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Bittencourt, Maurício Pimentel Homem de. "Jornalismo alternativo para a questão ambiental amazônica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/90/90131/tde-04122013-202449/.
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Este trabalho descreve a concepção, o planejamento e o processo de viabilização da intervenção constitutiva de uma mídia alternativa na sociedade amazônica, com suas articulações políticas e de custeio. Configurando-se como uma pesquisa técnico-empírica, seu objeto consistiu no processo de criação de um meio de comunicação jornalístico alternativo: a Agência Ambiental de Notícias da Amazônia (ANAM). Enquanto veículo de comunicação, o objetivo da ANAM é alimentar e fundamentar o debate sobre a questão ambiental amazônica (QAA), ampliando seu teor democrático e contextualizando-o sob o enfoque de uma crítica da visão hegemônica do desenvolvimento - a visão comprometida com os interesses capitalistas do processo global de produção. A concepção de um projeto editorial para a ANAM, sua concretização como meio de comunicação na internet e como projeto de extensão universitária em uma universidade pública amazônica demonstraram que a proposta de intervenção é viável sob as condições estratégicas que delimitaram sua proposição e planejamento. Tais condições estratégicas apoiaram-se sobre os seguintes pressupostos: é possível contribuir para a conservação da floresta amazônica por meio do jornalismo; a QAA contextualiza-se no panorama de uma crise ambiental global, cuja existência apresenta-se como realidade; o debate sobre as relações entre os pressupostos anteriormente apontados se revela essencial para a promoção da conservação da Amazônia. Ressalva-se que a contribuição do jornalismo para a conservação da Amazônia depende de outros processos sociopolíticos para se efetivar, tendo em vista que os produtos de mídia não são agentes diretos da conservação ambiental. Tampouco se considera que o jornalismo alternativo para a QAA seja a única forma de contribuição jornalística para o enfrentamento da problemática ambiental da Amazônia.<br>This doctorate thesis describes the fundaments of the conception and planning - and the process regarding its enablement, together with its politics and costs - of the constitutive intervention of an alternative media in the Amazon society. By using empirical and technical data, the object of this thesis refers to the process of creation of an alternative journalistic media: the Environmental News Agency for the Amazonia (ANAM). As a means of communication, the objective of ANAM is to stimulate and to promote the debate about the Environmental Question of Amazonia (QAA), by broadening its democratic sense and by contextualizing it towards a criticism of the hegemonic vision about economic development, a vision that belongs to the capitalist interests of the global process of production. The development of an editorial project for the ANAM, its construction as an online channel of communication and as a university extension program in an Amazon public university have evidenced that the intervention proposal can be enabled through the strategic conditions in which it inheres. These strategic conditions are based on the following assumptions: it is possible to contribute to the conservation of the Amazon rainforest through journalism; the QAA contextualizes itself in the panorama of a global environmental crisis, which is real; the debate about the relationships between the aforementioned assumptions should be seen as pivotal for the promotion of the conservation of Amazonia. Nonetheless, in order to be enabled, the contribution of journalism to the conservation of Amazonia hinges on other sociopolitical processes, since the media products are not direct agents of environmental conservation. That notwithstanding, the alternative journalism for the QAA cannot be seen as the unique way of contributing journalistically for addressing the environmental problem of Amazonia.
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Becker, Olga Maria Schild. "Recent settlement in Brazilian Amazonia : labour mobility and environmental degradation." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2002. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2281/.
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The context of this thesis is Brazilian Amazonia and the subject is the discussion of labour force mobility and immobility as well as environmental degradation following current occupation process of this natural resource frontier. The overall aim is to identify the forms and mechanisms of the capitalist occupation process which has taken place in Amazonia in the 1960-1990 period. I consider the issues of increasing labour force mobility and environmental degradation as a question of changes in the relationship between people-nature. These changes in Brazilian Amazonia relate to an expansion of the territorial limits of capital and are a consequence of the occupation process encouraged by the Brazilian State. The central research question of this thesis is why and how does a regional development policy for Brazilian Amazonia, designed with the aim of promoting the occupation of the empty spaces of the frontier, lead to a progressive expulsion of the previous inhabitants of those areas. In the same way, why did government programmes not ensure a settling of the new colonists (landless migrants) on the land in these frontier areas where, by definition, we would suppose there are huge expanses of land available. The argument is that the Brazilian State, taking it for granted that the Northern frontier areas should be occupied, promoted a sort of occupation in which the frontier was to be expanded following a pattern of urbanised jungle, where the urban space was the support of this process. According to this strategy, the circulation (mobility) of the labour force was seen to be more relevant than the settlement of small landless producers. In this way, migration (as a mechanism in producing the labour force) played a crucial role in creating a regional labour market in frontier areas. Moreover, this thesis will discuss the Extractive Reserve model presented by the so-called traditional inhabitants as a proposal for rainforest productive conservation and counter-mobility of the labour force in Brazilian Amazonia. The present study analyses specific spaces in the Amazonia: the Pre- Amazonia Maranhense (Eastern Amazonia), considered an earlier frontier area from the 1960s, and the Acre River Valley (Western Amazonia), that represents a newer frontier area from the 1970s and 1980s.
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Watling, Jennifer Georgina. "Environmental impact of the pre-Columbian geoglyph builders of Western Amazonia." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/16386.
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A debate that has received much attention in recent years is the nature and scale of pre-Columbian impact in the Amazon lowlands. While the notion that Amazonia is a “pristine wilderness" has long been debunked, several papers have proposed that human impact in western regions was more sporadic and on a smaller scale than impacts in central and eastern regions, and that western Amazonia supported sparse pre-Columbian populations. The discovery of over 400 geometrically-patterned earthworks (geoglyphs) in the western Brazilian Amazon, which until recently lay under in-tact tropical forest, has raised important questions about the kind of societies that built them and the impact that they had on the terra firme upland landscapes. This study represents the very first investigations into human-environment interactions in the geoglyph region. By analysing phytoliths, charcoal and stable carbon isotopes from a series of soil profiles in the vicinities of two well-dated and excavated geoglyph sites, this study aims to discern the nature of the environment before, during and after the construction and use of the sites, and the spatial and temporal scales of landscape transformations that were effected by the geoglyph cultures. The data call for a re-appraisal of what is meant by “scales" of human impact in Amazonia, and propose that an understanding of the diversity of human-environment interactions must be considered through studies that closely combine regionally-sensitive archaeological and palaeoecological data.
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Graf, Roberta. "Politica Ambiental Transversal : experiencias na Amazonia Brasileira." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/287060.
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Orientador: Newton Muller Pereira<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T19:47:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2005<br>Resumo: Nessa Tese desenvolveu-se o conceito da Política Ambiental Transversal, que representa a internalização da sustentabilidade sócio-ambiental no conjunto das políticas públicas de uma localidade. Parte-se da premissa de que a política ambiental transversal é mais adequada do que a política ambiental exclusivamente setorial por possibilitar o alcance de modelos de desenvolvimento ambientalmente mais sustentáveis, tal qual preconiza a Agenda 21. Os objetivos da pesquisa foram caracterizar a política ambiental transversal nos seus aspectos teóricos e metodológicos e analisar dois estudos de caso: as políticas ambientais recentes dos estados amazônicos do Acre (estudo principal) e do Amapá (estudo complementar). Sob o ideário do ¿desenvolvimento sustentável¿, governos destes estados adotaram prioridades ambientais em seus programas, os quais podem representar iniciativas de transversalidade. Na investigação utilizou-se um arcabouço conceitual composto da sustentabilidade sócio-ambiental, de noções históricas do ambientalismo (com destaque para as escolas do Ecodesenvolvimento e da Ecologia Profunda), da Ecologia, do paradigma sistêmico (teorias da complexidade), da Análise de Políticas Públicas, das prioridades sócio-ambientais para o bioma amazônico, bem como das interfaces da questão ambiental com a Ciência e Tecnologia e com a Economia. A análise dos casos do Acre e do Amapá revelou que a variável ambiental tem sido incorporada em diversas políticas públicas, e isto pôde ser comprovado por meio da evolução positiva de indicadores de sustentabilidade nestes estados. Pode-se dizer, portanto, que em ambos estados ocorrem experiências de política ambiental transversal, embora com algumas limitações, o que demonstra que essa nova concepção tem sido uma tendência significativa. A caracterização teórico-metodológica da política ambiental transversal, feita com aportes da literatura, pôde então ser aprimorada com os resultados dos estudos de caso<br>Abstract: In this Thesis it was developed the concept of Transverse Environmental Policy, which represent the internalization of socio-environmental sustainability through a set of public policies of a locality. The premiss was that the transverse environmental policy is more successful that exclusive sectorial environmental policy to reach environmental more sustainable development models, as preconized by Agenda 21. The objectives of the research went to characterize the transverse environmental policy in its theoretical and methodological aspects and to analyze two case studies: recent environmental policies of the amazonian states of Acre (principal study) and Amapa (complemental study). By the approach of ¿sustainable development¿, governs of these states adopted environmental priorities in their programs, whose can represent transverse initiatives. In the investigation it was used a conceptual frame composed by socio-environmental sustainability, historic notions of environmentalism (with distinction to Ecodevelopment and Deep Ecology schools), Ecology, systemic paradigm (complexity theories), Public Policy Analysis, socio-environmental priorities for the amazonian biome, as with the interfaces of the environmental question with Science and Technology and the Economy. The analysis of Acre and Amapa cases revealed that environmental variable have been incorporated in diverse public policies, and this was confirmed by the positive evolution of sustainable indicators in these states. It can be affirmed, therefore, that in both states occur experiences of transverse environmental policy, in despite of some limitations, and this fact demonstrates that the new conception of environmental policy have been a significative tendency. The theoretic-methodological characterization of transverse environmental policy, made by literature resources, was then improved with the case studies results<br>Doutorado<br>Doutor em Política Científica e Tecnológica
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Webb, Jennifer Colley. "Environmental contamination of fish and humans through deforestation and oil extraction in Andean Amazonia." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=94963.
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This dissertation assesses the levels of mercury in fish and human populations and PAHs in local communities along three rivers in the Ecuadorian and Peruvian Amazon. Land use changes in the Amazon are begetting numerous negative impacts on both ecosystems and local populations. One negative consequence of deforestation is the contamination of local ecosystems by mercury (Hg), a potent neurotoxic agent, which is leached from soils when river-side plots are cleared. In the Andean Amazon, the incursion of petroleum companies has led to road construction, colonization and areas of intense deforestation. The techniques used in the extraction of oil in this remote and overlooked region have left a legacy of contamination, specifically heavy metals such as Hg and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Limited research has evaluated the degree of Hg contamination in the Andean Amazon and less research still has determined the state of contamination as a result of oil extraction. The purpose of this research is to uncover the extent of contamination in fisheries and human populations reliant on the fish and water resources of the area. Eight communities along three white water rivers the Napo River (Ecuador), the Corrientes River (Peru) and the Pastaza River (Peru) with differing degrees of deforestation and oil extraction were studied. Questionnaires were administered to 192 people who accepted to provide hair samples. Samples of commonly eaten fish were collected. A subsample of the study population (n=76) also provided a urine sample. Biological samples of fish (n=486), human hair and urine were analysed for Hg and samples of urine were analysed for 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), a metabolite of one of the most common PAHs. Regression analysis was used to draw links between contamination levels and socio-demographic, dietary and occupational characteristics of the population. One health outcome miscarriages was evaluated in the questionnaires and examined in<br>Cette thèse examine et compare les niveaux de mercure et de HAP dans les communautés riveraines de trois bassins de l'Amazonie péruvienne et équatorienne. Les impacts des changements de vocation des terres en Amazonie sont multiples, tant sur les écosystèmes que sur les populations qui en dépendent. Une des conséquences du déboisement est la contamination des écosystèmes aquatiques par le mercure (Hg), un puissant neurotoxique, dû à l'érosion des berges et la migration de ce métal lourd contenu dans les sols. En Amazonie andine, l'incursion des compagnies pétrolières a mené à la construction de route, la colonisation et la déforestation de vastes pans de forêt. Les méthodes d'extraction pétrolière utilisées dans ces régions isolées et souvent ignorées ont entraîné un legs de pollution en métaux lourds (dont le Hg) et en hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP). Peu d'étude ont évalué l'amplitude de la contamination au Hg en Amazonie andine et encore moins ont évalué celle liée à l'extraction pétrolière. Le but de cette recherche est de déterminer le spectre de ces contaminations dans les poissons et les communautés riveraines amazoniennes dont la diète en dépend. Cette étude porte sur 8 communautés basées dans 3 bassins de rivière à eaux blanches (Napo (Équateur), Corrientes (Pérou) et Pastaza (Pérou)) au niveau de déboisement et d'extraction pétrolière distincts. 192 personnes ont participé à l'étude et à la collecte d'échantillon de cheveux. Un sous-groupe (n = 76) de cette population à l'étude a participé à la collecte d'échantillon d'urine. Des échantillons des poissons les plus fréquemment consommés furent prélevés (n=486). Les niveaux de Hg et de 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), un métabolite d'un des HAP les plus communs, furent mesurés dans les échantillons de cheveux, d'urine et de poisson. Des régressions linéaires furent utilisées pour identifier les corrélations entre les nivea
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Vasconcellos, Ana Maria de Albuquerque. "A state-sponsored socio-environmental development programme in action : the ProAmbiente, Amazonia, Brazil." Thesis, Swansea University, 2008. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42639.
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The thesis seeks to demonstrate the space of interaction that has emerged between federal government and rural communities during the implementation of a state- sponsored socio-environmental development programme at community level in Brazilian Amazonia. This thesis seeks to show how demands from the grass-roots has scaled up to public policy, incorporated changes and has scaled down to local communities during the implementation process. Secondly, it investigates how a state-sponsored development programme - using a popular participation approach, carried out by federal government and intermediated by NGOs - interacts with, and impacts on, local communities. The research deals with: (1) the socio-political context that influenced the creation of a socio-environmental development programme for rural communities in Brazilian Amazonia; (2) the route of identification, incorporation and changes of rural communities' priorities within the programme; and (3) the impacts of the programme actions on rural communities. The ProAmbiente (a socio-environmental development programme for rural family-based production) was chosen for examination as a case study because it seeks to implement a new logic of production in rural Amazonia conceptualised by federal government as productive conservation. This concept seeks to provide a link between the growth of production in the rural economy and the conservation of the environment. Through a methodology involving three levels of qualitative analysis (macro-, intermediary- and local-level), the study reconstitutes the socio-political context that influenced the creation of the ProAmbiente, describes the mechanisms of interaction between the federal government and the rural communities, points to the factors that have facilitated and/or hampered the implementation of the ProAmbiente, reveals contradictions within the ProAmbiente implementation and shows the impacts of the programme on the rural communities. Using material from communities, the NGOs and the governmental sources, research was conducted in Brasilia (capital of Brazil), Belem (capital of Para state) and six rural communities (three communities located in the munidpio of Soure and three located in the municipio of Concordia do Para), within Para state. The research shows that the interaction between social movements, NGOs and political parties is an important mechanism to press federal government for the construction of a development programme. From this interaction it was possible to incorporate local people's voices and scale up rural communities' demands for the creation of a public space for interaction between local people and the federal government. However, the research reveals that once the state encompasses local people's demands and creates a development programme, the development model absorbs multi-actor interests that change local people's proposals. In the case of the ProAmbiente, the external pressure for conservation of the environment resulted in the creation of the concept of productive conservation to develop livelihoods that should be mediated by local people's culture and knowledge. However, the research shows that, although the ProAmbiente recognises local people's culture and knowledge, in practice these issues are not viewed as a priority in the programme's actions. The research concludes that the ProAmbiente and similar programmes that pay individual families for environmental protection should not be conducted in isolation but in conjunction with the complementary programmes that address local people's needs for educational, health and land titling services.
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Garra, Simone. "The awakening of Kumpanam: History and myth at an environmental conflict in the Amazonia." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/79445.
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Desde hace algunos años, en la cuenca del río Cenepa (departamento de Amazonas, Perú), los comuneros awajún están luchando en contra de la actividad minera en la Cordillera del Cóndor, territorio donde se encuentran las cabeceras de los ríos que atraviesan su territorio. En las comunidades se ha revitalizado el mito de Kumpanam, un antepasado asociado a un cerro ubicado en los alrededores de las instalaciones de la compañía minera. En este artículo, quiero mostrar cómo el mito de Kumpanam cobra un nuevo significado en la actual coyuntura social y ambiental de la zona. El nuevo discurso indígena sobre Kumpanam brinda elementos para conceptualizar las interrelaciones entre «historia» y «mito».<br>In the last years the Awajún people, settled in the Río Cenepa watershed (Department of Amazonas, Peru) are struggling to defend their land from the impact of the mining activities in the Cordillera del Condor mountains. The myth of Kumpanan, an ancestor associated to the homonymous pick, located in the mining area, has been revitalized, with a new meaning, mirroring the current social and environmental contingency of the area. This contributes to rethink the linkages existing between «history» and «myth».
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Knox, Ryan Gary. "Land conversion in Amazonia and Northern South America : influences on regional hydrology and ecosystem response." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/79489.
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Thesis (Ph. D. in the Field of Hydrology)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, February 2013.<br>"February 2013." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 345-358).<br>A numerical model of the terrestrial biosphere (Ecosystem Demography Model) is compbined with an atmospheric model (Brazilian Regional Atmospheric Modeling System) to investigate how land conversion in the Amazon and Northern South America have changed the hydrology of the region, and to see if those changes are significant enough to produce an ecological response. Two numerical realizations of the structure and composition of terrestrial vegetation are used as boundary conditions in a simulation of the regional land surface and atmosphere. One realization seeks to capture the present day vegetation condition that includes human deforestation and land-conversion, the other is an estimate of the potential structure and composition of the region without human influence. Model output is assessed for consistent and significant differences in hydrometeorology. Locations that show compelling differences are taken as case studies. The seasonal biases in precipitation at these locations are then used to create perturbations to long-term climate datasets. These perturbations then drive long-term simulations of dynamic vegetation to see if the climate consistent with a potential regional vegetation could elicit a change in the vegetation equilibrium at the site. Results show that South American land conversion has had consistent impacts on the regional patterning of precipitation. At some locations, changes in precipitation are persistent and constitute a significant fraction of total precipitation. Land-conversion has decreased mean continental evaporation and increased mean moisture convergence. Case study simulations of long term vegetation dynamic indicate that a hydrologic climate consistent with regional potential vegetation can indeed have significant influence on ecosystem structure and composition, particularly in water limited growth conditions.<br>by Ryan Gary Knox.<br>Ph.D.in the Field of Hydrology
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Fernández-Llamazares, Onrubia Álvaro. "Indigenous knowledge of a changing environment: An ethnoecological perspective from Bolivian Amazonia." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/327020.
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Los pueblos indígenas se enfrentan a un creciente número de amenazas causadas por el Cambio Ambiental Global. Dado el ritmo sin precedentes de los cambios ambientales actuales, los investigadores debaten si dichas amenazas podrían perjudicar también la capacidad de adaptación que confiere el conocimiento indígena. Al hallarse a caballo entre las ciencias naturales y sociales, la etnoecología cuenta con una posición estratégica para examinar hasta qué punto el conocimiento indígena puede ayudar a la adaptación ante cambios ambientales rápidos.
Esta tesis doctoral es el resultado de un estudio interdisciplinar de tres años que aborda las relaciones entre el Cambio Ambiental Global y el Conocimiento Ambiental Local de una sociedad nativa de la Amazonia boliviana: los cazadores-recolectores tsimane’. Al enfrentarse a condiciones socio-ecológicas cambiantes y estando aún muy alejados del discurso científico sobre el cambio global antropogénico, los Tsimane’ constituyen un caso de estudio adecuado para entender cómo las percepciones locales del Cambio Ambiental Global son captadas en la memoria social de los pueblos indígenas.
La principal línea argumental del presente trabajo es que el Cambio Ambiental Global cuenta con manifestaciones directas a escala local, incluyendo cambios en el clima, el ecosistema y la disponibilidad de recursos naturales. En sus cuatro capítulos centrales, esta disertación investiga de forma empírica: (a) el uso potencial del conocimiento indígena para complementar los modelos científicos que evalúan el cambio climático; (b) la relación entre las observaciones locales de cambio climático y la asimilación de información científica; (c) los límites de la capacidad adaptativa del Conocimiento Ambiental Local en un contexto de cambio rápido; y (d) el papel de las percepciones locales de cambio como estímulo de adaptación a los impactos ecológicos.
Esta investigación incluyó la recolección de datos cualitativos y cuantitativos durante 15 meses de trabajo de campo en 23 comunidades del Territorio Tsimane’. Utilicé métodos comunes en investigación etnoecológica tales como la observación participativa, los grupos focales, y la recogida sistemática de datos. Realicé específicamente entrevistas semi-estructuradas sobre la percepción de cambio ambiental (n = 300 adultos), pruebas de conocimiento para evaluar los niveles individuales de Conocimiento Ambiental Local (n = 99) y una prueba controlada aleatorizada (n = 442). Adicionalmente, se recogieron datos climáticos y ecológicos para obtener estimaciones científicas de los cambios ambientales en el área de estudio.
Los resultados de esta disertación muestran que los Tsimane’ identifican un amplio número de indicadores locales de cambio ambiental. Dichos indicadores podrían ayudar a completar vacíos en los registros instrumentales de Cambio Ambiental Global. Esta tesis también muestra la existencia de una superposición entre el conocimiento indígena y los registros científicos de cambio climático, así como el papel instrumental que juegan las percepciones locales en propiciar respuestas colectivas para adaptarse al cambio. Sin embargo, los hallazgos de esta tesis también ilustran cómo el Cambio Ambiental Global supone un desafío para la capacidad de adaptación del Conocimiento Ambiental Local, al ensanchar la brecha temporal entre la velocidad de cambio del ecosistema y la velocidad de cambio del conocimiento indígena.
La presente tesis aporta nuevos conocimientos a la discusión teórica sobre la efectividad del Conocimiento Ambiental Local en un contexto de cambios socio-ecológicos rápidos y sin precedentes. Los resultados de este trabajo destacan la importancia de trazar planes estratégicos para apoyar la adaptación del conocimiento indígena ante cambios ambientales cada vez más significativos. Esta investigación también muestra la importancia del Conocimiento Ambiental Local para informar y facilitar procesos de adaptación, particularmente en territorios indígenas. Dados estos resultados, abogo por la integración de los pueblos indígenas en los foros globales de políticas ambientales, así como el reconocimiento de sus sistemas de conocimiento en el ámbito científico.<br>Indigenous peoples are increasingly facing threats resulting from a changing global environment. Given the unprecedented rates of ongoing Global Environmental Change, there is scholarly debate on whether these threats might also undermine the adaptive capacity of indigenous knowledge. Due to its strategic position bridging the natural and social sciences, ethnoecology is well-placed to examine to what extent indigenous knowledge is adaptive in the face of rapid environmental changes.
This PhD thesis is the result of a three-year interdisciplinary study aiming to understand the relations between Global Environmental Change and the Local Environmental Knowledge held by a native society in Bolivian Amazonia: the Tsimane’ hunter-gatherers. Facing rapidly changing social-ecological conditions and with the scientific discourse on anthropogenic global change still largely inaccessible to this group, the Tsimane’ constitute a suitable case study for casting light on how local perceptions of Global Environmental Change are captured in the social memory of indigenous peoples.
The main argumentative line of this work is that Global Environmental Change has direct expressions at the local scale, including changes related to climate, the ecosystem and the availability of natural resources. In its four central chapters, this dissertation empirically investigates: (a) the potential use of indigenous knowledge for complementing scientific models assessing climate change; (b) the interplay between local observations of climate change and the uptake of scientific information; (c) the limits of the adaptive capacity of Local Environmental Knowledge in a context of rapid change; and (d) the role of local perceptions of change as drivers of adaptation to ecological shocks.
This research involved qualitative and quantitative data collection during 15 months of fieldwork in 23 villages of the Tsimane’ Territory. I used a number of methods common to ethnoecological research, including participant observation, focus groups and systematic data collection. I specifically conducted semi-structured interviews on environmental change perceptions (n = 300 adults), knowledge tests to assess individual levels of Local Environmental Knowledge (n = 99) and a randomised controlled trial (n = 442). Additional climate and ecological data were sourced to obtain scientific estimates of environmental changes in the study area.
The results of this dissertation show that the Tsimane’ identify a wide array of local indicators of environmental change. Such indicators could help to fill gaps in instrumental records of Global Environmental Change. This thesis also shows the existence of a significant overlap between Tsimane’ indigenous knowledge and scientific climate change records, as well as the instrumental role that local perceptions play in sparking collective responses for adapting to change. However, findings from this work also illustrate how Global Environmental Change challenges the adaptive capacity of Local Environmental Knowledge by widening the temporal gap between the rates of change in the ecosystem and the rates of change in the knowledge held by indigenous societies.
This thesis brings new insights to the theoretical discussion on the effectiveness of Local Environmental Knowledge in the context of rapid and unprecedented social-ecological changes. Results of this work stress the importance of devising strategic plans to support the resilience of indigenous knowledge in the face of ever encroaching environmental changes. This study also shows the importance of building upon Local Environmental Knowledge for informing and facilitating adaptive processes, particularly in areas inhabited by indigenous groups. Given these findings, I argue for an integration of indigenous peoples in global environmental policy fora, as well as for the recognition of their knowledge systems in scientific scholarship.
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Andrade, João Paulo Soares de. "A implantação do pagamento por serviços ecossistemicos no territorio Portal da Amazonia : uma analise economico-ecologica." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/285342.
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Previous issue date: 2008<br>Resumo: A conservação dos recursos naturais é importante dado os inúmeros serviços ecossistêmicos que estes proporcionam, como é o caso do Território Portal da Amazônia, localizado no Norte do Mato Grosso, Brasil. Esta área é classificada pelo Ministério do Meio Ambiente como de extrema importância biológica e por conseqüência recomendada para ações com o objetivo de conservação da biodiversidade. O Território registra as mais altas taxas de desmatamento na região amazônica em função da principal atividade agrícola, a pecuária, que ocupa mais de 90% da área aberta e que continua a se expandir aceleradamente. Este trabalho procurou responder sobre a viabilidade de aplicação de instrumento econômico, o Pagamento por Serviços Ecossistêmicos (PSE), para o fornecimento de dois serviços, o seqüestro de carbono e a biodiversidade. O emprego da análise multicritério mostrou ser mais indicado para uma proposta de política ambiental para essa área, o estabelecimento de ação combinada de recuperação de matas ciliares com o reflorestamento de áreas degradadas. O link entre esse resultado e os princípios básicos que devem orientar a formulação de PSE permitiu concluir ser possível a implementação de um programa Território<br>Abstract: The conservation of natural resources is important because of the innumerous ecosystem services that those can provide, as occurs in the Território Portal da Amazônia, located in the North of Mato Grosso, Brazil. This area is classified by the Ministry of the Environment as being of extreme biological importance and consequently recommended for action with the objective of conserving the biodiversity. The territory registers the highest rate of deforestation in the Amazonian area due to the main agricultural activity, livestock, which occupies more than 90% of the agricultural area and continues to expand quickly. This work tried to answer the question about the viability of applying the economical instrument, the Payment for Ecosystems Services (PES), in order to supply two services, the carbon sequestering and biodiversity. The use of the multicriterial analysis appeared to be more appropriate for a proposal of ambiental politics in this area, the establishment of combined action for recovery of cilliary forests
with the reforestation of degraded areas. The union between this result and the analysis of the basic principles should orientate the formulation of the PES, permitted to conclude that it is possible to implement such a program in this Territory<br>Mestrado<br>Economia do Meio Ambiente<br>Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico
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Teixeira, Maria Gracinda Carvalho. "Hydropower development in Amazonia : social and environmental dimensions, responsibilities, and future prospects of a public policy." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262278.
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Göpel, Jan [Verfasser]. "A scenario approach to modeling land-use changes and assessing associated environmental impacts in Southern Amazonia / Jan Göpel." Kassel : Universitätsbibliothek Kassel, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1174846798/34.
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Fell, Bruce G. "The question concerning commercial television and the more-than-human world." View thesis, 2008. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/32790.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Western Sydney, 2008.<br>A thesis presented to the University of Western Sydney, College of Arts, School of Education, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Includes bibliographies.
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Díaz, Reviriego Isabel. "Gendered networks, gendered livelihoods fishing, healing, and homegardening among the Tsimane’, Bolivian Amazonia." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/384721.
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La pregunta central que motiva esta tesis es cómo y en qué medida las relaciones sociales, en particular las relaciones de género, dan forma a el conocimiento ambiental local y a las prácticas de subsistencia en las sociedades de pequeña escala. He tratado de comprender las relaciones de género asociadas a la diversidad intracultural de prácticas y conocimiento ambiental en el contexto de cambio ambiental y económico global. Este estudio se realizó desde la perspectiva de la etnoecología, incorporando métodos de análisis de redes sociales y de estudios de género en la gestión de la biodiversidad.
He analizado el caso de la sociedad Tsimane’ de recolectores y horticultores de la Amazonía Bolivia, en concreto, estudié los conocimientos Tsimane’ relacionados con pesca, plantas medicinales y huertos. Los objetivos específicos de la tesis son: 1) evaluar diversidad y redundancia de conocimientos de plantas medicinales en el sistema etnomedicinal Tsimane’ con perspectiva de género; 2) explorar el papel de las redes de intercambio en la riqueza de plantas medicinales en los huertos y en la distribución del conocimiento medicinal entre los/las horticultores; 3) describir potenciales vías de transmisión de conocimientos de pesca en relación a la influencia del conocimiento de los pescadores según la percepción de otras personas; y 4) determinar las interrelaciones entre división genérica del trabajo, acceso y uso de técnicas de pesca y zonas de pesca, y la ecología local en el uso de recursos de agua dulce. Los datos fueron recogidos durante 18 meses de trabajo de campo en dos comunidades del Territorio Tsimane’ incluyendo métodos cuantitativos y cualitativos.
Los conocimientos y prácticas Tsimane’ acerca de plantas medicinales y pesca están determinadas por el género. Las mujeres Tsimane’ conocen más usos de plantas medicinales, probablemente, porque son las principales cuidadoras y guardianas de la salud en los hogares. Igualmente, mujeres y hombres Tsimane’ pescan diferentes especies influenciados por la división genérica del trabajo y el acceso a las técnicas y zonas de pesca. Independientemente de la ubicación, los hombres tienden a pescar las especies más grandes y culturalmente más valoradas. Otros hallazgos muestran que la posición de una persona en una red social puede proporcionarle tanto posibilidades como limitaciones para el acceso a los recursos. Los horticultores más centrales en las redes de intercambio - típicamente las mujeres - mantienen una mayor riqueza de plantas medicinales en sus huertos, ya que tienen más acceso a material de propagación. Del mismo modo, la posición de un pescador en la red social de pesca se asocia a sus habilidades de pesca. Los hombres Tsimane’ más prominentes en las redes de pesca son los percibidos como mejores pescadores. En general, los resultados de esta tesis sugieren que las relaciones de género Tsimane’ dan forma al acceso, uso y conocimiento de los recursos naturales, y por lo tanto, al conocimiento ambiental local de mujeres y hombres.
Esta tesis enfatiza la importancia de abordar las relaciones de género para explicar la diversidad intracultural de conocimientos ambientales. La aportación más relevante de mi enfoque es la manera innovadora de evaluar los conocimientos de género a través de la estructura social en la que las personas están inmersas. Desde esta perspectiva, los conocimientos y prácticas de género son el producto de 1) las relaciones sociales entre mujeres y hombres y hacia el medio ambiente y 2) sus posiciones en las redes sociales. Estos hallazgos son importantes para la comprensión de procesos sociales más amplios en las sociedades indígenas cada vez más integradas en la economía de mercado y en las sociedades nacionales así como los potenciales impactos de estos procesos en su bienestar y soberanía.<br>The central question that motivates this dissertation is how and to what extend do social relations, particularly gender relations, shape local environmental knowledge and subsistence practices of people in small-scale societies. Specifically, I sought to comprehend the gendered relations associated with the intracultural diversity of local environmental knowledge and practices in the context of global environmental and economic change. The study is grounded in the discipline of ethnoecology, but also incorporates insights from social network analysis and gender studies in biodiversity management and conservation.
The case of the Tsimane’ forager-horticulturalists from Bolivian Amazonia was empirically analyzed. In particular, I focused on Tsimane’ knowledge and practices related to fishing, medicinal plants, and homegardening. The specific objectives of the thesis are: 1) to assess the diversity and redundancy of medicinal plant knowledge within Tsimane’ ethnomedicinal system through a gender lens; 2) to explore the role of social exchange networks in medicinal plant richness maintained in homegardens and in the medicinal plant knowledge distribution among gardeners; 3) to describe potential patterns of fishing knowledge transmission in relation to the influence of fishers’ knowledge, as perceived by other people and 4) to ascertain the interrelations among gender division of labor, access and use of fishing techniques and grounds, and local ecologies in freshwater resource use. Data were collected during 18 months of fieldwork in two villages of the Tsimane’ Territory integrating both quantitative and qualitative methods.
Tsimane’ knowledge and practices regarding medicinal plants and fishing are gendered. Tsimane’ women hold a wider range of knowledge about medicinal plant uses than men, probably as they are the principal caregivers and health custodians at a household and community level. Likewise, Tsimane’ women and men target different fish species influenced by the gendered division of labor and the access to fishing techniques and fishing grounds. Irrespective from the location, men tend to target the larger and culturally regarded fish species. Further findings show that an individuals’ location in a social network can provide both possibilities and constraints for accessing resources and knowledge through other people in the network. Thus, more central gardeners in exchange networks - typically women - maintain higher richness of medicinal plants in their homegardens, as they have more access to medicinal planting material and associated knowledge. Similarly, a fisher’s position in the fishing network is associated to fishing abilities. Tsimane’ men are more prominent in fishing networks and have higher perceived knowledge. Overall, results of this thesis suggest that Tsimane’ gender relations shape the access to, use of, and knowledge about natural resources, and therefore, women’s and men’s local environmental knowledge.
Findings from this thesis advance the understanding of how local practices and environmental knowledge diversity arises in a dynamic context with a fresh interdisciplinary perspective that relies on social networks analysis. This thesis emphasizes the importance of addressing gender relations in the quest to explain intracultural knowledge diversity. The more relevant contribution of my approach is the innovative manner of assessing people’s gendered practices and knowledge in the light of the social structure in which they are embedded. Therefore, from the perspective adopted here, gendered knowledge and practices are the product of 1) women’s and men’s social relationships among them and towards the local environment they in which dwell and 2) their positions in the social networks. These findings are important for comprehending the broader social processes that occur in small-scale indigenous societies that are increasingly integrated into the market economy and national societies, and the potential impacts of these processes in their wellbeing and sovereignty.
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Amaral, Luciano Monteiro do. "Políticas públicas ambientais na Amazônia : um estudo de caso da área de influência do proambiente no estado de Roraima." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/18307.
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Esta dissertação expõe o processo de estruturação das políticas ambientais na Amazônia, até o contexto da concepção da gestão do Proambiente, inserido na questão do pagamento dos serviços ambientais. É também demonstrado como o modelo de ocupação da Amazônia, induzido pelo Estado Brasileiro, dificultando a estruturação de um processo de crescimento e desenvolvimento equilibrado. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho é descrever os fatores que contribuem para a falta de efetividade na aplicação das políticas públicas ambientais para a Amazônia e como estas questões influenciaram na consecução das metas do Proambiente. Para representar o caso de estudo, se analisa a concepção e aplicação dessa política pública e sua relação com o desenvolvimento rural, no que tange à questão dos serviços ambientais, da estrutura social, econômica e ambiental da vicinal 07, pólo do Proambiente no Apiaú, Estado de Roraima. Neste sentido, a metodologia utilizada é de uma pesquisa descritiva combinada com pesquisa bibliográfica e de campo, com estudo de caso específico, em que se utilizou o método quantitativo e analítico. Como técnica de pesquisa, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas, sendo elaborado e aplicado questionário socioeconômico ao universo de 16 pequenos proprietários rurais sob a área de influência do Proambiente, na vicinal 07. A consolidação destes dados, mediante o uso da estatística descritiva, permitiu revelar que a renda média das pequenas propriedades pode melhorar mediante políticas de inserção aos mercados da produção de frutas abundantes na região. Outro aspecto verificado foi o desenvolvimento da consciência ambiental pelo Proambiente. No entanto, verificou-se que o limite desta consciência está nos incentivos econômicos, dados para a oferta dos serviços ambientais. Identificou-se a falta de sintonia entre os órgãos gestores do Proambiente para o avanço do Programa na Amazônia Legal e especificamente no Apiaú. O baixo nível de empoderamento enfraquece o Programa quando não há a fiscalização necessária, sobretudo, na liberação e aplicação dos recursos que devem atender o calendário produtivo. Pode-se dizer que a não aprovação do Projeto de Lei que trata da remuneração dos serviços ambientais coloca em cheque o avanço do Proambiente. No entanto, os organismos governamentais e não governamentais podem criar alternativas de incentivos econômicos para tornar viável a produção agropecuária na Amazônia, sem a derrubada de nenhum hectare de floresta.<br>This thesis describes the process of structuring of environmental policies in the Amazon, to the context of design management of Proambiente, inserted in the issue of payment for environmental services. It is also demonstrated how the model of occupation of the Amazon, led by the Brazilian State, making it difficult to structure a process of growth and balanced development. Therefore, the objective of this study is to describe the factors that contribute to the lack of effectiveness in implementing environmental public policies for the Amazon and how these issues influenced the achievement of the goals of Proambiente. To represent the case study, it analyzes the design and implementation of this public policy and its relation to rural development, with regard to the issue of environmental services, social structure, economic and environmental performance of the vicinal 07, the pole of the Proambiente in Apiaú, State of Roraima. In this sense, the methodology used is a descriptive research combined with a bibliographic and field research, with specific case study, which used the analytical and quantitative method. As technical research, semi structured interviews were conducted, and was elaborated and applied socioeconomic questionnaire to the universe of 16 small landowners in the area of influence of the Proambiente, in vicinal 07. The consolidation of these data through the use of descriptive statistics, helped reveal that the average income of small properties can be improved through policies of integration to the markets of the production fo abundant fruits in the region. Another aspect found was the development of environmental awareness by Proambiente. However, it was found that the threshold of this consciousness is in the economic incentives given to the provision of environmental services. The lack of harmony was detected between the organs of Proambiente managers to advance of the program in the Amazon and specifically in Apiaú. The low level of empowerment weakens the program when there is no monitoring necessary, particularly in the release and application of resources that should meet the production schedule. It can say that the no adoption of a Project of Law which deals with the remuneration of environmental services put in check the advance of Proambiente. However, government agencies and ONGs can create economic incentives for alternatives to become viable the agricultural production in the Amazon, without the overthrow of any hectare of forest.
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Mammon, Nisa. "The urban land question : management and access for the urban poor in post apartheid South Africa." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12446.
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The premise of the thesis is that the developmental use of urban land should be ethical, fair and promote social justice. Using multiple research approaches and mixed methods this thesis examines the urban land question in South Africa and particularly Cape Town where land distribution and ownership are inequitable. The thesis unpacks land redistribution, land tenure reform and land restitution within this context. It is argued that the South African Constitution commits government to protect the property rights of those who currently own property and at the same time redistribute land to those who have been dispossessed and explores what this tension means for urban land redistribution and reform using the freedoms approach developed by Amartya Sen as a conceptual framework and as alternative to the neo-classical model. The main findings of the thesis can be summarized as follows. a) The thesis demonstrates that there is no logical reason why the freedoms approach cannot be extended to include urban land. b) The entitlements and endowments that urban land could bestow on the urban poor are shaped by how the State invests in land through the instruments of land planning and land use management which call for a significant role for the State as custodian of public land to not only make explicit the land asset register under public ownership but also instill trust in the poorer sectors of urban society. c) A two track system of land planning and land use management may be more appropriate in the post apartheid South African city, one stream for market driven land and one for targeted public land programmes that directly address urban poverty provided that the State is able to make strong connections between the philosophical and the technical aspects of land and land use management systems. d) As a two track system is suggested the land use management system requires to be reframed. To facilitate land redistribution and reform in urban areas of South Africa therefore, the thesis suggests that a deliberative and systemic planning approach needs to be adopted that is intervention focused. Only when the State assumes a more critical interventionist role in public land programmes would it be possible to obtain social justice and the principles of the good city in the South African urban context. e) Gaining access to and control over land resources beyond the market is possible but limiting for the majority of the urban poor when land and housing debates are conflated. This conflation results in other land debates being silenced yet these have the potential to offer alternatives to the neo-classical model of land and land use management as well as promote a wider role for public land than just housing.
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Mdluli, Funekile G. "Inkhomo Yinsila YemaSwati, cattle ownership, history, culture, and the environmental question on Swazi nation land." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0004/NQ39568.pdf.
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Andrade, Alba dos Prazeres de. "Entre as curvas do rio: a luta para o acesso à terra e a criação da Reserva Extrativista Médio Purus no estado do Amazonas." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2016. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/19508.
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Previous issue date: 2016-09-23<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>Modes of capitalist production and reproduction have determined the degrading conditions of exploitation of natural resources, which, in turn, implies the recognition of reproductive limits of the capitalist system, which demands the recognition of "the environmental issue" and the imperative of creating policies to revert this situation. The objective of this study lies upon the context of these contradictions: the social struggles for the creation of the Resex of the Middle Purus River in order to get access to land property, challenging the capitalist logic of private ownership and of indiscriminate exploitation of the resources of the territory. Besides, it aims to analyze the social struggles for the creation of the Resex of the Middle Purus River, in the Amazonas state, as an alternative to access to land property. We have sought to understand these social struggles from the reality of the movement in its totality, using the historical materialism, as an investigative method. Therefore, it is relevant the historical process of creating this extractive conservation unit, as a means to ensure the maintenance of social reproduction mode of local populations and their stay in the territory. The social struggles waged by the Amazon population have fallen into a set of uncertainties caused by the expansion of the capitalist mode of production. They have arisen from the need of land tenure, as well as to respond to their demands for better living conditions. Also, they are carried out in a change project, as they are associated with a class consciousness and they incorporated the ideological discourse of environmental sustainability, which can be considered as an alternative to the capital which does not deny the ruling order. It is a process of greening of social struggles, associated with the contradictions in the capitalist mode of production. Residents of Resex understand the natural resource conservation process as inherent in its playback mode. They fight for access to public policies and incorporated into their claims the environmental conservation obliquely to demands for land and social rights. They have a way of production and reproduction in fishing and agriculture, based on extraction, with customs associated with their relationship with nature and with the culture of the Amazon region. They are workers that, due to their identities, struggle for land rights and emancipatory autonomy. Public services available to residents do not meet their needs yet, instead it is more of a challenge to stay with the struggle for rights guaranteed in the territory<br>Os modos de produção e reprodução capitalista determinaram as condições degradantes de exploração dos recursos da natureza, implicando o reconhecimento dos limites reprodutivos do sistema capitalista, demandando o reconhecimento da “questão ambiental” e o imperativo da criação de políticas que revertessem esse quadro. É nessa conjuntura de contradições que se situa o objeto deste estudo: as lutas sociais para a criação da Resex Médio Purus para o acesso à terra, contestando a lógica capitalista de apropriação privada e de exploração indiscriminada dos recursos do território. Tem como objetivo analisar as lutas sociais para criação da Resex do Médio Purus, no estado do Amazonas, como alternativa para o acesso à terra. Buscamos compreender essas lutas sociais a partir do movimento da realidade em sua totalidade, utilizando o materialismo histórico, como método investigativo. Portanto, é relevante o processo histórico de criação dessa unidade de conservação como forma de garantia da manutenção do modo de reprodução social das populações locais e sua permanência no território. As lutas sociais travadas pela população amazônica se inserem em um quadro de incertezas causado pela expansão do modo de produção capitalista, surgiram da necessidade de regularização fundiária, bem como, de dar respostas às suas demandas por melhores condições de vida. Efetivam-se em um projeto de mudanças, pois, estão associadas a uma consciência de classe, incorporaram o discurso ideológico da sustentabilidade ambiental, o qual pode ser considerado como uma alternativa do capital, que não nega a ordem dominante. Trata-se de um processo de ambientalização das lutas sociais, associado às contradições presentes no modo de produção capitalista. Os moradores da Resex compreendem o processo de conservação dos recursos naturais como inerente ao seu modo de reprodução, lutam por acesso a políticas públicas, incorporaram em suas reivindicações a conservação ambiental de forma conjunta às demandas por terra e direitos sociais. Possuem um modo de produção e reprodução, pautado no extrativismo, na pesca e na agricultura, com costumes associados à relação com a natureza e com a cultura da região amazônica, são trabalhadores que, em virtude de suas identidades lutam pelos direitos territoriais e por autonomia emancipatória. Os serviços públicos disponibilizados aos moradores ainda não atendem suas necessidades, ao contrário, é mais um desafio para permanecer com a luta pela garantia de direitos no território
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Armstrong, Rebecca. "The Bernard Field Station: An Unanswered Question." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/30.
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An historical account of the Bernard Field Station and its present uses. Examining the rhetoric of Land Planning within the Claremont Consortium using archival documents and previous historical documentations. Examining the problems of the land's management and contentious history as well as the future intentions of the space.
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Campos, Suely da Costa. "Educación para la sostenibilidad: El desafío en la Amazonia brasileña. El caso de Mato Grosso 1990-2009." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/132964.
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La finalidad de este trabajo es avanzar en un enfoque temático que vincule la educación con el bienestar. Para esto se parte de la premisa fundamental que las personas son la verdadera riqueza de una nación y el desarrollo es un concepto más amplio de lo que señala un índice. Ésta es la mirada que se hace del desarrollo como un despliegue de las capacidades que amplía las posibilidades de la gente para vivir la vida que deseen y valoran. Se busca responder al problema de la educación y cómo ésta puede favorecer la sostenibilidad. La educación contiene un nivel en el que el desarrollo debe atender la dimensión social y humana, es decir, éste se basa en las necesidades de las personas y sus valores, y en su calidad de vida.<br>The purpose of this work is to advance in a thematic approach that ties the education with the well-being. For this part of the fundamental premise that the people are the true wealth of a nation and the development is a concept ampler than it indicates an index. This one is the glance that becomes of the development as an unfolding of the capacities that extends the possibilities of people to live the life which they wish and they value. One looks for to respond to the problem of the education and how this one can favor the sustainability. The education contains a level where the development must take care of the social and human dimension, that is to say, a development based on the needs of the people and their values, and in its quality of life.
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Madimenos, Felicia C. 1980. "Reproductive Trade-Offs in Skeletal Health and Physical Activity among the Indigenous Shuar of Ecuadorian Amazonia: A Life History Approach." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/11977.
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xx, 229 p. : ill. (some col.)<br>Reproductive effort is a central element of human biology and ecology. Particularly for females, reproduction is energetically demanding, with elevated metabolic costs during pregnancy and lactation, followed by high child care costs. To satisfy energetic needs, women can adopt various physiological and behavioral strategies. On a physiological level, the energetic requirements of offspring may be met by adjusting metabolic allocation and/or drawing on maternal bodily reserves. On a behavioral level, women may reduce energy expenditure and/or increase energy intake.
This study examined reproductive trade-offs in activity and skeletal health among the indigenous Shuar forager-horticulturalists of Ecuadorian Amazonia and had two main objectives. First, this research examined trade-offs in energy use during female reproductive states and behavioral adjustments made by females and males to meet high reproductive demands. Second, this study investigated skeletal health profiles among Shuar, as well non-Shuar Colonos, to identify the relationships between female reproductive factors and skeletal health.
Research was conducted among adults in four Morona-Santiago communities. Skeletal health was measured using calcaneal ultrasonometry, and physical activity was measured using accelerometry. Extensive information on sociodemographics and reproduction was assessed through structured interviews.
Age-related declines in bone mineral density (BMD) were observed for Shuar and Colonos, while Shuar BMD was significantly higher than that of other populations. These results suggest that normative data from developed countries may reflect suboptimal bone density levels. Regarding reproductive effects on skeletal health, results indicate that earlier menarcheal age and greater stature are associated with better bone health in postmenopausal life. These conclusions suggest the importance of the timing of early developmental stages in establishing bone status in adulthood.
Results demonstrate that physical activity levels were similar between pregnant/lactating (P/L) and other women. However, P/L women appear to compensate for elevated energetic demands by relying on a male partner who has increased his energy expenditure, suggesting greater participation in subsistence activities.
Overall, this study demonstrates the importance of biocultural strategies among women to meet high reproductive costs. Further, it emphasizes the utility of a life history framework for identifying trade-offs in physiology and behavior.
This dissertation contains previously published and unpublished co-authored material.<br>Committee in charge: Dr. J. Josh Snodgrass, Chair;
Dr. Lawrence S. Sugiyama, Member;
Dr. John Lukacs, Member;
Dr. John Halliwell, Outside Member
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Alizadeh, Kamaleddin [Verfasser], Hermann [Akademischer Betreuer] Behling, Markus [Gutachter] Hauck, and Erwin [Gutachter] Bergmeier. "Investigating Environmental (Climate and Vegetation) Change of Eastern Amazonia During Pleistocene and Holocene Using Multi-Proxy Analysis / Kamaleddin Alizadeh ; Gutachter: Markus Hauck, Erwin Bergmeier ; Betreuer: Hermann Behling." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1150509481/34.
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Junqueira, Dausacker Bidone Francisco. "From gold to carbon: How narratives and discourses define environmental governance in the Brazilian Amazon." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671963.
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El context global actual del canvi climàtic imposa grans reptes per a la gestió dels sistemes socials i ecològics. En aquest context, la regió amazònica al Brasil no només és un ‘punt calent’ per a la conservació de l’ecosistema, sinó també una regió la història de la qual pot contribuir en gran mesura a aprofundir en els nostres coneixements sobre el compromís humà amb la natura i, per tant, contribuir a la construcció d’alternatives a la elaboració de polítiques mediambientals. Aquesta dissertació investiga l’evolució d’imaginaris sobre l’Amazònia brasilera i de l’acumulació i implementació de polítiques públiques cap a la construcció d’un règim de governança ambiental per a la regió. Els imaginaris i les polítiques s’analitzen mitjançant un enfocament de mètodes mixtos que combina la revisió bibliogràfica, l’anàlisi de narratives i discursos de polítiques i entrevistes obertes. En adoptar un marc d’ecologia política postestructuralista, primer adopto un enfocament històric per descriure els imaginaris sobre l’Amazònia proposats per diferents actors del començament del període colonial, del segle XX i de principis del XXIst. Vaig discutir sobre la rellevància d’aquests imaginaris històrics i socials sobre l’Amazònia en la configuració de les percepcions actuals i de les intervencions polítiques a la regió. En segon lloc, investigo com ha evolucionat la governança ambiental per a l’Amazònia durant els darrers 60 anys, en el que Becker (2011) ha anomenat “l’era de la modernització amazònica”. Identifico el caràcter solapat de les narratives polítiques i, en particular, demostro que les polítiques a l’Amazònia han evolucionat per incorporar progressivament les preocupacions ambientals. No obstant això, demostra que aquesta incorporació no ha substituït les polítiques anteriors (orientades a l’economia), sinó que ha donat lloc a una superposició de narratives tant de desenvolupament econòmic com de medi ambient. Finalment, avalo REDD +, una iniciativa internacional específica de governança forestal que té com a objectiu reduir les emissions derivades de la deforestació i la degradació i es basa en el règim mundial de canvi climàtic. Mitjançant l’anàlisi de la seva implementació primerenca a l’estat d’Acre - Brasil, mostro que predomina un discurs de modernització ecològica entre els actors participants, que al seu torn limita el potencial transformador que les accions REDD + poden tenir a la regió, per exemple en termes d’abordar la distribució desigual. dels drets sobre la terra i altres incentius. Aquests descobriments combinats evidencien la importància dels imaginaris i les narratives de polítiques com a marcs clau que restringeixen la transversalització de les vies alternatives de desenvolupament i conservació per a l’Amazònia, que es basen habitualment en necessitats, coneixements i comprensions del benestar localitzats. En una regió molt afectada per l’avenç de la ‘frontera del desenvolupament’, la capacitat d’aquestes alternatives per substituir els paradigmes de desenvolupament i conservació dominants actuals per la regió determinarà els límits de govern de l’Amazònia en el futur.<br>El actual contexto global de cambio climático impone grandes desafíos para la gestión de los sistemas sociales y ecológicos. En este contexto, la región amazónica de Brasil no es solo un ‘hotspot’ para la conservación de los ecosistemas, sino también una región cuya historia puede contribuir en gran medida a profundizar nuestro entendimiento sobre el compromiso humano con la naturaleza. Además a contribuir a la elaboración de políticas ambientales alternativas. Esta disertación investiga la evolución de los imaginarios sobre la Amazonía brasileña y de la construcción e implementación de políticas públicas hacia la construcción de un régimen de gobernanza ambiental para la región. Los imaginarios y las políticas se analizan utilizando un enfoque de métodos mixtos que combina revisión bibliográfica, análisis de narrativas y discursos de políticas y entrevistas abiertas. Adoptando un marco de la ecología política post-estructuralista, primero tomo un enfoque histórico para describir los imaginarios sobre la Amazonía propuestos por diferentes actores desde el período colonial, el siglo XX y los principios del XXI. De hecho, discuto la relevancia de estos imaginarios históricos y sociales sobre la Amazonía en la configuración de las percepciones actuales - y las intervenciones políticas en la región. En segundo lugar, investigo cómo ha evolucionado la gobernanza ambiental para la Amazonía durante los últimos 60 años, en lo que Becker (2011) se ha referido como la ‘era de la modernización amazónica’. Identifico el carácter superpuesto de las narrativas políticas y, en particular, muestro que las políticas en la Amazonía han evolucionado para incorporar progresivamente preocupaciones ambientales. Muestra, no obstante, que dicha incorporación no ha sustituido a las políticas anteriores (orientadas a la economía), sino que ha dado lugar a una superposición de las narrativas del desarrollo económico y ambiental. Por último, evalúo REDD +, una iniciativa internacional específica de gobernanza forestal que tiene como objetivo reducir las emisiones de la deforestación y la degradación y que se basa en el régimen global de cambio climático. A través del análisis de su implementación temprana en el estado de Acre, muestro que un discurso de modernización ecológica predomina entre los actores participantes, lo que a su vez limita el potencial transformador que las acciones de REDD + pueden tener en la región, por ejemplo en términos de abordar la distribución desigual de derechos sobre la tierra y otros incentivos. Estos hallazgos combinados hacen evidente la importancia de los imaginarios y las narrativas de políticas como marcos clave que limitan la transversalización del desarrollo alternativo y las vías de conservación para la Amazonía, que comúnmente se basan en las necesidades, el conocimiento y la comprensión del bienestar localizados. En una región muy afectada por el avance de la “frontera del desarrollo”, la capacidad de tales alternativas para sustituir los paradigmas de desarrollo y conservación actualmente dominantes para la región determinará los límites gobernantes de la Amazonía en el futuro.<br>The current global context of climate change imposes great challenges for the management of social and ecological systems. In this context, the Amazon region in Brazil is not only a ‘hotspot’ for ecosystem conservation but also a region whose history may largely contribute to the deepening of our understandings on human engagement with nature and, thus contribute towards the construction of alternatives in the making of environmental policies. This dissertation investigates the evolution of imaginaries about the Brazilian Amazon and of the build-up and implementation of public policies towards the construction of an environmental governance regime for the region. Imaginaries and policies are analyzed using a mixed methods approach which combines bibliographical review, analysis of policy narratives and discourses, and open-ended interviews. Adopting a post-structuralist political ecology framework, I first take a historical approach to describe the imaginaries about the Amazon put forward by different actors from the early colonial period, the XXth and early XXIst centuries. I discussed the relevance of these historical and social imaginaries about the Amazon in the shaping of present perceptions – and policy interventions – in the region. Second, I investigate how environmental governance for the Amazon has evolved during the last 60 years, in what Becker (2011) has referred to as the ‘era of Amazonian modernization’. I identify the overlapping character of policy narratives and, particularly, I show that policies in the Amazon have evolved to progressively incorporate environmental concerns. It shows, notwithstanding, that such incorporation has not substituted previous (economic-oriented) policies, but instead resulted in an overlapping of both economic development and environmental narratives. Last, I assess REDD+, a specific forest governance international initiative aiming to reduce emissions from deforestation and degradation and grounded on the global climate change regime. Through the analysis of its early implementation in the state of Acre, I show that an ecological modernization discourse predominates among participant actors, which in turn limits the transformative potential that REDD+ actions may have in the region, for example in terms of addressing the uneven distribution of land rights and other incentives. These findings combined make evident the importance of imaginaries and policy narratives as key frames that constrain the mainstreaming of alternative development and conservation pathways for the Amazon, which are commonly grounded on locally-situated needs, knowledge and understandings of wellbeing. In a region greatly affected by the advancement of the ‘development frontier’, the ability of such alternatives to substitute the currently dominant development and conservation paradigms for the region will determine the governing boundaries of the Amazon in the future.<br>Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals
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Nicolle, Sandra. "Les espaces naturels protégés en forêt amazonienne. des doctrines de gestion aux dispositifs : quelle efficacité pour la protection de l’environnement ? : étude comparative France (Guyane) / Brésil (Amapa)." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0744/document.
Full textAbstract:
Les espaces naturels protégés sont aujourd’hui à l‘échelle mondiale l’une des principales politiques publiques mises en œuvre pour faire face à la destruction des écosystèmes. Leur nombre a beaucoup augmenté ces dernières années et les modes d’action qu’ils recouvrent se sont considérablement diversifiés. Pour autant, les écosystèmes continuent à se dégrader, et l’efficacité de ces dispositifs est souvent remise en cause. Cette thèse vise à analyser les facteurs influant sur l’efficacité des espaces protégés pour la conservation d’écosystèmes amazoniens encore peu dégradés. Elle étudie pour cela la mise en œuvre de dispositifs relevant de doctrines de gestion de l’environnement différentes, basées sur (i) la limitation réglementaire maximale des activités humaines impactantes pour les écosystèmes, (ii) la gestion des ressources par des populations locales ou traditionnelles ou (iii) la mise en place d’une gestion forestière durable sur des terres publiques. Nous nous plaçons dans une posture comparative entre la Guyane (France) et l’Amapá (Brésil), territoires partageant une frontière commune, principalement matérialisée par le fleuve Oyapock. La comparaison internationale entre ces deux régions présentant une couverture exceptionnelle en espaces protégés, dans des conditions écologiques et géographiques relativement similaires, nous permet d’observer l’influence du contexte historique et sociopolitique sur les modes de prise en charge de la gestion de l’environnement par les aires protégées. Nous nous sommes basés sur une approche constructiviste, appuyée sur une production de données principalement qualitatives (entretiens semi-directifs, analyse de documents, observation participante…). Nous avons ainsi procédé à une déconstruction critique des dispositifs « aires protégées », permettant de mettre en lisibilité les enjeux environnementaux qu’ils portent, et d’analyser l’efficacité environnementale des stratégies mises en œuvre. Cette analyse s’est articulée autour d’une lecture à la fois diachronique et multiscalaire des processus de gestion.Nous montrons que la mise en place des espaces protégés de Guyane et d’Amapá a été portée par des coalitions d’acteurs structurées autour de doctrines de gestion, c’est à dire de conceptions partagées des conditions de mise en œuvre d’une « bonne gestion environnementale ». Les dispositifs créés ont hérité des ressources stratégiques d’action et de la légitimité de ces coalitions. Les coalitions porteuses de la création des espaces protégés en Amapá sont fortement articulées aux mouvements sociaux et environnementaux plus généraux de l’Amazonie brésilienne, notamment pour les revendications socio-environnementales émergeant à la sortie de la période dictatoriale. En Guyane française, les espaces naturels protégés sont principalement la résultante de compromis entre d’une part une volonté d’exemplarité de l’action de la France en Amazonie, et d’autre part une recherche de minimisation des conflits avec les acteurs politiques locaux<br>Nowadays, natural protected areas are one of the main public policies implemented at the international level in order to prevent the destruction of ecosystems. During the last decades, they became very numerous, and mobilized more and more diversified modes of action. However, natural ecosystems continue to deteriorate, and the effectiveness of protected areas is often questioned. The aim of this thesis was to analyse the factors influencing the effectiveness of protected areas in a context of Amazonian ecosystems that are still well preserved. We observed the implementation of environmental management arrangement (protected areas) that are based on various doctrines: (i) the strong limitation of all harmful human activities through legislation; (ii) the management of resources by local or traditional populations; and (iii) the implementation of sustainable forest management on public lands. We adopted a comparative approach between Guyana (France) and Amapá (Brazil), territories that share a common border, mainly identifiable by the Oyapock River. These two territories present quite similar ecological and geographical conditions, and both have an exceptional coverage of protected areas. Therefore this international comparison allowed us to observe the influence of the historical and socio-political context on the implementation of protected areas. We used a constructivist approach, mainly based on qualitative data (semi-structured interviews, document analysis, participant observation...). We effected a critical deconstruction of "protected areas" management arrangements in order to make their environmental objectives intelligible, and we analysed the environmental effectiveness of the strategies implemented. This analysis was based on a diachronic and multiscalar lecture of management processes. We show that the establishment of protected areas in Guiana and Amapá was led by coalitions of actors structured around management doctrines, i.e. shared conceptions of "good environmental management". Management arrangements created inherited the strategic resources of action and the legitimacy of these coalitions. In Amapá, coalitions were strongly articulated with wider social and environmental movements of the Brazilian Amazon, especially in the case of socio-environmental claims rising at the end of the dictatorship. In French Guiana, the natural protected areas are mainly the result of compromise between the French willingness to serve as an example in the Amazon region, and the minimisation of conflicts with local politicians
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Latta, Megan T. "A Question of Values: Overpopulation and Our Choice Between Procreative Rights and Security-Survival." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/746.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis analyzes the beliefs of population theorist Julian L. Simon through the creation of a harm principle. It specifically analyzes his argument that we value our freedom to choose how many children we want above all other values in the context of overpopulation and environmental destruction. The developed harm principle is meant to give us a method to decide how to balance our personal freedom with our security-survival. I begin with an overview of Simon’s work, as well as an exposition of other prominent population theorists. I then propose a principle that is a utilitarian alternative to John Stuart Mill’s Harm Principle. I apply the principle to the situation wherein overpopulation causes such great environmental damage that we must choose between upholding procreative rights and our continued survival. I conclude that in most cases we will accept limitations on our procreative freedom in order to maintain our planet and ensure our security-survival.
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Ansah, Kofi Boafo Adu, and n/a. "Crisis news and the environmental question in western media reporting on Afrlca, 1982-87 : a case study of the Ethiopian famine." University of Canberra. Communication, Media & Tourism, 1995. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060602.122503.
Full textAbstract:
Coverage of the Third World by the media in the developed Western
nations has been a subject of intense debate among scholars since the 1970s.
Some of the outspoken media critics have pointed to certain imbalances in
Western media reporting on some parts of the world, including African
countries. Such imbalances range from inadequate coverage to emphasis on
crisis news events. Other critics argue, however, that Western news
reporting on African countries, for example, is crisis-oriented because that is
the kind of news those countries offer to the media given the recurrence of
various forms of crises there.
The 1984-85 Ethiopian famine was one such crisis that received extensive
coverage in the Western media. Criticisms of this coverage served to fuel a
growing concern among African and other intellectuals, particularly about
one aspect of Western media reporting: the failure of those media to put into
adequate context African events on which they report. Some critics have
pointed out, for example, that although environmental decline is a major
underlying cause of famine in Africa, it does not receive attention in
Western media coverage of this recurring crisis. This is in spite of the
pioneering role of the latter in the promotion of environmental issues in
the West as a major social and political concern.
From a much broader perspective, however, it appears that the case of
imbalanced reporting on Africa in the Western media is not an isolated one.
A number of studies on news reporting suggests that the criticism of
imbalances in Western news reporting may have more to do with the
nature of Western news values than with a wilful attempt on the part of the
Western media to report on particular countries in those terms. Thus
reporting on African countries by the Western media could be one typical
example in which standard Western news practices come into full play.
Against this background, the present study sought to investigate Western
media coverage of Africa as viewed in terms of the application of Western
news values. First, using qualitative analyses of relevant literature, the study
undertook a contextualisation of crisis events in African countries, with
special reference to famines, by identifying environmental degradation as a
crucial factor in the unfolding of such crises. This included explanations for
the apparent neglect of African environmental issues by Western media.
Discussion on the environment was set in a wider context of a global
environmental crisis. The qualitative analyses also examined the issue of
imbalances, such as the focus on crisis and the lack of context, in Western
media coverage of Africa. This was explored within a theoretical framework
that encapsulates aspects of the political economy of the mass media,
political ideological differences, and culture as some of the theoretical
propositions used by some media researchers to explain imbalances in
international news flow. Second, the study used the quantitative research
technique of content analysis to carry out a longitudinal investigation of
reporting on African countries in general during 1982-87 as well as a case
study of the 1984-85 Ethiopian famine by three Western dailies: The Times of
London, the New York Times, and the Sydney Morning Herald. An IAMCR
(International Association for Mass Communication Research) coding
scheme was adopted for this purpose.
With regard to the qualitative analyses, the study found that even though
environmental decline is a major underlying cause of many of Africa's
ongoing and recurring crises such as famines, it may not receive attention in
Western media reporting on those crises. This appears to be because the
nature of Africa's environmental problems does not meet Western news
value criteria. As regards the content analyses, the study found, in both the
longitudinal and case studies, a dearth of reporting in all three dailies on
African environmental issues and an orientation towards reporting events
as discrete events, with little or no attention to underlying or contextual
information. Crisis and non-crisis events in Africa were found to be,
however, equally reported in most of the sample years studied in two of the
three dailies. The focus of reporting on the Ethiopian famine was found to
be on Western relief activities and on the bizarre or sensational side of the
disaster - aspects of reporting that fit into standard Western news practices.
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Vicentini, Juliana de Oliveira. "O discurso ambiental da TV: a Amazônia do \"Globo Repórter\"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-02042013-111519/.
Full textAbstract:
Os meios de comunicação de massa se fazem onipresentes na sociedade contemporânea, sendo legitimadores de discursos. Um dos temas que tem sido abordado pela mídia é o ambiente. No Brasil, a televisão é a referência para que o cidadão comum se informe sobre os assuntos ambientais. O \"Globo Repórter\" é um dos programas mais antigos da TV brasileira e possui abrangência nacional, além disto, pode ser considerado como um dos popularizadores de discursos sobre o ambiente. Conhecida internacionalmente por sua complexidade e por ser parcialmente responsável pela estabilidade ambiental do planeta, a Amazônia tem sido discutida em diversos segmentos da sociedade, inclusive nos âmbitos nacional e internacional. Por esta razão, ela se tornou uma das pautas da mídia e consequentemente um dos assuntos abordados periodicamente pelo \"Globo Repórter\". Deste modo, o objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar de que maneira a Amazônia foi veiculada por aquele programa televisivo durante todo o ano de 2010. Para tanto, desenvolveu-se análises de conteúdo e análises críticas do discurso. Nos programas analisados, a Amazônia está associada à natureza, cujo foco reside nas imagens de rio, floresta e biodiversidade. Os demais assuntos que poderiam ser abordados foram em grande medida silenciados. Desta maneira o atual discurso do programa ainda está enraizado nas antigas visões da época dos viajantes, os quais associavam a região ao paraíso, no qual a Amazônia era projetada como paradisíaca e como uma terra de superlativos. Aquela região é constantemente (re)descoberta pelo programa, uma vez que ela é mostrada como um lugar isolado e ainda a ser desbravado. Verificou-se que a Amazônia é exibida de forma parcial, no qual o \"Globo Repórter\" seleciona determinado fragmento sobre ela e o homogeniza para todo o território. A população selecionada para integrar as imagens do programa é aquela que está diretamente atrelada ao mundo natural: os ribeirinhos. Estas pessoas que aparecem naquele discurso televisivo ficam em segundo plano, portanto, não são tratadas como sujeitos históricos, mas sim, como um ornamento amazônico para reforçar a ideia de que a Amazônia é apenas sinônimo de natureza. A fonte de notícia legitimada pelo programa é a fonte oficial, ou seja, pessoas que representam o Poder Público. No entanto, aquelas pessoas são autorizadas a discursar apenas na direção daquilo que a \"Rede Globo\" considera relevante. Deste modo, a principal fonte do programa é a própria emissora. O \"Globo Repórter\" pode ser considerado como parte integrante do processo de educação informal dos indivíduos, portanto, esta visão parcial sobre a Amazônia veiculada pelo programa pode influenciar a maneira pela qual as pessoas pensam a respeito daquela região, ou seja, pode acarretar em desinformação sobre ela.<br>Mass media are ubiquitous in contemporary society, legitimating discourses. One of the subjects widely covered by the media is the environment. In Brazil, television is the reference for ordinary citizens to obtain information about environmental issues. The \"Globo Reporter\" is in the air for many years on Brazilian television. It can be considered as one of main means to popularize discourses on environment. Known internationally for its complexity and for being partially responsible for the environmental stability of the planet, the Amazon has been discussed by various social segments, both in the national and international scenarios. Therefore, the environment has become one the issues most discussed periodically by the \"Globo Reporter\" program. The objective of this research is to analyze how the Amazon was conveyed by the \"Globo Reporter\" program throughout the year 2010. For that purpose, we developed content analysis and critical discourse analysis. In the programs analyzed, the Amazon is associated with nature, where the focus lies in images of rivers, the forest and biodiversity. The other issues that could be addressed were largely underreported. Thus the current discourse of the program is still rooted in the ancient views of travelers, who associated the region to a paradise, conveying the idea that the Amazon is a paradise and a land of superlatives. That region is constantly (re) discovered by the program, once it is shown as an isolated place and yet to be explored. It was verified that the Amazon is displayed with bias, where \"Globo Reporter\" selects specific fragment of the forest and homogenizes it for the whole territory. The selected population that integrate the images of the program is directly tied to the natural world: the river-bank population. The people that are portrayed in that television discourse are in the background, therefore, they are not treated as historical subjects, but as ornaments of the Amazon to reinforce the idea that the Amazon is equated to nature. The legitimate source of news presented in the program was the official source, that is, people who represent the government. However, those people are allowed to speak only in the direction of what the \"Globo\" considers relevant. Thus, the main source of the program is the TV station itself. The \"Globo Reporter\" can be considered as part of the process of informal education for individuals, so this biased view on Amazon conveyed by the program can influence the way people perceive that region, i.e., it can mislead viewers .
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Leinås, Anders, and Johanna Nordin. "Reliable or not reliable, that is the question : En reliabilitetsstudie på fem tester utformade för ambulanssjukvårdare." Thesis, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-349.
Full textAbstract:
<p>Sammanfattning</p><p>Syfte och frågeställningar</p><p>Syftet med uppsatsen var att undersöka genom ett test-retest, reliabiliteten hos fem stycken specifika fys- och styrketester för de muskelgrupper, som är mest utsatta i en ambulanssjukvårdares arbete.</p><p>- Är det en god reliabilitet i ett bellybacktest utan motstånd?</p><p>- Är det en god reliabilitet i ett balanstest?</p><p>- Är det en god reliabilitet i ett handstyrketest?</p><p>- Är det en god reliabilitet i ett aerobiskt steptest?</p><p>- Är det en god reliabilitet i ett marklyft i dragmaskin?</p><p>Metod</p><p>Ett test och retest utfördes på fem tester, bellybacktest utan motstånd, handstyrketest, aerobiskt steptest, marklyft i drargmaskin och balanstest. Försökspersonerna var 14 stycken, 11 män och 3 kvinnor, samtliga var studenter vid GIH i Stockholm.</p><p>Resultat</p><p>Varken bellybacktestet utan motstånd, handstyrketestet (höger samt vänster hand), aerobiska steptestet eller marklyftet i dragmaskinen visar några slumpmässiga eller systematiska statistisk signifikanta skillnader. Balanstestet däremot har bra värden på t-testet (p=0,89), som visar att det inte finns några systematiska signifikanta skillnader, men låga värden på övriga uträkningar som visar på de slumpmässiga skillnaderna.</p><p>Slutsats</p><p>Samtliga tester med undantag från balanstestet har hög reliabilitet. Balanstestet visar mindre tillförlitlighet än de övriga fyra testerna, vilket även tidigare forskning visar. Det är därför vår tanke att bellybacktestet, handstyrketesterna, aerobiska steptestet och marklyftet i dragmaskinen är tester som kan byggas vidare på inom arbetet att testa ambulanssjukvårdare. Balansen är fortfarande en viktig faktor att testa, men ett bättre test är nödvändigt för att få tillförlitliga resultat.</p>
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Ribeiro, Fernando Pinto. "Os paradigmas neoliberal e ambiental na construção da cidade contemporânea: tramas e tendências do discurso hegemônico da sustentabilidade na Europa e no Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16139/tde-30072014-161657/.
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A cidade contemporânea é interpretada neste trabalho segundo a confluência de dois paradigmas implícitos ao processo de globalização. A legibilidade do fenômeno urbano aponta, dessa forma, para o espectro ideológico do neoliberalismo e para a emergência da questão ambiental como eixos estruturantes que permeiam a construção da cidade em suas múltiplas escalas e espaços. Antes vistos como separados, na égide da globalização o paradigma ambiental passa a se articular às forças de mercado e, na cidade, funda um discurso hegemônico que influirá diretamente no território sob diferentes modos de ação, mas predominantemente sob as estratégias do mercado e do Estado empreendedorista. Neste sentido, o trabalho analisa a natureza destes paradigmas em seu contexto histórico, seus significados para a formação de um discurso fundador de uma ideologia da \"sustentabilidade\", e suas implicações na Europa e no Brasil, com especial atenção ao contexto francês e ao aglomerado urbano de Florianópolis, respectivamente. Na Europa, o discurso funda um novo modelo urbano, \"a Cidade Sustentável\", enquanto padrão que centraliza as recentes políticas urbanas pelo continente e engendra alguns eixos de intervenção, tendo como principal o écoquartier ou bairro sustentável. Espalhados pelo território, imprimem o jogo do capital imobiliário, em que privatização e financeirização do espaço abrem caminho para o desperdício de terras. Da mesma forma no Brasil, grandes projetos imobiliários apropriam-se do teor discursivo da sustentabilidade e, neste processo, mantém um padrão de urbanização que caracteriza a cidadeneoliberal, estruturalmente insustentável e formalizadora de um discurso simbólico que não induz à mecanismos de verdadeira transformação urbana. Ao buscar apontar ao máximo todas as evidências desta apropriação do discurso ambiental, o trabalho sinaliza um debate a respeito dos antagonismos oriundos deste processo e a perspectivas que o mesmo resguarda para o futuro das cidades.<br>The Contemporary City is viewed in this work as a result of a confluence of two paradigms linked to globalization process. It means that the urban phenomenon aprehension points to a neoliberal ideology and to the emergence of an environmental question as two strucutural axes that induce the city production in its multiples scales and spaces. Both paradigms develop themselves on two diferent and separated social basis, but under globalization influence the enviromental paradigm begins to reinforce an articulated relation with market forces and, in the city, motive an hegemonic discourse that will directly make influence in the territory changes under diferente actions ways, especially under market strategies and the entrepreneur management. Thus, the work analises the nature of these two paradigms in its historical contexts, the meanings to a formation of a sustainability ideology fundational discourse and the implications of both in Europe and Brazil, mainly in the French and Florianópolis urban region contexts. In Europe, the discourse stablishes a new urban model, \"the Sustainable Town\", as a pattern that centralizes the recent urban policies through the continent and generate some intervention axes, which the écoquartier or sustainable neighborhood reveals itself as a main example. However, spread on the territory they are an evidence of real estate capital interests and take part of a privatism and a financial approach in the urban space production, what inflicts gradually to the waste of urban land. At the same way in Brazil, huge urban real estate projects adapt themselves to sustainability containt discourse and, in doing that, reproduce a same urbanization pattern that caracterizes the neoliberal town, which means that they are unsustainable and formalize a simbolic discourse that hind real mechanisms of changes in the city. In the objetive of pointing the most evidences of that environmental discourse apropriation, this thesis intend to reveal a debate related to the antagonisms that came from this process and the perspectives implicated to the urban space in the future.
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Fengler, Felipe Hashimoto. "Aplicação da análise dimensional em indicadores ambientais de áreas degradadas pela exploração de cassiterita." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/152993.
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Previous issue date: 2018-03-05<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>No contexto do desenvolvimento sustentável há um paradigma crítico, que retrata a relação entre o capital e a degradação ambiental. Conforme aumenta o cunho socioeconômico de determinada atividade, maior é a permissibilidade da sociedade aos seus efeitos ambientais negativos, sobretudo quando são apenas sentidos em nível local. Porém, após um passado de exemplos adversos, a meta por um estado de equilíbrio tem adquiro notoriedade em busca de uma nova perspectiva de desenvolvimento. Quando atividades de grande relevância, como a mineração, resultam em elevado grau de alteração do meio, há expectativa da sociedade quanto à mitigação ou compensação dos seus efeitos negativos, principalmente quando ecossistemas sensíveis são afetados. Porém, a complexidade ambiental dificulta a mensuração da extensão dos danos ambientais, bem como a efetividade de ações de recuperação. Nesse contexto se insere o presente estudo. Buscaram-se métricas e métodos compreensivos para a avaliação de florestas em recuperação em áreas minerarias na Amazônia brasileira. A técnica de modelagem com Análise Dimensional foi empregada de maneira a estabelecer índices adimensionais voltados à avaliação desses ambientes. Variáveis relacionadas ao desenvolvimento florestal, fauna, além das condições físicas, químicas e bioquímicas do solo foram empregadas, utilizando a priori o processo de conhecimento por descoberta em banco de dados em sua seleção. Dois estudos preliminares a Análise Dimensional foram realizados, fornecendo suporte para escolha das variáveis e entendimento da representatividade dos índices adimensionais obtidos. Como resultado uma proposta metodológica foi apresentada, para avaliação da condição fitossociológica de ambientes em recuperação em comparação ao ecossistema de referência. O grau de alteração do solo se mostrou como um dos fatores condicionantes, destacando a importância das ações iniciais de preparo, preliminarmente ao plantio. A análise dimensional se revelou como uma abordagem promissora, possibilitando sintetizar, representar e comparar as condições ambientais dos locais minerados e do ecossistema de referência. Porém, três índices assumiram um papel protagonista, com representação sistêmica do processo de recuperação ambiental, o primeiro expresso pela relação entre duas variáveis bioquímicas do solo, a respiração basal e atividade celulase (Pi2); o segundo (Pi8) obtido através de variáveis biológicas da fauna e da flora; e o terceiro (Pi10), integrando variáveis do solo, da fauna e da flora. Os resultados obtidos permitiram condensar avanços conceituais e metodológicos nesse documento, estruturando uma base para elaboração de propostas de avaliação de ecossistemas alterados e estabelecimentos de padrões de qualidade com base no ecossistema de referência Amazônico.<br>There is a critical paradigm that portrays the sustainable development, the relationship between the capital and the environmental degradation. As the socioeconomic importance of a given activity increases, the greater will be the permissibility of society to its negative impacts, especially when they are only sensed at the local level. However, after several adverse examples in history, the aim for a state of equilibrium has acquired notoriety for a new perspective of development. When an activity of great relevance, as mining, results in high environmental alteration, there is an expectation of mitigation, or compensation, on its negative effects, especially when vulnerable ecosystems were affected. However, the environmental complexity not always allows a full comprehension of environmental damage, as well as the effectiveness of recovery actions in their reversal. This study aimed to search for comprehensive metrics and methods to evaluate of mined forests of Brazilian Amazonia. Dimensional Analysis was employed in establishing dimensionless index related to the environmental quality of the mined forests. Variables of forest development, fauna, and physical, chemical and biochemical conditions of the soil were employed, based on knowledge discovery in databases in its selection. Two preliminary studies to Dimensional Analysis were carried out, supporting the choice of variables and the further understanding about obtained dimensionless index. As a result, a methodological proposal was presented to evaluate the phytosociological conditions of recovering environments compared to the reference ecosystem. The degree of soil alteration was shown as a conditioning factor, highlighting the importance of the initial soil preparing actions, preliminary to revegetation. The dimensional analysis proved to be a promising approach, allowing synthesizing, representing and comparing the environmental conditions of the mined sites with the reference ecosystem. However, three indices played a major role, with systemic representation of the environmental recovery process, the first one expressed by the relationship between soil basal respiration and cellulase activity (Pi2), the second (Pi8), obtained through biological variables of fauna and flora; and the third (Pi10), integrating soil, fauna and flora variables. The obtained results allowed to condense conceptual and methodological advances in this document, structuring a basis for elaborating evaluation proposals for altered ecosystems and to establish quality standards, based on the reference ecosystem.
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Pinot, Adrien. "Les cycles de campagnols des champs dans l'Ouest de la France : une vieille question revisitée à l'aide d'outils modernes." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00858957.
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Les dynamiques cycliques sont observées chez de nombreux rongeurs. Longtemps une cause unique a été recherchée pour expliquer tous les cycles. Cependant, différentes analyses locales ont permis de montrer que les causes des cycles sont bien souvent différentes en fonction de l'espèce ou du milieu concerné. Il est donc important de travailler à une échelle locale pour comprendre ces dynamiques particulières. Durant cette thèse, j'ai cherché à comprendre la dynamique cyclique du campagnol des champs dans les plaines agricoles de l'Ouest de la France. Trois axes ont été principalement abordés : 1) la structure de la densité dépendance au sein du système cyclique ; 2) la variation des traits d'histoire de vie (survie et reproduction) responsables des différentes phases du cycle ; 3) la relation entre les traits d'histoire de vie et l'agriculture. Pour ce faire, des approches de modélisation, d'analyse de données empiriques et de données expérimentales ont été utilisées. Les principaux résultats obtenus sont que les cycles du campagnol des champs montrent deux phases densité-dépendantes. La première est la phase de déclin des effectifs, se déroulant en hiver et étant due à une modification de la reproduction par des mécanismes de densité dépendance directe. La seconde est une phase de stagnation des effectifs à basse densité. Elle est probablement plurifactorielle et due à des mécanismes de densité dépendance retardée. Enfin, nous avons montré que les pratiques agricoles et le type de culture avait un impact fort sur les traits démographiques et que ceux-ci dépendent de la saison. Cette thèse a principalement servi à proposer un schéma cohérent expliquant le fonctionnement de notre système cyclique. Néanmoins, les mécanismes sous-jacents restent à élucider. Dans cette optique, des pistes ont été initiées concernant la recherche d'effets maternels ou la déplétion de la ressource par les individus.
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Guimarães, Leandro Belinaso. "Um olhar nacional sobre a Amazônia: apreendendo a floresta em textos de Euclides da Cunha." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/11090.
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A presente tese busca discutir processos e discursos que operaram na direção da nacionalização da Amazônia em um momento e circunstância específicos: o período da Primeira República brasileira. Para tanto, examinou-se um conjunto variado de textos (ensaios, cartas, relatórios, ofícios, livros, diários, artigos jornalísticos), especialmente os escritos por Euclides da Cunha sobre a floresta, privilegiando-se aqueles produzidos em decorrência de uma viagem oficial feita pelo referido autor em 1905, como chefe da Comissão Brasileira de Reconhecimento do Alto Purus, para colher dados acerca da delimitação territorial dessa área. A partir de dados colhidos nesta viagem, o governo brasileiro pretendia mapear o rio Purus em sua trajetória, desde a desembocadura em Manaus até suas cabeceiras no atual Estado do Acre, definindo, com tal mapeamento, as fronteiras noroestes do país em seus limites com a Bolívia e o Peru. A viagem foi patrocinada pelo Ministério das Relações Exteriores da República do Brasil e realizada conjuntamente com uma comissão do governo peruano. A investigação que desenvolvi nesta tese está inscrita no campo teórico dos Estudos Culturais e buscou inspiração, sobretudo, em suas versões latino-americanas. Dessa forma, foi central à pesquisa a consideração nas análises do conceito de hibridação cultural. Através dessa noção, buscou-se ampliar as articulações do estudo focalizado na tese a outros campos de saberes, ao colocarem-se em relação diferentes elementos que parecem ter atuado na invenção de um olhar efetivamente nacional para a Amazônia, naquele momento de inauguração da República. Assim, hibridar a Amazônia que emergia das páginas escritas por Euclides da Cunha refere-se ao ato investigativo de colocar em jogo elementos que muitas vezes poderiam ser vistos como paradoxais ou excludentes em outras perspectivas teóricas. Nessa pesquisa, no entanto, esses são configurados como atuantes, ao mesmo tempo, na instituição da Amazônia como um território nacional. Indico na tese que esteve em jogo neste processo: 1) a necessidade de ir lá ver a floresta com os próprios olhos (olhos muito próprios de um brasileiro com delegação oficial) para poder-se melhor narrá-la; 2) a incumbência oficial de proceder-se a escrituração dos rios desta região, para realizar a demarcação das fronteiras da nação; 3) o enfraquecimento das narrativas estrangeiras de viagem sobre a Amazônia, permitindo a promoção de um “desencantamento” de seu território; 4) a invenção de uma raça nacional tida como capacitada a desencadear a transformação da floresta e sua efetiva integração a um país clamante de progresso, de civilização e de desenvolvimentoeconômico; 5) e o combate ao nomadismo histórico de ocupação do seu território, que mantinha a floresta como desértica de civilização. Considera-se que todos estes aspectos - que articuladamente foram, segundo as análises processadas na tese, colocados em jogo nos textos amazônicos de Euclides da Cunha - operaram na direção de ensinar aos brasileiros daqueles tempos, sobretudo os incrustados no governo brasileiro, como se deveria enxergar a Amazônia, para que ela pudesse civilizar-se, desenvolver-se economicamente e integrar-se à nação. Enfim, nessa “pedagogia” que estava em operação nos textos euclidianos, foi imprescindível instituir um olhar efetivamente nacional, brasileiro, para a floresta.<br>This thesis tries to discuss processes and discourses operating towards the nationalisation of Amazonia in a particular moment: in the First Brazilian Republic period. For this, one has examined a various set of texts (essays, letters, reports, official letters, books, diaries, pieces of journalism), especially writings about the forest by Euclides da Cunha, favouring those produced as a consequence of an official travel he made in 1905 as the head for the High Purus Recognition Brazilian Commission to collect dada on the demarcation of this area. From the collected data on this travel, Brazilian government wanted to map river Purus from its mouth in Manaus to its fountainheads in the current State of Acre, establishing with this mapping the northwest boundaries in the country on the border lines with Bolivia and Peru. The travel was sponsored by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Brazil and accomplished together with a commission of the Peruvian government. The inquiry I have made for this thesis is included in the Cultural Studies theoretical field, and has derived inspiration, above all, from Latin American strands. Thus considering the analyses of the concept of cultural hybridisation has been central for the research. With this notion in mind I have sought to broaden the study focus in this thesis to other fields of knowledge, by placing together different elements that seem to have played a role in the invention of a really national gaze for Amazonia, on that moment of inaugurating the Republic. Thus, hybridising the Amazonia emerging from Cunha’s writings refers to the investigative act of bringing into play elements that frequently might be seen as paradoxical and exclusive in other theoretical perspectives. In this research, however, those are shaped at the same time as acting in Amazonia’s establishment and as a national territory. In this thesis I suggest that the following were at stake: 1) the need to go up there and see the forest with his own eyes (particular eyes of an official Brazilian) to narrate it more adequately; 2) the official charge of mapping rivers in this region to demarcate the nation’s border lines; 3) the weakening of the travel foreign narratives about Amazonia, which also have acted on ‘disenchantment’ for the territory; 4) the invention of a national race taken as enabling a transformation of the forest and its effective integration into a country calling for progress, civilisation and economic development; and 5) the fight against the historical nomadism in the settlement of the area, which would keep the forest as a wasteland. One considers that all these aspects ― which, in an articulated way, according to the analysis processed in the thesis, were brought into play in 10 Cunha’s texts about Amazonia ― have worked towards teaching the Brazilians of those times, especially those from the Brazilian government, how they should see Amazonia so that it could be civilised, economically developed and integrated to the nation. Finally, in this pedagogy working in Euclidian texts, it was essential to establish an effectively national, Brazilian gaze for the forest.
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Lamarca, Junior Mariano Rua. "O valor econômico do carbono emitido pelo processo de desmatamento da Amazônia como instrumento de conservação florestal." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2007. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/9317.
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Previous issue date: 2007-09-27<br>We analyse in the this work the causes of deforestation of the Legal Amazonia
and the environment subject present in the public policies for the region, including the
Public Forests Management Law (Law 11.284/06), approved with the goal of
regulating public forests management in Brazil and promoting the sustainable
development. We discuss the Kyoto Protocol´s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
problem regarding forest conservation.
Through a hypothetical scenario of zero deforestation and 100% of the not
emitted carbon linked to forest conservation projects, we calculate that an economic
revenue equivalent to the logging activities could be obtained, contributing to the
maintenance of the climatic equilibrium because of the reduced Greenhouse Gases
emissions, as well as keeping preserved the biodiversity and environment services
values related to the standing forest.
Nevertheless, appropriate regulations should be planned and implemented to
achieve the desired goal, and the solution proposed in this work is in the convergence of
the international laws regulating carbon markets and the native tropical forests
protection laws<br>Analisamos neste trabalho as causas de desmatamento da Amazônia Legal e a
questão ambiental presente nas políticas públicas para a região, incluindo a Lei de
Gestão de Florestas Públicas (Lei 11.284/06), sancionada com o objetivo de
regulamentar a gestão de florestas públicas no Brasil e promover o desenvolvimento
sustentável. Discutimos o problema do Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL)
do Protocolo de Kyoto na questão da conservação florestal.
Através de um cenário hipotético de desmatamento zero e 100% do carbono
não emitido vinculado a projetos de conservação florestal, calculamos que uma receita
econômica equivalente à da exploração madeireira poderia ser obtida, contribuindo para
a manutenção do equilíbrio climático pela reduzida emissão de Gases de Efeito Estufa,
bem como mantendo preservados os valores da biodiversidade e dos serviços
ambientais relacionados à floresta em pé (não derrubada).
Entretanto, marcos regulatórios adequados devem ser planejados e
implementados para atingir o objetivo desejado, e a solução proposta neste trabalho
situa-se na convergência das leis internacionais de regulação dos mercados de carbono e
das leis de proteção das florestas tropicais nativas
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Ramos, Bruno Yoheiji Kono. "A questão fundiária na Amazônia e os reflexos jurídicos no uso e ocupação do solo público pela mineração: estudo de caso do estado do Pará." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2014. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6626.
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Previous issue date: 2014-10-22<br>Vale Columbia Center on Sustainable International Investment<br>The study of mining rights in Brazil is still incipient, despite the mining economic activity
traced to Brazilian colonization by Portugal. This is verified by the few answers right in a case
involving the mining itself, which become rarer when the environmental variables and land
are incorporated. Therefore, the present research aimed to develop studies that cover the
legal consequences for mining on the occupational status of the space where you plan to
develop its activities, being analyzed the Amazon, in particular, the State of Pará, since the
same time appearing as a mineral producer on the rise due to the quality and quantity of
minerals found in its territory, on the other hand, presents emblematic cases of illegal
appropriation of public lands and natural resources, causing legal uncertainty and social
instability, causing injury to population, damage to the treasury and the miner himself, and
away from new opportunities that are conducted in support of sensible sustainable
development, may convert the mineral wealth of the desired endogenous development, as
occurred in the United States, Canada, Chile and Australia. For this, we used library
resources deaths in legal, social and economic sciences, as well as legislative and
jurisprudential research. In addition, we sought to spatial analysis using maps of the
relationship between land use and mining property, as well as raising the legal-ownership
status and amounts paid CFEM seven mining projects run on public lands in the Amazon to
estimate the amount due to the participation of the owner in the mining results. As a result
we attempted to contextualize the government and the mining on land tenure and
occupational land in Pará State, demonstrate the need to internalize the costs of production,
the economic use of the public as well as environmental soil in compliance with the principle
of user-payer and also propose the construction of public policies that address land use
regulation as an essential tool for reducing environmental conflicts over access to land and
other natural resources such as mining<br>O estudo do direito minerário no Brasil ainda é incipiente, não obstante a atividade
econômica minerária remontar à colonização brasileira por Portugal. Esta situação é
verificada pelas poucas respostas do direito perante os casos envolvendo a mineração em
si, que se tornam mais raras quando as variáveis ambiental e fundiária são incorporadas.
Por isso, o presente trabalho de pesquisa pretendeu desenvolver estudos que abarcam os
reflexos jurídicos para mineração diante da situação ocupacional do espaço onde pretende
desenvolver suas atividades, sendo objeto de análise a Amazônia, em especial, o Estado do
Pará, visto que, ao mesmo tempo que figura como produtor mineral em ascensão em razão
da qualidade e quantidade dos minérios encontrados no seu território, por outro lado,
apresenta casos emblemáticos de apropriação ilegal de terras públicas e de recursos
naturais, causando insegurança jurídica e instabilidade social, causadoras de prejuízos a
população, lesão ao erário e ao próprio minerador, além de afastar novas oportunidades
que, se conduzidas em prol do desenvolvimento sustentável sensato, poderão converter as
riquezas minerais no pretendido desenvolvimento endógeno, como ocorrido nos Estados
Unidos, Canadá, Chile e Austrália. Para tanto, utilizou-se de recursos bibliográficos óbitos
nas ciências jurídica, social e econômica, além de pesquisa legislativa e jurisprudencial.
Além disso, buscou-se a análise espacial através de mapas da relação entre a ocupação do
solo e a propriedade minerária, bem como levantar a situação jurídica-fundiária e os valores
pagos a título da CFEM de sete empreendimentos minerários executados em terrenos
públicos na Amazônia para estimar o valor devido a título de participação do proprietário nos
resultados da lavra. Como resultado buscou-se contextualizar os poderes públicos e o
minerador sobre a situação fundiária e ocupacional das terras no Estado do Pará,
demonstrar a necessidade de internalizar nos custos de produção o uso econômico do solo
público enquanto bem ambiental em cumprimento do princípio do usuário-pagador e, ainda,
propor a construção de políticas públicas que contemplem a regularização fundiária como
instrumento essencial para redução de conflitos socioambientais pelo acesso a terra e
demais recursos naturais como o minerário
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Yoboue, Koffi Kouadio Michel. "La question de la remédiation environnementale résultant de l'exploitation artisanale, à petite échelle du diamant : cas de l'Union du fleuve Mano." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30013/document.
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L'exploitation artisanale, à petite échelle du diamant se pratique dans tous les pays de l'Union du Fleuve Mano (Côte d'Ivoire, Guinée, Libéria et Sierra Leone) de façon rudimentaire et parfois de façon informelle. L'exploitation minière artisanale du diamant offre cependant une importante stratégie de subsistance aux communautés locales car elle constitue l'activité principale de la plupart des travailleurs mineurs dans l'Union du Fleuve Mano (UFM). Il ressort de nos études de terrain et des enquêtes auprès des artisans mineurs que ce type d'exploitation minière a des impacts directs sur les galeries forestières, le sol et les cours d'eau. De plus, nous montrons que la réduction des impacts environnementaux engendrés par l'exploitation artisanale, à petite échelle de diamants n'est pas ressentie comme une nécessité ni comme une préoccupation majeure au sein de la communauté des artisans mineurs. Il y a souvent de la part des artisans mineurs un manque de compréhension des problèmes environnementaux et une insuffisante capacité à y faire face, comme le révèle notre étude menée sur trois sites Bobi, Toubabouko et Tortiya en Côte d'Ivoire. Les aires protégées au titre de leurs biodiversités, qui revêtent une importance écologique et socioéconomique majeure pour les populations des pays de la région de l'UFM, subissent malheureusement des pressions importantes du fait de cette exploitation minière artisanale du diamant. D'autant que bien souvent la population des artisans mineurs des sites enquêtés se révèle être en situation socio-économique très précaire et être souvent préoccupée par sa survie dans des conditions très difficiles. Ces dernières années, le Processus de Kimberley a pris l'initiative de concentrer sa réflexion et son action sur les questions environnementales. En 2012, la Déclaration de Washington, relative à l'intégration du développement de l'extraction artisanale et à petite échelle de diamants dans la mise en application du Processus de Kimberley, a souligné l'importance de prendre en considération les ramifications et conséquences environnementales de l'extraction minière artisanale. Dans cette optique, une enquête auprès des artisans mineurs en Côte d'Ivoire et une auto-évaluation de cette déclaration effectuée en 2014 en Côte d'Ivoire ont permis de comprendre que le cadre juridique, social, institutionnel et politique, constaté dans l'État Ivoirien, n'était pas toujours adapté au règlement des problèmes sociaux des artisans mineurs ni au règlement des questions environnementales soulevées par leurs activités minières. Ce travail de diagnostic de la déclaration devrait servir de modèle aux autres États de l'UFM. Les impacts des activités minières artisanales sur l'environnement existent donc mais il semble aussi que la remédiation des sites miniers artisanaux soit possible. En effet, le secteur de l'exploitation artisanale, à petite échelle de diamants a besoin de procédures de remédiation environnementale simples et de protocoles adaptés au niveau d'éducation des artisans mineurs et de leurs réalités financières. A ce sujet, la Sierra Leone a été un terrain privilégié d'expérimentation de la remédiation des sites miniers abandonnés à travers des projets gouvernementaux et des projets pilotes comme "Life after diamonds: Land Reclamation for Agriculture and Advocacy Pilot Initiative ". Ces projets ont contribué à protéger l'environnement et à améliorer les conditions socio-économiques des exploitants miniers. Cependant ces projets de remédiation quoique salutaires, ont eu aussi des limites qui méritent d'être prises en compte dans les futures initiatives des autres pays de l'UFM<br>Artisanal and small-scale diamond mining is practiced in all countries of the Mano River Union (Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone) in a rudimentary and informal manner. However artisanal diamond mining is an important means of livelihood for most local communities in the Mano River Union. Based on our field research and surveys of miners, this type of mining has direct impacts on the forest ecosystem, soil and watercourses. In addition, the research shows that reducing the environmental impacts of artisanal and small scale diamond mining is not seen as a necessity or a major concern in the mining communities. There is often a lack of understanding and insufficient capacity to deal with environmental problems among artisanal miners, as revealed in our study of three mining sites in Côte d'Ivoire; Bobi, Toubabouko and Tortiya. Protected areas, which are of major ecological and socioeconomic importance for the populations of the Mano River Union countries, are unfortunately under pressure because of artisanal diamond mining. Especially since artisanal miners at the surveyed sites are often in precarious socio-economic situations more preoccupied by means of survival under very difficult working conditions. In recent years, the Kimberley Process has been focusing on environmental issues. In 2012, the Washington Declaration on Integrating Development of Artisanal and Small-Scale Diamond Mining in the implementation of the Kimberley Process highlighted the importance of considering the ramifications and environmental consequences of artisanal mining. To this end, a survey of artisanal miners in Côte d'Ivoire in 2014 made it clear that the legal, social, institutional and political framework of the Ivorian government, was neither adapted to the solution of the social problems of miners nor to the settlement of environmental problems caused by mining activities. This diagnosis should serve as a model for the other countries of the Mano River Union. The reclamation of artisanal mining sites is therefore possible in spite of the environmental impacts of artisanal mining. In fact there is a need for reclamation procedures and protocols adapted to the educational and financial realities of artisanal miners. In this regard, Sierra Leone has been a model in reclamation of abandoned mining sites through pilot projects such as "Land after Diamonds: Land Reclamation for Agriculture and Advocacy Pilot Initiative". These projects have helped to protect the environment and improve the socio-economic conditions of artisanal miners. However, these reclamation projects, although salutary, also have limitations which deserve to be taken into account in future initiatives of the other countries of the Mano River Union
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Bueno, Vanessa Corrêa da Silva. "Percepções sociais sobre o futuro da humanidade no planeta: um estudo na cidade de Piracicaba, SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-05072016-183032/.
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A pesquisa sobre as percepções de residentes da região de Piracicaba em relação às questões ambientais e ao futuro da humanidade no planeta foi desenvolvida com base em um questionário semi-estruturado. As questões buscaram levantar dados autoavaliativos sobre perfil, comportamentos, estado de humor, qualidade de vida, condição econômica e hábitos de consumo, práticas para destinação de resíduos, iniciativas de exercício de cidadania em prol da sustentabilidade socioambiental, para enfim, indagar sobre percepções de futuro e avaliações sobre o contexto socioambiental dos participantes da pesquisa. A aplicação dos questionários foi feita de forma aleatória estratificada nos bairros das cinco regiões da cidade de Piracicaba: Norte, Sul, Leste, Oeste e Centro. Por meio dessas aplicações, foram obtidos 655 questionários, que foram sistematizados, tabulados e analisados estatisticamente, utilizando-se gráficos de frequência, o Teste de Kruskal Wallis, os Testes de Correlação de Spearman e Kendall, o Teste de Qui-Quadrado e o Teste Exato de Fisher. Foram também criadas nuvens de palavras, desenvolvidas no software online \"Wordle\" (FEINBERG, 2014). Os resultados obtidos com essa pesquisa e as análises desenvolvidas indicam que 227 pessoas, isto é, aproximadamente 35% dos respondentes, possui uma percepção pessimista sobre o futuro da humanidade no planeta. Porém, 493 pessoas, o equivalente a aproximadamente 75% do total de respondentes, considerou que, dentre as alternativas apresentadas no questionário (Desenvolvimento de tecnologias; Controle de natalidade; Educação e mudanças culturais; Cobrança de impostos com base nos impactos ambientais; Intervenção do Estado), a educação e mudanças culturais são fundamentais no processo de transformação social e de superação das problemáticas ambientais. Observou-se também que a crise hídrica vivenciada na época em que os questionários foram aplicados também influenciou na percepção social dos respondentes, uma vez que a palavra \"água\" foi citada 380 vezes. Por meio do trabalho, foi também possível analisar o comportamento ambiental dos pesquisados, notando-se que ainda há a necessidade de promoção de atividades educacionais e comunicacionais que possam estimular a adoção de hábitos e comportamentos mais comprometidos com ideias de sustentabilidade e que levem a mudanças mais efetivas nos padrões de relacionamento entre sociedade e meio ambiente.<br>The research about the perceptions of residents in Piracicaba on environmental issues and the future of humanity on the planet has been developed based on a semi-structured questionnaire. Its questions sought to raise self-evaluative data on the profile, mood, quality of life, economic condition and consumer habits, waste handling practices, citizenship exercise initiatives for environmental sustainability, to finally inquire about future perceptions and assessments about the socio-environmental context of the research participants. The questionnaires were applied in a stratified random way in neighborhoods in the five regions of Piracicaba: North, South, East, West and Central. Through these applications, we obtained 655 questionnaires, which were then systematized and statistically analyzed, using frequency graphs, the Kruskal Wallis test, the Spearman correlation test and Kendall test, the Chi-Square test and the Fisher\'s exact test. Word clouds were also created, developed on the online software \"Wordle\" (FEINBERG, 2014). The results obtained from this research and developed analyzes indicate that 227 people, that is, approximately 35% of respondents have a pessimistic perception of the future of humanity on the planet. However, 493 people, equivalent to approximately 75% of all respondents considered that, among the presented alternatives of the questionnaire (Technology development; Birth control; Education and cultural changes; Tax collection based on the environmental impacts; State intervention), education and cultural changes are fundamental in the process of social transformation and overcoming environmental problems. It was also observed that the water crisis experienced at the time the questionnaires were applied also influenced the social perception of respondents, since the word \"water\" was cited 380 times. Through the research, it was also possible to analyze the environmental performance of those surveyed, noting that there is still the need to promote communicational and educational activities that can stimulate the adoption of habits and behavior that are more compromised to sustainability ideas and that can lead to more effective changes in the relationship patterns between society and environment.
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Costa, Danielli da Silva. "The expressions of the health question in the context of environmental conflict: Voices of a Territory Threatened by the possible Implantation of Uranium and Phosphate Mining in the Central Hinterland of CearÃ." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=18101.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior<br>This research lectures on health expressions in a context of environmental conflicts related to mining of uranium and phosphate in the interior of Cearà involving rural communities, the Brazilian Nuclear Industry - INB and Galvani undertaking forming part of the Consortium Santa Quiteria. Health risks, changes in lifestyles and joints of social movements and communities in defense of their territory, their culture and common goods, make up the motivations for the study and deepening of the energy issue in the context of the development model capitalist to reflect how the health dimension is expressed in the context of conflict from the perspective of communities. Thus, the research aims to describe how the health dimension has been expressing in the territory threatened by mining. This description will be based on three key moments of the core approach period with the above environmental conflict: post-doc territorial health project; the construction of the academic / folk panel and its contribution to the technical opinion against the health of the EIA / RIMA; and the systematization of the health issue of expressions recorded in research and extension activities carried out by the Center. We assume that the various forms of health expression has a peculiarity when in an environmental conflict situation caused by the deployment of a large enterprise. And for unraveling these issues and understand how this dimension arises from the territory used as a methodology participatory research and documentary research. From the Environmental Impact Study and Environmental Impact Report delivered to IBAMA (Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources) the concern of the population regarding the health impacts was exposed, specifically concerns related to radiation, demand for more information in this regard as well as on possible environmental contamination (soil, water, air and vegetation). The defense health design built from the ways of life in the field, the struggle in defense of nature and the territory; understanding the risks arising from the implementation of the project; the relationship with health policies; the follow-up strategies of social and territorial transformations, are factors that lead communities to defense actions of their health, or as they put it: the defense of life itself.<br>A presente pesquisa disserta sobre as expressÃes da saÃde em um contexto de conflito ambiental relacionado à mineraÃÃo de urÃnio e fosfato no sertÃo do Cearà envolvendo comunidades camponesas, a IndÃstria Nuclear Brasileira - INB e a empresa Galvani que fazem parte do ConsÃrcio Santa QuitÃria. Os riscos à saÃde, as transformaÃÃes nos modos de vida e as articulaÃÃes dos movimentos sociais e comunidades em defesa do seu territÃrio, de sua cultura e dos bens comuns, compÃem as motivaÃÃes para o estudo e aprofundamento da questÃo energÃtica no contexto do modelo de desenvolvimento capitalista para refletir como a dimensÃo da saÃde se expressa no contexto de conflito a partir da perspectiva das comunidades. Assim, a pesquisa se propÃe a descrever como a dimensÃo da saÃde vem se expressando no territÃrio ameaÃado pela mineraÃÃo. Essa descriÃÃo à feita com base em trÃs momentos-chave do perÃodo de aproximaÃÃo do NÃcleo TRAMAS com o conflito ambiental exposto: o projeto de pÃs-doc de territorializaÃÃo em saÃde; a construÃÃo do painel acadÃmico/popular e sua contribuiÃÃo para o contra parecer tÃcnico da saÃde do EIA/RIMA; e a sistematizaÃÃo das expressÃes da questÃo da saÃde registradas nas pesquisas e atividades de extensÃo realizadas pelo NÃcleo TRAMAS. Partimos do pressuposto de que as diversas formas de expressÃo da saÃde possui uma peculiaridade quando se encontra em uma situaÃÃo de conflito ambiental ocasionado pela implantaÃÃo de um grande empreendimento. E para desvendarmos essas questÃes e compreender como essa dimensÃo se coloca a partir do territÃrio utilizamos como metodologia a pesquisa participante e a pesquisa documental. A partir do Estudo de Impacto Ambiental e RelatÃrio de Impacto Ambiental entregue ao IBAMA (Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais RenovÃveis) foi exposto a preocupaÃÃo da populaÃÃo com relaÃÃo aos impactos sobre a saÃde, especificamente a preocupaÃÃo relacionada à radiaÃÃo, a demanda por mais informaÃÃes a este respeito, bem como sobre as possÃveis contaminaÃÃes do ambiente (solo, Ãgua, ar e vegetaÃÃo). A concepÃÃo de saÃde construÃda a partir dos modos de vida no campo, da luta em defesa da natureza e do territÃrio; a compreensÃo dos riscos advindos com a implantaÃÃo do empreendimento; a relaÃÃo com as politicas de saÃde; as estratÃgias de acompanhamento das transformaÃÃes sociais e territoriais sÃo fatores que levam Ãs comunidades a protagonizarem aÃÃes de defesa de sua saÃde, ou como eles colocam: a defesa da prÃpria vida.
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WITKOWSKI, Thadeu Henrique. "Contribuição aos estudos da gestão ambiental do campesinato." Universidade do Oeste Paulista, 2018. http://bdtd.unoeste.br:8080/jspui/handle/jspui/1071.
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Previous issue date: 2018-03-10<br>This research aims to understand the principles of the peasantry environmental management as one of its re-creation strategies. In order to bring major elements for the construction of this work, it was made necessary a bibliographical research, seeking to participate in discussions on the complexity of the agrarian question, arising from the relationship between the capitalism and the peasantry, trying to understand how molded the peasant condition in fact, developing strategies to promote their recreation within the capitalist system, not being part of it and, contradictorily, being part of it. For the development of this research was used the dialectic nature of methodology. The interviews form applied in fields of work, allowing a necessary approach to reality, since the research is done in the "college" and in "countryside", allowing identifying the principles of the peasantry environmental management, seeking them as the peasantry recreating strategies. Thus, the evidences of the principles of the peasantry environmental management are presented by the analysis that meets the following thread. In the first chapter, our analytical effort falls on the capitalism occupation process in the Pontal of Paranapanema seeking to prove how it changed social relations and the landscapes organization of the region. The theoretical and conceptual reflection on the complexity of the agrarian question, in which involves the capitalism advance over agriculture and the peasantry recreation strategies, is presented in the second chapter. It was also sought to understand an introductory environmental management with a systemic approach, highlighting the actions that connect them and give them constitutive coherence that form, maintain, regulate, govern and reveal the complex unit and the design of multiple interactions. In this context we list the principles of environmental management, through methods, procedures and management techniques established in an interrelated way with agricultural activities. Finally, in the fourth chapter, we present the peasantry environmental management evidences unveiled with field work, where we evidenced the peasantry development process as a contradictory expression of the capitalist mode of production. The analyzed data waved to the principles of peasantry environmental management favors the qualification of the methods and molding of the ecosystem developed by the peasantry as green technologies, with which, it beyond the limitations of space, time and knowledge.<br>Esta pesquisa objetiva compreender os princípios da gestão ambiental do campesinato como uma de suas estratégias de recriação. A fim de trazer maiores elementos para a construção deste trabalho, fora necessário a realização de pesquisa bibliográfica, buscando participar das discussões sobre a complexidade da questão agrária, advinda do relacionamento entre o capital e o campesinato, buscando compreender como moldou-se a condição camponesa na realidade, desenvolvendo estratégias para propiciar sua recriação dentro do sistema capitalista, não sendo parte dele e, contraditoriamente, sendo parte dele. Para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa fora empregada a método de cunho dialético. As entrevistas foram aplicadas em trabalhos de campos, o que permitiu uma necessária aproximação com realidade, uma vez que a pesquisa faz-se no “campus” e no “campo”, assim possibilitando identificar os princípios de gestão ambiental do campesinato, tendo-os em vista como estratégias de recriação do campesinato. Dessa maneira, as evidências dos princípios de gestão ambiental do campesinato estão apresentadas a partir da análise que obedece ao seguinte encadeamento: no primeiro capítulo, nosso esforço analítico recai sobre o processo de ocupação do capital no Pontal do Paranapanema, buscando evidenciar as alterações estabelecidas pelo capital nas relações sociais e na organização das paisagens da região. A reflexão teórico-conceitual sobre a complexidade da questão agrária, em que se envolve o avanço do capital sobre a agricultura e as estratégias de recriação campesinato, é apresentada no segundo capítulo. Buscou-se também compreender introdutoriamente a gestão ambiental com uma abordagem sistêmica, destacando as ações que as conectam e lhes dão coerência constitutivas, que formam, sustentam, regulam, regem e revelam a unidade complexa e a concepção de múltiplas interações. Neste contexto elencamos os princípios de gestão ambiental, através de procedimentos e técnicas de manejo estabelecidos de forma inter-relacionada ao jeito camponês de fazer agricultura. Por fim, no quarto capítulo, apresentamos os indícios de gestão ambiental do campesinato desvelados com os trabalhos de campo realizados, em que evidenciou-se o processo de desenvolvimento do campesinato como uma expressão contraditória ao modo de produção capitalista. Os dados analisados acenaram que os princípios de gestão ambiental do campesinato favorecem a qualificação dos métodos de aproveitamento e amoldamento ao ecossistema desenvolvidos pelo campesinato como tecnologias ecológicas, com as quais, ultrapassam as limitações de espaço, tempo e conhecimento.
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Bluffstone, Zoe. "Seeking Redemption in a World of Waste: A Comparative Analysis of Bottle Deposit Systems and Campaigns and a Consideration of Their Comprehensive Sustainability." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1462983935.
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Gameiro, Mariana Bombo Perozzi. "O fetiche da mercadoria “verde” : a questão ambiental na construção social da imagem do etanol brasileiro." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/9314.
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Previous issue date: 2017-06-23<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>This research aims to understand the social construction of the image of Brazilian ethanol, with special attention to the period from 2003 to 2014, through the investigation of the discourses that contribute to the formation of regimes of truth about the "green commodity" and the articulations between political and economic actors interested in it. The period is marked by the (re)birth of ethanol in the national market under the appeal of a "sustainable product", apparently desired by society, who would demand renewable energy sources that can replace polluting and depleting fossil fuels. In contrast to these discourses we can find those who point out that sugarcane ethanol carries within itself social relations historically marked by bad working conditions, by the concentration of land and power, by the depreciation of natural resources and by the competition with food production. In this context, many efforts have been undertaken by governments and the sugar and ethanol industry to overcome the contradictions in which ethanol is involved, in order to make it an internationally accepted commodity. The thesis considers, therefore, that the process of production of the green commodity involves works that go beyond those necessary for the materialized constitution of the product, also requiring a work of symbolic production, not always perceived like that, of which science is a fundamental part. The thesis then proposes that the green commodity is composed by particular types of value (“collective use value” and a “ethical exchange value”). These values, which are found in addition to traditional values described by sociological theories, mark the specificities of a type of commodity that objectively and symbolically results of capitalistic processes boosted by moral justifications. By understanding the market as a result of political, cultural, and axiological disputes that surpass the economic sphere, and searching the representations about Brazilian ethanol, this thesis analytically dialogues with rural sociology and environmental sociology, maintaining a strong interface with the field of economic sociology. Methodologically, qualitative procedures of social research were employed, with emphasis on semi-structured interview techniques, biographies and document analysis.<br>Esta pesquisa visa interpretar a construção social da imagem do etanol brasileiro, com especial atenção ao período de 2003 a 2014, por meio da investigação dos discursos que concorrem pela conformação de regimes de verdade acerca da mercadoria “verde” e das articulações entre os atores política e economicamente nela interessados. O período é marcado pelo (re)nascimento do etanol no mercado nacional sob o apelo de “produto sustentável”, aparentemente desejado pela sociedade, demandante de fontes renováveis de energia que possam substituir os combustíveis fósseis poluidores e em vias de esgotamento. Em contraposição a esses discursos encontram-se aqueles que apontam que o etanol derivado da cana-de-açúcar carrega em si relações sociais historicamente marcadas por degradantes condições de trabalho, pela concentração de terras e poder, pela depreciação de recursos naturais e pela competição com a produção de alimentos. Neste contexto, diversos esforços foram empreendidos por governos e pela indústria sucroalcooleira para contornar as contradições nas quais o etanol está envolvido, de modo a transformá-lo numa commodity aceita internacionalmente. A tese considera, deste modo, que o processo de produção da mercadoria verde envolve a realização de trabalhos que vão além daqueles necessários para a constituição materializada do produto, exigindo igualmente um trabalho de produção simbólica, nem sempre percebido, e do qual a ciência é parte fundamental. A tese propõe, então, que a mercadoria verde é portadora de tipos próprios de valor (“valor de uso coletivo” e “valor de troca ético”). Esses se somam a outros já descritos por correntes da teoria social e marcam as especificidades de um tipo de mercadoria que resulta, objetiva e simbolicamente, de processos capitalistas impulsionados por justificativas morais. Ao entender o mercado como resultado de disputas políticas, culturais e axiológicas que perpassam a esfera econômica, e buscar as representações tecidas sobre o etanol brasileiro, esta tese dialoga analiticamente com a sociologia rural e a sociologia ambiental, mantendo forte interface com o campo da sociologia econômica. Metodologicamente foram empregados procedimentos qualitativos de pesquisa social, com destaque às técnicas de entrevista semiestruturada, análise documental e biográfica.
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De, Almeida Corrêa Simy. "A natureza como sujeito de direitos ? : As transformações do conceito de natureza e seu contexto de alienação no sudoeste do Pará, Brasil." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCD008/document.
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Le but principal de ce travail a été de reprendre les transformations du concept de la nature au sein de la philosophie occidentale et de mettre en relation l'histoire du droit, à partir des catégories analytiques telles que le pouvoir et la domination qui tracent un chemin particulier au déroulement de la crise environnementale également mise en question aujourd'hui. L'objectif était de discuter le rôle du Droit en tant que science et comme un instrument de pouvoir qui a historiquement conduit seulement des tranches de la société à un statut de position dominante, ces petits groupes corroborent à la crise environnementale. En ce sens, il est inévitable de parler de l'Amazonie, en particulier du Pará, un État où la déforestation et les conflits atteignent des records. Le reflet de toutes ces transformations est vécu au quotidien dans cette région où des points de vue opposés sur la nature cohabitent conflictuellement et alors, c’est dans ce champ de forces que la classe dominante montre son pouvoir et détermine l'avenir de ce lieu. Nous présentons une brève analyse de la façon dont les juristes se manifestent dans les processus liés à des grands projets parmi la région ouest du Pará pour illustrer la vision et les concepts de la nature tirés par ces importants acteurs. Mais qu’est-ce que qui pourrait être vraiment différent dans cet ensemble qui se répète à travers le monde? A la fin, nous présentons les dernières discussions sur l'autonomisation sociale des agents qui résistent à la domination séculaire. La nature comme sujet de droit est non seulement une pensée tirée d’une dimension théorique biocentrique, mais aussi elle représente un mouvement de décolonisation de la pensée et des constructions européanisées / occidentales, ainsi qu'une construction de l'autonomisation des agents qui donne l'identité à ce lieu, l'Amazonie<br>The main effort of the rescue work was the transformation of the concept of nature in Western philosophy and relate the history of law, analytic categories such as power and domination of drawing a particular way the crisis process environmental as discussed today. The aim was to discuss the role of law as a science and as an instrument of power that historically only led party on a dominant status and a mastery of the crisis experienced and propagated today. In this sense, it is inevitable question of the Amazon, in particular the state of Pará with record of deforestation and conflict. The reflection of all the transformations are experienced daily in the region where the nature diametrically opposed visions of the life of a conflict and therefore within the force field agents to show their power and dictate the future of this location. A brief analysis of how lawyers are manifested in processes related to large projects in the western region of Para to illustrate the vision and the nature of the concepts learned by these important agents. But what could be really different in this whole journey that repeats throughout the world? At the end, we present the latest discussions on the social empowerment of officers who resist the secular domination. Nature as a subject of rights is not only a thought or a biocentric theoretical aspect, is a decolonization movement of thought and theoretical constructs Europeanized / Western and a building accountability agents that give identity to place, the Amazon<br>O principal esforço desde trabalho foi resgatar as transformações do conceito de natureza dentro da filosofia ocidental e relacionar a história do Direito, a partir de categorias analíticas como poder e dominação que desenham um caminho particular ao processo de crise ambiental tão discutido na atualidade. O objetivo era discutir o papel do Direito enquanto ciência e enquanto instrumento de poder que conduziu historicamente apenas parcelas das sociedades ao status de dominante e que exerce grande controle da crise hoje vivenciada e propagada. Neste sentido, é inexorável falar da Amazônia, especialmente do Pará, Estado com recordes de desmatamento e conflitos. O reflexo de todas as transformações são vivenciadas dia-a-dia na região onde visões de natureza diametralmente opostas convivem conflituosamente e, portanto, será dentro do campo de forças que os agentes demonstram seu poder e ditam o futuro deste lugar. Apresentamos uma breve analise de como os juristas manifestam-se dentro dos processos relacionados aos grandes projetos na região oeste do Pará como ilustração da visão e dos conceitos de natureza apreendidos por esses importantes agentes. Mas o que poderia ser realmente diferente em todo esse percurso que se repete em todo mundo? Ao final, apresentamos as últimas discussões quanto ao empoderamento social de agentes que resistem à dominação secular. A natureza enquanto sujeito de Direitos não é apenas um pensamento ou uma vertente teórica biocêntrica, representa um movimento de descolonização do pensamento e das construções teóricas europeizadas/ocidentais, como também uma construção de empoderamento dos agentes que dão identidade ao lugar, a Amazônia
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Luize, Bruno Garcia. "O papel das áreas alagáveis nos padrões de diversidade de espécies arbóreas na Amazônia /." Rio Claro, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/191494.
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Orientador: Clarisse Palma da Silva<br>Resumo: Áreas úmidas são ambientes na interface terrestre e aquática, onde sazonalmente a disponibilidade de água pode estar em excesso ou em escassez. A história geológica da bacia amazônica está intimamente relacionada com a presença de áreas úmidas em grandes extensões espaciais e temporais e em variadas tipologias. Dentre as tipologias de áreas úmidas presentes na Amazônia as áreas alagáveis ao longo das planícies de inundação dos grandes rios são possivelmente as que possuem maior extensão territorial. Esta tese aborda o papel das áreas úmidas para a diversidade de árvores na Amazônia. As florestas que crescem em áreas úmidas possuem menor diversidade de espécies arbóreas em relação às florestas em ambientes terrestres (i.e., florestas de terra-firme); possivelmente devido às limitações ecológicas e fisiológicas relacionadas a saturação hídrica do solo e as inundações periódicas. Entretanto, nas áreas úmidas da Amazônia já foram registradas 3,515 espécies de árvores (Capítulo 2), uma quantidade comparável à da diversidade na Floresta Atlântica. Em relação às florestas de terra-firme da Amazônia, as espécies de árvores que ocorrem em áreas úmidas tendem a apresentar maiores áreas de distribuição e amplitudes de tolerâncias de nicho ao longo da região Neotropical (Capítulo 3). A composição florística e a distância filogenética entre espécies arbóreas nas florestas de várzea da Amazônia central mudam amplamente entre localidades (Capítulo 4). O gradiente ambiental contido entre as ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: Wetlands are in the interface of terrestrial and aquatic environments, where seasonally water availability may be in excess or scarcity. Geological history of Amazon basin is closely linked with a huge temporal and spatial extents of wetlands. Nowadays, floodplains (i.e., Vázea and Igapó) are the wetlands with greatest coverage in Amazon. The present thesis is focused on the role of wetlands to tree species diversity in Amazon. Wetland forests have lower tree species diversity than upland forests (i.e., Terra-Firme); most likely due to ecological and physiological limitations. Notwithstanding, in Amazonian wetland forests 3,515 tree species already were recorded, (Chapter 2), which is comparable to tree species diversity in the Atlantic Forest. Wetland tree species show greater ranges sizes and niche breadth compared to tree species do not occur in wetlands (Chapter 3). Floristic compositional turnover and phylogenetic distances between floodplain forests in Central Amazon is high (Chapter 4). The most influential driver of floristic compositional turnover was the geographic distances between localities, whereas phylogenetic distances is driven mainly by the environmental gradients between forests. Furthermore, in general, the most abundant species are those that shows greater co-occurrence associations (Chapter 5). Co-occurrence structure is influenced by biotic interactions like facilitation and competition among species, but also by niche similarities indicated in the evol... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Doutor
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Barrenechea, May. "A REPERCUSSÃO DAS INICIATIVAS DO GOVERNO BRASILEIRO PARA A PROTECÇÃO DA AMAZÓNIA NA IMPRENSA SUECA ONLINE DURANTE O GOVERNO DE LULA." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för spanska, portugisiska och latinamerikastudier, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-75928.
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A problemática ambiental no mundo é um tema de suma importância na atualidade. Devido ao incremento do efeito estufa, as mudanças climáticas têm despertado grandes reações no mundo em todas as esferas. Para isso, a Amazónia cumpre um papel decisivo na salvação do planeta e portanto é imprescindível a proteção da mesma. A implementação de uma série de medidas legais do governo brasileiro é fundamental para consegui-la. Este trabalho enfoca a importância global e internacional do assunto, analisando o impacto das iniciativas do governo brasileiro na imprensa sueca versão online. O objetivo deste trabalho é deduzir qual imagem da problemática ambiental amazónica brasileira, das políticas ecológicas brasileiras na Amazónia e indiretamente do Brasil no geral se transmite potencialmente ao leitor sueco. A conclusão obtida concorda com a hipótese que os jornais falam, em pequena escala, sobre o tema ambiental na Amazónia brasileira e sobre as políticas ecológicas brasileiras para a proteção da floresta amazónica.<br>Environmental issues are receiving more and more media exposure today than ever before. What was first a healthy interest amongst people, has led to serious concerns when one takes into account the repercussions that the greenhouse effect is having on the environment. The increased environmental awareness that now exists amongst an ever growing section of the world’s population, has resulted in politicians having to start to take action as there is now a political will to do so. Brazil has the largest mass of tropical rainforest in the world and its protection is of interest to the Brazilian government, the citizens of Brazil and to the inhabitants of the world. A series of legal action measures have been initiated by the Brazilian government to preserve the wellbeing of the rainforest. This thesis examines how and what the Swedish online news providers have reported these measures during the Lula period of administration. The objective of this thesis is to understand how the Brazilian government’s measures have been perceived by the Swedish online news providers and thus by the reading population. Specifically, the focus is on measures taken by the Brazilian government with regards to Brazilian environmental problems in the Amazon rainforest, Brazilian ecological policy in the Amazonia and how all of this in turn leads to better protection of the Amazon rainforest. The data obtained supports the hypothesis that out of all the Brazilian related articles published by the Swedish online news providers, only a small percentage of the total amount of articles are relating to environmental issues in the Brazilian Amazon rainforest and/or the Brazilian environmental politics to protect the Amazon rainforest.<br>Miljöproblematiken i världen är en mycket viktig fråga. Den ökande växthuseffektens förändringar på klimatet har väckt stora reaktioner överallt i världen på alla områden. Miljömässigt spelar Amazonas regnskog en avgörande roll i att rädda planeten. Därför är det nödvändigt att skydda Amazonas regnskog. Genomförandet av en rad rättsliga åtgärder från den brasilianska regeringen är avgörande för skyddet av den brasilianska regnskogen. Den brasilianska regeringen har genom lagstiftning försökt att vidta nödvändiga åtgärder för att skydda Amazonas regnskog. Denna studie fokuserar på den internationella betydelsen av ämnet och analyserar hur den svenska pressens internetupplagor behandlar den brasilianska regeringens ansträngningar. Huvudsyftet med detta arbete är att få en uppfattning om hur den brasilianska miljöproblematiken i Amazonas regnskog, lagstiftningen runt densamma samt indirekt Brasilien, förmedlas till den svenska tidningsläsaren. Slutsatsen överensstämmer med hypotesen att tidningarna endast skriver kortfattat om miljöfrågor relaterade till den brasilianska regnskogen i Amazonas och den brasilianska miljöpolitikens insatser för att skydda Amazonas regnskog.
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Alizadeh, Kamaleddin. "Investigating Environmental (Climate and Vegetation) Change of Eastern Amazonia During Pleistocene and Holocene Using Multi-Proxy Analysis." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-002E-E318-8.
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Domask, Joseph Jeffrey. "A holistic systems approach to international environmental politics and IR theory a case study of Brazil and Amazonia /." 1997. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/40388254.html.
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Fell, Bruce G., University of Western Sydney, College of Arts, and School of Education. "The question concerning commercial television and the more-than-human world." 2008. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/32790.
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This thesis examines the relationship between commercial television and the more than-human world at a time when global ecological degradation challenges human well-being and the survival of other species. In the latter half of the twentieth century, television became the means by which most people got to know about society and publicly important events or issues. As billions of people the world over regularly view television the planet’s ice caps, rainforests, soil and oceans continue to be depleted. The research considers three questions aimed at a fuller understanding of the role of commercial television in Western society’s approach to global ecological degradation. What arises from being immersed in the more-than-human world? What arises from encountering the broadcast of commercial television? What arises from being immersed in the world of producing commercial television? The literature on global ecological degradation is substantial; the reasons why Western society is having difficulty coming to terms with the issue is less understood. While quantitative studies of the environmental content of television output have been undertaken, there has not been research into understanding the relationship between ecological awareness, television viewing and commercial television production. This research takes a hermeneutic phenomenological approach to the questions above. Firstly, the researcher immerses himself in the native woodlands and creeks of his immediate vicinity and gradually peels back layers of his perception. He then immerses himself in the world of watching contemporary commercial television and reflecting on his memories of Australian television since 1956. He juxtaposes the content of twenty-four hours of commercial television with personal recollections that reflect both the invisible and sedimented experiences of commercial television. Thirdly, the researcher observes a range of commercial television production environments (News, Advertising and Drama). In doing so he reflects on conversations with and between television executives, directors and scriptwriters who occupy this world. The main findings are that commercial television scriptwriters and personalities hold the most available tools for delivering an Australian-based ecological message through the plot and actions of characters, via a ‘green mise-en-scène’. However, there are severe constraints on this process because of the over-riding importance of ratings. Commercial television is a ratings hungry ‘third parent’ that has increasingly occupied the everydayness of Australian homes since 1956. The invisible technological nature of television has created a particular distance between the production of commercial television and how its mise-en-scène is perceived in domestic Australia, by a population that is technologically and procedurally removed from the more-than-human world.<br>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Niang, N'Déry. "L'irrigation en question: problèmes socio-économiques de développement rural et régional, les implications du barrage de Diama et les aménagements hydro-agricoles sur la vallée du fleuve Sénégal." Phd thesis, 1986. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01063199.
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Étude sur les systèmes d'exploitation et les problématiques de l'agriculture que rencontre la Mauritanie. Elle démontre que l'irrigation semble être une solution aux problèmes de l'agriculture régionale en permettant notamment une relance de la production.