Journal articles: 'Environmental policy – Philippines'

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Marquardt, Jens. "How Power Affects Policy Implementation: Lessons from the Philippines." Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 36, no. 1 (April 2017): 3–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810341703600101.

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This article unveils how the complex multilevel governance system of a developing country affects environmental policy implementation. The Philippine Renewable Energy Act is discussed as an in-depth case study. The law was passed in 2008 to increase the share of renewables in the electricity mix, but its implementation remains a challenge. Analysing the complex multilevel governance system of the Philippines, this article shows how interjurisdictional coordination and the distribution of power resources and capacities affect the implementation process. This qualitative research is based on key documents and insights from 48 expert interviews. From a theoretical perspective, research about power in central–local relations can make a useful contribution to current multilevel governance concepts.

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Roldan, Ma Divina Gracia Z. "Addressing Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction through ICT and EU Assistance: The Case of Philippine Local Governance." European Journal of Sustainable Development 11, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2022.v11n2p32.

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Developing countries are gravely challenged by the adverse effects of climate change and natural disasters. The Philippines is considered as one of the most vulnerable and disaster-prone countries in the world. The European Union (EU) as a development partner extends support to the Philippines on climate change. While there are global and national initiatives to take action on these issues, the challenge is how local governments can engage communities to address these environmental threats. The paper poses the following questions: (1) What initiatives did the Philippine national government undertake to address climate change and disaster risk reduction and management (DRRM) in the Philippines? (2) What assistance does the EU provide to the Philippines in tackling climate change? (3) In what ways is information and communications (ICT) used by local governments as a mechanism to engage their constituents in dealing with climate change and natural disasters? Documentary analysis of Philippine laws on ICT, climate change, and disaster risk reduction and management are employed to determine the policy framework of the Philippines as a case. Desktop research is undertaken to evaluate the content of selected local government websites on disaster management and to identify the forms of EU technical assistance to the Philippines on climate change. While national policies exist to deal with climate change and disaster management, initiatives may take a backseat given the current pandemic. Keywords: climate change, disaster risk reduction and management, Philippines, information & communications technology, local governance, EU assistance

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Alampay, Jose Gerardo A. "Revisiting Environmental Security in the Philippines." Journal of Environment & Development 5, no. 3 (September 1996): 329–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107049659600500305.

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Manez, Johann Kim T. "Lifestyle Medicine Philippines: A Journey of Hope." American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 14, no. 6 (September 4, 2020): 615–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1559827620951752.

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From rock bottom beginnings, lifestyle medicine became a symbol of hope for people with chronic diseases in the Philippines. Noncommunicable diseases remain the burden of disease in the country and with the acceptance of lifestyle medicine by the Philippine Medical Association, the future of lifestyle medicine looks bright in this part of the world.

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Malayang, Ben, Enrique Oracion, Mylah Bomediano, Hilconida Calumpang, Rene Abesamis, and Roberto Montebon. "Opportunities and Challenges to Fisheries Policy in the Philippines Today." Journal of Environmental Science and Management 23, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.47125/jesam/2020_1/11.

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A framework on the structure and dynamics of fisheries management is described. It is used to identify four opportunities and two challenges for fisheries policy in the Philippines if it were to rationally harness fisheries as fulcrum for sustainable food and protein security in the country in the next 10-30 years. This is, when climate conditions in the country (and in the world) may reach ireversible changes per some reports. Four specific recommendations on the focusing policies are presented if the Philippines were to achieve a more environmentally-anchored (“greener”) management of fisheries: reconciling and balancing public and private sector interests over fisheries; providing incentives for “green investments” on fisheries; ensuring the economic and ecological sustainability of culture fisheries as a pressure-easing complement to capture fisheries, and rationalizing land use to improve the viability of culture fisheries.

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Abracosa, Ramon, and Leonard Ortolano. "Environmental impact assessment in the Philippines: 1977–1985." Environmental Impact Assessment Review 7, no. 4 (December 1987): 293–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0195-9255(87)90003-5.

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Velasco, Jacqueline Veronica, Joseph Christian Obnial, Adriel Pastrana, Hillary Kay Ang, Paulene Miriel Viacrusis, and Don Eliseo Lucero-Prisno III. "COVID-19 and persons with disabilities in the Philippines: A policy analysis." Health Promotion Perspectives 11, no. 3 (August 18, 2021): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/hpp.2021.38.

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Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic warrants an immediate response. Persons with disabilities (PWDs) are one of the most vulnerable populations susceptible to marginalization. While there are existing guidelines in the Philippines that aim to assist their basic needs, a call for inclusivity in policymaking for the COVID-19 response is highly advocated. This paper aims to analyze existing policy guidelines concerning the welfare of PWDs in the country based on several policy domains. Methods: Relevant documents were acquired through extensive search of government and nongovernment websites and news agencies. Literature included memorandums, circulars, and news bulletins in the period between January 2020 to May 2021. This study conducted a framework analysis on policies enacted by the Philippine government during the COVID-19 pandemic concerning PWDs. The framework was divided into eight areas: access to (1) information, (2)healthcare, (3) education, and (4) financial support, (5) protection from infection in residential settings, (6) reasonable accommodation, (7) consideration for disabled people facing multiple exclusions, and (8) inclusion to decision-making process. Results: Fifteen PWD related COVID-19 response documents from the Philippines were reviewed and analyzed. Most policies corresponded to themes related to financial support and reasonable accommodations. Most documents were limited to proposals and suggestions with only a few documents including specific details on how the program will be implemented and monitored. Conclusion: The state has proven its cognizance for PWDs; however, implementation and its impact remain to be seen. The government needs to evaluate these efforts to identify gaps and barriers. A comprehensive national database should be implemented to centralize registration of PWDs, and efforts should be made to inform and educate PWDs of their rights and of existing programs. Most importantly, PWDs should be included in the discourse and decision-making process to ensure programs are acceptable and accessible.

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Ricardo, Melanie Ecalnea. "Drivers, Roadblocks and Status Quo of Renewable Energy Transition in The Philippines: A Literature Review." Journal of Alternative and Renewable Energy Sources 8, no. 3 (October 19, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.46610/joares.2022.v08i03.001.

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One of the dire consequences of Philippine economic advancement is environmental deterioration due to unfavorable upshots brought by fossil fuels as the main drivers of its electricity generation. To thwart this impeding dilemma, the Philippines is currently decarbonizing its system and transitioning into a more sustainable renewable energy (RE) game plan conforming to United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals. This review article discusses the Philippine government's enablers, challenges, and initiatives toward its goal of a 50% renewable energy power mix by 2040. It also delineated the impacts of significant government renewable energy laws and programs on the current setting. A semi-systematic review was conducted among the peer-reviewed research articles and substantial private and government assessment reports relative to renewable energy development in the Philippines, with the date of publishing from 2016 to the present. Results showed that significant roadblocks to renewable energy deployment are political impediments, government support for coal, policy implementation, permitting process, environmental setbacks, foreign ownership, grid connection challenges and misperceptions. On the contrary, major drivers are depreciating cost, intermittency and seasonality solutions, investment risks on fossil fuel technology, employment creation, streamlined regulatory processes, and absence of transportation cost, among others. Initiatives were taken to strengthen domestic and foreign partnerships to maximize subsidies, grants, donations and investments. Given the enabling factors and current government mechanisms, the country has great potential to attain its 35% renewable energy target by 2030 and 50% by 2040 through a coordinated national RE target.

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RACHINSKY-SPIVAKOV, Yulia O. "RESULTS OF THE PRESIDENTIAL TERM OF DUTERTE IN THE PHILIPPINES: DOMESTIC ADVANCES AND INTERACTION WITH CIVIL SOCIETY." Southeast Asia: Actual Problems of Development, no. 2(55) (2022): 171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2072-8271-2022-2-2-55-171-183.

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The presidential term of Duterte in the Philippines has been provoking different expert evaluations. Most of the critical analysis had focused on the violation of human rights as part of Duterte’s campaign against drugs or his appeasement policy towards China in the South-China Sea. However, his support rating has remained unprecedentedly high throughout the whole term. This article demonstrates the achievements of Duterte’s government in economic, social and environmental areas that were supported by the general public and the civil society in the Philippines. If Marcos-junior wins the upcoming elections, it is likely that the course of Duterte’s policy will continue, however some priorities might be modified.

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Mendoza, Lorelei C., Gladys A. Cruz, Alejandro N. Ciencia, and Maileenita A. Penalba. "Local Policy and Water Access in Baguio City, Philippines." International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development 11, no. 1 (January 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsesd.2020010101.

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This article focuses on how water users perceive the state of water security and their concerns about water resources in Baguio City using survey data from 300 poor households. The financial and social aspects of the poor household's access to potable water are described before features of the Baguio Water Code on drinking water quality, water permits and groundwater extraction, and rainwater harvesting are tackled. The high expectations that accompanied the approval of this breakthrough legislation to address the city's long-standing water problems which were only partially met as the key provision on water permits remains unimplemented. Drinking water quality and rainwater harvesting have had some success in implementation. Still more needs to be done through measures that rely on the partnership of the local water utility and the city government offices in order to respond to the need of poor households for clean water.

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Ramos, Dondy Pepito G. "The Challenges to Prohibition: Opium Law, Opium Smuggling, and Chinese in the Philippines, 1910–1935." China and Asia 4, no. 2 (January 5, 2023): 243–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2589465x-04020004.

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Abstract Opium was one of the issues that had to be resolved by the Americans upon their colonization of the Philippines. The debate on the potentialities of opium dates back to the Spanish colonial period, when the colonial government framed the opium issue as both economic and moral in nature. In the end, the economic potentialities of opium outweighed its moral repercussions because the Spanish colonial government allowed its regulated use among the Chinese. In contrast, the American officials in Manila crafted a progressive prohibitionist policy based on the recommendation of the investigative Opium Committee in 1905. In terms of opium in the Philippines, the majority of research has focused on the American policies on opium and their international consequences. This study focuses on the aftermath and challenges of the American prohibitionist policy from 1910 to 1935, particularly as they related to smuggling. Using archival documents such as annual reports from the governor-general of the Philippines and other government records, the paper aims to demonstrate how and in what ways opium was smuggled in the Philippines and to analyze the various motivations, reasons, and methods used by smugglers. Furthermore, the paper explores the involvement of the Chinese in various notable opium-related cases in the Philippines. I also argue that an increase in the smuggling of opium was an unwanted aftermath of the American prohibitionist policy. The present study hopes to contribute to the growing body of literature on narcotics, drug policies, and empire building.

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Abeysekera, Indra, Leah Manalang, Raul David, and Bethel Grace Guiao. "Accounting for Environmental Awareness on Green Purchase Intention and Behaviour: Evidence from the Philippines." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (October 2, 2022): 12565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912565.

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This study examines the green purchase awareness of Philippine youth consumers and its influence on green purchase intention and, ultimately, their green purchase behaviour. The study used the theory of planned behaviour as a conceptual framework. The research used an online five-point Likert scale questionnaire and gathered data from accounting and business students in the Philippines; data were collected from 923 usable respondents and then validated and analysed using structural equation modelling (SEM). The findings suggest that respondents’ awareness of environmental degradation’s consequences influences green purchase intention and positively mediates green purchase behaviour. The attitudes, norms, and respondents’ perceived behavioural control represent the environmental awareness beliefs; they positively and significantly contributed to green purchase intention, which contributed to green purchase behaviour. The study is original in that it examines the applicability of the theory of planned behaviour in the context of the Philippines, which has legislative backing for environmental awareness among the citizens. It also investigates the extent to which subjective norms can influence personal behavioural control and mediate towards green purchase intention. The findings contribute to the Philippine setting; however, it is extensible with further research on emerging nations that share societal cultures. The data obtained sufficiently explain the phenomenon using the theory of planned behaviour; combining it with Hofstede’s model of societal culture can increase explanatory power for societal-based studies on purchase intention and behaviour. In a high-power distance and collective societal-cultural setting, findings support the argument that environmental awareness contributes to green purchase intention and buyer behaviour. The proactive stance of making the population aware of the environmental effects is noticeable. However, they provide a low-level explanation of their intention to purchase green products and a medium-level explanation of translating purchase intention to purchase behaviour. Hence, we recommend the government review their approach to making people environmentally aware, which measurably translates into green purchasing intention and purchasing behaviour.

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Samaniego, Jyn Allec R., Cherry C. Maramag, Mary Christine Castro, Paul Zambrano, Tuan T. Nguyen, Janice Datu-Sanguyo, Jennifer Cashin, Roger Mathisen, and Amy Weissman. "Implementation and Effectiveness of Policies Adopted to Enable Breastfeeding in the Philippines Are Limited by Structural and Individual Barriers." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17 (September 1, 2022): 10938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710938.

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The Philippines has adopted policies to protect, promote, and support breastfeeding on par with global standards, yet the impact of these policies is not well understood. This study assesses the adequacy and potential impact of breastfeeding policies, as well as the perceptions of stakeholders of their effectiveness and how to address implementation barriers. This mixed methods study entailed a desk review of policies and documents and in-depth interviews with 100 caregivers, employees, employers, health workers, and policymakers in the Greater Manila Area. Although the Philippines has a comprehensive breastfeeding policy framework, its effectiveness was limited by structural and individual barriers. Structural barriers included inconsistent breastfeeding promotion, limited access of mothers to skilled counseling, limited workplace breastfeeding support, gaps in legal provisions, weak monitoring and enforcement of the Philippine Milk Code, and the short duration and limited coverage of maternity leave. Individual barriers included knowledge and skills gaps, misconceptions, and low self-confidence among mothers due to insufficient support to address breastfeeding problems, misconceptions in the community that undermine breastfeeding, limited knowledge and skills of health workers, and insufficient support extended to mothers by household members. Breastfeeding policies in the Philippines are consistent with global standards, but actions to address structural and individual barriers are needed to enhance their effectiveness for improving breastfeeding practices.

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Aming-Hayudini, Magna Anissa E., Mohammad Yusof T. Jaddani, and Salta I. Habibun. "Practices on Waste Disposal and Its Environmental Effects." International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research 3, no. 8 (August 13, 2022): 1569–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.03.08.19.

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The study aimed to determine the practices of waste disposal among residents of Barangay Upper Sanraymundo, Jolo, Sulu, Philippines. The researchers sought to answer to the following questions: What is the demographic profile of the resident in terms of educational attainment? What are the practices on waste disposal among the residents? What are the effects on environment of waste disposal practices among the residents? And; is there a significant effect of the waste disposal practices on environment? Quantitative type of research was utilized specifically the descriptive-predictive research method. The researchers made used of self-structured survey questionnaire based from related literature, related studies and validation of experts. Convenience sampling was used in determining the selected 99 respondents out of 8,308 populations of Upper Sanraymundo Jolo, Sulu, Philippines. Based on the findings of the gathered data, it was therefore concluded that majority of the respondents are high school graduates. It was also concluded that the majority of the residents always practice waste disposal. The study also found out that the majority of the respondents are aware about the effect of solid waste if not disposed properly. It also concluded that there is a significant effect of solid waste on environment. Among the findings and conclusions, the highest priority recommendation policies in this study are to strengthen the Republic Act 9003 also known as Ecological Solid Waste Management of 2000 to maintain the necessary policy framework and continue implementing the integrated waste management plan based on 3Rs (reduce, reuse, and recycle) of which the Local Government of Jolo, Sulu, Philippines is strictly complying on the said mandates.

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Malolos, Grace Zurielle, Joseph Christian Obnial, Rena Mallillin, Pamela Bianca Pasco, Erika Ong, Arianne Andes, Faith Ann Apat, Emma Teresa Carmela Aportadera, Rafael Valencia, and Don Eliseo III Lucero-Prisno. "The Impact of COVID-19 on Church Gatherings in the Philippines: A Policy Analysis." Christian Journal for Global Health 8, no. 1 (July 30, 2021): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15566/cjgh.v8i1.505.

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The Philippines is the largest Christian-majority country in Asia. With church gatherings playing a vital role in the nature of Christianity in the Filipino culture, the advent of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in the Philippines posed challenges to public religious practices amid efforts to mitigate COVID-19 community transmission. Various policy pronouncements from both the government-led Inter-Agency Task Force (IATF) on Emerging Diseases and the church-led Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) were issued. These guidelines were implemented in order to address the two-pronged problem on healthcare and religious obligations. While these guidelines were initially contributory to the mitigation of disease transmission, varied compliance by Filipinos was observed through the progression of the pandemic. Considering the value that church gatherings and religion play in the lives of the Filipino people, further studies on COVID-19 transmission in the church should be conducted in order to develop more efficient policies and guidelines on the practice of religion, particularly for religious gatherings. Furthermore, a more synergistic state and church cooperation must be encouraged in order to arrive at solutions that will mutually address the concomitant problems of the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Leilanie Lu, Jinky. "0007 Trends of occupational injury in the Philippines: implications for policy." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 71, Suppl 1 (June 2014): A57.1—A57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2014-102362.176.

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Indradi, Rubayat. "RESPIRATORY PROTECTION PROJECT IN SOMNOMED PHILIPPINES, INC." Saintika Medika 13, no. 1 (March 28, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/sm.v13i1.5412.

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Background: SomnoMed Philippines is classified as a manufacturing type of company that creates effective and comfortable dental devices like SomnoDent, SomnoBrux and SomnoSnore to treat snoring, bruxism and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), respectively. Dusts from this products can affect workers as manifested by respiratory symptoms such as cough and colds. The goal was to contribute to the improved general health of workers of through effective enforcement of strategies to ensure good environmental air quality. The purpose was to reduce the exposure of workers to respirable dust to standard (ACGIH 3mg/m3) in SomnoMedMethods: To assess the workplace, a walkthrough survey, review of related documents and key informant interviews were made. Hazards were identified and analyzed using a set of criteria such as magnitude of the problem, feasibility and impact of the program.Results: The outputs made during the three weeks of implementation include the following: (1) developed Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) policy, (2) established OHS committee, (3) assessed air quality and (4) improved knowledge of workers. Conclusions: Accomplishments include creation of OHS policy, creation of OHS committee, respirable dust analysis in the workplace, distribution of information, education, and communication materials, and provision of lectures. Keywords: workplace, Occupational Health and Safety (OHS), dust, air quality

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Myers, Norman. "Environmental Degradation and Some Economic Consequences in the Philippines." Environmental Conservation 15, no. 3 (1988): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900029337.

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As this paper demonstrates, the Philippines is undergoing much environmental degradation—mainly in the form of deforestation, soil erosion, disruption of hydrological systems, over-exploitation of fisheries, destruction of coral reefs, and extinction of species. These problems are accentuated by the pressures of a large, fast-growing and impoverished population; and they may shortly start to be aggravated yet more by climatic change in the wake of the global ‘greenhouse effect’. Moreover, and as this paper further makes plain, the environmental degradation leads to adverse economic consequences that are pervasive and profound—as may be expected in a country where several salient sectors of development are dependent upon the natural-resource base. In the long run, indeed, environmental degradation could well preclude the Philippines' prospects for sustainable development.

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Bercasio, Rebecca Rosario Orona, and Lara Kim Quiopa Remolacio. "Mainstreaming environmental education in the teacher education curriculum in the Philippines." International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE) 11, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 1552. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v11i3.21748.

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<span lang="EN-US">In the Philippines, environmental education (EE) is a mandate, and at the higher education level, the teacher education programs can serve as a context for EE. During the first semester of the 2016-2017 school year, this pilot study tested teacher education lessons integrated with environmental concepts and principles using EE materials developed by the department of environment and natural resources (DENR) among the 2,420 third year teacher education students in eight institutions of the national network of normal schools (3NS). Data were collected using a validated researcher-made test on environmental concepts and principles. Qualitative data were collected through class observations, focus group conversations, interviews, and authentic student outputs, the capstone projects. The t-test between the pre-test and post-test means (4,838) showed a substantial improvement in the EE test at a level of 0.05 significance across all ten disciplines in eight institutions. The EE mainstreaming in the teacher education curriculum using DENR EE materials and researcher-made and searched EE materials was found effective in enhancing the students' level of competence in terms of environmental concepts and principles. Institutionalization of the mainstreaming of EE in the teacher education curriculum and the cross-cutting inclusion of EE in higher education programs through national policy is strongly recommended.</span>

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Frago, Perlita M. "Media Activism: Bantay Kalikasan in the Passage of the Clean Air Act." Philippine Political Science Journal 29, no. 1 (September 6, 2008): 25–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2165025x-02901002.

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This case study examines the role of media in the enactment of the Clean Air Act of 1999 (CAA). Through the intervention of the Bantay Kalikasan (Nature Watch), the environmental advocacy arm of ABS-CBN (the largest broadcasting network of the Philippines), the clean air discourse became a public issue. It not only campaigned actively for the law by initiating roadside information teams, but it also initiated the 5M–signature campaign in support of the CAA’s enactment into law. Most of all, it amplified the discursive health and moral debates popularized by the Clean Air coalition concerning incinerator. Environment is not exactly a mainstream issue in the Philippines, but the media possess the essential resources to make any dire environmental issue a public concern. As soon as the media realize their discursive power to popularize any technical environmental concern, the more realizable the future will be for a more viable and more continuous environmental policy not only for clean air.

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Tyrrell, Ian. "The Regulation of Alcohol and other Drugs in a Colonial Context: United States Policy towards the Philippines, C. 1898–1910." Contemporary Drug Problems 35, no. 4 (December 2008): 539–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009145090803500405.

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The article compares attitudes towards and laws regulating the use of alcohol and opium in the United States (US) colonial possession of the Philippines. Forces within the United States and missionary groups in the field in the Philippines fought to have the supply of alcohol to American troops restricted by abolition of the military canteen system, and to eliminate use of alcohol among the indigenous population. To achieve these aims, they developed highly skilled networks of political lobbying led by Wilbur Craft's International Reform Bureau. Temperance, church and missionary groups differed among themselves over the relative seriousness of the two drugs’ impact in the Philippines, but skillfully adapted their tactics in the light of experience in the colony to focus on opium. They developed a tacit coalition with the US government, using the Philippines opium policy to distinguish the United States as a morally superior colonial ruler. By lobbying the government to oppose opium use in the East Asia region, they served to promote an American regional hegemony, and provided an important departure point for modern US drug poalicies.

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Chongco, Sofia Mitzi Rose, Nicole Margaux Dumlao, Kim Julianne Co, and Ronaldo Cabauatan. "The Causal Relationship of Renewable Energy and Non-renewable Energy Consumption to the Economic Growth of the Philippines." Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting Studies 4, no. 1 (February 5, 2022): 340–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jefas.2022.4.1.22.

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The Philippines has one of the highest electricity prices in Asia. Contributing factors to these are the short supply of domestic coal and oil resources, the high cost of imported coal, and the lack of pursuit of renewable energy. This paper looks into the causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in the Philippines. It identified if a Granger causality exists between variables GDP per capita, renewable energy consumption per capita and nonrenewable energy consumption per capita. An objective was to identify if shifting to renewable energy is a means to further spur Philippine economic growth. GDP per capita data was taken from the World Bank, while energy consumption per capita of renewable and nonrenewable energy was calculated from Our World in Data ranging from years 1965 to 2019. Granger causality tests were used to determine if said variables Granger caused one another. Results show support to the null hypothesis that renewable energy consumption and nonrenewable energy consumption per capita do not Granger cause GDP per capita. A significant positive relationship was found between nonrenewable energy consumption and GDP. Taken together, these empirical findings provide valuable information for policymakers and future researchers. Results suggest that energy conservation policies may still be implemented in the Philippines without negatively affecting economic growth. Policy recommendations include the usage of renewable energy sources to mitigate environmental degradation and reduce carbon emissions. As renewable energy becomes more appealing as a source of efficient and sustainable electricity, significant support and attention must continually be given to the country's renewable energy industry.

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Klein, Ira. "Plague, Policy and Popular Unrest in British India." Modern Asian Studies 22, no. 4 (October 1988): 723–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00015729.

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The dark and fatal passage of plague across the Indian sub-continent in the early twentieth-century, and the inability of Western medicine quickly to halt its incursions symptomized disharmonies in the relationship between modernization and Indian society and ecology. The impact of economic development and environmental change on Indian mortality has been examined elsewhere, but the result was the perpetuation or increase of high death-rates from a multiplicity of diseases through the end of World War I. In the half-century 1872-1921 annual mortality ranged between 40 and 50 per thousand, more than twice the death-rates of the advanced West, and life expectancy fell from about 25 to 20 years. The Indian experience was not unique. Epidemics of cholera and the ‘white plague’ of tuberculosis in the industrializing West, and the ordeal of mortality in the colonial Philippines also illustrated how development activities induced social and environmental disruptions and sustained or promoted high death-rates.

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Ngo, T. W., A. Jazayeri, and H. W. Richardson. "Regional Policy Simulations with an Interregional Input-Output Model of the Philippines." Regional Studies 21, no. 2 (April 1987): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343408712331344328.

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Lasco, Rodel D., and Juan M. Pulhin. "Environmental impacts of community-based forest management in the Philippines." International Journal of Environment and Sustainable Development 5, no. 1 (2006): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijesd.2006.008682.

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Fehr, Alexandra, Murat Sahin, and Matthew C. Freeman. "Sub-national inequities in Philippine water access associated with poverty and water potential." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3, no. 4 (August 17, 2013): 638–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.115.

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The Philippines is one of many countries to have achieved the Millennium Development Goal target for improved access to drinking water. However, the national average masks sub-national inequities in access that underlie important information for policy makers and that have implications for health and development. We conducted a geospatial analysis on water access at the household and school levels, total water potential, and poverty incidence. We also compared water access at the household level between 1998 and 2008. We found significant spatial autocorrelation for all variables: the northern region had higher access to improved water sources, lower levels of poverty and less total water potential than the central or southern regions. Further, these trends did not change from 1998 to 2008. This study identifies the most marginalized areas within the Philippines. Our approach could be used by policy makers, donors and service delivery providers within the Philippines and elsewhere to better target water infrastructure projects.

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Cortez, Jr., Carlos, Antonio Alcantara, Enrique Pacardo, and Carmelita Rebancos. "Life Cycle Assessment of Manila Hemp in Catanduanes, Philippines." Journal of Environmental Science and Management 18, no. 2 (December 31, 2015): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.47125/jesam/2015_2/06.

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Environmental burdens of one ton baled abaca fiber, which is exported as Manila hemp, were determined using life cycle assessment with three phases: plantation establishment and fiber harvesting, fiber trading, and grading and baling of fiber. Abaca fiber was organically produced in Catanduanes. One hectare abaca plantation produced an average of 830 kg fiber with a total mean discarded biomass of 5.7 t. A barangay trader can purchased 712 kg of dry fiber per week while Grading and Baling Establishment (GBE) procured and processed 250 t mo-1. One ton of baled fiber required 1.6 ha plantation with 2,132 undamaged abaca hills that produced 1,052.6 kg dry abaca fiber. Harvesting produced about 80.2 t of discarded materials and weeds which used as mulch, however, estimated soil nutrient loss was 0.5 kg N and 0.1 kg P and 5.4 kg K. Trading and baling produced 52.6 kg fiber by-product used for furniture making; more than 5 kg of fiber dust and a total global warming potential of 47.7 kg CO2 equivalent. The following are recommended to improve farm productivity: a) use of organic fertilizer to replace the nutrient loss; b) improve stripping device to enhance fiber quality; and c) utilize farm waste for soil conservation. Local policy on abaca trading was recommended to increase farmer’s share. GBE must provide mechanism to improve environmental work condition and strictly enforce the use of ear plug to avoid hearing loss of workers.

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Ball, R. "The Role of the State in the Globalisation of Labour Markets: The Case of the Philippines." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 29, no. 9 (September 1997): 1603–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a291603.

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The burgeoning literature on ‘globalisation’ tends to identify it as an economic and cultural process, paying little attention to the associated restructuring of the state. Not only does the state sponsor globalisation, but also it ‘globalises' itself in the process. Perhaps the most significant dimension of this new development is where labour markets are integrated with global capital circuits under state sanction. The systematic and state-promoted export of temporary migrant workers has transformed the Philippine state, economy, and society. In this paper I examine the globalisation of labour from the Philippines in terms of its magnitude, its historical development, and its impact on restructuring state functions. I argue that the shift of attention on the part of the state to maintaining the economic functions of international labour circuits tends to undermine its national regulatory function thereby compromising the broad legitimacy of the state. These propositions are examined through a case study of the structuring of the Filipino state in pursuing its well-known labour-export policy.

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Castillo, Romer C. "Green Warehousing Practices in the Philippines." Indonesian Green Technology Journal 11, no. 01 (May 30, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.igtj.2022.011.01.01.

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Green practice is a worldwide policy and everybody is concerned with sustainable development. This study assessed the green warehousing (GWH) practices in the Philippines and its sustainability dimensions. It utilized a quantitative descriptive-survey approach with questionnaire for data collection. The sample consists of 48 warehouses with warehouse managers as respondents. Statistical tests used were frequency and percentage, mean and standard deviation, Kruskal-Wallis H-Test, and Mann-Whitney U-Test. Results showed most of participating warehouses are located in Parañaque, corporate-owned, small enterprises, operating for 15 years or less, with less than 100 employees, and private. Results further revealed that GWH practices on inventory management and operations were almost always practiced while those on facility design, layout, mechanical handling equipment, staff, and warehouse management system (WMS) were often practiced. Environment, social, and economic GWH practices are also often practiced. Top GWH practices are mostly economic and some social while bottom GWH practices are mostly environmental. Significant differences on GWH practices were found on inventory management, staff, WMS, and social dimension when grouped to location; on WMS when grouped to operation years; and on facility design, environment, and social dimension when grouped to nature of service. These findings may guide warehouse managers in enhancing their GWH practices as they gear towards attaining sustainability in support to the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals.

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Ubando, Aristotle T., Charles B. Felix, Ivan Henderson V. Gue, Andres Philip Mayol, Nieves A. Toledo, Soledad S. Garibay, Caridad N. Jimenez, Jose Bienvenido M. Biona, and Alvin B. Culaba. "Priority Evaluation of Life Cycle Impact Factors for Algal Biofuel Production in the Philippines Using Analytic Hierarchy Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 842 (June 2016): 355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.842.355.

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Algal biofuel is considered as an advanced generation bioenergy fuel which addresses the concerns of the preceding generations of biofuels on crop land competition and water consumption. Microalgae are considered as the only biomass feedstock capable of displacing fossil-fuel based on very high-oil yield per land area and other benefits. The production of biofuels in the Philippines is mandated by its Biofuel Act of 2006 which aims to introduce low-carbon fuels to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and reduce the dependence on oil imports. The Philippines’ biodiesel production uses solely coconut as biomass feedstock to produce coconut methyl ester (CME). With the mandate to increase the biodiesel blend to 5% by 2015, this adds pressure to the production of CME while battling for the fluctuating price of coconut. Due to the archipelagic geography and tropical climate of the country, abundance of thriving endemic species of microalgae can be found in the country. Hence, algal biofuel presents a viable option to alternatively produce biodiesel in the Philippines. Thus, policies in sustainable production of algal biofuel based on its environmental impact and natural resource consumption must initially be developed and drafted. A life-cycle assessment (LCA) approach was recommended to evaluate the sustainability of algal biofuel production in the country leading to policy development. Prior finalizing the impact assessment of an LCA study, prioritization of impact factors must initially be established and evaluated based on the programs and goals of the government and other stakeholders. LCA studies on algal biofuels were previously conducted overseas. However, the impact assessment of such studies is not applicable for the Philippines. Furthermore, there has been limited LCA study on algal biofuel production in the Philippines. Hence, this study proposes to establish a multi-criteria decision structure of the life-cycle impact factors of algal biofuels specifically for the Philippines and quantifying its priority levels using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). AHP is a multi-criteria decision analysis which quantifies the prioritization weights of the considered impact factors via pairwise comparison method. Survey shall be conducted to various government agencies, the industry, and other research institutions to establish an initial impact assessment of algal biofuels in the country. The initial results revealed priority are given to global warming potential, eco-toxicity, and photochemical ozone depletion, respectively. The results of this work shall aid the policy and decision makers of the country to develop and draft environmental policies and strategic plans for the proliferation of algal biofuels in the Philippines.

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Vo, Vo, and Le. "CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, and Economic Growth: New Evidence in the ASEAN Countries." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 12, no. 3 (September 10, 2019): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm12030145.

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The members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) have made several attempts to adopt renewable energy targets given the economic, energy-related, environmental challenges faced by the governments, policy makers, and stakeholders. However, previous studies have focused limited attention on the role of renewable energy when testing the dynamic link between CO2 emissions, energy consumption and renewable energy consumption. As such, this study is conducted to test a common hypothesis regarding a long-run environmental Kuznets curve (EKC). The paper also investigates the causal link between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, energy consumption, renewable energy, population growth, and economic growth for countries in the region. Using various time-series econometrics approaches, our analysis covers five ASEAN members (including Indonesia, Myanmar, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand) for the 1971–2014 period where required data are available. Our results reveal no long-run relationship among the variables of interest in the Philippines and Thailand, but a relationship does exist in Indonesia, Myanmar, and Malaysia. The EKC hypothesis is observed in Myanmar but not in Indonesia and Malaysia. Also, Granger causality among these important variables varies considerably across the selected countries. No Granger causality among carbon emissions, energy consumption, and renewable energy consumption is reported in Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand. Indonesia experiences a unidirectional causal effect from economic growth to renewable energy consumption in both short and long run and from economic growth to CO2 emissions and energy consumption. Interestingly, only Myanmar has a unidirectional effect from GDP growth, energy consumption, and population to the adoption of renewable energy. Policy implications have emerged based on the findings achieved from this study for each country in the ASEAN region.

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Cañete, Socrates Jose P., Lorna Jean H. Palad, Eliza B. Enriquez, Teofilo Y. Garcia, and Teresa Yulo-Nazarea. "Leachable 226Ra in Philippine phosphogypsum and its implication in groundwater contamination in Isabel, Leyte, Philippines." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 142, no. 1-3 (September 16, 2007): 337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-9933-6.

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Mendoza, Roger Lee. "The skin whitening industry in the Philippines." Journal of Public Health Policy 35, no. 2 (December 19, 2013): 219–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jphp.2013.50.

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Tolabing, Ma Carmen C., Kim Carmela D. Co, and Martin Aaron M. Mamangon. "Development and validation of a functional health literacy instrument in the Philippines." International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 11, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): 1157. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v11i4.21755.

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Functional health literacy (FHL) involves skills in writing, reading, oral expression, comprehension, and numerical calculations to successfully function and complete health-related tasks. This study aimed to develop and validate an instrument for measuring FHL in the Philippines using a mixed-method design. FHL-5TEST is an instrument consisting of five questions developed in consultation with local experts, translated to major Philippine languages, and underwent translation analysis, pretesting, cultural adaptation, and validation. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a random sample of 15-70-year-old Filipino residents to validate the instrument. The FHL-5TEST demonstrated high internal consistency, with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.7690. Across different cut-off values, the sensitivity and specificity of the instrument in detecting limited FHL ranged from 60.9% to 86.0% and from 61.6% to 97.2%, respectively. The study demonstrated that the FHL-5TEST is a valid and reliable instrument to measure functional health literacy in the Philippines.

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Kress, Alissa C., Lazarous Mbulo, Carlen Stadnik, Rizalina Hemedez-Gonzalez, Evelyn Twentyman, E. Ulysses Dorotheo, and Liping Pan. "Decrease in Secondhand Smoke Exposure in Work and Public Places among Adults in the Philippines: An Analysis of the Global Adult Tobacco Survey, 2009 and 2015." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 2 (January 7, 2023): 1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021077.

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The implementation of several tobacco control policies in the Philippines may have contributed to a decrease in secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure. We examined changes in SHS exposure at work and in public places between 2009 and 2015 among adults aged ≥15 years and interpreted these results within the tobacco policy landscape in the Philippines. We analyzed the Philippines Global Adult Tobacco Survey 2009 and 2015 data. We examined marginal effects in logistic regression to get the adjusted prevalence of SHS exposure at five work and public places, controlling for selected characteristics. We calculated adjusted prevalence ratios and adjusted prevalence differences between 2009 and 2015. Adjusted prevalence of SHS exposure decreased from 2009 to 2015 by 19% (5.7 percentage points) at work, 45% (11.2 percentage points) in government buildings, 48% (3.2 percentage points) in healthcare facilities, 29% (8.2 percentage points) in restaurants, and 33% (19.9 percentage points) on public transportation. Although the prevalence of SHS exposure at work and in public places decreased significantly between 2009 and 2015, a substantial proportion of adults remain exposed to SHS. This study highlights the importance of continued implementation, enforcement, monitoring, and evaluation of tobacco control and prevention measures in the Philippines.

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Morisky, Donald E., Melanie Peña, Teodora V. Tiglao, and Kenn Y. Liu. "The Impact of the Work Environment on Condom Use among Female Bar Workers in the Philippines." Health Education & Behavior 29, no. 4 (August 2002): 461–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109019810202900406.

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The purpose of this research is to examine how condom use is affected by specific aspects of the work environment: (1) social-structural and environmental influences and constraints, (2) mandatory condom use policy, and (3) the level of social influence and reinforcement between manager and employee. A total of 1,340 bar workers and 308 nonestablishment freelanceworkers comprise the study group. In establishments where a condom use policy exists, female barworkerswere 2.6 times more likely to consistently use condoms during sexual intercourse comparedwith establishments that do not have such a policy in place. The results suggest a need for the development of comprehensive educational policies in all entertainment establishments, including regular meetings with employees, reinforcing attendance at the Social Hygiene Clinic, promoting AIDS awareness, making condoms available in theworkplace, and mandating 100% condom use behavior among all employees.

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Ross, W. A. "Environmental impact assessment in the Philippines: Progress, problems, and directions for the future." Environmental Impact Assessment Review 14, no. 4 (July 1994): 217–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0195-9255(94)90020-5.

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Andriesse, Edo. "Persistent fishing amidst depletion, environmental and socio-economic vulnerability in Iloilo Province, the Philippines." Ocean & Coastal Management 157 (May 2018): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.02.004.

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Yamagishi, Kafferine D., Ann Myril C. Tiu, Reciel Ann B. Tanaid, Maria Esther F. Medalla, Eula Margareth Y. Jabilles, Shirley Ann A. Caballes, Dharyll Prince M. Abellana, Celbert M. Himang, and Lanndon A. Ocampo. "Characterizing Tourism Destination and Policies Forward: The Case in Bantayan Island, Philippines." Tourism Review International 24, no. 2 (August 4, 2020): 143–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/154427220x15912253254428.

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This work reports a holistic tourism destination assessment of Bantayan Island (Philippines) using an expanded tourism area life cycle (TALC) model. The expanded TALC contains five evaluation areas: destination characteristics, marketing response, economic impact, social impact, and environmental impact. Using various sources of evidence, findings suggest that Bantayan Island is positioned in the involvement stage of the TALC model. However, specific areas yield different results as the island is in the development–consolidation stage for destination characteristics, involvement–development for marketing response, involvement for economic impacts, development for social impacts, and involvement for environmental impacts. With these findings, various policy insights for destination management are offered, such as establishing carrying capacity, embracing a proactive marketing content and marketing analytics, managing resiliency of the locals and the tourism industry, integrating local culture in tourism packages, and reducing material and energy use and waste generation. These insights can be extended to other tourism destinations with similar conditions, particularly in developing countries.

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Agaton, Casper Boongaling, Angelie Azcuna Collera, and Charmaine Samala Guno. "Socio-Economic and Environmental Analyses of Sustainable Public Transport in the Philippines." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (June 9, 2020): 4720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114720.

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Electric vehicles are regarded as energy transition technology towards more sustainable and environment-friendly transportation systems. Despite the benefits of reducing the dependence on fossil fuels and greenhouse gas emissions, the adoption of electric vehicles faces several obstacles ranging from financing issues, government policies, and public acceptance. This study aims to identify the economic, environmental, and social impact of the adoption of electric vehicles for public transportation. Using the Philippines as a case study, the findings highlight the economic advantage of investing in electric public transportation with high public acceptance. The results further identify significant decrease in air pollution, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and encourage lowering the reliance on imported fossil fuels by shifting the public transport from conventional to electric transport system. This study recommends stricter implementation of government policies on modernized public transportation, stronger government support on financing mechanisms, establishment of charging stations in public and private terminals, and boosting programs for developing local-made electric vehicles. To make electric vehicle more environment-friendly, the government must accelerate the energy transition by increasing the electricity share from renewable sources and investing in more sustainable sources of energy.

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Coxhead, Ian, and Bayou Demeke. "Panel Data Evidence on Upland Agricultural Land Use in the Philippines: Can Economic Policy Reforms Reduce Environmental Damages?" American Journal of Agricultural Economics 86, no. 5 (December 2004): 1354–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0002-9092.2004.00689.x.

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Yokoo, Hide-Fumi, Maki Ikuse, Aries Roda D. Romallosa, and Masahide Horita. "Job change and self-control of waste pickers: evidence from a field experiment in the Philippines." Environmental Economics 9, no. 2 (June 15, 2018): 22–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.09(2).2018.02.

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Environmental policies may have a negative side effect on employment, often in a specific industry in the short run. Workers in regulated industries can be affected by losses in job-specific human capital. The informal sectors in developing countries are often associated with environmental pollution and thus targeted by such policies. Welfare loss due to this side effect can be problematic in developing countries, since they often lack safeguarding schemes, including unemployment insurance. Inducing workers in informal sectors to change their jobs can mitigate these negative side effects. This study examines efficient methods of inducing informal workers to change jobs. An alternative job is offered to informal workers at a dumpsite in the Philippines and whether changing the scheme of wage payment increases the acceptance of the offer is examined. The impacts of changing payment schemes are evaluated by using a randomized field experiment. The sampled 112 waste pickers each randomly receive one of four offers for an alternative job, and the number of those who accept the offer is observed to evaluate the impact of less frequent payment (i.e., once every three days instead of daily). Piece rates and fixed wages are also compared. Those offered less frequent payment are more likely to accept the job offer compared with those offered daily payment. This preferred payment scheme can mitigate the side effects of environmental policy and workers’ self-control problem related to savings, while minimizing moral hazard.

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Theriault, Noah. "Unravelling the strings attached: Philippine indigeneity in law and practice." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 50, no. 1 (February 2019): 107–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463419000018.

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After the fall of the Marcos regime in 1986, Philippine policymakers became the first in Asia to recognise indigeneity and Indigenous rights. By law, Indigenous groups throughout the archipelago now have priority rights to their ‘ancestral domains’, but in return they are expected to maintain an ‘ecological balance’ and cooperate with environmental regulations. As in many other parts of the world, the conditionalities of recognition mean that invocations of Indigenous rights often serve to initiate ever-deeper entanglements with governmental power. At the same time, however, Indigenous Peoples and their advocates do not approach the dilemmas of recognition as hapless bystanders; rather, they negotiate them in strategic and often unexpected ways. This article considers how members of Indigenous Palawan communities in the southwestern Philippines have used dominant policy assumptions to intervene in dispossessory processes. Specifically, I examine instances in which they have: (1) codified a ‘tradition’ of inheritance to influence legislative outcomes; (2) performed the policy narrative of ‘ecological balance’ to shape the outcome of conservation interventions; and (3) filed a civil case tacitly challenging official expectations that they govern themselves as homogenous collectivities. These examples, I argue, offer broader insights into the paradoxical and at times unexpected consequences of legislating Indigenous rights.

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Madrid, S., K. Guevarra, K. Hilario, H. Jarque, H. Kao, M. Leceta, and R. Ramos. "A phenomenological study on the migration trends of Filipino pharmacists who graduated from a university in Manila." International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 30, Supplement_2 (November 30, 2022): ii30—ii31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijpp/riac089.035.

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Abstract Introduction Migration trends and patterns differ in every country, and the current phenomena are happening at a particular time, whether in retrospect or prospect. In the Philippines, an influx of migration, especially among pharmaceutical healthcare providers, is seen due to the demands in the medical field even before the global COVID-19 pandemic. Aim This study determined the factors that influenced Filipino pharmacists' who graduated from a University in Manila; their motivation to work and migrate to other countries, as well as the responsibilities, competencies, and working conditions of pharmacists waiting for them abroad. Methods Following institutional ethical approval, snowball sampling was employed as the sampling method wherein the research participants were asked to help determine and recruit potential respondents. The sample size used to collate information for this study was 15 respondents from 3 different countries of origin, specifically Canada, Singapore, and the United States of America. Through a semi-structured interview, the participants elicited different responses with common themes analysed through thematic analysis. The respondents were not required to disclose any information they were not allowed to reveal. Hence, the researchers fully understood and did not force the respondents to get the information without the participant’s permission. In cases where participants shared information with another participant, this was their own doing, and researchers could not be responsible for this. The researchers safeguarded the information and identities of each participant as far as reasonably possible. Furthermore, each piece of data given is protected through the Philippine Data Privacy Act of 2012, and researchers are ensured to comply fully with what was written in the Informed Consent Form. Results All fifteen participants took their pharmacy undergraduate degree at a university in Manila before migrating or working abroad. Participants have at least a year of experience working abroad, covering the years 2010-2020, ranging from the completion of four-year pharmacy degrees to participants who graduated with five-year pharmacology degrees. Key themes which influenced the Filipino pharmacists included their chosen pharmacy degrees, including the University's curriculum reliability and relevance, turning point of migration decision, factors of their migration, ways migration was obtained, pharmacy work opportunities abroad, prior pharmacy working experience in the Philippines, work dynamics abroad, and their annual salary with benefits. Discussion/Conclusion There are numerous and limitless opportunities abroad, but most of them differ in the work setting in the Philippines, wherein they are more aligned with the clinical side of being a pharmacist. Moreover, the research field of the profession is still an emerging field with a wide array of opportunities. Overall, the study has collected varying and new insights into Filipino Pharmacists' migration, specifically their migration trends, competencies, responsibilities, and working conditions that may contribute to the betterment of the institution's curriculum and pharmacy practice in the Philippines. With the growing demand for pharmacists in the Philippines, the knowledge gained from a similar study would help improve conditions for healthcare workers to avert their desire or need to migrate. References 1. Loquias, M. and Robles, Y. Issues and Concerns on Utilization of the Pharmacy Workforce in the Philippines. [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2021 Sept 10]; JAASP 2012;1(2):86-96. Available from https://www.aaspjournal.org/uploads/155/5955_pdf.pdf 2. Lorenzo, F., et. al. Migration of Health Workers: Country case study Philippines. ILO. [Internet] 2006. [cited 2021 Oct 15] Available from: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_dialogue/---sector/documents/publication/wcms_161163.pdf 3. Morii, Y., Furuta, S., Ishikawa, T., Fujiwara, K., Yamashina, H., & Ogasawara, K. Projecting supply and demand for pharmacists in pharmacies based on the number of prescriptions and system dynamics modeling. Human Resources for Health, 18(1). [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Sept 27]; Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-020-00524-5

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Withers, M., K. Dornig, and D. E. Morisky. "Predictors of workplace sexual health policy at sex work establishments in the Philippines." AIDS Care 19, no. 8 (September 2007): 1020–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540120701294229.

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Cabanlit, Kathleen Laum, Ralf Benjo Goder Morilla, Angel Mae Frias Luga, Jamerah Baniaga Sidic, Chin-chin Jimenea Demayo, and Cesar Guinanao Demayo. "Heart disease mortality in the Philippines from 1960 to 2019: a big data analysis." International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v12i1.21957.

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Heart diseases remain one of the major health concerns worldwide, inflicting a tremendous financial burden, especially in low to middle-income countries like the Philippines. An exhaustive time-trend analysis, including recent data, is essential to measure the nation's progress in cardiac health, capturing the effect of national-scale changes over time. Thus, using stored data from the Philippine health statistics, this study analyzed trends and profiles of heart disease mortality in the Philippines from 1960 to 2019 and discussed relevant national policies for greater recognition and awareness. Ischaemic heart disease constituted the most significant proportion of mortality among all types. Steadily increasing trends by cause, gender, age group were observed, and with males and the elderly population having higher rates. Regional differences also existed, having the highest rates in Luzon, the Visayas, and Mindanao respectively. Like global patterns, heart disease remained one of the country's leading causes of mortality over decades. Differences between genderes, age groups, and regions are attributed to complex and interrelated factors making males, the elderly, and highly urbanized areas most vulnerable among the population.

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COXHEAD, IAN, and SISIRA JAYASURIYA. "Development strategy and trade liberalization: implications for poverty and environment in the Philippines." Environment and Development Economics 9, no. 5 (October 2004): 613–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x04001445.

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Poverty and environmental degradation or deforestation in developing countries have common determinants in underlying economic and institutional conditions that determine factor and product prices and incentives for migration and resource-depleting activities. These determinants include property rights failures (open access to forest lands) but also ‘government failures’ in the form of policies that indirectly promote resource use and retard poverty alleviation. A general equilibrium analysis identifies influences that such distortions have on poverty and environment. Using a numerical GE model, we consider likely effects of Philippine trade policy reforms of the 1990s on determinants of poverty, deforestation, and agricultural land expansion. These reforms marked a significant shift away from the import substitution industrialization strategy that characterized post-independence Philippine development. The results suggest that though reforms would increase poverty in the short term, in the longer run trade liberalization is poverty reducing. The environmental impact can also be positive, provided liberalized trade is combined with appropriate government action to address market failures.

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Consunji, Rafael J., and Adnan A. Hyder. "The burden of injuries in the Philippines: implications for national research policy." Accident Analysis & Prevention 36, no. 6 (November 2004): 1111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2004.05.002.

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Sharmeen, Fariya, Bipashyee Ghosh, and Iderlina Mateo-Babiano. "Policy, users and discourses: Examples from bikeshare programs in (Kolkata) India and (Manila) Philippines." Journal of Transport Geography 90 (January 2021): 102898. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102898.

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COOPER, LOURDES M., and JENNIFER A. ELLIOTT. "PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND SOCIAL ACCEPTABILITY IN THE PHILIPPINE EIA PROCESS." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 02, no. 03 (September 2000): 339–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333200000400.

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Since 1992, the Philippines has employed an innovative requirement to demonstrate social acceptability in project planning as a means through which public participation can be established. This paper discusses the participatory mechanisms used and evaluates the effectiveness of public participation in three case studies from key development sectors. In doing so, the existing conceptual frameworks for evaluating public participation are further developed through insights to community empowerment and sustainability in particular. Whilst increased public participation has resulted in improvements in the EIA process and environmental decision making in the Philippines, the evaluation of the case studies also reveals substantial issues of conflict within the communities and of the representation of diverse local interests at core stages in the planning process.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Environmental policy – Philippines'

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