Protection 8, no. 6 (2019): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20190806.13.
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Hundie, Shemelis Kebede. "Modelling Energy Consumption, Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Economic Growth Nexus in Ethiopia: Evidence from Cointegration and Causality Analysis." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 6, no. 6 (June 26, 2018): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v6i6.699-709.1720.
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Policy makers need to know the relationship among energy use, economic growth and environmental quality in order to formulate rigorous policy for economic growth and environmental sustainability. This study analyzes the nexus among energy consumption, affluence, financial development, trade openness, urbanization, population and CO2 emissions in Ethiopia using data from 1970–2014. The ARDL cointegration results show that cointegration exists among the variables. Energy consumption, population, trade openness and economic growth have positive impact on CO2 in the long-run while economic growth squared reduces CO2 emissions which confirms that the EKC hypothesis holds in Ethiopia. In the short-run urbanization and energy consumption intensify environmental degradation. Toda-Yamamoto granger causality results indicate the bi-directional causality between energy consumption and CO2 emissions, CO2 emissions and urbanization. Financial development, population and urbanization cause economic growth while economic growth causes CO2 emissions. Causality runs from energy consumption to financial development, urbanization and population which in turn cause economic growth. From the result, CO2 emissions extenuation policy in Ethiopia should focus on environmentally friendly growth, enhancing consumption of cleaner energy, incorporating the impact of population, urbanization, trade and financial development.
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Keeley, James, and Ian Scoones. "Knowledge, power and politics: the environmental policy-making process in Ethiopia." Journal of Modern African Studies 38, no. 1 (March 2000): 89–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x99003262.
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Policy discourses urging environmental rehabilitation, and rapid agricultural intensification for food self-sufficiency are firmly entrenched in Ethiopia. This paper examines the actor-networks and key policy spaces associated with the establishment of these discourses, taking natural resource management policies, and institutionalisation of the SG-2000 extension programme as case studies. An emergent, and potentially challenging, participatory natural resource management discourse is also identified. Contrasting the regions of Tigray and the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Region (SNNPR), the paper concludes by arguing that, with decentralisation, differences between regional administrative and political cultures are key to policy processes, affecting the degree to which central policies reflect local concerns.
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Gebremariam, Mikiale Gebreslase, Yuming Zhu, Naveed Ahmad, and Dawit Nega Bekele. "Influencing sustainability by controlling future brownfields in Africa: a case study of Ethiopia." World Journal of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development 16, no. 3 (July 8, 2019): 102–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wjstsd-04-2018-0031.
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Purpose The increasing African population and economic growth leading to urbanisation continues to increase the need to redevelop brownfields as a strategy of encouraging sustainable development of cities, in particular in Ethiopia. However, the adoption of brownfield redevelopment in Ethiopia is at initial stage. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to highlight the framework based on grey-incidence decision-making approach to manage brownfields in African countries by taking Ethiopia as case example. The grey-incidence decision-making model integrates multiple factors such as economic, social, environmental, technical and associated risks and provides an effective decision-making and management tool for environmental practitioners and government agencies. Design/methodology/approach Questionnaires were used to collect data on terms and definitions of brownfield. The questions were prepared on the basis of currently used definitions developed by a number of developed countries. Moreover, this study utilises a grey-incidence decision-making approach to help in management and decision-making for the implementation of brownfield redevelopment projects (BRPs) in the remediated sites. Findings Standard definition of brownfield and essential guidelines for brownfield redevelopment is proposed for Ethiopian context. The research findings were tested and verified using literature data and survey from major stakeholders. In addition, the grey-incidence decision-making approach is applied for the evaluation of BRPs in the remediated sites. A framework is proposed to control future brownfields for African countries by taking Ethiopia as a case example. Originality/value This research stresses the significance of an urban structure to address sustainable development, and the need to consider redevelopment of brownfields and identify the potential for a specific government policy framework. This research provides the best opportunity for Ethiopia by devising an urban land policy and create a strategy to contribute social, economic, financial and environmental benefits. It also provides a foundation to solve environmental issues by involving all major stakeholders, including community citizens, environmentalists and government agencies, and it also serves as guidelines to transform brownfields into Greenfields; and finally, it contributes to achieve the 2030 UN global goals.
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Ruffeis, Dominik, Willibald Loiskandl, Seleshi Bekele Awulachew, and Eline Boelee. "Evaluation of the environmental policy and impact assessment process in Ethiopia." Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal 28, no. 1 (March 2010): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3152/146155110x488844.
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Hoben, Allan. "Paradigms and politics: The cultural construction of environmental policy in Ethiopia." World Development 23, no. 6 (June 1995): 1007–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750x(95)00019-9.
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Chen, Lingyun, Alemu Eshetie Molla, Kassa Metsehet Getu, Ande Ma, and Chengsong Wan. "Determination of Aflatoxins in Edible Oils from China and Ethiopia Using Immunoaffinity Column and HPLC-MS/MS." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 102, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.18-0106.
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Abstract Background: Aflatoxin (AF) ingestion through contaminated foodstuffs causes at least 250 000 deaths every year from hepatocellular carcinoma in China and sub-Saharan Africa. Objective: The main objective of the study was to determine the aflatoxin levels of oils in South Gondar, Ethiopia, and oils purchased from retail markets in Guangzhou, China. Methods: We used a rapid, sensitive, and selective HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) method for the determination of aflatoxins in edible oils from China and Ethiopia using immunoaffinity column cleaning. Results: The level of contamination for Ethiopian oils ranged between 0.07 and 145.59 μg/kg for total aflatoxins. Of the 27 edible oil samples from Guangzhou, China, the total concentration of aflatoxins (AFB1 + AFB2 + AFG1 + AFG2) ranged between 0.03 and 2.23 μg/kg. Conclusions: The study concluded that the peanut oils from Ethiopia were contaminated with aflatoxins higher than the allowable limit set by many countries while the oils from China were safe for human consumption. Highlights: We first describe an HPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of aflatoxins in 48 edible oil samples from China and Ethiopia using immunoaffinity column cleaning. This is the first preliminary study done on Ethiopian edible oils, giving policy-makers and future researchers baseline data. It is also used to assess the aflatoxin levels of the Chinese edible oils from Guangzhou. Therefore, conducting a comparative study points out the severity of the problem and helps to formulate a new national standard for policy-makers, making this study imperative.
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Arsenault, Catherine, Bereket Yakob, Munir Kassa, Girmaye Dinsa, and Stéphane Verguet. "Using health management information system data: case study and verification of institutional deliveries in Ethiopia." BMJ Global Health 6, no. 8 (August 2021): e006216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006216.
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Health management information systems (HMIS) are a crucial source of timely health statistics and have the potential to improve reporting in low-income countries. However, concerns about data quality have hampered their widespread adoption in research and policy decisions. This article presents results from a data verification study undertaken to gain insights into the quality of HMIS data in Ethiopia. We also provide recommendations for working with HMIS data for research and policy translation. We linked the HMIS to the 2016 Emergency Obstetric and Newborn Care Assessment, a national census of all health facilities that provided maternal and newborn health services in Ethiopia. We compared the number of visits for deliveries and caesarean sections (C-sections) reported in the HMIS in 2015 (January–December) to those found in source documents (paper-based labour and delivery and operating theatre registers) in 2425 facilities across Ethiopia. We found that two-thirds of facilities had ‘good’ HMIS reporting for deliveries (defined as reporting within 10% of source documents) and half had ‘very good’ reporting (within 5% of source documents). Results were similar for reporting on C-section deliveries. We found that good reporting was more common in urban areas (OR: 1.30, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.59), public facilities (OR: 2.95, 95% CI 1.38 to 6.29) and in hospitals compared with health centres (OR: 1.71, 95% CI 1.13 to 2.61). Facilities in the Somali and Afar regions had the lowest odds of good reporting compared with Addis Ababa and were more likely to over-report deliveries in the HMIS. Further work remains to address remaining discrepancies in the Ethiopian HMIS. Nonetheless, our findings corroborate previous data verification exercises in Ethiopia and support greater use and uptake of HMIS data for research and policy decisions (particularly, greater use of HMIS data elements (eg, absolute number of services provided each month) rather than coverage indicators). Increased use of these data, combined with feedback mechanisms, is necessary to maintain data quality.
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Hirpha, Hurgesa Hundera, Sylvester Mpandeli, Amare Bantider Dagnew, Temesgen Chibsa, and Cherinet Abebe. "Assessing the integration of climate change adaptation and mitigation into national development planning of Ethiopia." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 13, no. 3 (July 13, 2021): 339–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-07-2020-0082.
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Purpose Policy framework has significant roles in minimizing the impact of climate change in agrarian societies like Ethiopia. The purpose of this paper is to assess the integration of issues related to climate change adaptation into the national development planning of Ethiopia. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative research design, which depended on secondary and primary data sources, was used in this study. Data were collected from relevant documents. These were substantiated with field data gathered through key informant interviews and focus group discussions from participants identified using purposive sampling. Thematic analysis of the collected data was done by first considering the relevant documents and then comparing with the field data. During the analysis and interpretation, the results were combined to explain, confirm, refute and/or enrich the data obtained through document reviews and interviews. Findings The result of the study revealed that the general issues of environmental management have been included in the relevant documents (national plans). However, the documents do not explicitly identify climate change adaptation strategies and options that can alleviate the current impacts and the projected negative impacts associated with climate change. In fact, some documents were found to be characterized by numerous gaps. For example, the environmental policy of Ethiopia does not address climate trading, climate resilient green economy and recent development. The result from interviews shows that the constitution of the country lacks sufficiently addressing climate change adaptation. The result obtained from focus group discussion with informants indicated that the environmental policy of the country is shallow and suffers from showing clear direction regarding integration. The informants indicate that though there is an office that works on climate change at zonal level, there is no well-defined structure for climate change at zonal, district and Kebele levels and there appears to be weak integration among the different institutions working on climate change. Originality/value This study would speed up the revision of environmental policy of Ethiopia and the development of a separate policy document that focuses on adaptation to climate change.
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Hailemariam, Assefa. "Implementation of the Population Policy of Ethiopia: Achievements and Challenges." Population Horizons 13, no. 1 (August 1, 2016): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pophzn-2016-0002.
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Abstract Background: The Ethiopian government promulgated its first ever explicit, comprehensive and multisectoral population policy in 1993. The policy aimed at harmonizing population growth rate with that of the economy and the capacity of the country for sustainable socio-economic development. As with any population policy, there are important lessons to be learnt from the problems and challenges encountered during its implementation. Objective: The paper assesses the extent to which the population policy objectives have been realized; highlights the successes registered and identifies challenges encountered in its implementation and proposes the way forward. Methodology: Trend analysis using secondary data from censuses, surveys and UN sources were used and policy documents, research findings, development plan and program reports reviewed. Results: Fertility, infant, under-five and maternal mortality have declined significantly. Female participation in education and labour force increased. A range of legal, policy and institutional frameworks have been developed and implemented on environmental security and on gender equity, equality and the empowerment of women. Legislative measures were also taken to remove harmful traditional practices. However, the pace of implementation has been slow and there are areas where not much progress was made. Conclusion: Despite the progress made, there are critical challenges. Failure to establish the National Population Council; weak coordination and institutional arrangement due to absence of legally defined structure for implementation, lack of monitoring and evaluation system, absence of a comprehensive population program and financial constraints, among others are the major barriers. There is need to revise the policy and address these impediments and continuing and evolving challenges.
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Beyene, Negussie. "Alcohol control policy in Ethiopia and implications for public health." Journal of Public Health Policy 40, no. 4 (August 5, 2019): 423–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41271-019-00181-6.
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Damtew, Yohannes Tefera, Binyam Negussie Desta, and Adey Sileshi. "Environmental Health Services and Professionals Level of Engagement in Different Sectors in Eastern Ethiopia: A Mixed Methods Study Design." Environmental Health Insights 15 (January 2021): 117863022098855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178630220988554.
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Introduction: Environmental health (EH) services have a long history in Ethiopia, but data on environmental health services quality and the magnitude of environmental health professionals’ engagement has never been addressed. This study was conducted to assess the quality of environmental health services in different sectors and professionals’ level of engagement in Eastern Ethiopia. Methods: Institution based cross-sectional mixed study design was implemented. A cluster sampling technique was employed to select 83 participants. Data were collected using a pretested questionnaire and an interview guide. Descriptive, bivariate, multivariate, and thematic analysis was carried out. Results: Professionals’ performance in most services were reported to be average or low. Only 19.5% of participants responded as having good satisfaction in their job. The multiple logistic regression analysis showed factors associated with selected environmental health services. The odds of identifying environmental problems was associated with profession (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 4.1; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3-7.6) and level of education (AOR: 3.1; 95%CI: 0.9-5.9). The factors contributing to introducing innovative solutions to EH problems were type of institution (AOR: 3.1, 95%CI = 1.6-9.3), profession (AOR: 3.4, 95%CI = 1.1-12.2), and level of support and emphasis offered (OR: 5.6, 95% CI = 2.2-11.9). Level of job satisfaction was also associated with the above-mentioned independent variables. Conclusion: The current study showed low level of professionals’ engagement and factors associated with the quality of environmental health services in different sectors. Therefore, Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health and other concerned ministries, agencies, and authorities should intervene accordingly to improve the service and level of professionals’ engagement.
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HOLDEN, STEIN T., BEKELE SHIFERAW, and METTE WIK. "Poverty, market imperfections and time preferences: of relevance for environmental policy?" Environment and Development Economics 3, no. 1 (February 1998): 105–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x98000060.
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Rates of time preference (RTPs) of rural households in Indonesia, Zambia and Ethiopia have been measured using hypothetical questions about preferences for current versus future consumption. In general, the rates were found to be very high. Factors influencing or correlated with the personal rates of time preference were investigated through regression methods. OLS was the technique used in the estimation. Market imperfections, particularly in credit and insurance markets lead to variation in RTPs. Poverty in assets, or cash liquidity constraints, was leading to or correlated with higher rates of time preference. The poor are, therefore, less likely to invest in environmental conservation. In Zambia, independent estimates of risk preferences were made. More risk-averse people tended to have lower RTPs. The results support the hypothesis that poverty and/or liquidity scarcity lead to high RTPs. Poverty reduction may thus reduce the RTPs of the poor and reduce the 'intertemporal externality' due to high RTPs. The high average RTPs indicate, however, that complementary policies may be needed to ensure sufficient levels of investment in conservation. Another logical implication is that institutionalization of private property rights may not be a sufficient tool to initiate sustainable resource management.
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Gebregiorgs, Merhatbeb. "Towards Sustainable Waste Management through Cautious Design of Environmental Taxes: The Case of Ethiopia." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (August 30, 2018): 3088. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093088.
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This research examines the viability of the design of environmental taxes in the achievement of sustainable waste management in the Addis Ababa Administration (AAA) of Ethiopia. It has employed an empirical qualitative method. It first shows the mutual contribution of the achievement of waste management to the progress of sustainable sanitation and water resource management. Secondly, it displays the distributive and incentive roles of environmental taxes in the achievement of sustainable waste management. Thirdly, it indicates that a cautious design of the source, base, scope and rate of environmental taxes is a critical determinant for environmental taxes’ overall success in addressing the prevalent waste mismanagement in Ethiopia. Fourthly, it demonstrates that in the AAA: (1) The sources of solid waste collection, landfill, sewerage service and effluent charges are subject to the principle of legality; (2) the scope of solid waste collection, landfill, sewerage service and effluent charges is appropriate; (3) while the base of sewerage service and effluent charges is efficient, the base of solid waste and landfill charges is not at all efficient; and (4) while the rates of solid waste, landfill and sewerage service charges are slightly optimal, the rate of the effluent charge has not yet developed. Fifthly, it reveals that, having a somewhat viable design, solid waste, landfill and sewerage service charges are marginally reinforcing the aspiration of Ethiopia to achieve sustainable sanitation. Sixthly, it uncovers that because Ethiopia has not yet developed the rate of effluent charge, effluent charge is neither internalizing the cost of water resource degradation nor incentivizing sustainable water resource management. Finally, it implies that the aspiration of Ethiopia to achieve sustainable sanitation and water resource management by 2030 is contingent on the cautious design of its waste management taxes.
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Van Blerk, L. "AIDS, mobility and commercial sex in Ethiopia: Implications for policy." AIDS Care 19, no. 1 (January 2007): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540120600805091.
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Beck, Dana C., Kristen R. Choi, Michelle L. Munro-Kramer, and Jody R. Lori. "Human Trafficking in Ethiopia: A Scoping Review to Identify Gaps in Service Delivery, Research, and Policy." Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 18, no. 5 (March 31, 2016): 532–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524838016641670.
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The purpose of this review is to integrate evidence on human trafficking in Ethiopia and identify gaps and recommendations for service delivery, research and training, and policy. A scoping literature review approach was used to systematically search nursing, medical, psychological, law, and international databases and synthesize information on a complex, understudied topic. The search yielded 826 articles, and 39 met the predetermined criteria for inclusion in the review. Trafficking in Ethiopia has occurred internally and externally in the form of adult and child labor and sex trafficking. There were also some reports of organ trafficking and other closely related human rights violations, such as child marriage, child soldiering, and exploitative intercountry adoption. Risk factors for trafficking included push factors (poverty, political instability, economic problems, and gender discrimination) and pull factors (demand for cheap labor). Trafficking was associated with poor health and economic outcomes for victims. Key recommendations for service delivery, research and training, and policy are identified, including establishing comprehensive services for survivor rehabilitation and reintegration, conducting quantitative health outcomes research, and reforming policy around migration and trafficking. Implementing the recommendations identified by this review will allow policy makers, researchers, and practitioners to take meaningful steps toward confronting human trafficking in Ethiopia.
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Zikargae, Mekonnen Hailemariam. "Assessment of Applying Global Instruments in Nongovernmental Organizations for Environmental Security and Sustainable Development in Developing Countries." Education Research International 2021 (February 10, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9135290.
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Background. Environmental challenges are overwhelming the global communities. Thus, the purpose of the study is to explore how instruments used by the nongovernmental organizations are applied for environmental security and sustainable development in Ethiopia. It addresses issues of how environmental education in context is working to instill the knowledge, skills, awareness, and attitudes of the stakeholders. Recent discussions of the African Union Summit 2020, Africa Agenda 2063, Davos 2020 World Economic Forum, United Nations Agenda 2030, and the Green Economy Strategy in Ethiopia have strongly sought to strengthen environmental education as an instrument of global and local sustainability of the environment and development. Here, the study collected pieces of evidence from environmental programs of a nongovernmental organization in Ethiopia. The study focused on a nonformal environmental education, based on the frameworks of the agreements and declarations where Ethiopia is a contracting party. The frameworks are guiding concepts to investigate the phenomenon. Methods. The study used a thematic analysis based on empirical studies. Specifically, empirical studies from primary and secondary sources on the implementation of environment and forest development programs of the organization are crucial to providing a concrete presentation. Results. Empirical pieces of evidence show that the organization plans, projects, and performance reports were found inconsistent with the frameworks of international agreements and national policy. The empirical study also shows that environmental education is not well considered and institutionalized in the organization's project planning. Environmental education strategies are not explicitly visible while planning the projects. Moreover, in some implementation strategies of the organization, there was inconsistency in using environmental education as a strategic instrument to improve environmental security and quality. Conclusion. The organization's environmental performance was deep-rooted to improve the status quo in the living community. However, the utilization of environmental education was discovered to be minimal. Thus, stakeholders and the organization take the advice to integrate into the entire cycle of the project.
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Boissière, M., S. Atmadja, S. Benmakhlouf, M. Beyessa, H. Kassa, T. Hunde, and F. Assefa. "Developing small-scale bamboo enterprises for livelihoods and environmental restoration in Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State, Ethiopia." International Forestry Review 22, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 306–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554820830405618.
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We document the perceptions, practices and policy options in managing lowland bamboo [Oxytenanthera abyssinica] in Benishangul Gumuz Regional State (BGRS) in Ethiopia, particularly to enable small-scale enterprises (SSE) to become more active in this field. This region hosts the largest extent of natural bamboo forests in Ethiopia. There is a recent push to realize bamboo's economic and environmental potential in Ethiopia, which puts SSEs as crucial actors. There is little or scattered published information on local perceptions and practices surrounding natural bamboo forest management and options for realizing bamboo's potential from a subnational/local perspective in Africa, including in Ethiopia. In 2018, we conducted a literature review, spatial analysis, participatory mapping, and interviewed experts working in governmental and non-governmental organizations and local stakeholders in BGRS. We find some consensus of the environmental importance of bamboo. In contrast, there is some debate at the subnational level about the economic importance of bamboo, leading to decisions favouring other land uses. Bamboo forests in this region suffer neglect, as they are perceived to be 'owned by no one and used by everyone' and will continue to be there without management. Lack of market-driven opportunities, bamboo-specific training among foresters, data on economic contributions of bamboo, and regulations or guidelines to support existing laws have prevented effective management of the bamboo resource. There are multiple bamboo management approaches that open economic opportunities for SSEs in the region. There needs to be more clarity on how to secure land use rights over bamboo forests, accessible financing, market linkages, business training, and low-tech/low-cost technologies to encourage the development of bamboo SSEs.
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Woldegiyorgis, Ayenachew Aseffa. "Transnational Diaspora Engagements in HIgher Education:." International Journal of African Higher Education 8, no. 2 (May 23, 2021): 43–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ijahe.v8i2.13475.
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The literature on diaspora engagement in higher education focuses on broadenvironmental, policy, and institutional issues as critical determinants ofthe scope and efficiency of engagement. Using data from interviews with 16Ethiopian diaspora academics in the United States, this article undertakesa micro-examination of factors in their personal spaces and immediateenvironment that influence such engagement. Using a phenomenologicalapproach, it examines how professional, personal, familial and otherindividual attributes shape the trajectories of diaspora engagement. Itdemonstrates how nuances in personal and micro-environmental factorsshape motivation for, and sustenance of, engagement, while they maintaina complex and interdependent relationship. The article concludes byhighlighting the importance of a holistic approach to the study of diasporaengagement in higher education that pays attention to personal and microenvironmentalfactors as well as institutional, legal, and political issues.
Key words: Ethiopia, Ethiopian diaspora, diaspora engagement, highereducation, transnational engagement
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Rust, Jack D., Michael J. Christian, Ciara J. Vance, Muhammed B. Bolajoko, Johanna Wong, Jeimmy Suarez-Martinez, Fiona K. Allan, and Andrew R. Peters. "A study of the effectiveness of a detergent-based California mastitis test (CMT), using Ethiopian and Nigerian domestic detergents, for the detection of high somatic cell counts in milk and their reliability compared to the commercial UK CMT." Gates Open Research 5 (September 20, 2021): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.13369.1.
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Background: The California mastitis test (CMT) is a simple cow-side indicator of the somatic cell count (SCC) in milk, providing a useful tool in identifying cases of subclinical mastitis in cattle. Mastitis, and in particular subclinical mastitis, is a major concern in Ethiopia and Nigeria, yet detection is challenging due to cost and access to commercial CMT reagents. Methods: Commercially available domestic detergents from Ethiopia and Nigeria were compared (n = 3 for each country) with the UK commercial CMT reagent in their ability to detect high SCC (>400,000 cells/ml milk). Sensitivity and specificity of the CMT test were calculated for the different detergents and positive and negative predictive values were established. Results: The average sensitivities of the tests ranged from 28-75% for the Ethiopian detergents and 68-80% for the Nigerian detergents, compared to 76% for the UK domestic detergent. Test specificities were 84-98%, 93-97% and 96%, respectively. Conclusions: Overall, the detergents demonstrated higher specificity than sensitivity. Nigerian detergents performed better than the Ethiopian products, however, the study identified suitable domestic detergents from both Ethiopia and Nigeria, comparable to the UK commercial CMT reagent, and we recommend their use as alternative CMT reagents for livestock-keepers to aid in cost-effective diagnosis of mastitis.
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El Kenawy, A. M., M. F. McCabe, S. M. Vicente-Serrano, J. I. López-Moreno, and S. M. Robaa. "Changes in the frequency and severity of hydrological droughts over Ethiopia from 1960 to 2013." Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica 42, no. 1 (June 27, 2016): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/cig.2931.
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Here we present an analysis of drought occurrence and variability in Ethiopia, based on the monthly precipitation data from the Climate Research Unit (CRU-v3.22) over the period from 1960 to 2013. The drought events were characterized by means of the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) applied to precipitation data at a temporal scale of 12 months. At the national scale, the results reveal a statistically significant decrease in the severity of droughts over the 54-year period, a pattern that is mostly attributed to a statistically significant decrease in the frequency of high intensity drought episodes (i.e., extreme and very extreme droughts), compared to moderate droughts. To assess the general patterns of drought evolution, a principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to the SPI series. PCA results indicate a high spatial heterogeneity in the SPI variations over the investigated period, with ten different spatially well-defined regions identified. These PCA components accounted for 72.9% of the total variance of drought in the region. These regions also showed considerable differences in the temporal variability of drought, as most of the regions exhibited an increase in wetness conditions in recent decades. In contrast, the regions that receive less than 400 mm of annual precipitation showed a declining trend, with the largest changes occurring over Afar region. Generally, the highly elevated regions over the central Ethiopian Highlands showed the weakest changes, compared to the lowlands. This study confirms the local character of drought evolution over Ethiopia, providing evidence for policy makers to adopt appropriate local policies to cope with the risks of drought. Over Ethiopia, the detailed spatial assessment of drought evolution is required for a better understanding of the possible impacts of recurrent drought on agriculture, food production, soil degradation, human settlements and migrations, as well as energy production and water resources management across Ethiopia.
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Nyasha, Sheilla, Yvonne Gwenhure, and Nicholas M. Odhiambo. "Energy consumption and economic growth in Ethiopia: A dynamic causal linkage." Energy & Environment 29, no. 8 (June 11, 2018): 1393–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x18779574.
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In this study, we have explored the causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in Ethiopia, during the period from 1971 to 2013. We have employed a multivariate Granger-causality framework that incorporates financial development, investment and trade openness as intermittent variables – in an effort to address the omission-of-variable bias. Based on the newly developed ARDL bounds testing approach to co-integration and the error-correction model-based causality model, our results show that in Ethiopia, there is a distinct unidirectional Granger-causality from economic growth to energy consumption. These results apply, irrespective of whether the estimation is done in the short run or in the long run. We recommend that policy makers in Ethiopia should consider expanding their energy-mix options, in order to cope with the future demand arising from the real sector growth.
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Bambrick, Hilary, and Stefano Moncada. "Collecting water: Shashemene, Ethiopia, November 2015." Global Health Action 9, no. 1 (May 4, 2016): 31958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/gha.v9.31958.
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Tiruye, Girum Ayalneh, Abreham Tesfaye Besha, Yedilfana Setarge Mekonnen, Natei Ermias Benti, Gebrehiwet Abrham Gebreslase, and Ramato Ashu Tufa. "Opportunities and Challenges of Renewable Energy Production in Ethiopia." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 17, 2021): 10381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810381.
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Ethiopia is one of the fastest-growing economies in the world despite immense challenges towards access to sustainable energy supplies and modern energy technologies. The country is undertaking great effort towards the development of renewable energy technologies and green legacy. However, the largest share of energy consumption (≈87%) in Ethiopia is dominated by traditional fuels (charcoal, fuel wood, dung cakes, and agricultural residues) which pose various health and environmental risks. The country has an enormous amount of renewable energy potentials (e.g., solar, hydro, wind and geothermal), but only 5% of its full hydropower potential is exploited and others are not fully harvested or not well developed to date. This review paper provides a comprehensive assessment on renewable energy availability, potential, opportunity, and challenges in Ethiopia. We believe the information provided in this review will enlighten the current and future prospects of renewable energy deployment in Ethiopia.
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Sterner, Thomas, Yonas Alem, Francisco Alpízar, Cyndi Spindell Berck, Carlos Alberto Chavez Rebolledo, Johane Dikgang, Stephen Kirama, et al. "The Environment for Development Initiative: lessons learned in research, academic capacity building and policy intervention to manage resources for sustainable growth." Environment and Development Economics 19, no. 3 (June 2014): 367–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x1400014x.
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AbstractThis article reviews the history of the Environment for Development (EfD) initiative, its activities in capacity building and policy-oriented research, and case studies at its centres in Chile, China, Costa Rica, Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa and Tanzania. EfD promotes research-based policies to manage natural resources as engines of development. Since 1991, the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) has provided funding for students from developing countries to earn a PhD at the Environmental Economics Unit (EEU) of the University of Gothenburg. Returning home, these economists face institutional and academic gaps that limit the adoption of research-based policies. In response, the first EfD centre was founded in 2004, and six more followed. Research focuses on agriculture, climate, fisheries, parks, wildlife, forestry, energy and policy design. This has yielded 200 peer-reviewed articles. Successful policy outcomes depend on relationships with policy makers, community involvement in livelihood strategies, strengthened institutional support, interdisciplinary approaches, and dissemination of research results.
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Sekasi, Jackson, and Mauro Luiz Martens. "Assessing the Contributions of Urban Light Rail Transit to the Sustainable Development of Addis Ababa." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 18, 2021): 5667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105667.
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Many of the existing urban transport infrastructures in developing African cities are challenged by the mobility demands of their ever-increasing population and increased vehicle capacity. To address these transportation challenges, the Federal government of Ethiopia through the Ethiopian Railway Corporation (ERC) constructed and operates the Addis Ababa light rail transit (AA-LRT). Currently, many other African cities are following in action. This study aims to assess the contributions to sustainable development derived from the services of urban light rail in Addis Ababa. Cross-sectional quantitative research by means of a structured questionnaire survey considering key variables of social, economic, and environmental transport sustainability dimensions was conducted in Addis Ababa. Dimension-wise, the collected data was then analysed in order to measure the contributions made by AA-LRT and to identify the relations amongst each considered variable and each sustainability dimension. The findings of the study indicate a high level of perceived contributions of the economic sustainability dimension as compared to social and environmental sustainability. The study suggests an improved consideration of the environmental and social dimension for a holistic approach to transport sustainability of the city.
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Deribew, Amare, Tariku Dejene, Atkure Defar, Della Berhanu, Sibhatu Biadgilign, Ephrem Tekle, Kassahun Asheber, and Kebede Deribe. "Health system capacity for tuberculosis care in Ethiopia: evidence from national representative survey." International Journal for Quality in Health Care 32, no. 5 (March 31, 2020): 306–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzaa024.
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Abstract Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the tuberculosis (TB) health system capacity and its variations by location and types of health facilities in Ethiopia. Design We used the Service Provision Assessment plus (SPA+) survey data that were collected in 2014 in all hospitals and randomly selected health centers and private facilities in all regions of Ethiopia. We assessed structural, process and overall health system capacity based on the Donabedian quality of care model. Multiple linear regression and spatial analysis were done to assess TB capacity score variation across regions. Setting The study included 873 public and private health facilities all over Ethiopia. Participants None. Intervention(s) None. Main outcome measure(s) None. Results A total of 873 health facilities were included in the analysis. The overall TB care capacity score was 76.7%, 55.9% and 37.8% in public hospitals, health centers and private facilities, respectively. The health system capacity score for TB was higher in the urban (60.4%) facilities compared to that of the rural (50.0%) facilities (β = 8.0, 95% CI: 4.4, 11.6). Health centers (β = −16.2, 95% CI: −20.0, −12.3) and private health facilities (β = −38.3, 95% CI: −42.4, −35.1) had lower TB care capacity score than hospitals. Overall TB care capacity score were lower in Western and Southwestern Ethiopia and in Benishangul-Gumuz and Gambella regions. Conclusions The health system capacity score for TB care in Ethiopia varied across regions. Health system capacity improvement interventions should focus on the private sectors and health facilities in the rural and remote areas to ensure equity and improve quality of care.
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Dalelo, Aklilu. "Efforts to empower teachers in Ethiopia to address local environmental problems: achievements and limitations." International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education 18, no. 3 (July 31, 2009): 211–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10382040903054065.
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Worku, Mekuannet, Tefera Berihun Taw, and Malaku Tarekegn. "Economic Valuation of Local Environmental Amenities: A Case Study of Bahir Dar City, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia." April 2021, Volume 10(2) (April 30, 2021): 698–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720-127.
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This study estimates the economic value of local environmental amenities in Bahir Dar city which is one of the tourist attraction sites in Ethiopia. The study employed choice experiment valuation method by identifying four environmental amenities attributes (Lake Tana, urban park, palm tree and street cleanliness). The study used probability multi-stage random sampling technique. The analysis was based on primary data surveyed from households in Bahir Dar city. The study presented nine choices set for each respondent; each choice set has three alternatives including the status quo option. The study employed a mixed logit model. The result showed that all improved attribute levels have positive signs and statistically significant. As expected and consistent with economic theory the monetary cost has negative signs and significant. The mixed logit model showed that there is preference heterogeneity in some attribute levels. Based on the finding, the study recommends that the city administration and the concerned body expected to implement the hypothetical policy scenario so as to improve environmental amenity.
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Alemu, Yenew. "Predictors Associated with COVID-19 Deaths in Ethiopia." Risk Management and Healthcare Policy Volume 13 (November 2020): 2769–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/rmhp.s279695.
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Deribe, Kebede, Nebiyu Negussu, Melanie J. Newport, Gail Davey, and Hugo C. Turner. "The health and economic burden of podoconiosis in Ethiopia." Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 114, no. 4 (February 14, 2020): 284–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/traa003.
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Abstract Background Podoconiosis is one of the leading causes of lymphoedema-related morbidity in low-income settings, but little is known about the scale of its health and economic impact. This information is required to inform control programme planning and policy. In this study, we estimated the health and economic burden of podoconiosis in Ethiopia. Methods We developed a model to estimate the health burden attributed to podoconiosis in terms of the number of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and the economic burden. We estimated the economic burden by quantifying the treatment and morbidity-management costs incurred by the healthcare system in managing clinical cases, patients' out-of-pocket costs and their productivity costs. Results In 2017, there were 1.5 million cases of podoconiosis in Ethiopia, which corresponds to 172 073 DALYs or 182 per 100 000 people. The total economic burden of podoconiosis in Ethiopia is estimated to be US$213.2 million annually and 91.1% of this resulted from productivity costs. The average economic burden per podoconiosis case was US$136.9. Conclusions The national cost of podoconiosis is formidable. If control measures are scaled up and the morbidity burden reduced, this will lead to Ethiopia saving millions of dollars. Our estimates provide important benchmark economic costs to programme planners, policymakers and donors for resource allocation and priority setting.
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Ayana, Alemayehu N., Bas Arts, and K. Freerk Wiersum. "How environmental NGOs have influenced decision making in a ‘semi-authoritarian’ state: The case of forest policy in Ethiopia." World Development 109 (September 2018): 313–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.05.010.
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Yesuf, Elias Ali, Mirkuzie Woldie, Damen Haile-Mariam, Daniela Koller, Gönter Früschl, and Eva Grill. "Identification of relevant performance indicators for district healthcare systems in Ethiopia: a systematic review and expert opinion." International Journal for Quality in Health Care 32, no. 3 (March 31, 2020): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzaa012.
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Abstract Purpose To identify potential performance indicators relevant for district healthcare systems of Ethiopia. Data sources Public Library of Medicine and Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality of the United States of America, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Library and Google Scholar were searched. Study selection Expert opinions, policy documents, literature reviews, process evaluations and observational studies published between 1990 and 2015 were considered for inclusion. Participants were national- and local-healthcare systems. The phenomenon of interest was the performance of healthcare systems. The Joanna Briggs Institute tools were adapted and used for critical appraisal of records. Data extraction Indicators of performance were extracted from included records and summarized in a narrative form. Then, experts rated the relevance of the indicators. Relevance of an indicator is its agreement with priority health objectives at the national and district level in Ethiopia. Results of data synthesis A total of 11 206 titles were identified. Finally, 22 full text records were qualitatively synthesized. Experts rated 39 out of 152 (25.7%) performance indicators identified from the literature to be relevant for district healthcare systems in Ethiopia. For example, access to primary healthcare, tuberculosis (TB) treatment rate and infant mortality rate were found to be relevant. Conclusion Decision-makers in Ethiopia and potentially in other low-income countries can use multiple relevant indicators to measure the performance of district healthcare systems. Further research is needed to test the validity of the indicators.
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Neglo, Komikouma Apelike Wobuibe, Tnsue Gebrekidan, and Kaiyu Lyu. "The Role of Agriculture and Non-Farm Economy in Addressing Food Insecurity in Ethiopia: A Review." Sustainability 13, no. 7 (April 1, 2021): 3874. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13073874.
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In Ethiopia, famine and extreme poverty are a result of insufficient food relief, poor macroeconomic factors, climate shocks, undiversified livelihoods based on low productivity in rain-fed agriculture, coupled with institutional incapacity. To serve as a context, this paper provides a comprehensive review of the conceptual framework of human development and capability paradigm to food security. In addition, it highlights evidence and a comparative analysis of the Asian green revolution experience, and places emphasis on sustainable and intersectoral growth through agricultural transformation and promotion of rural non-farm economy agenda to reverse the trends of protracted food crises in Ethiopia. Rapid, science-led, and employment-intensive agricultural growth, accompanied by the promotion of the rural non-farm sector, is of great importance to the rural economy. These will bring about farm sector competitiveness and enhanced productivity, environmental outcomes, acceleration of human development, new opportunities provided to the small-scale food producers, and desirable changes to the rural landscape. The study further introduces a brief analysis of the prominent role of social protection instruments in strengthening food entitlements and basic capabilities, including individual agencies. It suggests that actualizing sustainable food security and hastening human development under Ethiopia’s exclusive settings require the recognition of the rural economic heterogeneity as well as holistic and pragmatic policies, which promote sustainable and inclusive growth.
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Lanyero, Betty, Zewdu Assefa Edea, Emmanuel Onuche Musa, Shambel Habebe Watare, Mayur Lalji Mandalia, Martin Chibueze Livinus, Faiqa Kassim Ebrahim, et al. "Readiness and early response to COVID-19: achievements, challenges and lessons learnt in Ethiopia." BMJ Global Health 6, no. 6 (June 2021): e005581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005581.
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Declaration of the novel coronavirus disease as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern necessitated countries to get ready to respond. Here, we describe key achievements, challenges and lessons learnt during the readiness and early response to COVID-19 in Ethiopia. Readiness activities commenced as early as January 2020 with the activation of a national Public Health Emergency Operations Centre and COVID-19 Incident Management System (IMS) by the Ethiopian Public Health Institute. The COVID-19 IMS conducted rapid risk assessments, developed scenario-based contingency plans, national COVID-19 guidelines and facilitated the enhancement of early warning and monitoring mechanisms. Early activation of a coordination mechanism and strengthening of detection and response capacities contributed to getting the country ready on time and mounting an effective early response. High-level political leadership and commitment led to focused efforts in coordination of response interventions. Health screening, mandatory 14-day quarantine and testing established for all international travellers arriving into the country slowed down the influx of travellers. The International Health Regulations (IHR) capacities in the country served as a good foundation for timely readiness and response. Leveraging on existing IHR capacities in the country built prior to COVID-19 helped slow down the importation and mitigated uncontrolled spread of the disease in the country. Challenges experienced included late operationalisation of a multisectoral coordination platform, shortage of personal protective equipment resulting from global disruption of importation and the huge influx of over 10 000 returnees from different COVID-19-affected countries over a short period of time with resultant constrain on response resources.
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Magge, Hema, Abiyou Kiflie, Kojo Nimako, Kathryn Brooks, Sodzi Sodzi-Tettey, Nneka Mobisson-Etuk, Zewdie Mulissa, et al. "The Ethiopia healthcare quality initiative: design and initial lessons learned." International Journal for Quality in Health Care 31, no. 10 (December 2019): G180—G186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzz127.
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Abstract Objective To describe the development, implementation and initial outcomes of a national quality improvement (QI) intervention in Ethiopia. Design Retrospective descriptive study of initial prototype phase implementation outcomes. Setting All public facilities in one selected prototype district in each of four agrarian regions. Participants Facility QI teams composed of managers, healthcare workers and health extension workers. Interventions The Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health (FMoH) and the Institute for Healthcare Improvement co-designed a three-pronged approach to accelerate health system improvement nationally, which included developing a national healthcare quality strategy (NHQS); building QI capability at all health system levels and introducing scalable district MNH QI collaboratives across four regions, involving healthcare providers and managers. Outcome measures Implementation outcomes including fidelity, acceptability, adoption and program effectiveness. Results The NHQS was launched in 2016 and governance structures were established at the federal, regional and sub-regional levels to oversee implementation. A total of 212 federal, regional and woreda managers have been trained in context-specific QI methods, and a national FMoH-owned in-service curriculum has been developed. Four prototype improvement collaboratives have been completed with high fidelity and acceptability. About 102 MNH change ideas were tested and a change package was developed with 83 successfully tested ideas. Conclusion The initial successes observed are attributable to the FMoH’s commitment in implementing the initiative, the active engagement of all stakeholders and the district-wide approach utilized. Challenges included weak data systems and security concerns. The second phase—in 26 district-level collaboratives—is now underway.
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Geda, Shimelis Araya, and Rainer Kühl. "Exploring Smallholder Farmers’ Preferences for Climate-Smart Seed Innovations: Empirical Evidence from Southern Ethiopia." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 4, 2021): 2786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052786.
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Rapid plant breeding is essential to overcome low productivity problems in the face of climatic challenges. Despite considerable efforts to improve breeding practices in Ethiopia, increasing varietal release does not necessarily imply that farmers have access to innovative varietal choices. Prior research did not adequately address whether varietal attributes are compatible with farmers’ preferences in harsh environmental conditions. With an agricultural policy mainly aiming to achieve productivity maximization, existing breeding programs prioritize varietal development based on yield superiority. Against this background, we estimated a multinomial logit (MNL) model based on choice-experiment data from 167 bean growers in southern Ethiopia to explore whether farmers’ attribute preferences significantly diverge from those of breeders’ priorities. Four important bean attributes identified through participatory research methods were used. The results demonstrate that farmers have a higher propensity toward drought-tolerant capability than any of the attributes considered. The model estimates further show the existence of significant preference heterogeneity across farmers. These findings provide important insight to design breeding profiles compatible with specific producer segments. We suggest demand-driven breeding innovations and dissemination strategies in order to accelerate the adoption of climate-smart and higher-yielding bean innovations that contribute to achieve the national and global sustainability goals in Ethiopia.
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Tesema, E., F. Wares, A. Bedru, C. Negeri, Y. Molla, D. Gemechu, A. Kassa, F. Tsegaye, and L. Taye. "Experiences of introducing new drugs for drug-resistant TB at the ALERT Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2017–2019." Public Health Action 11, no. 2 (June 21, 2021): 50–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/pha.20.0065.
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BACKGROUND: Drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) remains a major public health concern. DR-TB patient data from ALERT (All Africa Leprosy, Tuberculosis and Rehabilitation Training Centre) Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, who received bedaquiline (BDQ) and/or delamanid (DLM) containing regimens were analysed.RESULTS: From 2017 to 2019, 51 DR-TB patients were enrolled. Of 33 patients, 31 (93.9%) had culture converted at 6 months. Of those with final outcomes, 77% (n = 10) were cured. Thirty (58.8%) developed adverse events, the most frequent of which were gastrointestinal disorders (70%), haematological disorders (16.7%) and QTc prolongation (16.7%). Twenty patients discontinued the offending drug permanently.CONCLUSION: With close monitoring, introduction of new DR-TB regimens brought good early results, which encouraged wider programmatic implementation in Ethiopia.
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Anderson, Laura C., Ayalew Tegegn, Fasil Tessema, Sandro Galea, and Craig Hadley. "Food insecurity, childhood illness and maternal emotional distress in Ethiopia." Public Health Nutrition 15, no. 4 (August 2, 2011): 648–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980011001340.
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AbstractObjectiveThe relationship between food insecurity, maternal emotional distress and childhood morbidity in resource-poor settings is not well clarified. The present study aimed to assess independent associations between household food insecurity and childhood morbidity and potential modifications by maternal emotional distress.DesignA cross-sectional survey. A food security scale was used to assess household food insecurity; maternal reports were used to assess recent childhood illness; and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist was used to assess symptoms of emotional distress among mothers.SettingThe Oromia Region, Ethiopia (rural area).SubjectsA total of 936 mother–child pairs.ResultsOf 936 children assessed, 22·4 % had experienced diarrhoea, 20·7 % had cough and 21·5 % had fever in the 2 weeks preceding the interview. Household food insecurity was reported by 39 % of mothers. Greater food insecurity and greater maternal emotional distress were each independently associated with higher prevalence of cough and fever. Among mothers with low emotional distress, food insecurity was associated with a 2·3 times greater odds of diarrhoea in their children.ConclusionsHousehold food insecurity may increase the risk of childhood illness in rural Ethiopia, and children having mothers with greater emotional distress may be at highest risk. These findings highlight the importance of strengthening policy initiatives aimed at reducing the high prevalence of food insecurity and emotional distress in Ethiopia.
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Zeweld, Woldegebrial, Guido Van Huylenbroeck, Girmay Tesfay, Hossein Azadi, and Stijn Speelman. "Sustainable agricultural practices, environmental risk mitigation and livelihood improvements: Empirical evidence from Northern Ethiopia." Land Use Policy 95 (June 2020): 103799. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.01.002.
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Mony, Prem K., Henok Tadele, Abebe Gebremariam Gobezayehu, Grace J. Chan, Aarti Kumar, Sarmila Mazumder, Selemawit Asfaw Beyene, et al. "Scaling up Kangaroo Mother Care in Ethiopia and India: a multi-site implementation research study." BMJ Global Health 6, no. 9 (September 2021): e005905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005905.
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ObjectivesKangaroo Mother Care (KMC), prolonged skin-to-skin care of the low birth weight baby with the mother plus exclusive breastfeeding reduces neonatal mortality. Global KMC coverage is low. This study was conducted to develop and evaluate context-adapted implementation models to achieve improved coverage.DesignThis study used mixed-methods applying implementation science to develop an adaptable strategy to improve implementation. Formative research informed the initial model which was refined in three iterative cycles. The models included three components: (1) maximising access to KMC-implementing facilities, (2) ensuring KMC initiation and maintenance in facilities and (3) supporting continuation at home postdischarge.Participants3804 infants of birth weight under 2000 g who survived the first 3 days, were available in the study area and whose mother resided in the study area.Main outcome measuresThe primary outcomes were coverage of KMC during the 24 hours prior to discharge and at 7 days postdischarge.ResultsKey barriers and solutions were identified for scaling up KMC. The resulting implementation model achieved high population-based coverage. KMC initiation reached 68%–86% of infants in Ethiopian sites and 87% in Indian sites. At discharge, KMC was provided to 68% of infants in Ethiopia and 55% in India. At 7 days postdischarge, KMC was provided to 53%–65% of infants in all sites, except Oromia (38%) and Karnataka (36%).ConclusionsThis study shows how high coverage of KMC can be achieved using context-adapted models based on implementation science. They were supported by government leadership, health workers’ conviction that KMC is the standard of care, women’s and families’ acceptance of KMC, and changes in infrastructure, policy, skills and practice.Trial registration numbersISRCTN12286667; CTRI/2017/07/008988; NCT03098069; NCT03419416; NCT03506698.
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Eridadi, Hosea Mutanda, Inagaki Yoshihiko, Esayas Alemayehu, and Moses Kiwanuka. "Evaluation of willingness to pay toward improving water supply services in Sebeta town, Ethiopia." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 11, no. 2 (February 9, 2021): 282–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2021.204.
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Abstract Sebeta town is one of the rapidly growing towns in Ethiopia. Its closeness to Addis Ababa city has attracted industrial, urban development, and population growth. This development has created problems with drinking water shortages in the community. This study aimed at determining the household's willingness to pay (WTP) amount toward improving water supply services and analyzing the influencing factors of WTP. A contingent valuation (CV) technique was applied in quantifying the households' WTP and the influencing factors toward the program. The field observations, key informant interviews, and household questionnaire interviews from 250 respondents out of the targeted 280 were employed in collecting field data. Results from CV revealed that 66% of the households were WTP toward improving the water supply services beyond their current monthly water bills. Households were WTP about 20 Ethiopian Birr (ETB) above the average current water bill of 161 ETB. The binary logistic model results statistically demonstrated that independent variables of gender, age, marital status, education level, years in Sebeta, and average monthly income were significantly influencing the household's WTP at p = 0.01 and 0.05. This study provides vital hints for further research and baseline information for local administration and communities about the water supply in the area and holistic appropriation of water tariffs in line with government policy.
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Zikargae, Mekonnen Hailemariam. "COVID-19 in Ethiopia: Assessment of How the Ethiopian Government has Executed Administrative Actions and Managed Risk Communications and Community Engagement." Risk Management and Healthcare Policy Volume 13 (December 2020): 2803–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/rmhp.s278234.
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Ahmed, Mohamed M., Berhanu Gebremedhin, Samuel Benin, and Simeon Ehui. "Measurement and sources of technical efficiency of land tenure contracts in Ethiopia." Environment and Development Economics 7, no. 3 (July 2002): 507–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x0200030x.
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The degree to which prevailing land tenure arrangements constrain agricultural productivity, and the sources of inefficiency associated with land tenure systems in sub-Saharan Africa are unresolved. Using a stochastic frontier production function, this paper examines the economic efficiency and the determinants of inefficiency of alternative land tenure arrangements in Ethiopia. The results show that sharecropping and borrowing are less technically efficient than owner-cultivation or fixed rentals due to restrictions imposed on them by landowners and the interactions of the land market with other imperfect and absent input markets. Thus, a policy to facilitate more efficient transactions of land between farmers and functioning of input markets are expected to reduce inefficiencies associated with these tenure systems.