Academic literature on the topic 'Environmental protection Journalism'

Democratic institutions in Portugal, Spain, and Italy are younger than those in the Protector and Watchdog countries, thus journalism ethics and professionalism are less established. Journalists’ eagerness to tell crime stories even when official information is unavailable indicates a leaning toward Watchdog values: seeing their primary professional duty as informing the public and keeping a wary eye on the criminal justice. However, reporters’ faith in protecting accused persons’ presumption of innocence by shielding their identities signals a sympathy with Protector countries’ codes. Their “ambivalence” may allow journalists to embrace aspects of both Watchdog and Protector systems and create something new. However, news practices are still deeply rooted in a partisan past. Autonomy is receding further as layoffs and newsroom closings make employment more precarious. In this environment, the Internet is a mixed blessing. It opens up new opportunities for expression even as it undermines the news media’s traditional economic foundation.

Globally, upholders of the fourth pillar of democracy have been consistently exposed to security issues and gender discrimination. Many journalists and media professionals are having to pay with their lives in trying to get information. In spite of nations having constitutionally accepted accordance of operational freedom for the press, governments have failed to ensure a protective environment for decades. India, unfortunately, figures on the list of nations where journalists operate under tough conditions. The global state of journalist safety and security is outlined here. Analysing India-specific study findings and information generated through survey of journalists, this chapter argues the need for stringent policy regulations stipulating time bound delivery of justice and fast tracking of trial proceedings, for cases of violence against journalists and also highlights the probability of discrimination in distribution of work and disparate payments emerging as principle problems women journalists' face.

Hindsight is usually expressed in bravado-tinged phrases. “You have it so easy now” is one. But when scanning the recent history of environmental news, the impression is just the opposite. A few decades ago, anyone with a notepad or camera could have looked almost anywhere and chronicled a vivid trail of despoliation and disregard. Only a few journalists and authors, to their credit, were able to recognize a looming disaster hiding in plain sight. But at least it was in plain sight. The challenges in covering environmental problems today are far greater, for a host of reasons. Some relate to the subtlety or complexity of most remaining pollution and ecological issues now that glaring problems have been attacked. Think of non-point-source pollution, such as runoff from countless farm fields or urban lawns, and then think of the ultimate point of the Exxon Valdez, spilling its heavy load of crude oil into the seas off the Alaskan coast. A little reflection is useful. Most journalists of my generation were raised in an age of imminent calamity. Cold War “duck and cover” exercises regularly sent us to the school basement. The prospect of silent springs hung in the wind. We grew up in a landscape where environmental problems were easy to identify and describe. Depending on where you stood along the Hudson River's banks, the shores were variously coated with adhesive, dyes, paint, or other materials indicating which riverfront factory was nearest. And, of course, the entire river was a repository for human waste, making most sections unswimmable. Smokestacks were unfiltered. Gasoline was leaded. Then things began to change. New words crept into the popular lexicon—smog, acid rain, toxic waste. At the same time, citizens gained a sense of empowerment as popular protest shortened a war. A new target was pollution. Earth Day was something newspapers wrote about with vigor, not an anachronistic, even quaint, notion. Republican administrations and bipartisan Congresses created a suite of laws aimed at restoring air and water quality and protecting wildlife. And, remarkably, those laws began to work. Right through the 19805 the prime environmental issues of the day—and thus the news—continued to revolve around iconic incidents, mainly catastrophic in nature.

This chapter addresses the categories of persons and objects which receive specific protection under international humanitarian law (IHL), typically because they are seen as particularly vulnerable. In addition to the legal protection granted to the wounded and sick, contemporary IHL specifically regulates religious personnel; medical units and transports; persons and objects displaying the distinctive emblem; humanitarian relief personnel and objects; personnel and objects involved in peacekeeping missions; journalists; women; children; missing persons; hospital and safety zones; cultural property; and the environment. However, current practice shows that these categories continue to be vulnerable and that respect for the implementation of IHL is often lacking, with the repugnant practices of Islamic State (IS) as the new nadir. Therefore, the enforcement of IHL, through the application of international criminal law, either at the national or international level, is of the utmost importance to show that conduct violating IHL will not be tolerated. An interesting and hopeful sign in that respect is the prosecution of Al Faqi Al Mahdi before the International Criminal Court (ICC).

Chapter 5 traces the development of China’s international propaganda from mid-1932 to June 1937, a period characterized by the government’s appeasement of Japan. International propaganda efforts were conducted under a complex environment in which Chiang Kai-shek had to address Japan’s call for suppressing anti-Japanese movements and tempered the leftists’ criticism of his appeasement policy. As a result, Chiang ended up speaking with two voices. While restricting the anti-Japanese speech in the domestic press, he secretly subsidized Hollington Tong, editor of the China Press, to maintain the paper’s traditional anti-Japanese policy. To strengthen control over the English-language press in China, the Nationalist government continued to dissolve the extraterritorial protection of treaty-port papers by withdrawing cable rights from foreign companies. It reorganized the Central News Agency to replace Reuters’ service in China and recruited Western-educated journalists to lead the Central News Agency’s English-language branch. In doing so, it tightened control of news transmission abroad and expanded news networks essential for a centralized international propaganda system.

This report maps the African landscape of Open Science – with a focus on Open Data as a sub-set of Open Science. Data to inform the landscape study were collected through a variety of methods, including surveys, desk research, engagement with a community of practice, networking with stakeholders, participation in conferences, case study presentations, and workshops hosted. Although the majority of African countries (35 of 54) demonstrates commitment to science through its investment in research and development (R&D), academies of science, ministries of science and technology, policies, rec