Relevant bibliographies by topics / Environmental protection policy

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Environmental protection policy'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 April 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Environmental protection policy"

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Siebert, Horst. "Trade Policy and Environmental Protection." World Economy 19, s1 (November 1996): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.1996.tb00725.x.

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Shah, Rohani Mohd, and Zaliha Husin. "Policy Integration: Internationalization of State Environmental Protection Policy." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 101 (November 2013): 292–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.07.203.

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Patrick, David R. "Environmental protection agency's risk management policy." Environmental Progress 4, no. 1 (February 1985): 20–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ep.670040108.

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Postula, Marta, and Katarzyna Radecka-Moroz. "Fiscal policy instruments in environmental protection." Environmental Impact Assessment Review 84 (September 2020): 106435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2020.106435.

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Hao, Yufan. "Environmental protection in Chinese foreign policy." Journal of Northeast Asian Studies 11, no. 3 (September 1992): 25–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03023326.

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Lee, Dalgon. "Progressive Public Choice and Conservative Policy Change: Political Economy of the Korean Environmental Policy." Korean Journal of Policy Studies 9 (December 31, 1994): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps09001.

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This paper examines the gap between seeming progressive public demand for cleaner environment and lagging policy responses of the government. Public attitude toward environmental protection has been analyzed along with four different categories of environmental conflict and problems. There are diverse inconsistency and discrepancy between public attitudes and their behaviors. Key policy outputs are reviewed with special emphasis on environmental investment. Several factors that may explain the passive and conservative government move toward environmental protection have been identified. Those include, inactive public pressure on the government and the industry, ineffective mechanism for transforming people's demand into government decision, the ideology of developmentalism in the policymaking circle, weak local politics and administration, and oligopolitic industrial structure.
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van Ierland, Ekko, Corjan Brink, Leen Hordijk, and Carolien Kroeze. "Environmental Economics for Environmental Protection." Scientific World JOURNAL 2 (2002): 1254–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2002.289.

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Environmental economics deals with the optimal allocation of production factors and correcting market failure in protecting the environment. Market failure occurs because of externalities, common property resources, and public goods. Environmental policy instruments include direct regulation, taxes/subsidies, tradable permits, deposit systems, voluntary agreements, and persuasion.Environmental policies usually focus on one pollutant or environmental issue but may have substantial impacts on other emissions and environmental problems. Neglecting these impacts will result in suboptimal policies. We present an integrated optimisation model for determining cost-effective strategies to simultaneously reduce emissions of several pollutants from several sources, allowing for interrelations between sources and abatement options. Our integrated approach in regard to acidifying compounds and greenhouse gases will be able to provide cost-effective policy options that will result in lower overall abatement costs.This paper shows that efficient emission reduction can be calculated, but we argue that, for transboundary air pollution and climate change, it is difficult to implement the socially optimal solution because strong incentives exist for “free-riding”. In order to implement efficient policies, international environmental agree-ments like the Gothenburg or the Kyoto Protocol are necessary to establish stable coalitions. The stability of these agreements depends on the distribution of costs and benefits over countries and on the redistribution of the gains of cooperation.
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Stojanovic, Boban, and Snezana Radukic. "EU environmental policy and competitiveness." Panoeconomicus 53, no. 4 (2006): 471–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan0604471s.

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Protection of the environment was not a specific importance to the Community although the Treaty of Rome expressly specified that "health, safety environmental protection" shall be based on "a high level of protection". In deciding upon a framework for a European environmental policy, the Community was also responding to increased public awareness of the problem and concerns about the state of the natural and man-made environment. During the past years, competitiveness concerns have dominated the EU policy debate, in the course of which a growing consensus is being developed on the importance of eco-innovations and resource efficiency for EU competitiveness and on the market opportunities they offer. There is an increasing evidence that environmental policy and eco-innovations can promote economic growth, as well as maintain and create jobs, contributing both to competitiveness and employment. Environmental constraints to rapid economic growth are increasingly recognized by countries, leading to a rising awareness of the need for sustainable development. Implementation of an environmental policy however, generates significant implications for competition among countries.
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Magnani, Elisabetta. "The Environmental Kuznets Curve, environmental protection policy and income distribution." Ecological Economics 32, no. 3 (March 2000): 431–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8009(99)00115-9.

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Liu, Yang. "Tobacco Control Policy Based on Environmental Protection Law." Tobacco Regulatory Science 7, no. 4 (July 31, 2021): 379–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18001/trs.7.4.15.

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Objectives: Based on the environmental protection law, this paper analyzes our current tobacco control policy and studies the effectiveness of the follow-up policy. Methods: This paper studies the impact of environmental law on tobacco industry and tobacco control from the legislative principles and regulatory subjects of environmental protection law. Grasping the basic connotation of tobacco control policy is the premise of understanding and implementing tobacco control. This paper analyzes tobacco control policy from the perspective of policy network and policy tools. Through the description of Smith policy model, find out the deficiencies in the implementation of tobacco control policy. Results: The smoking population in China tends to be younger, and the control of teenagers' smoking behavior should be more strict. Conduct investigation and management around the school, put forward certain requirements for students' parents, and carry out health education for students. Based on the legislative intention of environmental protection law, we should use policy tools, policy network and policy implementation process theory to supervise and manage the whole process of tobacco control implementation in China from the aspects of tobacco system, policy formulation, policy implementation and policy evaluation.. Conclusion: The government should strengthen the scientificity of tobacco control policy-making and improve its operability and unity. It should improve the implementation system of tobacco control policies and improve the construction of law enforcement subjects. An effective administrative punishment mechanism should be established and the information disclosure system of tobacco control policy should be strengthened. The social members should be guided to participate in and supervise. We should evaluate tobacco control policies and strive to improve the formulation, implementation and evaluation of tobacco control policies.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Environmental protection policy"

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Ng, Hang-sau, and 伍杏修. "Participation of grassroots' organization in environmental protection policy." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1992. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31249346.

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Ng, Hang-sau. "Participation of grassroots' organization in environmental protection policy /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1992. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13417885.

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Yang, Peifang. "Making tradeoffs for environmental protection and policy design." Thesis, Colorado School of Mines, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3610182.

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There are always painful tradeoffs in environmental problems. In the current period, the tradeoff. has to be made between consuming environmental goods and "dirty" goods. Since many pollutants accumulate in nature and cause long time problems, the current period's decision also has important impacts on future generations. This yields another tradeoff. between control of the pollution flow and cleanup of the pollution stock in the future. For a local government, tradeoffs between strict environmental policies and local economic prosperity are also concerns.

This thesis analyzes the tradeoffs made by households, firms and government under different policy regimes. Chapter 2 considers assigning tradable permits to households that are suffering from pollution generated by firms. The households can sell a limited number of permits to polluters according to personal preferences for environmental goods and "dirty" goods. It is shown that, the market transaction between households and polluters can achieve the efficient pollution level. Chapter 3 considers a case in which the stock pollution is reversible with capital investment. In a natural resource extraction model with externalities of heavy metal pollution in the surrounding farmland, the firms tradeoff. between controlling the pollution flow and abating the pollution stock, as well as the firms extraction decisions are analyzed. Chapter 4 derives the optimal environmental bond required by a local government as a financial assurance for inducing firms to do pollution abatement. A local government needs to make tradeoffs between charging a large amount of bond and encouraging local economic prosperity. For a local government, the optimal bond amount does not necessarily cover the worst-case scenario. This thesis contributes to environmental policy design by considering the interests of different parties.

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Yau, Mei-po Mable. "A study of the implementation of environmental protection policies in Hong Kong." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B14023921.

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Wall, Don Hargrove Eugene C. "Earth tones how environmental journalism and environmental ethics influence environmental citizenship /." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2007. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-3907.

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Keilbach, Patricia Maria. "International and domestic sources of environmental protection : a study of European Union enlargement /." view abstract or download file of text, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3018377.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2001.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 295-316). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Lee, Sui-on Philip. "Legal and economic aspects of market-based environmental controls in Hong Kong and elsewhere /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B1349871X.

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Tsang, Sai-wing Terence. "An evaluation on the implementation of environmental protection policies in Hong Kong." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19711530.

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Scapple, Karrin. "Do international environmental policies really protect the environment? : a framework for analyzing treaties /." The Ohio State University, 1994. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/33026527.html.

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Galose, William B. "Three empirical essays regarding the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's supplemental environmental projects policy /." view abstract or download file of text, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1421614601&sid=6&Fmt=2&clientId=11238&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2007.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 171-179). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Books on the topic "Environmental protection policy"

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Rehbinder, Eckard. Environmental protection policy. Edited by Stewart Richard B and Del Duca Patrick L. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1985.

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Environmental protection. New Delhi: Northern Book Centre, 2009.

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Copeland, Claudia. Environmental protection. [Washington, D.C.]: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, Major Issues System, 1988.

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Copeland, Claudia. Environmental protection. [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, [Library of Congress, Major Issues System], 1987.

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Anderson, Frederick R. Environmental protection: Law and policy. 2nd ed. Boston: Little, Brown, 1990.

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Environmental protection: Law and policy. 6th ed. New York, NY: Aspen Publishers, 2011.

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Ann, Taylor. Labour's Environmental Protection Executive. London: Fabian Society, 1991.

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Environmental protection: New approaches. Hauppauge, N.Y: Novinka Books, 2004.

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Mandelker, Daniel R. Environmental policy: The next generation. Cambridge: Granta Editions, 1992.

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Heclová, Alena. Environmental protection in Czechoslovakia. Prague: Orbis Press Agency, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Environmental protection policy"

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Kraft, Michael E. "Environmental Protection Policy." In Environmental Policy and Politics, 148–201. Seventh edition. | New York : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315437057-5.

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Kraft, Michael E. "Environmental Protection Policy." In Environmental Policy and Politics, 155–212. 8th ed. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003106265-5.

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Zacharias, Mark, and Jeff Ardron. "Marine environmental protection policy." In Marine Policy, 146–66. Second edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351216227-6.

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Saha, Jayanta K., Rajendiran Selladurai, M. Vassanda Coumar, M. L. Dotaniya, Samaresh Kundu, and Ashok K. Patra. "Soil Protection Policy." In Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World, 373–86. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4274-4_13.

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Lyon, Thomas P., and John Maxwell. "Voluntary Approaches to Environmental Protection." In Security, Trade, and Environmental Policy, 259–65. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4399-2_28.

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Cruz, Rex Victor O. "Sustaining Water Resources with Environmental Protection." In Global Issues in Water Policy, 185–208. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70969-7_9.

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Hynes, Stephen, Niall Farrelly, Eithne Murphy, and Cathal O’Donoghue. "Conservation and Rural Environmental Protection Schemes." In Spatial Microsimulation for Rural Policy Analysis, 123–41. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30026-4_7.

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Jiang, Fengan. "Policy rationales behind Chinese export duties." In Environmental Protection, China and International Trade, 69–88. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003162339-7.

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Ulph, Alistair. "Environmental Policy, Plant Location and Government Protection." In Trade, Innovation, Environment, 123–63. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0948-2_6.

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Buzogány, Aron. "Neighbourhood Countries: Promoting Environmental Protection Close to Home." In European Union External Environmental Policy, 233–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60931-7_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Environmental protection policy"

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Yu, Zhang. "Environmental protection effectiveness of China's taxation policy." In 2016 Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccdc.2016.7531134.

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Qian, Bi, and Wang Huai-ye. "Environmental information disclosure policy: Shanghai Stock Exchange vs ministry of environmental protection." In 2013 International Conference on Management Science and Engineering (ICMSE). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmse.2013.6586502.

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Svel-Cerovecki, Svea. "Environmental Protection Management in INA." In ASME 2002 Engineering Technology Conference on Energy. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/etce2002/ee-29068.

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INA-Industrija nafte d.d., is one of the largest companies in the Republic of Croatia. Its principal activities are oil and gas exploration and exploitation, oil refining and processing, oil and gas transportation and sale of fuels and associated products. Such a type and scope of activities requires a major responsibility and a systematic approach to planning, implementing and monitoring the environmental protection. In 1998 INA management adopted so called “green” documents for the purpose of improving the environmental protection activities: “Decision on establishing an integral environment management system” and “Environmental protection policy declaration”. The system implementation activities are under way and four organizational units of INA have obtained ISO 14001 certificate for the successfully implemented environment management system. This paper provides an insight into INA’s environment impacts as well as information about the performed environmental protection management activities and achievement of sustainable development. The attention is drawn to the way company’s units carry out their activities to comply with the current environmental legislation. The information is also provided on INA’s way to participate in national eco-projects and cooperation with international institutions in order to achieve eco-efficiency. Following the requirements according ISO 14001, as well as by major investments, INA contributes to the environmental improvement on local, regional and global levels.
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Setiodjati, Josef Purwadi, Jamal Wiwoho, and Suraji. "Consumer Legal Protection: Building Legal Awareness in the Age of Globalization." In International Conference on Environmental and Energy Policy (ICEEP 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211014.010.

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Rakhmadhani, Irzal, Erna Yulida, Fahrina, and Abdul Kadir Jaelani. "COVID-19 Vaccination Services: Legal Issues and Protection for Health Workers." In International Conference on Environmental and Energy Policy (ICEEP 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211014.025.

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Ndolu, Juliana S., Adi Sulistiyono, and Mohammad Jamin. "The Legal Protection for Breach of the Marriage Promise for Women." In International Conference on Environmental and Energy Policy (ICEEP 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211014.044.

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Nugroho, Asianto, Reza Octavia Kusumaningtyas, Ravi Danendra, Gusti Faza Aliya, and Fatma Ulfatun Najicha. "Implementation of Worker Rights Protection for Government Employees with Employment Agreements." In International Conference on Environmental and Energy Policy (ICEEP 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211014.023.

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Li Lijuan and Zhang Bo. "Ecological economics environment policy in China's Gansu Province." In 2011 International Symposium on Water Resource and Environmental Protection (ISWREP). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iswrep.2011.5893392.

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Hendriana, Rani. "Legal Protection of the Environment in Indonesia from a Green Victimology Perspective." In International Conference on Environmental and Energy Policy (ICEEP 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211014.038.

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Mubarak, Adil, and Nora Eka Putri. "Implementation of Environmental Protection and Management Policies in Padang Panjang City." In International Conference on Public Administration, Policy and Governance (ICPAPG 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200305.183.

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Reports on the topic "Environmental protection policy"

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Whicker, Jeffrey. Environmental Radiation Protection Policy P412. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1164436.

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Hirami, Naotaka. Working Paper PUEAA No. 2. Green Policy driven activities at Hiroshima University. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Programa Universitario de Estudios sobre Asia y África, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/pueaa.002r.2021.

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The University of Hiroshima has decided to focus on how the organization of human societies and the problems generated by these, have impacted the environment, as well as the influence that these should have as factors in the so-called "green policies" in order to create sustainable development. It is through education, mainly in universities, that we seek to create not only awareness but also a research base on which to work and create support and working networks towards the labor and business sectors with an emphasis on environmental care. By creating an intersectional model, the necessary measures for environmental protection can be better understood and applied without neglecting human and economic development, which are equally important for the progress of societies. The activities presented by the University, and that seek to expand to Mexico, are a great opportunity to create such networks in the country and understand the development-environment interrelationship.
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Luce, John R. Protection of the Environment During War The Need for a Clear Department of Defense Policy. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada376012.

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Ruiz de Gauna, Itziar, Anil Markandya, Laura Onofri, Francisco (Patxi) Greño, Javier Warman, Norma Arce, Alejandra Navarrete, et al. Economic Valuation of the Ecosystem Services of the Mesoamerican Reef, and the Allocation and Distribution of these Values. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003289.

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Coral reefs are one of the most diverse and valuable ecosystems on Earth. The Mesoamerican Reef contains the largest barrier reef in the Western Hemisphere. However, its health is threatened, so there is a need for a management and sustainable conservation. Key to this is knowing the economic value of the ecosystem. “Mainstreaming the value of natural capital into policy decision-making is vital” The value of environmental and natural resources reflects what society is willing to pay for a good or service or to conserve natural resources. Conventional economic approaches tended to view value only in terms of the willingness to pay for raw materials and physical products generated for human production and consumption (e.g. fish, mining materials, pharmaceutical products, etc.). As recognition of the potential negative impacts of human activity on the environment became more widespread, economists began to understand that people might also be willing to pay for other reasons beyond the own current use of the service (e.g. to protect coral reefs from degradation or to know that coral reefs will remain intact in the future). As a result of this debate, Total Economic Value (TEV) became the most widely used and commonly accepted framework for classifying economic benefits of ecosystems and for trying to integrate them into decision-making. This report estimates the economic value of the following goods and services provided by the MAR's coral reefs: Tourism & Recreation, Fisheries, Shoreline protection. To our knowledge, the inclusion of non-use values in the economic valuation of the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System is novel, which makes the study more comprehensive.
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Perrault, Anne, and Stephen Leonard. The Green Climate Fund: Accomplishing a Paradigm Shift? Rights and Resources Initiative, October 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.53892/mkmz2578.

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The Green Climate Fund (GCF), established in 2010 at the 16th Conference of Parties (COP16) under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), is now the world’s largest climate financing institution. It has a current investment portfolio of 43 approved projects totaling around US$2 billion, and has 48 Accredited Entities (AEs) to support implementation, including UN agencies, banks, NGOs, and private companies. Through its investments, the GCF aims to achieve a paradigm shift in developing countries, toward low-emissions development and climate resilience. GCF investments must indicate whether and how they could impact Indigenous Peoples, local communities, and women who are most at risk from the adverse effects of climate change (e.g. via environmental and social management plans). These goals, however, are currently being challenged by inadequacies in the Fund’s policies and frameworks. GCF safeguards fail to recognize the critical contributions of rural peoples to the maintenance of ecosystem services that are essential to international climate and development objectives, and to offer adequate protection for their land and resource rights. Drawing on international standards and GCF policy documents, this report traces the adequacy and implementation effectiveness of the Fund’s current institutional frameworks across a representative sample of approved projects. Noting critical gaps in nearly every aspect of the Fund’s operational modalities and project approval processes, the report calls on the GCF to take progressive steps to make Indigenous Peoples’ and local communities’ rights a key part of its climate actions going forward.
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Waisner, Scott, Victor Medina, Charles Ellison, Jose Mattei-Sosa, John Brasher, Jacob Lalley, and Christopher Griggs. Design, construction, and testing of the PFAS Effluent Treatment System (PETS), a mobile ion exchange–based system for the treatment of per-, poly-fluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) contaminated water. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43823.

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Poly-,Per-fluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) are versatile chemicals that were incorporated in a wide range of products. One of their most important use was in aqueous film-forming foams for fighting liquid fuel fires. PFAS compounds have recently been identified as potential environmental contaminants. In the United States there are hundreds of potential military sites with PFAS contamination. The ERDC designed and constructed a mobile treatment system to address small sites (250,000 gallons or less) and as a platform to field test new adsorptive media. The PFAS Effluent Treatment System (PETS) has cartridge filters to remove sediments and a granular activated carbon (GAC) media filter to remove organic compounds that might compete with PFAS in the ion exchange process, although it may also remove PFAS too. The last process is an ion exchange resin specifically designed to remove PFAS to a target level of 70 ng/L or less (equivalent to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Drinking Water Health Advisory). The system was tested at Hurlburt Field, a US Air Force facility in Florida and at Naval Support Activity (NSA) Mid-South in Millington, TN.
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Christopher, David A., and Avihai Danon. Plant Adaptation to Light Stress: Genetic Regulatory Mechanisms. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586534.bard.

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Original Objectives: 1. Purify and biochemically characterize RB60 orthologs in higher plant chloroplasts; 2. Clone the gene(s) encoding plant RB60 orthologs and determine their structure and expression; 3. Manipulate the expression of RB60; 4. Assay the effects of altered RB60 expression on thylakoid biogenesis and photosynthetic function in plants exposed to different light conditions. In addition, we also examined the gene structure and expression of RB60 orthologs in the non-vascular plant, Physcomitrella patens and cloned the poly(A)-binding protein orthologue (43 kDa RB47-like protein). This protein is believed to a partner that interacts with RB60 to bind to the psbA5' UTR. Thus, to obtain a comprehensive view of RB60 function requires analysis of its biochemical partners such as RB43. Background & Achievements: High levels of sunlight reduce photosynthesis in plants by damaging the photo system II reaction center (PSII) subunits, such as D1 (encoded by the chloroplast tpsbAgene). When the rate of D1 synthesis is less than the rate of photo damage, photo inhibition occurs and plant growth is decreased. Plants use light-activated translation and enhanced psbAmRNA stability to maintain D1 synthesis and replace the photo damaged 01. Despite the importance to photosynthetic capacity, these mechanisms are poorly understood in plants. One intriguing model derived from the algal chloroplast system, Chlamydomonas, implicates the role of three proteins (RB60, RB47, RB38) that bind to the psbAmRNA 5' untranslated leader (5' UTR) in the light to activate translation or enhance mRNA stability. RB60 is the key enzyme, protein D1sulfide isomerase (Pill), that regulates the psbA-RN :Binding proteins (RB's) by way of light-mediated redox potentials generated by the photosystems. However, proteins with these functions have not been described from higher plants. We provided compelling evidence for the existence of RB60, RB47 and RB38 orthologs in the vascular plant, Arabidopsis. Using gel mobility shift, Rnase protection and UV-crosslinking assays, we have shown that a dithiol redox mechanism which resembles a Pill (RB60) activity regulates the interaction of 43- and 30-kDa proteins with a thermolabile stem-loop in the 5' UTR of the psbAmRNA from Arabidopsis. We discovered, in Arabidopsis, the PD1 gene family consists of II members that differ in polypeptide length from 361 to 566 amino acids, presence of signal peptides, KDEL motifs, and the number and positions of thioredoxin domains. PD1's catalyze the reversible formation an disomerization of disulfide bonds necessary for the proper folding, assembly, activity, and secretion of numerous enzymes and structural proteins. PD1's have also evolved novel cellular redox functions, as single enzymes and as subunits of protein complexes in organelles. We provide evidence that at least one Pill is localized to the chloroplast. We have used PDI-specific polyclonal and monoclonal antisera to characterize the PD1 (55 kDa) in the chloroplast that is unevenly distributed between the stroma and pellet (containing membranes, DNA, polysomes, starch), being three-fold more abundant in the pellet phase. PD1-55 levels increase with light intensity and it assembles into a high molecular weight complex of ~230 kDa as determined on native blue gels. In vitro translation of all 11 different Pill's followed by microsomal membrane processing reactions were used to differentiate among PD1's localized in the endoplasmic reticulum or other organelles. These results will provide.1e insights into redox regulatory mechanisms involved in adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus to light stress. Elucidating the genetic mechanisms and factors regulating chloroplast photosynthetic genes is important for developing strategies to improve photosynthetic efficiency, crop productivity and adaptation to high light environments.
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8

Fintech Policy Tool Kit For Regulators and Policy Makers in Asia and the Pacific. Asian Development Bank, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/tim220043-2.

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This tool kit provides insights on how new fintech solutions, aided by strong policy and regulation, can support more inclusive growth and help economies recover from the pandemic. The rapid growth of fintech services in Asia and the Pacific can help countries leapfrog the challenges of traditional financial services infrastructure and dramatically increase access to financial services. An inclusive fintech ecosystem is important in supporting economic growth, greater equality, and lower poverty levels. This publication suggests how to provide an enabling policy and regulatory environment to promote responsible fintech innovation, while ensuring consumer protection and supporting inclusive economic development in the region.
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9

Resilient by Nature: Increasing Private Sector Uptake of Nature-based Solutions for Climate-resilient Infrastructure: A Market Assessment for Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003711.

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Climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing humanity affecting our ability to deliver energy, transport, logistics, water, sanitation, and communications services. Investment for climate-resilient infrastructure is at the core of the IDB Groups agenda. In particular, nature-based Solutions (NbS) are a cost-effective way to build infrastructure resilient to climate change while delivering societal benefits. As many LAC governments and businesses are unaware of the opportunities and cost-efficiencies of NbS, setting out the business case for these solutions is an important first step to build support and secure funding. This Market Assessment examines how NbS can contribute to climate-resilient infrastructure through the protection, management, and restoration of natural capital. It examines existing barriers and the opportunities to increase private sector use of NbS focusing on the role of policy in NbS uptake; awareness, governance, and capacity; technical tools and skills to deliver NbS; and finance and funding. It provides recommendations for infrastructure project developers and operators, financial institutions, and policymakers to create a more enabling environment for NbS in LAC.
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Rethinking the global microscope for financial inclusion: 2021 key findings report. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003957.

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The Global Microscope is a benchmarking index that has assessed the enabling environment for financial inclusion across 55 countries since 2007. This year, the Economist Impact team conducted an assessment of the index's existing data (2007-20) to understand the relationship between key financial inclusion enablers (i.e. policies, regulation and infrastructure) and financial inclusion outcomes. This report discusses the policies that have driven change, the priorities to keep in mind for the future, the tools that will help achieve these goals and the unique ways these priorities and tools apply across different parts of the financial system. Below we summarize our key findings: - A higher overall Global Microscope score showed a positive relationship with the number of accounts with formal financial institutions and mobile money providers among the population. - The Infrastructure domain had the strongest relation to account ownership, documenting the positive effects on inclusion from policies facilitating the expansion of payment systems, strong digital identification regimes, widespread connectivity, and robust credit information systems. The other four domains are Government and Policy Support, Stability and Integrity, Products and Outlets, and Consumer Protection. - Consumer Protection was also positively linked to the prevalence of bank accounts, underscoring the importance of measures to ensure that financial consumers are treated fairly across the range of distribution channels and products. - The magnitude and quality of regulatory implementation significantly impacts financial inclusion. Larger regulatory improvements were associated with increasingly larger gains in account ownership. * The opinions expressed in this work are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the IDB, its Board of Directors or the countries they represent, nor of the MIF Donors Committee or the countries it represents.
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