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Journal articles on the topic 'Environmental Question of Amazonia'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Velho, O. "Seven Equivocal Theses about Amazonia." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 3, no. 2 (1985): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d030231.

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This paper underlines the importance of the debate now being carried on in Brazil with reference to Amazonia and stresses the symbolical character with which it has been clothed. This debate is more than a clash between intellectual and political conceptions, the conflict-ridden encounter of the nation with its own destiny is dramatized within it. Seven theses stand out, representing the main prospects in question and their variants. In dismantling them one by one, the author proposes alternatives and above all suggests a kind of analysis epistemologically oriented by successive shiftings of viewpoint. This mobile approach makes it possible to reveal the partial truth of each thesis over the others. Theses (1) and (3) refer to the inexorable and all-encompassing character of capitalist expansion in rural areas, qualities which are regarded as likely to cause the reactive social movements themselves to succumb. It is shown that economic and political processes are often episodic, reversible, and subject to political interventions, especially to selective action on the part of the State. Theses (2), (4), and (5) affirm that the peasantry possesses its own conceptions of the land, that it is autonomous at productive level, and that it resists the advance of capitalism. It is demonstrated that these theses oversimplify, deny ambiguities, and are based on a logic that wrongly presupposes two homogenized social processes and blocs. Alternatively, the existence of multiple actors should be recognized, oriented by various strategies which are redefinable because they are not deterministically derived from socioeconomic conditions; the peasantry is not fighting to defend the essence of an idealized peasant being, but a particular series of ad hoc negotiable values, in the face of different concrete situations. In the discussions of theses (6) and (7), the author comes to grips, on the one hand, with the view that explains the apparent mobilizing success of the Roman Catholic Church through its ‘option on behalf of the poor’ and, on the other hand, the political criticisms usually directed at intellectuals who question traditional conceptions, when these supposedly favour the underprivileged.

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Ferrão, Miquéias, Rafael de Fraga, Jiří Moravec, Igor L. Kaefer, and Albertina P. Lima. "A new species of Amazonian snouted treefrog (Hylidae:Scinax) with description of a novel species-habitat association for an aquatic breeding frog." PeerJ 6 (February 9, 2018): e4321. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4321.

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The genusScinaxis one of the most specious genera of treefrogs of the family Hylidae. Despite the high number of potential new species ofScinaxrevealed in recent studies, the rate of species descriptions for Amazonia has been low in the last decade. A potential cause of this low rate may be the existence of morphologically cryptic species. Describing new species may not only impact the taxonomy and systematics of a group of organisms but also benefit other fields of biology. Ecological studies conducted in megadiverse regions, such as Amazonia, often meet challenging questions concerning insufficient knowledge of organismal alpha taxonomy. Due to that, detecting species-habitat associations is dependent on our ability to properly identify species. In this study, we first provide a description of a new species (including its tadpoles) of the genusScinaxdistributed along heterogeneous landscapes in southern Amazonia; and secondly assess the influence of environmental heterogeneity on the new species’ abundance and distribution.Scinax ruberoculatussp. nov. differs from all nominal congeners by its small size (SVL 22.6–25.9 mm in males and 25.4–27.5 mm in females), by having a dark brown spot on the head and scapular region shaped mainly like the mothCopiopteryx semiramis(or a human molar in lateral view, or a triangle), bicolored reddish and grey iris, snout truncate in dorsal view, bilobate vocal sac in males, by its advertisement call consisting of a single pulsed note with duration of 0.134–0.331 s, 10–23 pulses per note, and dominant frequency 1,809–1,895 Hz. Both occurrence and abundance of the new species are significantly influenced by silt content in the soil. This finding brings the first evidence that edaphic factors influence species-habitat association in Amazonian aquatic breeding frogs.

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Medeiros, Marcílio Sandro de, Daniel Souza Sacramento, Inez Siqueira Santiago Neta, et al. "ATENÇÃO À SAÚDE NAS UNIDADES DE CONSERVAÇÃO AMBIENTAL NO AMAZONAS: CONFLITOS DE COMPETÊNCIA OU QUESTÃO DE RESPONSABILIDADE?" REVISTA GEONORTE 11, no. 38 (2020): 35–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21170/geonorte.2020.v.11.n.38.35.51.

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This article analyzes the discursive representations in the collective thinking of socio-environmentalists about the competencies and responsibilities of the policy of protected areas with the attention to the health of the riverside populations.The method is an exploratory descriptive of qualitative approach based on the collective thinking of socioenvironmentalists working in the protected areas policy of Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve from seven interviews collected through a semi-structured script which were analyzed by the Collective Subject Discourse technique.Respondents express knowledge about the constitutional competences of the municipality with health, but they have difficulty in dialogue with the city halls on the subject; the responsibilities of the management of conservation units (UC) and public non-state organizations that work in support of co-management are attributed the responsibility as to captain the public policies and the formulator of scientific information for the improvement of local health. The absence of dialogue adds to the lack of a public agenda within the scope of environmental policy. There are experiences of access to health in the rural area adapted to the socio-environmental context of the reserve, however, these suffer discontinuity.The discursive representations of the collective thinking of socioenvironmentalists express knowledge about municipal competences with health and concerns regarding meeting these needs. The meeting of social needs is organized in a conflictual manner, and this is due to the lack of coordination between the various institutions that operate in this territory. The decentralization of competences and responsibilities over natural resources through the co-management of UCs imposed new roles and authorities on the territories.

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Duque, Alvaro, Mauricio Sánchez, Jaime Cavelier, and Joost F. Duivenvoorden. "Different floristic patterns of woody understorey and canopy plants in Colombian Amazonia." Journal of Tropical Ecology 18, no. 4 (2002): 499–525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467402002341.

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Distribution patterns of vascular plants with diameter at breast height (dbh) ≥ 2.5 cm were studied on the basis of compositional data from 30 small plots located in a rain-forest area in Colombian Amazonia. The research questions were: How are distribution patterns of species in relation to local abundance in plots? Do understorey species (defined as species with individuals that never attained dbh ≥ 10 cm anywhere) show better correlations with soils and environment than canopy species (defined as species with individuals that attained dbh ≥ 10 cm)? Are patterns found in the entire range of landscape units comparable to those found in well-drained uplands alone? Species that occurred in more than one plot showed higher local abundances. This pattern was consistent among environmental generalists and specialists. Locally rare species (with only one individual in a plot) occurred mostly in well-drained uplands. Considering all landscape units, Mantel tests showed substantial correlations between environmental data (soil chemical data, drainage and flooding) and species composition. Canopy species were only slightly less correlated with environmental data than understorey species. Elimination of the spatial component in the data did not reduce these correlations. In well-drained uplands, understorey species were better correlated with soils than canopy species. Here, however, the spatial configuration of the plots became more important in explaining species patterns.

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Horton, Bruce, Giordano Colarullo, Ian J. Bateman, and Carlos A. Peres. "Evaluating non-user willingness to pay for a large-scale conservation programme in Amazonia: a UK/Italian contingent valuation study." Environmental Conservation 30, no. 2 (2003): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892903000122.

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Contingent valuation (CV) is a popular method in economics for eliciting individuals' preferences for non-market environmental resources, but very few attempts have been made to apply it to distant environmental goods of global importance. This paper reports the results of a CV study in the UK and Italy, which evaluated non-users' willingness to pay for the implementation of a proposed programme of protected areas in Brazilian Amazonia. The main focus of the survey was the wealth of biodiversity in the region proposed for protection and the ecosystem services provided by such areas. Taking both countries together, respondents were willing to pay, on average, £30 (US$ 45.60) per household per annum to fund the implementation of a protection programme covering 5% of Brazilian Amazonia and £39 (US$ 59.28) per household per annum to fund a 20% programme. Aggregated across households, an annual fund to conserve 5% of Brazilian Amazonia as strictly protected areas could yield around £600 million (US$ 912 million) in the UK and a similar amount in Italy. It should be noted that respondents appeared to show a high degree of uncertainty in the bid decision process for such an unfamiliar and distant good, leading to questions as to the validity and reliability of results. Nevertheless, responses were non-random and systematically related to a range of socio-economic characteristics and attitudinal variables. Thus initiatives such as international financial transfers from wealthy developed countries to support the protection of threatened areas of global significance could attract widespread support in those countries.

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Medeiros, Heloise Michelle Nunes, Quêzia Leandro de Moura Guerreiro, Thiago Almeida Vieira, Sandra Maria Sousa da Silva, Ana Isabel da Silva Aço Renda, and José Max Barbosa Oliveira-Junior. "Alternative Tourism and Environmental Impacts: Perception of Residents of an Extractive Reserve in the Brazilian Amazonia." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (2021): 2076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042076.

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Alternative tourism (AT) contributes to conservation, valuing the environment and recipient cultures with minimal impact, especially in protected areas. In this context, this article identified, considering the residents’ perception, the possible environmental impacts resulting from alternative tourism in communities of the Tapajós-Arapiuns Extractive Reserve (RESEX), Brazilian Amazonia. Thus, between February and April 2019 a semi-structured interview was conducted with 122 residents of three communities of RESEX (Anã, Maripá, and São Miguel). The interview script was divided into three groups of questions: (i) interviewee data, (ii) socioeconomic data, and (iii) perception of the concept and environmental impacts of alternative tourism. We used a snowball sampling method, which consists of a form of a non-probabilistic sample. The majority (91.8%) of the informants did not know how to explain the concept of alternative tourism; however, for 87.7% of them, this tourism does not generate negative impacts. Income is the most used expression (53%) by RESEX residents to demonstrate what alternative tourism positively impacts. About 74.6% of respondents reported that tourists do not influence local customs change, and 94.3% do not identify tourism-related violence. Finally, 89.3% say that tourists do not pollute the environments. The research carried out in this Conservation Unit deserves the attention of decision-makers, managers, technicians, and researchers. It provides subsidies for management programs to provide real bases for the analysis, interpretation, and planning of sustainable tourist spaces.

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Oliveira, Maria do P. S. Lamêgo, Evailton Arantes de Oliveira, Reginaldo da Rocha Freitas, Arlene M. Lamêgo da S. Campos, and Ana Margarida Fonseca. "Waste Management at Construction Sites in the Municipality of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil: Characterization of the Current Situation." Current World Environment 14, no. 2 (2019): 326–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.14.2.17.

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This research aimed the characterization of the current production of construction waste in the city of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, and its impacts on the environment of the Amazon Region. The significance of this research work is to contribute to the improvement of the environmental management of waste in the construction sites of the city of Manaus, with the aim of preserving the Amazonian environment. This research also sought to characterize the existing problems in the environmental management of construction waste in four construction sites, with areas greater than 9,000 square meters. The methodology adopted was based on the application of an in situ survey in four construction sites in the city of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, administered by three companies representing the construction sector in the Amazon Region. Data were collected at the construction sites in question in the second half of 2018, regarding the types of construction waste produced, respective volumes, destination and associated costs. A comparison was made between constructed areas and volumes of waste produced, characterizing the current situation of construction waste production in the city of Manaus. After analysing the results obtained, it was concluded that due to the high associated costs, companies avoid recycling construction waste, and opt to discharge it in municipal or clandestine landfills, with significant environmental impacts. For this reason, a greater participation of the Public Administration is recommended regarding the adequate management of waste in construction sites, namely offering financial incentives for companies to promote the recycling and reuse of construction waste.

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Silva, Marcio, and Ligia Simonian. "How advertising and sustainability dialog in Pan-Amazonia: the perspective of advertising professionals in Peru and Brazil." Journal of Science Communication 15, no. 05 (2016): A01. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/2.15050201.

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In this article it is investigated the relationship between advertising and sustainability by evaluating the perceptions of employees of advertising agencies in the Pan-Amazon region using pre-defined indicators. Seeking to identify the level of environmental practices adopted by advertising agencies toward the goal of building a sustainable society, it was interviewed advertising professionals about whether they saw themselves as contributing to changing consumer society towards a new society based on economic efficiency, social equality and ecological equilibrium. To answer these questions it was used quantitative survey data complemented by qualitative research using in-depth interviews. Results suggest that, from the point of view of advertising professionals, advertising agencies do not have much interest in contributing to a more sustainable society. Moreover, our research showed how the lack of strong ties within advertising trade associations further contribute to the weakness of efforts aimed at this area.

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Pereira da Silva Júnior, Gildázio, and Dr Flávio de São Pedro Filho. "RESILIENCE IN THE FACE OF SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 7, no. 12 (2019): 183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol7.iss12.2026.

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The dynamics of the systems present in the Amazon require a detailed view of the aspects involving human actions and their consequent interactions with the forest. The impacts caused by this relationship have been the subject of numerous studies aimed at understanding the responsiveness to these impacts, risks, and vulnerabilities of the environment subject to risk factors. The general goal of this paper is to conduct a theoretical and conceptual study on resilience in the face of socioenvironmental impacts in the Brazilian Western Amazon. The specific goals are to contextualize the concepts of situational resilience in the face of environmental impacts, to address the main definitions of environmental impacts in the Amazon, and analyze the approach in the face of the Amazon environmental heritage. Regarding the problem, the following question was proposed: how is resilience characterized in the face of social and environmental impacts? In order to answer this question, a theoretical-conceptual review based on the Contingency Theory was conducted to support the conclusions. In order to reach this goal, we sought the conceptualization of resilience in the face of environmental impacts, the search for the main definitions of environmental impacts in the Brazilian Amazon and some concepts about the Amazonian environmental heritage in a qualitative approach by collecting data through qualitative research for further analysis of the problem and literature review, in order to build knowledge for the theoretical foundation using the Contingency Theory, which springs from environmental conditions to actions that minimize the impacts of human action.

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Sawakuchi, A. O., G. A. Hartmann, H. O. Sawakuchi, et al. "The Volta Grande do Xingu: reconstruction of past environments and forecasting of future scenarios of a unique Amazonian fluvial landscape." Scientific Drilling 20 (December 17, 2015): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sd-20-21-2015.

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Abstract. The Xingu River is a large clearwater river in eastern Amazonia and its downstream sector, known as the Volta Grande do Xingu ("Xingu Great Bend"), is a unique fluvial landscape that plays an important role in the biodiversity, biogeochemistry and prehistoric and historic peopling of Amazonia. The sedimentary dynamics of the Xingu River in the Volta Grande and its downstream sector will be shifted in the next few years due to the construction of dams associated with the Belo Monte hydropower project. Impacts on river biodiversity and carbon cycling are anticipated, especially due to likely changes in sedimentation and riverbed characteristics. This research project aims to define the geological and climate factors responsible for the development of the Volta Grande landscape and to track its environmental changes during the Holocene, using the modern system as a reference. In this context, sediment cores, riverbed rock and sediment samples and greenhouse gas (GHG) samples were collected in the Volta Grande do Xingu and adjacent upstream and downstream sectors. The reconstruction of past conditions in the Volta Grande is necessary for forecasting future scenarios and defining biodiversity conservation strategies under the operation of Belo Monte dams. This paper describes the scientific questions of the project and the sampling surveys performed by an international team of Earth scientists and biologists during the dry seasons of 2013 and 2014. Preliminary results are presented and a future workshop is planned to integrate results, present data to the scientific community and discuss possibilities for deeper drilling in the Xingu ria to extend the sedimentary record of the Volta Grande do Xingu.

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11

FEARNSIDE, PHILIP M. "Biodiversity as an environmental service in Brazil's Amazonian forests: risks, value and conservation." Environmental Conservation 26, no. 4 (1999): 305–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892999000429.

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The environmental service provided by the great biodiversity of Amazonian forests is one of several factors leading to the conclusion that much greater efforts are warranted to reduce the destruction of these forests. Risks to biodiversity in Amazonian forests include deforestation, logging, fires, fragmentation, depletion of fauna, invasion by exotic species, and climate change. Financial values assigned to biodiversity depend strongly on the purposes of valuation. Utilitarian benefits include the values of presently-marketed and presently-unexploited forest products, and the monetary value of environmental benefits. Non-monetary values of Amazonian forests are also essential components of decision-making on conservation. Measures of ‘willingness to pay’ and ‘willingness to accept’ can be useful as indicators of potential financial flows, but should not be confused with the true values of the forests to society. Valuation for the purpose of setting penalties for destruction of biodiversity is an important legal question in Brazil and must take into consideration additional factors.Conservation of biodiversity in Brazil includes creation of various types of protected areas. The status of these areas varies greatly, with practice frequently deviating from official requirements. Creating reserves that include human occupants has a variety of pros and cons. Although the effect of humans is not always benign, much larger areas can be brought under protection regimes if human occupants are included. Additional considerations apply to buffer zones around protected areas. The choice and design of reserves depends on the financial costs and biodiversity benefits of different strategies. In Brazil, rapid creation of lightly-protected ‘paper parks’ has been a means of keeping ahead of the advance of barriers to establishment of new conservation units, but emphasis must eventually shift to better protection of existing reserves. Indigenous peoples have the best record of maintaining forest, but negotiation with these peoples is essential in order to ensure maintenance of the large areas of forest they inhabit. The benefits of environmental services provided by the forest must accrue to those who maintain these forests. Development of mechanisms to capture the value of these services will be a key factor affecting the long-term prospects of Amazonian forests. However, many effective measures to discourage deforestation could be taken immediately through government action, including levying and collecting taxes that discourage land speculation, changing land tenure establishment procedures so as not to reward deforestation, revoking remaining incentives, restricting road building and improvement, strengthening requirements for environmental impact statements (RIMAs) for proposed development projects, and creating employment alternatives.

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Pessoa, Edlley Max, Ivo Abraão Araújo da Silva, and Marccus Alves. "Aspects of Orchidaceae distribution in Costa Rica and northwestern South America: a study on similarity with emphasis on the Amazonian Region." Hoehnea 41, no. 4 (2014): 623–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2236-8906-66/2013.

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The purpose of this study was to compare the floristic composition of Orchidaceae among different areas of Costa Rica and northwestern South America, aiming to answer the following questions: 1) Is the variation in the species composition among the study areas better explained by physical features, geographical closeness, or potential endemism centers? 2) Does the floristic similarity decay with geographical distance? We selected 11 surveys conducted in South America and two in Central America (Costa Rica). Cluster analysis was conducted using the software MVSP. The result was a split pattern between Amazonian and non‑Amazonian floristic compositions. The environmental conditions analyzed appear to be important factors in explaining the orchid composition of areas outside the Amazon basin. The Amazonian group is environmentally very uniform, but floristically very distinct, and no physical features were determinant of the internal segregation into two subgroups. Geographic closeness has no influence on the species composition of the areas, and historical factors may explain the pattern observed.

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Percequillo, Alexandre R., Jeronymo Dalapicolla, Edson F. Abreu-Júnior, Paulo Ricardo O. Roth, Katia M. P. M. B. Ferraz, and Elisandra A. Chiquito. "How many species of mammals are there in Brazil? New records of rare rodents (Rodentia: Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae) from Amazonia raise the current known diversity." PeerJ 5 (December 15, 2017): e4071. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4071.

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Background Since 1996, when Vivo questioned how many species of mammals occur in Brazil, there has been a huge effort to assess this biodiversity. In this contribution, we present new records for rare species of the sigmodontine rodent genera Rhagomys and Neusticomys previously unknown to Brazilian Amazon. We provided detailed information on the morphologic variation to allow the proper identification of these species. We also furnished updated information on their collection, aiming to establish hypothesis of their geographic distribution, based on SDM’s, aiming to hypothesize potential occurrence areas for these species. Methods Rodent specimens were sampled in separate inventories in two sites of Rondônia State (Hydroelectric Dam Jirau and Parque Nacional de Pacaás Novos) and one site in Pará State (Pacajá), Brazil, and were compared to specimens from museum collections to apply appropriate names. The SDM were conducted using two algorithms for rare species, MaxEnt and randomForest (RF), and were based on seven localities for Rhagomys, and 10 for Neusticomys. Results All specimens were collected with pitfall traps. One specimen of genus Rhagomys was trapped in the Hydroelectric Dam Jirau. We identified this specimen as R. longilingua, and the SDM species indicates suitable areas for its occurrence at high elevations near on the Andes and lowlands of Amazon Basin to the South of the Rio Amazonas. Two specimens of Neusticomys were recorded, and we identified the specimen from Pacaás Novos as N. peruviensis, with SDM suggesting main areas of occurrence on Western Amazon. We applied the name N. ferreirai to the specimen from Pacajá, with SDM recovering suitable areas in Eastern Amazon. Discussion We reinforced the importance of pitfall traps on the study of Neotropical rodents. We described morphologic variation within and among all species that do not invalidate their specific status, but in the near future a re-evaluation will be mandatory. The new records extended the species distribution considerably. SDM was successful to predict their distributions, as the two algorithms presented important differences in range size recovered by the models that can be explained by differences in the thresholds used for the construction of the models. Most suitable areas coincide with the areas facing most of the deforestation in Amazon. We added two rare species of sigmodontine rodents to the list of Brazilian Mammals, which now comprises 722 species (or 775 valid nominal taxa). Although more information is available than in 1996, it is essential that mammal experts maintain inventory and revisionary programs to update and revise this information. This is even more important, as changes in Brazilian environmental legislation are being discussed, suggesting reduced need for environmental impact reports prior to beginning commercial enterprises, resulting in the loss of information about native biodiversity in the affected areas.

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Correia, Amabel F., Jorge F. O. Segovia, Roberto M. Bezerra, et al. "Aerobic and Facultative Microorganisms Isolated from Corroded Metallic Structures in a Hydroeletric Power Unit in the Amazon Region of Brazil." Air, Soil and Water Research 3 (January 2010): ASWR.S6105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/aswr.s6105.

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Aerobic and facultative bacteria belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Bacillaceae, Corynebacteriaceae and Streptococcaceae families have been isolated from corroded metallic structures of a hydroelectric power unit in the Amazon region of Brazil. In addition to anamorphic dematiaceous and moniliaceous fungi, members of the archeobacteria kingdom were also detected in the same samples. Scanning electron micrographs of metal bars cultivated with consortia of the isolated microorganisms depicted suggestive images of biofilm formation and corroded metallic structures questioning the possible role of these microorganisms in the corrosion activity. We also found Amazonian medicinal plants exhibiting inhibitory activity against some of the isolated microorganisms. Our new findings need additional studies to confirm the participation of some isolated microorganisms in the process of metallic degradation despite our main question if are there particular microorganisms involved in the corrosion process? or if physicochemical conditions would favor the development of a particular microbiota and consequently the corrosion process would result from its metabolism? Therefore we hypothesize that any microorganism could be potentially involved in the genesis of corrosion process. This is the first report in the literature dealing with microbiologically induced corrosion in the Amazon region which is especially characterized by its high humidity and elevated temperature all year round.

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Lopes, Carla Joelma De Oliveira. "DIREITO AO TERRITÓRIO E GRANDES EMPREENDIMENTOS: lutas e resistências dos povos quilombolas no município de Baião – PA." InterEspaço: Revista de Geografia e Interdisciplinaridade 4, no. 12 (2018): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2446-6549.v4n12p84-107.

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RIGHT TO TERRITORY AND GREAT ENTERPRISES: struggles and resistances of the quilombolas people in the municipality of Baião – PADERECHO AL TERRITORIO Y GRANDES EMPRENDIMENTOS: luchas y resistencias de los pueblos quilombolas en el municipio de Baião – PANa Amazônia, a partir da década de 1960, ocorreu um intenso avanço do modo capitalista de produção no campo, marcado inicialmente pelo processo de abertura de estradas e pelas políticas públicas que objetivavam a ocupação e o desenvolvimento do território. Pouco tempo depois os grandes empreendimentos voltados para a exploração agropecuária, mineração e energia hidrelétrica consolidaram o avanço. No contexto destaca-se a região do Baixo Tocantins e, em particular, o município de Baião (PA) afetado pela construção da Usina Hidrelétrica de Tucuruí (1974-1984), pela penetração intensiva das madeireiras no território, principalmente a partir da década de 1970 e, pela chegada da dendeicultura em 2009. Ao mesmo tempo, na contramão das políticas oficiais destinadas ao território, surgem formas de resistência que orbitam em torno de questões relativas à luta pela terra e ao reconhecimento do direito étnico dos povos quilombolas. Este trabalho objetiva compreender a situação geográfica em questão, considerando aspectos que dizem respeito aos impactos produzidos pelos grandes empreendimentos no município de Baião (PA), em especial os de caráter econômico, ambiental e socioterritorial, a partir da análise das estratégias de resistência desenvolvidas pelos povos quilombolas locais. Para tanto, toma-se como referência o território quilombola de Araquembaua, comunidade titulada em 2002. Utiliza-se a proposição metodológica do território usado. Os resultados revelam que a titulação quilombola configurou uma importante estratégia territorial para garantir a seguridade da terra e de forma semelhante materializou novas perspectivas políticas de enfrentamento aos efeitos perversos dos grandes projetos no lugar.Palavras-chave: Território Usado; Processos Socioterritoriais; Quilombos; Amazônia Paraense.ABSTRACTIn the Amazon, from the 1960, there was an intense advance of the capitalist mode of production in the countryside, marked initially by the process of opening roads and by public policies aimed at the occupation and development of the territory. Shortly thereafter, large enterprises focused on agricultural exploration, mining and hydroelectric energy consolidated the advance. In this context, the Baixo Tocantins region and, in particular, the municipality of Baião (PA) affected by the construction of the Tucuruí Hydroelectric Power Plant (1974-1984) are highlighted, due to the intensive penetration of logging in the territory, mainly from the decade of 1970, and by the arrival of the dendeicultura in 2009. At the same time, contrary to the official policies destined to the territory, there are forms of resistance that orbit around questions related to the fight for land and the recognition of the ethnic right of the quilombola people. This paper aims to understand the geographic situation in question, considering aspects related to the impacts produced by large enterprises in the municipality of Baião (PA), especially those of an economic, environmental and socio-territorial nature, based on the analysis of the strategies of resistance developed by the peoples Local quilombolas. Therefore, the quilombola territory of Araquembaua, a community titled in 2002, is used as reference. The methodological proposition of the territory used is used. The results show that the Quilombola titling established an important territorial strategy to guarantee the security of the land and in a similar way materialized new political perspectives to face the perverse effects of the great projects in the place.Keywords: Territory Used; Socio-territorial Processes; Quilombos; Amazonia Paraense.RESUMENEn la Amazonia, a partir de la década de 1960, ocurrió un intenso avance del modo capitalista de producción en el campo, marcado inicialmente por el proceso de apertura de carreteras y por las políticas públicas que objetivaban la ocupación y el desarrollo del territorio. Poco tiempo después los grandes emprendimientos volcados hacia la explotación agropecuaria, minería y energía hidroeléctrica consolidaron el avance. En el contexto se destaca la región del Bajo Tocantins y, en particular el municipio de Baião (PA) afectado, por la construcción de la Usina Hidroeléctrica de Tucuruí (1974-1984), por la penetración intensiva de las madereras en el territorio, principalmente a partir de la década de los años Y por la llegada de la dendeicultura en 2009. Al mismo tiempo, en contra de las políticas oficiales destinadas al territorio, surgen formas de resistencia que orbitan en torno a cuestiones relativas a la lucha por la tierra y al reconocimiento del derecho étnico de los pueblos quilombolas. Este trabajo objetiva comprender la situación geográfica en cuestión considerando aspectos que se refieren a los impactos producidos por los grandes emprendimientos en el municipio de Baião (PA), en especial los de carácter económico, ambiental y socioterritorial, a partir del análisis de las estrategias de resistencia desarrolladas por los pueblos Los quilombolas locales. Para ello, se toma como referencia el territorio quilombola de Araquembaua, comunidad titulada en 2002. Se utiliza la proposición metodológica del territorio usado. Los resultados revelan que la titulación quilombola configuró una importante estrategia territorial para garantizar la seguridad de la tierra y de forma similar materializó nuevas perspectivas políticas de enfrentamiento a los efectos perversos de los grandes proyectos en el lugar.Palabras clave: Territorio Usado; Procesos Socioterritoriales; Quilombos; Amazonas Paraense.

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Marinaldo da Silva Lopes, Raimundo, Fabiana Rocha Pinto, David Barbosa de Alencar, and Gisele De Freitas Lopes. "Diagnosis of the Basic Sanitation of the Prata Lagoon and Maresia Lagoon, Prosai-Maués Project, Located in the Municipality of Maués - Amazonas." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 7, no. 11 (2019): 765–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol7.iss11.1931.

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The discussion about the quality of Environmental Sanitation (ES) services is currently highlighted because it is directly linked to the population's quality of life. Assessing the scope of SA services has become an important tool for the management of municipalities and states, as it allows the adaptation to the reality of the population to improve future planning, foreseeing the expansion of SA services. The Municipal Basic Sanitation Plan - PMSB was established by Law No. 11.455 / 2007 as an important planning tool for basic sanitation services. It consists of programs, projects and actions aimed at improving the conditions of services that constitute basic sanitation: water supply, sanitation, as well as urban solid waste management and urban river water. With the accelerated urban growth in the municipality of Maués and the intense aggressions to the environment, the PROSAI-MAUÉS ES indicators were identified and diagnosed, which propose improvements in the urban, environmental and basic sanitation conditions of the municipality with the recovery of Lagoas do Silver and Maresia, which for many years have suffered from pollution around the lagoons. The lagoons in question were chosen for the implementation of PROSAI-MAUÉS, explained by the occupation of its margins by low-income population installed on stilts, the existence of flood risk points and the need for renewal of this urban fragment of tourist importance. On-site research was conducted using observation techniques and photographic recording to describe the conditions of local sanitation services. The experience of the PROSAI-MAUÉS project indicates that it is necessary to seek the institutional strengthening of the entities involved with the local society since the early stages. from the initial planning and execution to the final phase of monitoring and follow-up of the services provided by the basic sanitation works, thus ensuring the sustainability of the Program for future generations.

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Vallejos-Garrido, Paulo, Reinaldo Rivera, Oscar Inostroza-Michael, Enrique Rodríguez-Serrano, and Cristián E. Hernández. "Historical dynamics and current environmental effects explain the spatial distribution of species richness patterns of New World monkeys." PeerJ 5 (September 26, 2017): e3850. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3850.

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Background Why biodiversity is not uniformly distributed on the Earth is a major research question of biogeography. One of the most striking patterns of disparity in species distribution are the biodiversity hotspots, which generally do not fit with the distribution of relevant components of the Neotropical biota. In this study, we assess the proximal causes of the species-richness pattern of one of the most conspicuous groups of Neotropical mammals, the New World monkeys the Platyrrhini. We test two complementary hypotheses: (1) there is a historical source-sink dynamic (addressed using macroevolutionary and macroecological approaches); (2) the large number of species in the Amazon basin is due to the constraints imposed by environmental variables occurring outside this area. Methods We first characterize spatial patterns of species richness and biodiversity hotspots using a new, objective protocol based on probabilities. Then we evaluate the source-sink hypothesis using BioGeoBEARS analysis and nestedness analysis of species richness patterns. Complementarily, to measure how often different species pairs appear in the same sites, we used null models to estimate the checkerboard score index (C-score). Finally, we evaluate the relationship between several climatic variables and species richness through ordinary least squares (OLS) and spatial autoregressive (SAR) models, and the potential environmental constraints on the pattern. Results We found one significant cluster of high values for species richness in the Amazon basin. Most dispersal events occurred from the Amazonian subregion to other Neotropical areas. Temperature (T), discrepancy (BR), and NODF indexes show a significant nesting in the matrix ordered by species richness and available energy. The C-score observed was significantly smaller than the null expectation for all sites in the Neotropics where there are records of platyrrhine species. Ten climatic variables comprised the best-fitting model that explains species richness. OLS and SAR models show that this set of variables explains 69.9% and 64.2% of species richness, respectively. Potential of evapotranspiration is the most important variable within this model, showing a linear positive relationship with species richness, and clear lower and upper limits to the species richness distribution. Discussion We suggest that New World monkeys historically migrated from their biodiversity hotspot (energetically optimal areas for most platyrrine species) to adjacent, energetically suboptimal areas, and that the different dispersal abilities of these species, the lack of competitive interactions at a macroecological scale, and environmental constraints (i.e., energy availability, seasonality) are key elements which explain the non-uniform pattern of species richness for this clade.

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de Freitas, Marcílio. "Metamorphoses of Amazonia." International Journal of Environmental Studies 71, no. 2 (2014): 233–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2014.898378.

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Lucarelli, Francesco, Paolo De Stefano, Luigi G. Napolitano, Pasquale Murino, and Rosario Vigliotti. "Brazilian Amazonia: Industrial development and environmental monitoring." Environmental Management 18, no. 4 (1994): 597–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02400862.

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Smith, Nigel J. H., Paulo Alvim, A. Homma, I. Falesi, and A. Serrão. "Environmental impacts of resource exploitation in Amazonia☆." Global Environmental Change 1, no. 4 (1991): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0959-3780(91)90057-z.

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Gloor, Emanuel. "The fate of Amazonia." Nature Climate Change 9, no. 5 (2019): 355–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0465-1.

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Miller, Shawn, and Hugh Raffles. "In Amazonia: A Natural History." Environmental History 8, no. 4 (2003): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3985899.

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Lähteenoja, Outi, Bernardo Flores, and Bruce Nelson. "Tropical Peat Accumulation in Central Amazonia." Wetlands 33, no. 3 (2013): 495–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13157-013-0406-0.

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Sebastiani, Bartolomeo, and Stefano Falcinelli. "Contamination of Plants from Amazonia by Environmental Pollution." Environments 5, no. 3 (2018): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments5030033.

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Coomes, Oliver T. "Blackwater Rivers, Adaptation, and Environmental Heterogeneity in Amazonia." American Anthropologist 94, no. 3 (1992): 698–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1992.94.3.02a00120.

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Moriarty, F. "Amazonia—Key environments series." Environmental Pollution Series A, Ecological and Biological 42, no. 2 (1986): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0143-1471(86)90006-1.

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Drummond, Jose, and Paul E. Little. "Amazonia: Territorial Struggles on Perennial Frontiers." Environmental History 8, no. 1 (2003): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3985978.

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CARDOSO, MANOEL F., GEORGE C. HURTT, BERRIEN MOORE, CARLOS A. NOBRE, and ELAINE M. PRINS. "Projecting future fire activity in Amazonia." Global Change Biology 9, no. 5 (2003): 656–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00607.x.

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Borges de Lima, Ismar, and Leszek Buszynski. "Local environmental governance, public policies and deforestation in Amazonia." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 22, no. 3 (2011): 292–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14777831111122888.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the problem of deforestation in Amazonia and the role of the Brazilian government with regard to the capitalist demands and development needs for the region. It offers a brief historical review of public policies and programs for Amazonia, and critically analyzes their conflicting aspects. Local environmental governance (LEG) is proposed as a conceptual framework and a participatory forest management strategy for dealing with the forest destruction.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is a qualitative‐based study which provides a systemic analysis of the process of occupation and the key public policies for Amazonia from over the last decades, particularly during the coup d'état regime. Based on a literature review and official documents, descriptive data are produced which helped in understanding the political phases of the Brazilian government administrations.FindingsThe study identified some participatory‐based, decentralized models of forest management and existing forest regulatory frameworks which can serve as an illustrative sketchy arrangement on how local environmental governance can become operative and serviceable for a sustainable balance between the use of natural resources, conservation and regional planning. These findings can help future investigations on governance models. The research also shows how the Brazilian government has perceived Amazonia throughout the decades and how this perception influenced the implementation of development and settlement policies for the region.Originality/valueThe main focus of this article is the debate on the concept of local environmental governance (LEG) as a tool for empowering the local communities through the decentralization of decision making as well as the attempt to find implemented normative and institutional structures within the Amazonian context which can translate aspects of LEG.

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Godoy, Bruno Spacek, and Lucas Marques de Camargos. "Does body size of neotropical ant species influence their recruitment speed?" Biota Neotropica 13, no. 1 (2013): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032013000100010.

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Ants are one of the most important animal groups in tropical forests because of its abundance and number of species. An important characteristic of the group is the eusociality, which allows the occurrence of a recruitment behavior when food resource is found. However, there are two main questions regarding this behavior: (i) the recruitment is a product of environmental or phylogenetic pressures, and (ii) the recruitment speed is related to the body size of the ant species. In this work we addressed these two questions using 17 species of neotropical ants, in the Amazonic lowland dense rain forest. According to results, recruitment behavior is related to ant size, where smaller species exhibit this trait when finding a protein resource. However, species size is not important in recruitment speed, which suggests that speed can be best explained by the type of food resources needed in the ant colony.

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Hall, Anthony. "Paying for environmental services: The case of Brazilian Amazonia." Journal of International Development 20, no. 7 (2008): 965–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.1456.

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Rojas, David. "Environmental management and open-air experiments in Brazilian Amazonia." Geoforum 66 (November 2015): 136–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2014.12.012.

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Campbell, Jeremy M. "The Land Question in Amazonia: Cadastral Knowledge and Ignorance in Brazil's Tenure Regularization Program." PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review 38, no. 1 (2015): 147–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/plar.12091.

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Stadel, Christoph. "Cultivated Landscapes of Native Amazonia and the Andes." Mountain Research and Development 25, no. 4 (2005): 388–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1659/0276-4741(2005)025[0388:clonaa]2.0.co;2.

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Boyd, Emily. "Navigating Amazonia under uncertainty: past, present and future environmental governance." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1498 (2008): 1911–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.0023.

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One of the major environmental challenges of the twenty-first century is the continued rapid deforestation of Amazonia. The 2005 dieback crisis emphasizes the unprecedented challenges facing Brazil. The examination of past and present institutions for ecosystem management, in Amazonia, shows structural barriers across public, private and community arrangements. The adaptive governance concept helps to understand why these institutions are failing to deliver sustainable futures. In looking forward, it is encouraging to see that important networks of knowledge and a number of novel initiatives are emerging in Brazil. These new arrangements are novel in the way that they seem to be adaptive and navigate structures in the hope of overcoming insurmountable drivers of deforestation.

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Stearman, Allyn MacLean, and Anthony Hall. "Sustaining Amazonia: Grassroots Action for Productive Conservation." Environmental History 4, no. 1 (1999): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3985347.

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Denevan, William M. "Comments on Prehistoric Agriculture in Amazonia." Culture Agriculture 20, no. 2-3 (1998): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cag.1998.20.2-3.54.

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McCallum, Cecilia. "Language, Kinship and Politics in Amazonia." Man 25, no. 3 (1990): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2803711.

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Nonata Monteiro, Raimunda, Enaile Do Espírito Santo Iadanza, and Helena Maria Martins Lastres. "Amazonia brasileña: ocupación y políticas socioambientales." Revista de Estudios Brasileños 8, no. 16 (2021): 119–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14201/reb2021816119121.

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El presente Dossier titulado Amazonia: Cultura, Educación y Memoria, es la segunda parte de la compilación de textos iniciada con el Dossier Amazonia Brasileña: ocupación y políticas socioambientales en la transición de los siglos XX al XXI. Esta edición reúne cinco artículos que discuten vivencias, imaginarios y expresiones culturales de pueblos tradicionales e indígenas. Es posible percibir visiones del mundo que expresan las especificidades y la diversidad de saberes, haceres y resistencias de grupos sociales representativos de las poblaciones amazónicas. Se describen cosmovisiones, pertenencias y representaciones sociales, así como las rupturas ocasionadas por las transformaciones impuestas por el "progreso". Los autores de este Dossier nos sumergen en la vida de comunidades y pueblos y nos proporcionan una pequeña inmersión en concepciones del mundo que forman los multiversos culturales de la Amazonia. También muestran que la Historia de la región se enseña mediante narrativas que ignoran las existencias y lugares (lugar sin lugar), generalizan y homogeneizan la Amazonia, reducida a las percepciones de los colonizadores.

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NEEFF, TILL. "Deforestation, biomass and carbon finance in Amazonia." Climate Policy 8, no. 1 (2008): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3763/cpol.2007.0355.

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Pessoa, Jonas Onis, and Jonatan Onis Pessoa. "AVALIAÇÃO DO SISTEMA DE LOGÍSTICA REVERSA DE PNEUS INSERVÍVEIS NO SUL DO AMAZONAS." Revista Foco 10, no. 1 (2017): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.28950/1981-223x_revistafocoadm/2017.v10i1.375.

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O sistema de logística reversa é um importante instrumento voltado à mitigação da problemática dos pneus inservíveis, visto que sua correta implementação propicia a coleta, transporte e destinação ambientalmente adequada deste material. No entanto, embora previsto na Resolução CONAMA 416/2009, a efetiva aplicação desse sistema ainda se configura em um grande desafio para diversas cidades brasileiras. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma avaliação sobre a logística reversa de pneus inservíveis em Humaitá-AM a fim de contribuir para a formulação de futuras ações e políticas voltadas a destinação ambientalmente correta desses resíduos no município. Para tanto, elaborou-se um questionário com doze perguntas para os proprietários dos principais estabelecimentos do ramo de pneus em Humaitá. Adicionalmente, foi elaborado um segundo questionário com sete perguntas com a finalidade de analisar a percepção e posicionamento do Poder Público em relação à temática da pesquisa. Os resultados apontaram que a maior parcela dos entrevistados afirma não ter ciência da legislação dos pneumáticos e não realizam a prática da logística reversa de pneus inservíveis em seus empreendimentos. O Poder Público, por sua vez, em dissonância com a Resolução CONAMA 416/2009, realiza a coleta, o transporte e a destinação inadequada dos pneus inservíveis. Portanto, os pneumáticos representam um passivo ambiental em Humaitá-AM. Sendo assim, faz-se necessário a proposição e aplicação de ações de conscientização e fiscalização acerca da Resolução CONAMA 416/2009 no município. The reverse logistics system is an important instrument aimed at mitigating the problem of waste tires, since its correct implementation favors the collection, transportation and environmentally adequate disposal of this material. However, although envisaged in CONAMA Resolution 416/2009, the effective application of this system is still a major challenge for several Brazilian cities. In this context, the present work had as objective to perform an evaluation on the reverse logistics of waste tires in Humaitá-AM in order to contribute to the formulation of future actions and policies aimed at the environmentally correct destination of these wastes in the municipality. Therefore, a questionnaire with twelve questions was elaborated for the owners of the main establishments of the tire branch in Humaitá. Additionally, a second questionnaire with seven questions was elaborated with the purpose of analyzing the perception and positioning of the Public Power in relation to the thematic of the research. The results showed that the greater part of the respondents stated that they were not aware of tire legislation and did not practice reverse logistics of waste tires in their projects. The Public Power, in turn, in dissonance with CONAMA Resolution 416/2009, performs the collection, transportation and improper disposal of waste tires. Therefore, the tires represent an environmental liability in Humaitá-AM. Therefore, it is necessary to propose and apply awareness and inspection actions regarding CONAMA Resolution 416/2009 in the municipality.

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Zanchi, Fabrício B., Maarten J. Waterloo, Bart Kruijt, et al. "Soil CO2 efflux in central Amazonia: environmental and methodological effects." Acta Amazonica 42, no. 2 (2012): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0044-59672012000200001.

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Soil respiration plays a significant role in the carbon cycle of Amazonian rainforests. Measurements of soil respiration have only been carried out in few places in the Amazon. This study investigated the effects of the method of ring insertion in the soil as well as of rainfall and spatial distribution on CO2 emission in the central Amazon region. The ring insertion effect increased the soil emission about 13-20% for sandy and loamy soils during the firsts 4-7 hours, respectively. After rainfall events below 2 mm, the soil respiration did not change, but for rainfall greater than 3 mm, after 2 hours there was a decrease in soil temperature and respiration of about 10-34% for the loamy and sand soils, with emissions returning to normal after around 15-18 hours. The size of the measurement areas and the spatial distribution of soil respiration were better estimated using the Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) data. The Campina reserve is a mosaic of bare soil, stunted heath forest-SHF and tall heath forest-THF. The estimated total average CO2 emissions from the area was 3.08±0.8 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1. The Cuieiras reserve is another mosaic of plateau, slope, Campinarana and riparian forests and the total average emission from the area was 3.82±0.76 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1. We also found that the main control factor of the soil respiration was soil temperature, with 90% explained by regression analysis. Automated soil respiration datasets are a good tool to improve the technique and increase the reliability of measurements to allow a better understanding of all possible factors driven by soil respiration processes.

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Vasconcellos, Ana Maria de Albuquerque, and Mário Vasconcellos Sobrinho. "A socio-environmental development programme in action in Brazilian Amazonia." BAR - Brazilian Administration Review 9, no. 1 (2012): 23–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1807-76922012000100003.

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Bendix, Jacob, and Carol M. Liebler. "ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION IN BRAZILIAN AMAZONIA: PERSPECTIVES IN US NEWS MEDIA∗." Professional Geographer 43, no. 4 (1991): 474–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0033-0124.1991.00474.x.

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Carson, J. F., B. S. Whitney, F. E. Mayle, et al. "Environmental impact of geometric earthwork construction in pre-Columbian Amazonia." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 29 (2014): 10497–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1321770111.

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Zuquim, Gabriela, Hanna Tuomisto, Mirkka M. Jones, et al. "Predicting environmental gradients with fern species composition in Brazilian Amazonia." Journal of Vegetation Science 25, no. 5 (2014): 1195–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvs.12174.

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Davidov, Veronica M. "A Future for Amazonia: Randy Borman and Cofán Environmental Politics." American Anthropologist 116, no. 1 (2014): 197–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aman.12085_12.

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Schneider, Maurício, and Carlos A. Peres. "Environmental Costs of Government-Sponsored Agrarian Settlements in Brazilian Amazonia." PLOS ONE 10, no. 8 (2015): e0134016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134016.

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Dong, Xiao, Fang Li, Zhongda Lin, Sandy P. Harrison, Yang Chen, and Jong-Seong Kug. "Climate influence on the 2019 fires in Amazonia." Science of The Total Environment 794 (November 2021): 148718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148718.

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Smirnov, N. N., and Edinaldo Nelson Santos-Silva. "Some littoral anomopods (Crustacea) from Central Amazonia." Hydrobiologia 315, no. 3 (1995): 227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00051952.

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