Relevant bibliographies by topics / Environmental radioactivity

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Environmental radioactivity'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Environmental radioactivity"

1

Peterson, Harold T. "Environmental radioactivity." Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 5, no. 6 (January 1987): 480–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0265-931x(87)90022-1.

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Eisenbud, M., and A. S. Paschoa. "Environmental radioactivity." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 280, no. 2-3 (August 1989): 470–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(89)90953-4.

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Silva, R. J. "Environmental radioactivity." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 264, no. 2 (May 2005): 333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-005-0717-6.

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Adriano, D. C. "Environmental Radioactivity, Third Edition." Journal of Environmental Quality 17, no. 1 (January 1988): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1988.00472425001700010039x.

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NÉMETH, Csaba, and Shinji TOKONAMI. "Environmental Radioactivity in Hungary." Japanese Journal of Health Physics 39, no. 2 (2004): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5453/jhps.39.113.

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Bujdosó, E. "Environmental radiochemistry and radioactivity." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 241, no. 3 (September 1999): 683–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02347235.

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Bujdosó, E. "Environmental radiochemistry and radioactivity." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 241, no. 1 (July 1999): 245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02347324.

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Bujdosó, E. "Environmental radiochemistry and radioactivity." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 242, no. 3 (December 1999): 829–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02347405.

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Amiro, B. D. "Frontiers of environmental radioactivity." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 239, no. 1 (January 1999): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02349531.

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Bujdosó, E. "Environmental radiochemistry and radioactivity." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 232, no. 1-2 (June 1998): 265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02383755.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Environmental radioactivity"

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XHIXHA, Gerti. "Advanced gamma-ray spectrometry for environmental radioactivity monitoring." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2388782.

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The environmental radioactivity monitoring programs start in the late 1950s of the 20th century following the global fallout from testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere, becoming a cause of concern regarding health effects. Later, the necessity of world industrialization for new energy sources led to develop national plans on electricity production from nuclear technology, initializing in this context world wide exploration for fuel minerals: uranium exploration gained a particular attention in late 1940's in USA, Canada and former USSR and in 1951 in Australia with respective national plans. Nowadays there are about 440 nuclear power plants for electricity generation with about 70 more NPP under construction giving rise to the nuclear emergency preparedness of a large number of states (like Radioactivity Environmental Monitoring (REM) data bank and EUropean Radiological Data Exchange Platform (EURDEP). Furthermore, a lot of applications in the field of geosciences are related to the environmental radioactivity measurements going from geological mapping, mineral exploration, geochemical database construction to heat -flow studies. Gamma-ray spectroscopy technique is widely used when dealing with environmental radioactivity monitoring programs. The purpose of this work is to investigate the potentialities that such a technique offers in monitoring radioactivity concentration through three different interventions in laboratory, in-situ and airborne measurements. An advanced handling of gamma-ray spectrometry method is realized by improving the performances of instruments and realizing and testing dedicated equipments able to deal with practical problems of radioactivity monitoring. For each of these gamma-ray spectrometry methods are faced also the problems of calibration, designing of monitoring plans and data analyzing and processing. In the first chapter I give a general description for the common radionuclides present in the environment having a particular interest for monitoring programs. Three categories of environmental radionuclides classified according to their origin as cosmogenic, primordial and man-made are discussed. The cosmic rays continuously produce radionulides and also direct radiation, principally high energetic muons. Cosmogenic radionuclides are originated from the interaction of cosmic rays with stable nuclides present in the Earth’s atmosphere. Primordial radionuclides are associated with the phenomenon of nucleosynthesis of the stars and are present in the Earth’s crust. Man-made radionuclides commonly present in natural environments are principally derived from radioactive fallout from atmospheric nuclear weapons testing and peaceful applications of nuclear technology like nuclear power plants for electricity generation and the associated nuclear fuel cycle facilities. A relevant contribution, generally with local implication comes from the so called non-nuclear industries which are responsible for technologically enhancement of natural radioelements producing huge amounts of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM/TENORM). In the second chapter is described a homemade approach to the solution of the problem rising in monitoring situations in which a high number of samples is to be measured through gamma-ray spectrometry with HPGe detectors. Indeed, in such cases the costs sustaining the manpower involved in such programs becomes relevant to the laboratory budget and sometimes becomes a limitation of their capacities. Manufacturers like ORTEC® and CANBERRA produce gamma-ray spectrometers supported by special automatic sample changers which can process some tens of samples without any human attendance. However, more improvements can be done to such systems in shielding design and detection efficiency. We developed a fully automated gamma-ray spectrometer system using two coupled HPGe detectors, which is a well known method used to increase the detection efficiency. An alternative approach on shielding design and sample changer automation was realized. The utilization of two coupled HPGe detectors permits to achieve good statistical accuracies in shorter time, which contributes in drastically reducing costs and man power involved. A detailed description of the characterization of absolute full-energy peak efficiency of such instrument is reported here. Finally, the gamma-ray spectrometry system, called MCA_Rad, was used to characterize the natural radioactivity concentration of bed-rocks in Tuscany Region, Italy. More than 800 samples are measured and reported here together with the potential radioactivity concentration map of bed rocks in Tuscany Region. In the third chapter is described the application of portable scintillation gamma -ray spectrometers for in-situ monitoring programs focusing on the problems of calibration and spectrum analysis method. In-situ γ-ray spectrometry with sodium iodide scintillators is a well developed and consolidated method for radioactive survey. Conventionally, a series of self-constructed calibration pads prevalently enriched with one of the radioelements is used to calibrate this portable instrument. This method was further developed by introducing the stripping (or window analysis) described in International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) guidelines as a standard methods for natural radioelement exploration and mapping. We realized a portable instrument using scintillation gamma-ray spectrometers with sodium iodide detector. An alternative calibration method using instead well-characterized natural sites, which show a prevalent concentration of one of the radioelements, is developed. This procedure supported by further development of the full spectrum analysis (FSA) method implemented in the non-negative least square (NNLS) constrain was applied for the first time in the calibration and in the spectrum analysis. This new approach permits to avoid artifacts and non physical results in the FSA analysis related with the χ2 minimization process. It also reduces the statistical uncertainty, by minimizing time and costs, and allows to easily analyze more radioisotopes other than the natural ones. Indeed, as an example of the potentialities of such a method 137Cs isotopes has been implemented in the analysis. Finally, this method has been tested by acquiring gamma Ombrone -ray spectra using a 10.16 cm×10.16 cm sodium iodide detector in 80 different sites in the basin, in Tuscany. The results from the FSA method with NNLS constrain have been compared with the laboratory measurements by using HPGe detectors on soil samples collected. In the forth chapter is discussed the self-construction of an airborne gamma-ray spectrometer, AGRS_16.0L. Airborne gamma-ray spectrometry (AGRS) method is widely considered as an important tool for mapping environmental radioactivity both for geosciences studies and for purposes of radiological emergency response in potentially contaminated sites. Indeed, they have been used in several countries since the second half of the twentieth century, like USA and Canada, Australia, Russia, Checz Republic, and Switzerland. We applied the calibration method described in the previous chapter using well -characterized natural sites and implemented for the first time in radiometric data analysis FSA analysis method with NNLS constrain. This method permits to decrease the statistical uncertainty and consequently reduce the minimum acquisition time (which depend also on AGRS system and on the flight parameters), by increasing in this way the spatial resolution. Finally, the AGRS_16.0L was used for radioelement mapping survey over Elba Island. It is well known that the natural radioactivity is strictly connected to the geological structure of the bedrocks and this information has been taken into account for the analysis and maps construction. A multivariate analysis approach was considered in the geostatistical interpolation of radiometric data, by putting them in relation with the geology though the Collocated Cokriging (CCoK) interpolator. Finally, the potential radioelement maps of potassium, uranium and thorium are constructed for Elba Island.
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Chaisan, Kittisak. "Modelling the environmental transfers of radioactivity following the Fukushima accident." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2015. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/modelling-the-environmental-transfers-of-radioactivity-following-the-fukushima-accident(60b31ec7-b843-4878-b374-931c5234b90c).html.

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After the massive tsunami on 11 March 2011, the explosions at 4 reactors of the Fukushima Daiichi (I) Nuclear Power Stations (Fukushima I NPSs) in Japan led to a large radioactive cloud being ejected into the atmosphere. Radionuclides released to the atmosphere were washed out in rain causing an area of remarkably high deposition in the area to the northwest of the Fukushima I NPSs. Activity remaining in the atmosphere was dispersed further to other areas of Japan. At various times during the accident, plumes of contamination were transported from Japan to the Pacific Ocean, the North American continent, crossing the Atlantic Ocean to Europe, and eventually to Asia. Due to the lack of measurements in three major ecosystem compartments i.e. air, soil and surface water, information on the highest impact early-phase after fallout and the interpretation of long-term impacts is limited and unclear. The transfer of contaminated radionuclides to soil and air around the Fukushima I NPSs was studied using ratios of various radioisotopes to the long-lived nuclide 137Cs. It was found that ratios of three radionuclides i.e. 134,136Cs and 132Te were consistent with direction and distance in air and soil while the ratio 131I/137Cs was not. It was shown that, deposited 131I/137Cs had an inverse correlation with 137Cs activity in soil. These nuclides were key in forming the high-gamma dose rates in the early phase, particularly the high gamma energy of 132I from the 132Te/132I decay. The derived ratios of these key radionuclides in soil were used together with available measured gamma dose rates in the early phase (< 30 days) to develop a model to reconstruct and predict external gamma dose rate. Model “blind” tests showed that more than 95% of predictions were within a factor of two of measurements from 15 sites to the north, northwest and west of the power station. It is demonstrated that generic isotope ratios provide a sound basis for reconstruction of early-phase external dose rates in these most contaminated areas. For contamination in surface runoff water, lake water and fish, a previous model developed following the Chernobyl accident (AQUASCOPE) was applied to the Fukushima situation. It was shown that by adjusting for the stronger absorption of radiocaesium in soils in Japan (compared with European countries) the model could be used successfully to predict long-term contamination in aquatic systems affected by Fukushima fall out. The results of the model showed good agreement with measured data, in particular in the long-term period (around 0.5-2 years) after the accident.
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Gould, Travis J. "Measuring and Modeling Exposure from Environmental Radiation on Tidal Flats." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2004. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/GouldTJ2004.pdf.

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Tanha, Mohammad Rahmatullah [Verfasser]. "Environmental radioactivity studies in Kabul and northern Afghanistan / Mohammad Rahmatullah Tanha." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB), 2017. http://d-nb.info/1166269051/34.

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Evans, Ellis Induro. "Environmental characterisation of particle-associated radioactivity deposited close to the Sellafield works." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285387.

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The calculation of dry particle deposition velocity (Vg) for small particles in field studies is subject to much variability between theoretical and measured values. This work will assess some of the factors which may influence the calculation of Vg. The other key parameter which is used to define the near-surface exchange of material is the resuspension factor (K). The certainty of using a Vg which is representative of small particles typically 1 pm requires clarification. During September 1993-1994, four size-selective air and deposition experiments were carried out at an on-site and off-site sampling location close to the BNFL Sellafield nuclear reprocessing plant in Cumbria UK. Dry and total (wet & dry) particle deposition velocities were determined for ^^^Cs, The dry deposition velocities of naturally-occurring ^Be were also determined and used as a 'marker' for small particle transport processes. Resuspension factors K (m ^) for radiocaesium and Plutonium were also derived. Automated individual particle characterisation (AlP) using scanning electron microscopy coupled to energy-dispersive x-ray analysis (SEM-EDXA) was used to determine the particle size distribution and associated elemental composition of material deposited to Frisbee deposition collectors. Enhanced a-emitting hot-spots from surface soils and material deposited to Frisbee collectors at 1 m above ground level were isolated and characterised for size and shape using nuclear track detector film, LR-115. Dry particle deposition velocities for ^^^Cs, 239+240py and were commonly in excess of 1E-03 m s"^ by more than two orders of magnitude. Total deposition velocities (dry and wet) were even higher with values ranging from 0.2 m s^ -1 ms"^ for both radiocaesium and plutonium. High derived values of dry deposition velocity for radiocaesium and plutonium were to some extent influenced by air sampling artefacts. Air sampling artefacts result in an under-estimation of airborne activity for radioactivity associated with particle diameters >10 pm. The derived values of dry particle deposition velocity for ^Be were consistent with literature values of sub-micron sized particles with evidence of a seasonal spring maximum. Resuspension factors K (m'^) for radiocaesium and plutonium agreed well with literature values of weathered weapons fallout values which ranged from 2E-08 to 5E-11 (m"^) for plutonium and radiocaesium respectively. Differences in dry particle deposition velocities for radiocaesium and plutonium between the on-site and off-site locations varied by no more than a factor of three. Correlations between dry particle deposition velocities for Cs and Pu with wind speed, wind direction and precipitation rates were not found. Size-specific air sampling show that the majority of the plutonium was predominantly associated with the >11 lam aerosol size fraction. The association between activity and large particle size suggest this material was probably attached to large soil-derived particles. Plutonium isotope data indicate this material originated fromthe nuclear weapons programme of the late 1950's-earty 1970's. Radiocaesiumactivities were equally distributed between the < 10 ixm and > 11 ^m aerosol fractions for two out of the four runs. This suggests that historically deposited ''^^Cs and current emissions contributed to measured airborne activities. Enhanced a-emitting hot-spots were isolated from bulk surface soils and in material deposited to Frisbee collectors. Rare particles such as these with atypical activities of Pu may lead to mis-leadingly high deposition fluxes. The calculation of Vg in the field is therefore sensitive to the presence of these particles because they are not representative of the aerosol flux and their size s 50 |im precludes their collection by the Pmio air sampler. The main conclusions of this work indicates the very high values of Vg sometimes measured in the field are strongly influenced by large resuspended soil particles and associated air sampling artefacts. The inclusion of large particles within the deposition flux is confirmed by size selective mass based Vg using scanning electron microscopy
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Bulala, Avuyile Sisanda. "Efficiency calibration of a gamma-ray detector for measuring environmental radiation." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32467.

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The Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory (ERL) of iThemba LABS conducts research into levels of natural and anthropogenic radioactivity in the environment. The laboratory-based measurements are conducted using a low-background Hyper Pure Germanium (HPGe) detector system. A critical aspect of such measurements involves calibrating the detector about energy and detection efficiency. The present study details experiment that were carried to determine both energy and efficiency calibrations for various sample geometries using gamma-ray spectrometry. The measurements using reference sources of known activity were carried out using two sample holders (Marinelli Beaker (1000 ml) and, a cylindrical pill bottle (100 ml)), and a point source. The IAEA reference materials (RGU-1, RGTh-1 ore and RGK-1) were prepared and used to fill the Marinelli beaker and pill bottles. Certified reference point sources (⁶⁰Co, ¹⁵²Eu, ¹³⁷Cs, ²²Na, ²⁴¹Am and ¹³³Ba) were obtained from the National Metrology Institute of South Africa (NMISA). Experiments consisted of exposing the HPGe detector to various gamma-ray sources prepared using various sample holders and the point source geometry. The counting time for each measurement was 24 hours. Each spectrum was analysed by inserting region of interests around suitably selected photo-peaks and the counts associated with these photo-peaks were automatically determined and corrected for background by the software. The full energy peak detection efficiency was then determined from the background corrected counts, the known activity of the source and the implicit in measurement (solid angle). The experimental and simulated spectra using point sources and volume sources were compared. Both experimental and simulated spectra presented showed a good agreement in terms of shape and varying intensities as expected. Additional photo-peaks were observed from ²²Na, ⁶⁰Co, ¹³³Ba and ¹⁵²Eu (point sources) and ²³²Th and ²³⁸U (volume sources) experimental spectra these effects were not observed in the simulated spectra. These additional peaks observed are the result of coincidence summing in some of gamma emitting radionuclides. Efficiencies that were experimentally determined, were compared with the calculated efficiencies from Monte Carlo simulations using MCNPX. Efficiency calibration parameters (power fit function) for the volume sources were determined from experimental and simulated data; a = 2.58; b = -0.75 experimental and a = 1.01; b = 0.65 simulated (100 mL pill bottle) and a = 2.07; b = -0.75 experimental and a = 1.61; b = 0.66 simulated (1 L Marinelli beaker). The simulated parameters for the efficiency as determined can be used for future calculations of activity concentrations when the 100 mL pill bottle or 1 L Marinelli Beaker sample holder is used. Further improvement in these calculations can be achieved by considering the sample density. The simulation input files used to generate these values is available and can be modified to match any sample holder geometry, as well as any density that might be required in future counting.
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Chiu, Yu-yeung. "Environmental radiation monitoring at the low level radioactive waste storage facility in Siu A Chau and development of a particle dispersion model in marine environment." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38573611.

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Casanovas, Alegre Ramon. "Development and calibration of automatic real-time environmental radioactivity monitors using gamma-ray spectrometry." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/145442.

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This doctoral thesis presents a collection of six scientific papers, which have been published in peer-reviewed scientific journals, in the field of real-time environmental radioactivity detection. After the contributions of this thesis, the automatic real-time environmental radiation surveillance network of Catalonia provides new and better radiological information. This was achieved thanks to the development and calibration of three types of radioactivity monitors using gamma-ray spectrometry, either with NaI(Tl) or LaBr3(Ce) detectors, which permit the real-time identification and quantification of radioactive isotope content in water and in air. In the thesis, details on general calibration methodologies can be found. The mentioned developments as well as their specific calibrations are also discussed. For each monitor, an evaluation of their measurement capabilities is also performed.
Esta tesis doctoral presenta una colección de seis artículos científicos, que han estado publicados en revistas científicas revisadas, en el campo de la detección de radiactividad ambiental en tiempo real. Después de las contribuciones de esta tesis, la red automática de vigilancia radiológica ambiental en tiempo real de Cataluña dispone de nueva y mejor información radiológica. Esto ha sido logrado gracias al desarrollo y calibración de tres tipos de monitores de radiactividad mediante espectrometría gamma, ya sea con detectores de NaI(Tl) o de LaBr3(Ce), que permiten la identificación y cuantificación en tiempo real del contenido isotópico radiactivo en agua y aire. En esta tesis, se pueden encontrar detalles sobre metodologías generales de calibración así como una discusión de los mencionados desarrollos y sus correspondientes calibraciones específicas. Además, se efectúa una evaluación de las capacidades de medida para cada uno de los monitores.
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Bajoga, Abubakar D. "Evaluation of natural and anthropogenic radioactivity in environmental samples from Kuwait using high-resolution gamma-ray spectrometry." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2016. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/809932/.

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A study of natural radioactivity from ninety different soil samples across the state of Kuwait was carried out with a view to ascertain the level of natural and/or man-made radioactivity from that area. There has been some concern on the levels of NORM following the First Gulf War in which approximately 300 tons of depleted uranium shells were used and in particular, whether it has a significant impact in the surrounding environment. This study uses gamma-spectroscopy in a low background measuring system employing a high resolution Hyper-Pure Germanium detector. The calculated specific activity concentrations are determined for the radionuclides 226Ra, 214Pb, 214Bi and 228Ac, 212Pb, 208Tl following the decays of the primordial radionuclides 238U and 232Th, respectively. The analysis also includes evaluations for the 235U decay chain. In particular, the 186 keV doublet transition is used together with the activity concentration values established from the decays of 214Bi and 214Pb to establish the 226Ra and 235U specific activity concentrations, which can be used to estimate the 235U:238U isotopic ratios and compare to the accepted value for naturally occurring material of 1:138. Specific activity concentration values have also been determined for the 40K and the anthropogenic radionuclide 137Cs (from fallout) were detected within the same samples. Results of the activity concentration gives mean value of 16.99±0.21, 12.79±0.14, 333±37 and 2.18±0.11 Bq/kg for 238U, 232Th, 40K, and 137Cs, respectively. The associated radiological hazard indices from these samples were found to have mean values of 29.13±0.35 nG/hr, 60.20±0.68 Bq/kg, and 35.30±0.40 µSv/year for the dose rates, radium equivalent, and annual dose equivalent, respectively. Analysed results of elemental concentrations of Uranium, Thorium and Potassium were also determined, and were found to range from 0.96±0.02 ppm to 2.53±0.02 ppm, 2.26±0.04 ppm to 5.23±0.05 ppm and a mean value of 1.21±0.03 % for 40K for the northern region, respectively. Overall result indicates values within the world average range. The results obtained for the 235U:238U isotopic ratio gives a mean value of 0.0462, which is consistent with the presence of natural material from the measured location.
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Maphoto, Katse Piet. "Determination of natural radioactivity concentrations in soil: a comparative study of Windows and Full Spectrum Analysis." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2004. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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In this study, two methods of analysing activity concentrations of natural radionuclides (U, Th and K) in soil are critically compared. These are the Window Analysis (WA) and Full Spectrum Analysis (FSA). In the usual WA method, the activity concentrations are determined from the net counts of the windows set around individual &gamma
-ray peaks associated with the decay of U, Th and K. In the FSA method, the full energy spectrum is considered and the measured spectrum is described as the sum of the three standard spectra (associated with U, Th and K, respectively), each multiplied by an unknown concentration. The concentrations are determined from the FSA and correspond to the activity concentrations of U, Th and K in the soil. The standard spectra derived from separate calibration measurements using the HPGe detector, represents the response of the HPGe to a Marinelli sample beaker containing an activity concentration of 1 Bq/kg.
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Books on the topic "Environmental radioactivity"

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García-León, Manuel. Detecting Environmental Radioactivity. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09970-0.

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International Conference on Environmental Radioactivity in the Arctic (2nd 1995 Oslo, Norway). Environmental radioactivity in the Arctic. Østerḁs: Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, 1995.

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M, Howarth J., Kirby C. R, and United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority. Environmental and Medical Sciences Division., eds. Studies of environmental radioactivity in Cumbria. Harwell: Environmental and Medical Sciences Division, A.E.R.E., 1988.

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J, Pattenden N., Cambray R. S, Playford K, Harwell Laboratory. Environmental and Medical Sciences Division., and Atomic Energy Research Establishment, eds. Studies of environmental radioactivity in Cumbria. Harwell: Environmental and Medical Sciences Division, UKAE Harwell Laboratory, 1989.

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International Conference on Environmental Radioactivity in the Arctic and Antarctic (1993: Kirkenes). Environmental radioactivity in the Arctic and Antarctic. Osteras: Scientific Committee of the International Conference ..., 1993.

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Preliminary environmental natural radioactivity mapping of Lusaka. Lusaka: Republic of Zambia, Ministry of Finance and National Planning, 2005.

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E, Holm, ed. Radioecology: Lectures in environmental radioactivity : Lund, Sweden. Singapore: World Scientific, 1994.

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Jozef, Sabol, ed. Low-level environmental radioactivity: Sources and evaluation. Lancaster, PA, U.S.A: Technomic Pub. Co., 1995.

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Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland. Artificial radioactivity in Lough Foyle. Dublin: Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland in association with University College Dublin Department of Experimental Physics and Environment Service, Department of the Environment for Northern Ireland., 1996.

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Great Britain. Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Pollution., ed. Monitoring of radioactivity in the UK environment. London: H.M.S.O., 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Environmental radioactivity"

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Grupen, Claus. "Environmental Radioactivity." In Introduction to Radiation Protection, 169–89. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02586-0_11.

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García-León, Manuel. "Environmental Radioactivity." In Detecting Environmental Radioactivity, 51–103. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09970-0_4.

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Patnaik, Pradyot. "Radioactivity." In Handbook of Environmental Analysis, 297–314. Third edition. | Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2017.: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315151946-54.

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García-León, Manuel. "Radiochemistry for Environmental Samples." In Detecting Environmental Radioactivity, 391–442. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09970-0_13.

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García-León, Manuel. "Principles of Mass Spectrometry." In Detecting Environmental Radioactivity, 495–519. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09970-0_16.

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García-León, Manuel. "Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS)." In Detecting Environmental Radioactivity, 547–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09970-0_18.

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García-León, Manuel. "Dosimeters, Other Detectors, and Specific Designs." In Detecting Environmental Radioactivity, 375–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09970-0_12.

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García-León, Manuel. "Neutron Activation Analysis." In Detecting Environmental Radioactivity, 575–605. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09970-0_19.

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García-León, Manuel. "Principles of Radiation Detection: Interaction of Radiation with Matter." In Detecting Environmental Radioactivity, 221–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09970-0_7.

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García-León, Manuel. "Radioactive Particle Characterization." In Detecting Environmental Radioactivity, 607–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09970-0_20.

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Conference papers on the topic "Environmental radioactivity"

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Tykva, Richard. "Environmental radioactivity analyses." In European Symposium on Optics for Environmental and Public Safety, edited by Tuan Vo-Dinh. SPIE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.224123.

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Wätjen, Uwe, Emanuela Cincu, Ioana Manea, and Mike Woods. "European Measurement Comparisons of Environmental Radioactivity." In NUCLEAR PROFICIENCY TESTING: The 1st International Workshop on Proficiency Testing in Applications of the Ionizing Radiation and Nuclear Analytical Techniques in Industry, Medicine, and Environment. AIP, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2979090.

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Wagner, David M., and Stewart W. Taylor. "The Effect of Pre-Existing Ground Water Radioactivity on Derived Concentration Guideline Levels for Residual Radioactivity in Soil." In World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2001. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40569(2001)61.

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Carvalho, F. P., J. M. Oliveira, and M. Malta. "Vegetation fires and release of radioactivity into the air." In ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND BIOMEDICINE 2011. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ehr110011.

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Shandala, N. K., N. Ya Novikova, M. P. Semenova, S. M. Kiselev, E. G. Metlyaev, A. A. Filonova, and S. V. Akhromeev. "Radioactivity in foodstuffs after the Chernobyl accident – 20 years research." In ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RISK 2009. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ehr090351.

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Yi*, Peng, Z. Y. Chen, and A. Aldahan. "Radioactivity of groundwater in China and environmental implications." In Fifth International Conference on Engineering Geophysics (ICEG), 21–24 October 2019, Al Ain, UAE. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/iceg2019-025.1.

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Carminati, Marco, Giovanni L. Montagnani, Luca Lorusso, Emanuele Lavelli, Davide Di Vita, Giuseppe Morandi, Paolo Rizzacasa, and Carlo Fiorini. "Wireless and Robust Radioactivity Detector for Environmental Monitoring." In 2019 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nss/mic42101.2019.9060055.

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Shippen, B. Alan, and Malcolm J. Joyce. "The Radioactivity Depth Analysis Tool (RADPAT)." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16144.

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The Radioactive Depth Analysis Tool (RADPAT) is a PhD bursary project currently being undertaken at Lancaster University in the UK. The RADPAT project involves the development of nuclear instrumentation capable of ascertaining depth of radioactive contamination within legacy plant materials such as concrete. This paper evaluates the merits of two types of detector; sodium iodide (NaI(Tl)) and cadmium zinc telluride (CZT), both of which have been identified as possible solutions for the final RADPAT detector. A bespoke concrete phantom has been developed to allow a set depth of simulated contamination to be obtained with a low measurement error within a concrete analogue: silica sand. Utilising this phantom, in combination with the selected detectors, a set of measurements have been obtained varied with increasing depth of caesium-137 contamination. By comparing the relative attenuation of the x-ray and γ-ray photo-peaks from the data-set to that suggested by a differential attenuation law, a set of model parameters can be obtained. This model, once calibrated, describes the contact depth of contamination with the relative intensity of the peaks in a measured spectrum with a high degree of accuracy. Thus, this technique allows for a set of measurements across the surface of a given material to obtain the inherent distribution of the depth of caesium-137 contamination. This paper is primarily interested in the ability of each detector type to derive the attenuation model, paying particular attention to the associated statistical uncertainty of the fitted parameters and thus the error in the derived depth. The paper describes the contributing effects of the inherent properties of each detector; effects such as their energy resolution, absolute efficiency as well as peak-to-Compton ratio. Finally a commentary on the applicability of each selected detector type is presented, including a comment on the extension the technique to a more generic, real world solution.
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Kleinschmidt, R. "Residual radioactivity from the treatment of water for urban domestic applications." In Environmental Health Risk 2005. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ehr050381.

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Yoo, Dong Han, and Hee Reyoung Kim. "The Environmental Radiation Analysis on the Residential Area Around Nuclear Power Plants." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-16111.

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The environmental radiation level and radioactivity were analyzed in the Ulsan which is close to Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs). Ulsan is a Metropolitan city with a population of about 1,100,000 residents, where the density of NPPs is the highest in Korea. Environmental radiation monitoring in Ulsan has been performed since the radiation monitoring facility was opened in August 2012 and the radioactivity was measured and analyzed in the environmental samples for five months in Ulsan. The measurement of environmental radiation and radioactivity was carried out periodically for various samples including airborne dust, fallout, tap water, and precipitation. Also, sampled were the soil, rice, cabbage, and indicator plants such as Artemisia and pine needles. The basic data from the radioactivity analyses brought a fundamental data for assessing the internal exposure dose for the public due to the intake of the radio nuclides included in those samples. On the other hand, the gamma radiation in the environment was measured continuously by using an environmental radiation monitor of the ion chamber type. Actually, the measurement of gamma radiation is thought to provide the base-line data on environmental radiation/radioactivity for radiological emergencies and the real-time information compared with the background radiation. The measurement analyses showed that the radiation level of the Ulsan area is kept at a normal background level in spite of the operation of many nuclear power plants near it.
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Reports on the topic "Environmental radioactivity"

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van Es, E., S. M. Collins, H. Mohamud, and R. Shearman. Environmental radioactivity proficiency test exercise 2020. National Physical Laboratory, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47120/npl.ir59.

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Eisenbud, M. Environmental radioactivity from natural, industrial, and military sources. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5601702.

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van Es, E., S. M. Collins, H. Mohamud, B. Russel, and R. Shearman. Environmental radioactivity proficiency test exercise 2019 - final report. National Physical Laboratory, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47120/npl.ir57.

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Author, Not Given. Environmental radioactivity levels Bellefonte Nuclear Plant: Annual report, 1988. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6033324.

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Borch, Thomas, Yitzhak Hadar, and Tamara Polubesova. Environmental fate of antiepileptic drugs and their metabolites: Biodegradation, complexation, and photodegradation. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597927.bard.

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Many pharmaceutical compounds are active at very low doses, and a portion of them regularly enters municipal sewage systems and wastewater-treatment plants following use, where they often do not fully degrade. Two such compounds, CBZ and LTG, have been detected in wastewater effluents, surface waters, drinking water, and irrigation water, where they pose a risk to the environment and the food supply. These compounds are expected to interact with organic matter in the environment, but little is known about the effect of such interactions on their environmental fate and transport. The original objectives of our research, as defined in the approved proposal, were to: Determine the rates, mechanisms and products of photodegradation of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites in waters exposed to near UV light, and the influence of DOM type and binding processes on photodegradation. Determine the potential and pathways for biodegradation of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites using a white rot fungus (Pleurotusostreatus) and ADP, and reveal the effect of DOM complexation on these processes. Reveal the major mechanisms of binding of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites to DOM and soil in the presence of DOM, and evaluate the effect of this binding on their photodegradation and/or biodegradation. We determined that LTG undergoes relatively slow photodegradation when exposed to UV light, and that pH affects each of LTG’s ability to absorb UV light, the efficiency of the resulting reaction, and the identities of LTG’sphotoproducts (t½ = 230 to 500 h during summer at latitude 40 °N). We observed that LTG’sphotodegradation is enhanced in the presence of DOM, and hypothesized that LTG undergoes direct reactions with DOM components through nucleophilic substitution reactions. In combination, these data suggest that LTG’s fate and transport in surface waters are controlled by environmental conditions that vary with time and location, potentially affecting the environment and irrigation waters. We determined that P. ostreatusgrows faster in a rich liquid medium (glucose peptone) than on a natural lignocellulosic substrate (cotton stalks) under SSF conditions, but that the overall CBZ removal rate was similar in both media. Different and more varied transformation products formed in the solid state culture, and we hypothesized that CBZ degradation would proceed further when P. ostreatusand the ᵉⁿᶻʸᵐᵃᵗⁱᶜ ᵖʳᵒᶠⁱˡᵉ ʷᵉʳᵉ ᵗᵘⁿᵉᵈ ᵗᵒ ˡⁱᵍⁿⁱⁿ ᵈᵉᵍʳᵃᵈᵃᵗⁱᵒⁿ. ᵂᵉ ᵒᵇˢᵉʳᵛᵉᵈ ¹⁴C⁻Cᴼ2 ʳᵉˡᵉᵃˢᵉ ʷʰᵉⁿ ¹⁴C⁻ᶜᵃʳᵇᵒⁿʸˡ⁻ labeled CBZ was used as the substrate in the solid state culture (17.4% of the initial radioactivity after 63 days of incubation), but could not conclude that mineralization had occurred. In comparison, we determined that LTG does not degrade in agricultural soils irrigated with treated wastewater, but that P. ostreatusremoves up to 70% of LTG in a glucose peptone medium. We detected various metabolites, including N-oxides and glycosides, but are still working to determine the degradation pathway. In combination, these data suggest that P. ostreatuscould be an innovative and effective tool for CBZ and LTG remediation in the environment and in wastewater used for irrigation. In batch experiments, we determined that the sorption of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites to agricultural soils was governed mainly by SOM levels. In lysimeter experiments, we also observed LTG and CBZ accumulation in top soil layers enriched with organic matter. However, we detected CBZ and one of its metabolites in rain-fed wheat previously irrigated with treated wastewater, suggesting that their sorption was reversible, and indicating the potential for plant uptake and leaching. Finally, we used macroscale analyses (including adsorption/desorption trials and resin-based separations) with molecular- level characterization by FT-ICR MS to demonstrate the adsorptive fractionation of DOM from composted biosolids by mineral soil. This suggests that changes in soil and organic matter types will influence the extent of LTG and CBZ sorption to agricultural soils, as well as the potential for plant uptake and leaching.
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Steva, D. Ohio Department of Health study of radioactivity in drinking water and other environmental media in the vicinity of the US Depatment of Energy's Feed Materials Production Center and Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5272676.

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Kocher, D. C. Radiological criteria for remedial actions at radioactively contaminated sites. Environmental Restoration Program. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10193043.

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Foley, W., R. Dean, and D. Hennick. Closeout of IE Bulletin 80-10: Contamination of nonradioactive system and resulting potential for unmonitored, uncontrolled release of radioactivity to the environment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7011675.

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Environmental review of options for managing radioactively contaminated carbon steel. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/426959.

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Radioactivity in the environment; a case study of the Puerco and Little Colorado River basins, Arizona and New Mexico. US Geological Survey, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri944192.

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