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Reed, Mark, Ole Morten Aamo, Per Johan Brandvik, Per Snorre Daling, Per Erik Nilsen, and Gunnar Furnes. "DEVELOPMENT OF A DISPERSANT USE PLAN FOR A COASTAL OIL TERMINAL." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1997, no. 1 (1997): 643–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1997-1-643.
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ABSTRACT The decision of whether to use dispersants in a given oil spill situation must be made extremely rapidly. The information basis for the decision must take into account the potential environmental consequences of alternative response strategies, and the response chosen must be practical to use. The OSCAR (Oil Spill Contingency And Response) model was used to simulate a series of 24 oil spill scenarios to quantify the environmental effects of alternate spill response strategies under various environmental conditions. OSCAR was used to create color-coded maps of a coastal fjord area surrounding a Norwegian oil terminal; with these maps the expected effectiveness of a dispersant application is immediately available to the responsible decision maker. The legislative framework and development process behind the plan are described, and examples of the maps are given.
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Joh, Seong-eok, Song Hee You, Kyoung Hoon Lee, Soo Hyung Lee, and Moon Jin Lee. "THE DEVELOPMENT OF OIL SPILL MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 2 (2001): 1079–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-2-1079.
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ABSTRACT Oil spill countermeasure actions are combatants, and spilled oil is the enemy. A good operation map at the oil spill response plays a keystone role for victory as military combats. Various complicated geographical information—spill location, damaged areas, natural resources and positions of response resources like skimmers, booms and vessels—are involved in a spill situation. The development of Geographical Information System (GIS)-based spill management software was studied in the project entitled Computerized Oil Spill Response Support System in Korea, by Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute (KORDI) in cooperation with the Korea Maritime Police Agency (KMPA) and the Korea Environmental Science & Technology Institute (KESTI). The spill management software was developed to implement computer operation maps of oil spill countermeasures on the desktop of spill responders. Spill responders can draw the spill positions, damaged areas, and locations of response. The management of cleanup activities is another important role of this software. The users of this software can record every response activity with the time, location, and input amounts of resources, which allow for the evaluation of response activities and estimation of cleanup costs. Fisheries damage also can be assessed using the preimplemented aquaculture field database. The integrated oil spill model can predict oil trajectory of future with computer graphics animation. Moreover, Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) maps are included so spill responders can determine operational priority efficiently using the ESI and trajectory model predictions. This software is expected to give a great efficiency to spill responders and to be a good solution to manage oil spills.
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Masaki, Setsuko, Dawn Gell, Andy Dauterman, Karen Verkennes, and Nobuhiro Sawano. "DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY INDEX MAPS IN JAPAN." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 2 (2001): 775–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-2-775.
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ABSTRACT Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) maps are important tools for oil spill planning and response measures worldwide. The United States, through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), has developed standardized guidelines for preparing ESI maps. The U.S. Navy stationed in Japan requested ESI maps for oil spill contingency and training purposes. Since Japan does not have national ESI guidelines, NOAA guidelines were used in preparing the maps. This effort proved to be challenging. Japanese agencies were contacted to collect existing data, and geographical information was compiled from numerous sources. The site surveys of the coastal areas surrounding the U.S. Navy bases in Japan also was done with added awareness of the unique physical features and habitats in Japan. This experience has lead to recommendations for standardized guidelines for Japan and for the corroboration of Japanese agencies to ease the collection and synthesis of data.
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Martin, Robert D., Mehrdad M. Moosavi, and Lee A. Smith. "TEXAS GENERAL LAND OFFICE OIL SPILL GIS AND TRAJECTORY MODELING." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, no. 1 (1995): 839–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-839.
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ABSTRACT The Texas General Land Office (GLO) has developed elements of an oil spill decision support system that integrate a trajectory model, a real-time environmental monitoring network, and a customized geographic information system (GIS) application. Through applied research, the GLO is striving to improve the reliability of oil spill trajectory modeling by improving the quality and timeliness of the environmental inputs. A GLO-developed GIS user interface facilitates the quick and efficient production of high-quality maps, to provide spill response managers with timely environmental and other spill-related information.
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Li, Zhen, and Walter Johnson. "An Improved Method to Estimate the Probability of Oil Spill Contact to Environmental Resources in the Gulf of Mexico." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 2 (2019): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7020041.
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The oil spill risk analysis (OSRA) model is a tool used by the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) to evaluate oil spill risks to biological, physical, and socioeconomic resources that could be exposed to oil spill contact from oil and gas leasing, exploration, or development on the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). Using long-term hindcast winds and ocean currents, the OSRA model generates hundreds of thousands of trajectories from hypothetical oil spill locations and derives the probability of contact to these environmental resources in the U.S. OCS. This study generates probability of oil spill contact maps by initiating trajectories from hypothetical oil spill points over the entire planning areas in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico (GOM) OCS and tabulating the contacts over the entire waters in the GOM. Therefore, a probability of oil spill contact database that stores information of the spill points and contacts can be created for a given set of wind and current data such that the probability of oil spill contact to any environmental resources from future leasing areas can be estimated without a rerun of the OSRA model. The method can be applied to other OCS regions and help improve BOEM’s decision-making process.
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Vijaya kumar, L. J., J. K. Kishore, P. Kesava Rao, et al. "Oil Spill Map for Indian Sea Region based on Bhuvan- Geographic Information System using Satellite Images." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-8 (November 28, 2014): 1085–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-8-1085-2014.
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Oil spills in the ocean are a serious marine disaster that needs regular monitoring for environmental risk assessment and mitigation. Recent use of Polarimetric SAR imagery in near real time oil spill detection systems is associated with attempts towards automatic and unambiguous oil spill detection based on decomposition methods. Such systems integrate remote sensing technology, geo information, communication system, hardware and software systems to provide key information for analysis and decision making. <br><br> Geographic information systems (GIS) like BHUVAN can significantly contribute to oil spill management based on Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images. India has long coast line from Gujarat to Bengal and hundreds of ports. The increase in shipping also increases the risk of oil spills in our maritime zone. The availability of RISAT-1 SAR images enhances the scope to monitor oil spills and develop GIS on Bhuvan which can be accessed by all the users, such as ships, coast guard, environmentalists etc., The GIS enables realization of oil spill maps based on integration of the geographical, remote sensing, oil & gas production/infrastructure data and slick signatures detected by SAR. SAR and GIS technologies can significantly improve the realization of oil spill footprint distribution maps. Preliminary assessment shows that the Bhuvan promises to be an ideal solution to understand spatial, temporal occurrence of oil spills in the marine atlas of India. The oil spill maps on Bhuvan based GIS facility will help the ONGC and Coast Guard organization.
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Rooney, Ann Hayward, and Jane Ledwin. "A PRIORITY APPROACH TO REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY MAPPING." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1989, no. 1 (1989): 463–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1989-1-463.
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ABSTRACT Identifying and mapping especially sensitive environments in coastal areas is essential to protecting these environments from the effects of oil spills. Accordingly, “hot spot” habitats and resources in the Chesapeake Bay, one of the nation's major estuarine ecosystems, have been illuminated in a unique series of four seasonal maps. Incorporating these maps into contingency planning and spill response efforts not only speeds the identification of priority areas requiring protection from oil spills, but also enhances the effort itself.
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Nwilo, P. C., and O. T. Badejo. "OIL SPILL PROBLEMS AND MANAGEMENT IN THE NIGER DELTA." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2005, no. 1 (2005): 567–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2005-1-567.
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ABSTRACT The coastal area of the Niger Delta is the home to oil explorations and exploitations in Nigeria. Oil spill incidents are common along the Nigeria. The main sources of oil spill on the Niger Delta are: vandalisation of the oil pipelines by the local inhabitants; ageing of the pipelines; oil blow outs from the flow stations; cleaning of oil tankers on the high sea and disposal of used oil into the drains by the road side mechanics. By far the most serious source of oil spill is through the vandalisation of pipelines either as a result of civil disaffection with the political process or as a criminal activity. To reduce the rate of oil incidents along the Nigerian Coast particularly as a result of vandalisation, the Federal Government through an act of the National Assembly created the Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC). Part of the responsibilities of the commission is to develop a master plan for the development of the Niger Delta, provide infrastructure and create an enabling environment for industrialisation and employment. There are also several other laws dealing with issues related to oil pollution in the environment. Also, standards for the development of the environmental sensitivity index maps for the coast of Nigeria have been developed by the Environmental Systems Research institute (ESRI). These standards are to be used by all the oil companies to prepare ESI maps for their areas of operations in Nigeria. Furthermore, apart from the mechanical and chemical oil spill cleaning methods that have been used in managing oil spill problems, oil spill models have on several occasions being used to manage oil spills on the Nigerian Coast. A number of Federal and state agencies deal with the problems of oil spill in Nigeria. The agencies include: the Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR), the Federal Ministry of Environment, the State Ministries of Environment and the National Maritime Authority. There is also the “Clean Nigeria Associates” which is an umbrella through which the Oil companies tackle major oil spills. There is a need to create serious awareness among the populace on the implications of oil spill incidents on the environment. Governments must assist the rural communities in claiming their rights on oil spills and ensure that digital ESI maps are readily available for managing oil spill maps. Government should have strict rules for local oil tankers that would ply our coastal and inland waters as a result of the new cabotage law that is just being passed into law in the country.
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Skeie, G. M., T. Sørnes, F. Engen, et al. "From Reservoir Characteristics, Through Environmental Risk Assessments to Oil Spill Response – Lessons Learned from a Comprehensive Systematic Development by an Operator." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (2014): 293386. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014-1-293386.1.
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Statoil is the largest operator on the Norwegian Continental Shelf, is operating 42 assets and has an exploration activity in the order of 20-25 wells per year. In 2011, Statoil decided to undertake a full review of the basis for the oil spill response level for their activities, and establish a fully documented, transparent documentation of their approach. In Norway, operators are required to perform environmental risk and oil spill emergency preparedness assessments for all activities, as a basis for oil spill response plans. These assessments are of a complex and quantitative nature, and it has for a while been realised that there needed to be a better link between well characteristics and the oil spill response level. In the early phase of the development, it was decided to separate issues according to their nature. Issues related to company policy on overall level of spill response were identified and addressed in a separate process, as were issues relating to science and technology. From this, further work proceeded on the three main topics a) Policy decisions on spill response scaling criteria, b) algorithms for calculating effect of various response measures, and c) fact finding on issues of operational windows, capacities and effectiveness. As part of the development, all Company fields in production were reviewed, and oil spill response level adjusted and extended to include near shore and shoreline response plans. Sensitivity studies were undertaken to identify critical elements in the progression from blowout and kill studies to near shore spill response plans. Lessons learned include the overall importance of selecting correct data on reservoir characteristics, sufficient resolution in oil spill modelling, and applying consensus values for spill response capabilities throughout the assessment process. To ensure an adequate basis for near shore spill response planning, GIS technology was applied to produce a set of thematic spill response maps, in A1 size PDF format, for 37 of the most sensitive areas along the Norwegian coast. A strategic plan was also developed for each area. All maps, documentation, GIS data sets and other results of this development work has actively been made available to operators on the NCS, to the Authorities and to spill response organizations.
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Wotherspoon, P. D., and J. J. Swiss. "Oil in Ice Computer Simulation Model." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 2 (1986): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0014.
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A computer simulation program which depicts the behaviour and distribution of oil spilled in or under sea ice has been developed. The program combines mathematical models developed in previous studies to describe the motion of oil in/under landfast, first-year and multi-year ice. By inputting or estimating such key parameters as oil type, spill type, spill duration, flow rate, ice type, relative under ice current speed and direction, under ice roughness and distinct ice features, a time series of “maps” is generated showing the distribution of the spilled oil. At present, the simulation does not include the movement of oil contaminated ice but future development plans include incorporation of the program into a Beaufort Sea ice motion model. The program is a tool which can be used to assist on - scene commanders during spill response and to plan counter-measures for oil spills in/under sea ice.
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Mattos, M. Beatriz C. "APPLICATION OF OIL SPILL ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY ANALYSES TO BRAZILIAN ROAD NETWORKS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, no. 1 (2008): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-169.
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ABSTRACT Roads provide the main means of transportation in Brazil. According to data from the Brazilian Department of Infrastructure and Transport, 96.2% of the passenger transportation and 61.8% of the cargo transportation are based on road infrastructure. However, three quarters of the Brazilian roads are in terrible, unsatisfactory or generally inadequate condition. Poor road conditions are responsible for a great number of accidents with severe consequences for the population and the environment. Given the importance of this matter, there is a need to develop an intelligent system for automatic classification of social and environmental sensitivity maps in order to support actions that respond to emergencies and to help in transportation planning, especially considering the heavy movement of hazardous cargo, such as petroleum and its derivates. For this, tools such as GIS (Geographic Information System) allow social-environmental and traffic engineering characterization maps to be analyzed on a unified, georeferenced digital base. This way, administrators can estimate which stretches of the network are more environmentally sensitive and which pose greater risks, and therefore draw inferences on the most socially and environmentally vulnerable. Social and environmental vulnerability data not only help in the classification of the areas which pose the greater risks, but also make it possible to decide on emergency support points, creating a culture of prevention in the area of hazardous cargo transportation. The case study on the state of Rio Grande do Norte provides a measure of the importance of such work. The city of Natal - the state capital - and the Guamarí petrochemical facility are interconnected by 180 Km Road, on which more than 100 tanker trucks loaded with diesel and its derivates travel every day. This road is classified as in poor conditions and, according to the Brazilian Roads Police, it is one of the most dangerous. The relevance of this work is to show how information consolidated to a single database, georeferenced in a GIS, can assist planning for the safe transport of oil and hazardous cargos, benefiting not only the state'S population but the environment as a whole.
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Morell Villalonga, Mariano, Manuel Espino Infantes, Manel Grifoll Colls, and Marc Mestres Ridge. "Environmental Management System for the Analysis of Oil Spill Risk Using Probabilistic Simulations. Application at Tarragona Monobuoy." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 4 (2020): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8040277.
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Oil spill accidents during port operations are one of the main hydrocarbon pollution threats for coastal waters. Appropriate environmental risk assessment and pollution events management tools are needed to achieve sustainability and environmental protection in port activity. Recent developments in monitoring techniques and accurate meteo-oceanographic prediction systems have been implemented in many ports, providing tools for environmental management. A novel method based on meteo-oceanographic operational services, in conjunction with Monte Carlo experiments using an oil spill model, is implemented to perform probabilistic maps of potential pollution events. Tarragona port area was chosen as the study case for three reasons: it accommodates a hub of petrochemical industry, the availability of high-resolution wind and water current data, and previous studies at the area offer the possibility to check the results’ accuracy. The interpretation of the impact probability maps reveals a specific pattern explained by the mean hydrodynamic conditions and the energetic north-westerly wind conditions. The impact probability maps may enhance efficiency in the environmental management of port waters and nearby coastal areas, reducing the negative impact of pollutant discharges.
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Spengler, Dirk-Uwe. "FIRST GERMAN OIL SPILL HANDBOOK FOR HAMBURG HARBOR." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1985, no. 1 (1985): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1985-1-183.
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ABSTRACT Motivated by two greater oil spills in 1981 and 1982 with total cleaning costs of about $11 million, the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg developed in 1983 a complete oil spill contingency plan with a detailed environmental sensitivity map. This book concerns the Elbe River inside the boundaries of Hamburg and, of course, the harbor region, which covers about 87 km2. The contingency plan is called Ölunfall—Handbuch (Oil Spill Handbook). It starts with general remarks about the physical and chemical characteristics of oil. Especially, there are lists of imported and exported crude oil and oil products in the Hamburg Harbor complete with lists of important parameters for combating the effects of these oils and products. This is followed by chapters dealing with the behavior and characteristics of oil after a spill, and the classification and identification of oil. Some analytic methods for in situ measurements are listed. Safety measures during combating actions are followed by a general discussion of combating methods such as various booms, skimmers, pumps, chemicals, and interim depots. Simulations and experiments were carried out to get better knowledge of the hydraulic conditions and to enable predictions, especially in the streamed harbor basins. The contingency plan details the notification and mobilization of the command team of the government environmental agency, the mainly scientific support teams, and the private action team. Environmental sensitivity maps have been developed to help the command team identify priority areas for maximum effort for combating actions. The system includes 18 general profiles, which describe the location of beaches and quays in Hamburg with a sensitivity scale from 2 to 10 with respect to the cleanup possibilities in oil spills. The maps also show if combating has to be done only from the water side, where there are ramps and cranes for loading ships with equipment, and prepared places for OSC containers. Most important are the areas of ecological significance marked by symbols of the types of birds, plants, fish and benthos with symbols for the time of year they will be there. Finally, 162 points are designated for which special recommendations are given for combating actions, including remarks about needed facilities, staff, and times to arrive.
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Gundlach, Erich R. "Improving Oil Spill Environmental Sensitivity Maps with ShoreZone Imagery, Examples from Prince William Sound." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2011, no. 1 (2011): abs75. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2011-1-75.
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KERAMITSOGLOU, I., D. N. ASIMAKOPOULOS, C. CARTALIS, et al. "An Operational System For Monitoring Oil Spills In The Mediterranean Sea: The PROMED System." Mediterranean Marine Science 4, no. 2 (2003): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.230.
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The primary objective of this work was the development of an operational system for early detection of oil-spills, monitoring of their evolution, and provision of support to responsible Public Authorities during cleanup operations, based on Remote Sensing and GIS technologies. In case of emergency, the principal characteristics of the oil spill are defined with the aid of a space-borne synthetic aperture radar (SAR). The transport, spreading and dispersion of the oil spill is subsequently simulated on the basis of wind forecasts of the area. The use of thematic maps of protected, fishing and urban areas, and regions of high tourism allows the better assessment of the impact of an oil spill on the areas to be affected in terms of environmental sensitivity. Finally, reports are generated notifying port authorities, the media, and local organizations to be potentially affected by the presence of the oil spill. The pilot site for testing the PROMED System in Greece is the island of Crete.
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Gabardo, I. T., M. E. R. Carneiro, L. V. Falcão, M. F. G. Meniconi, S. M. Barband, and E. B. Platte. "Oil Spills in a Tropical Country – Brazilian Case Studies." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2003, no. 1 (2003): 1039–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-1039.
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ABSTRACT Faced with the latest experiences on Brazilian oil spill incidents, Petrobras has been trying to overcome many challenges in environmental management and operational safety, aiming to prevent environmental risks. This paper presents the oil characterizations and monitoring studies in affected ecosystems such as the hot spots on soils affected by the Iguassu River oil spill (occurred in July 2000, due to a pipeline rupture in the scraper area of REPAR, a Petrobras refinery located in the state of Parana), by the Vessel Vergina II oil spill in São Sebastião channel (located in the state of São Paulo, occurred in November 2000) and lastly, the Guanabara Bay oil spill (a pipeline rupture that occurred in January 2000, due to a pipeline rupture between oil terminal and REDUC, a Petrobras refinery located in the state of Rio de Janeiro). Chemical analysis were performed in different sample matrixes including many parameters such as total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), aliphatic compounds (n-alkanes), unresolved complex mixtures (UCM), benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), terpanes and steranes, that are the parameters usually monitored after a spill oil. Visual inspections were also performed mainly in Guanabara Bay in order to identify the affected ecosystems by the spilled oil and to plot maps of classified regions based on the level of visual oil contamination. The acute toxicity was evaluated in water soluble fraction (WSF) of the spilled oils using ecotoxicological tests.
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Bernier, Rene, Maria Hartley, Josh Gravenmie, and Scott Walker. "Ground Truthing Resources at Risk in Indonesia." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (2017): 2017421. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.000421.
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Resources at risk (RAR) are identified environmental, archaeo-cultural, or socio-economic sensitive sites, within (or close to) an incident area that could potentially be impacted by a release. Examples of these include breeding areas, wetlands, shipwrecks, recreational beaches, and commercial fishing areas. RAR provides the basis for decisions relating to developing and refining environmental response strategies and for identifying important social, cultural and economic aspects and are a key part of an Oil Spill Response Plan. Initial information about such resources or sites are gathered remotely from company Environmental Process requirements, environmental impact assessments (EIAs), environmental sensitivity index maps (ESI maps), government resources, local universities and non-government organizations (NGOs). This information is then validated and expanded upon by data QA/QC, and direct observation using a combination of boats, helicopter and ground transportation with local experts. Ground truthing is important to validate and document information such as local utilization of resources, habitat quality, and to identify locations where boom could be deployed, access points, outfalls, staging areas etc. through video, photo and mapping, that might otherwise be missed. RAR can help businesses focus on improved spill response capabilities by identifying credible oil spill scenarios to understand spill risk, generate an ESI Map with identified resources (ecological and socioeconomic) and lastly to create and exercise tactical plans for the protection and response to those resources.
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Gundlach, Erich R., Murat Cekirge, Cihan Anul, Cigdem Orhan, and Paul Sutherland. "PIPELINE AND COASTAL ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY MAPPING FOR THE BTC PIPELINE SYSTEM IN TURKEY." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2005, no. 1 (2005): 333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2005-1-333.
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ABSTRACT Sensitivity mapping was completed for 1076 km (645 mi) of pipeline and for coastal areas of the eastern Mediterranean Sea in preparation for completion of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) Pipeline Project. Pipeline sensitivity maps include environmental, human-use and archaeological features as well as drainage patterns indicating potential oil flow and downstream sites for spilled oil containment. The marine maps include environmental and human-use features, and appropriate oil spill containment sites. All information is compiled and stored using a Geographic Information System (GIS) from which hardcopy maps are created at various scales depending on purpose. Both integrated and stand-alone databases are used to quickly access needed environmental and response information. Map and text-based data are stored on a central server to provide internal accessibility and via a web-based, interactive internet mapping system. This is the first time that formalized sensitivity mapping has been carried out in Turkey.
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Boulé, Michel, and Martin Blouin. "SPILLVIEW: A SUPPORT TO DECISION-MAKING SOFTWARE IN EMERGENCY RESPONSE TO MARINE OIL SPILL." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2005, no. 1 (2005): 731–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2005-1-731.
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ABSTRACT In the event of a marine oil spill, it is necessary to quickly and clearly assess the situation and estimate the extent of the area potentially impacted by oil. This software combines the following features integrated in a Geographical Information System: Geo-referenced digital aerial survey; Access to trajectory forecast model results; charts with marine and terrestrial data. These features allows a better planning of the emergency response in terms of deployment of personnel and equipment, because it helps to document clearly the observed spill and to give rapidly the length of the coastline at risk and the forecasted time at which the oil spill will start reaching the coast. Aerial surveys are one of the main tools used towards these ends. Aerial observations support the planning of oil cleanup and recovery work, and can also provide accurate data for oil spill fate and trajectory models. Aerial surveyors traditionally use paper maps to record their observations. This way of doing things presents some limits. These include: 1) the difficulty to evaluate the exact location of observed features on the map; 2) the difficulty to record all the necessary information on a fixed-scale map and; 3) the issue of transferring the recorded observations to spill managers, which takes time, requires explanations from the observer and can be subject to interpretation mistakes. These are the reasons why the Canadian Coast Guard, in partnership with Cogeni Technologie Inc., developed the SpillView software system. SpillView, which runs under the Windows XP operating sytem, is designed to operate on a pressure sensitive tablet PC equipped with a GPS and electronic maps. The system displays the real time location and trajectory of the aircraft. The observer can record different types of observations (such as oil location, environmental resources, and shorelines contamination) on georeferenced layers that can be individually exported to formats compatible with other Geographical Information Systems. The observer can also use the system to electronically transfer the observed oil location to a spill modeling center, and display the modeling results within minutes. Spillview proved to be a good tool to support training and exercises, as it can be used to portray different spill scenarios on electronic maps. The software could also be used for other aerial survey needs, such as national security or forest fires. SpillView is presently being enhanced in order to provide operational support by enabling real time access to equipment inventory databases and fieldwork description forms.
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Urban, Robert W., and William J. Hanlon. "The Application of Remote-Sensing Techniques To Create a Black Sea Coastal Response Strategy for Oil Spill Response." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1999, no. 1 (1999): 963–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1999-1-963.
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ABSTRACT The application of remote satellite imaging, coupled with Geographic Information System (GIS) technology has been used to create coastal maps enhanced with environmental information. The use of such techniques for oil spill response requires the development of practical applications to assist responders with real-time decision making. In a joint effort with regional navies for Black Sea spill contingency planning, the U.S. Navy has developed methods by which a quick, accurate, and economical application of existing technology can be used to produce data rich maps for a large area of interest. This combines various existing techniques to create practical applications and usable documents for oil spill planners and responders. Existing environmental data on a selected area of the Black Sea coastal zone was collected and this information was sorted, harmonized and transposed onto a rectified multispectral satellite image of the area in a GIS format. Multispectral analysis was performed on the image to locate environmentally distinct zones. The resulting multi-layered GIS map provides a useful representation of coastal environmental sensitivities, and in many ways surpasses conventional GIS systems. The satellite image provides an accurate and real-time map of the area while the multispectral data precisely locates common ecosystems, such as wetlands and forests. This allows for the rapid prioritization of coastal areas and the ability to pinpoint specific areas for protection. The resulting process provides emergency responders the ability to quickly and efficiently create a data rich GIS. This system will provide reliable, timely information for protection strategies, identifying environmental and public risks, and offer a basis by which to measure spill impacts and recovery techniques, especially in areas where environmental reference data is limited.
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Balogun, Abdul-Lateef, Abdul-Nasir Matori, and Kelvin Wong Toh Kiak. "DEVELOPING AN EMERGENCY RESPONSE MODEL FOR OFFSHORE OIL SPILL DISASTER MANAGEMENT USING SPATIAL DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM (SDSS)." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-3 (April 23, 2018): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-3-21-2018.
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Environmental resources face severe risks during offshore oil spill disasters and Geographic Information System (GIS) Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) maps are increasingly being used as response tools to minimize the huge impacts of these spills. However, ESI maps are generally unable to independently harmonize the diverse preferences of the multiple stakeholders’ involved in the response process, causing rancour and delay in response time. This paper’s Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS) utilizes the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model to perform tradeoffs in determining the most significant resources to be secured considering the limited resources and time available to perform the response operation. The AHP approach is used to aggregate the diverse preferences of the stakeholders and reach a consensus. These preferences, represented as priority weights, are incorporated in a GIS platform to generate Environmental sensitivity risk (ESR) maps. The ESR maps provide a common operational platform and consistent situational awareness for the multiple parties involved in the emergency response operation thereby minimizing discord among the response teams and saving the most valuable resources.
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Manka-White, Linda. "INCREASING AWARENESS AND ACCURACY IN IDENTIFYING ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS WITHIN COOK INLET, ALASKA." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1997, no. 1 (1997): 946–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1997-1-946.
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ABSTRACT The continual development and refinement of systems that identify environmentally sensitive areas using the best available technology facilitates informed decision-making processes during emergency responses. Cook Inlet Spill Prevention & Response Inc. (CISPRI) is a nonprofit oil spill cooperative serving 11 “member” companies. CISPRI combines Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) maps with new technology, the Visual Information Response System (VIRS), to increase awareness and accuracy in identifying sensitive areas and in tailoring associated response efforts within Cook Inlet, Alaska.
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Da Silva Baptista, Érika Cardoso, André Luiz Carvalho da Silva, Rodrigo Coutinho Abuchacra, and Ana Beatriz Pinheiro. "Sensibilidade ambiental do litoral da Ilha Grande (Angra dos Reis, RJ) a potenciais desastres causados por derramamento de óleo." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 12, no. 7 (2020): 2470. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v12.7.p2470-2488.
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O presente estudo objetiva compreender o grau de sensibilidade ambiental do litoral da Ilha Grande a potenciais eventos de derramamento de óleo e as consequências destes para os ecossistemas litorâneos. Foram realizados trabalhos de campo voltados para a caracterização morfológica e sedimentar de diversas praias ao redor da ilha e aplicação do Índice de Sensibilidade Ambiental (ISA) a eventos de derramamento de óleo. Foram encontrados os seguintes índices de sensibilidade ambiental à poluição por óleo: ISA 1, atribuído aos costões rochosos no entorno da Ilha Grande; ISA 3, em praias como Lopes Mendes (P3), Santo Antônio e Dois Rios, no setor Meridional-oriental da ilha; ISA 4, para as praias de Freguesia de Santana, Japariz, Amor, Camiranga, Feiticeira, Preta, Abraão, Júlia, Bica, Guaxuma, Abraãozinho, Mangues e Pouso, no setor Setentrional-oriental, praias de Lopes Mendes (P1 e P2) e Caxadaço, setor Meridional-oriental; praias da Parnaioca, Aventureiro, Meros, Provetá, Vermelha e Grande de Araçatiba, no setor Meridional-ocidental; Lagoa Verde e praia de Araçá, no setor Setentrional-ocidental; ISA 5, no tocante às praias Comprida, Crena no setor Setentrional-oriental e Maguariqueçaba no setor Setentrional-ocidental; ISA 10, correspondente às lagoas do Sul e do Leste. O estudo da sensibilidade ambiental aponta para níveis distintos de vulnerabilidade deste litoral a um eventual desastre dessa natureza. A expansão das atividades associadas à extração petrolífera na Bacia de Santos, bem como o tráfego intenso de embarcações na Baía da Ilha Grande, podem causar sérios danos às atividades pesqueiras e turísticas na região, além de comprometer os diversos ecossistemas costeiros e marinhos. Environmental sensibility of the Ilha Grande coast (Angra dos Reis, RJ) to potential oil spill disasters A B S T R A C TThe objective of this study is to understand the risk and environmental sensitivity of the Ilha Grande coast to oil spill events and their consequences for coastal ecosystems areas. The methodology of this study is based on the fieldwork to characterize the morphology and sediments of some beaches; application of the Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) to oil spill events on the coast. The beaches analyzed in this study present the following environmental sensitivity indices to pollution caused by oil spill: ISA 1, attributed to the rocky shores around Ilha Grande; ISA 3, in the case of the beaches of Lopes Mendes (P3), Santo Antônio and Dois Rios, all located in the southern-eastern sector of the island; ISA 4, for the beaches of Santana, Japariz, Amor, Camiranga, Feiticeira, Preta, Abraão, Júlia, Bica, Guaxuma, Abraãozinho, Mangues and Pouso (in the eastern sector), beaches of Lopes Mendes (P1 and P2 ) and Caxadaço (Southern-eastern sector), Parnaioca, Aventureiro, Meros, Provetá, Vermelha and Grande de Araçatiba beaches (Southern-western sector), Lagoa Verde and Araçá beach (Northern-Western sector); ISA 5, for the beaches Comprida, Crena (northern-eastern sector) and Maguariqueçaba (northern-western sector); ISA10, corresponding to the lagoons of the South and East. The beaches analyzed in this study have the following environmental sensitivity results to the pollution caused by oil spill: ESI 3, in the case of the beaches of Lopes Mendes, Santo Antônio and Dois Rios, all located in the southern-eastern sector of the island; ESI 4, to the beaches of Freguesia de Santana, Japariz, Preta, Abraão, Júlia, Bica, Crena, Guaxuma, Abraãozinho (in the Eastern-Northern sector), beaches of Mangues and Pouso (sector Southern-eastern), Araçá (northern-western sector); and ESI 5, with regard to Comprida (northern sector). The study of the environmental sensitivity of the Ilha Grande, associated with an oil spill, points to the vulnerability of this coast to an eventual disaster of its nature. The expansion of associative activities with oil extraction in the Santos Basin and the associated risks may cause severe damage to fishing and tourism activities in the region and endanger coastal and marine ecosystems.Keywords: environmental sensibility; pollution; oil spills; Ilha Grande-RJ.
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Svejkovsky, Jan, Judd Muskat, and Joseph Mullin. "MAPPING OIL SPILL THICKNESS WITH A PORTABLE MULTISPECTRAL AERIAL IMAGER." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, no. 1 (2008): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-131.
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ABSTRACT Rapid determination of oil thickness patterns within a spill at sea is vital for efficient planning and management of spill response activities. Presently such determinations are made almost solely by airborne visual surveys which require specially trained observers and are prone to errors due to variations in illumination, water color, and other environmental conditions. Our goal is to eliminate the subjectivity of visual assessment techniques by developing a computerized portable imaging system that could provide detailed maps of oil-on-water thickness distributions in near-realtime. We have developed oil thickness determination algorithms that utilize multispectral images from a 4-channel sensor providing oil reflectance data in the UV and three channels between 500 and 700nm. A neural network-based algorithm first isolates all oil-on-water areas from oil-free water, sunglint and other potential artifacts. A fuzzy ratio classification algorithm then maps the oil-contaminated areas for thickness classes. The reflectance ratio-based algorithms were tested with several types of crude and fuel oils at MMS’ Ohmsett facility as well as over natural oil seepage areas in the Santa Barbara Channel, California. The methodology yielded accurate thickness estimates over oil films ranging from sheens to 0.2–0.3mm thick. Although the location of thicker films can be accurately mapped, their absolute thickness cannot be established using the UV-visible wavelength range. The addition of an infrared channel may expand the system'S thickness measurement range and is presently being investigated. The imager also allows the identification of emulsified vs. unemulsified oil, thus providing additional information to help guide efficient spill response. Real-time image processing capabilities are presently being developed to allow the system to disseminate a GIS-compatible map immediately after image data acquisition.
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Buschang, Steven. "A State's Response to Oil Spill Preparedness How the Texas General Land Office built and maintains one of the premier oil spill response organizations." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (2017): 2017031. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.000031.
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Texas produces nearly twice and much oil as the next highest producing U.S. state and has approximately 3300 miles of sensitive jurisdictional shoreline boarding the second highest area of our nation's oil production, the Gulf of Mexico. It is home to over 27 operating refineries and hosts 3 of the top 10 busiest ports in the nation. Since 1991, the Texas General Land Office (TGLO) has built an oil spill prevention and response program that is arguably the premier state oil spill program in the nation; one that responds 24/7 to over 600 reported spills per year, certifies, audits and inspects over 600 oil handling facilities, administers an abandoned vessel removal program, an oily bilge facility program, and has an ongoing oil spill R&D program and its own state Scientific Support Coordinator, ensuring that prevention, planning and response activities are state of the science. The TGLO produces the Texas Oil Spill Toolkit, now in its 17th edition, which is a spill planning and response resource for the western Gulf of Mexico, and houses a collection of plans and documents in a single, easy to use online/off-line .html format. Plans include up-to-date Area Committee Plans (ACP) and pre-planning documents, all aligned with the National Response Framework (NRF). Included are Regional Response Team VI (RRT) documents and guidance, pre-authorization plans and mapping for alternative spill response, Priority Protection Areas (PPA), Environmental Sensitivity Index Maps (ESI), and site specific Geographic Response Plans (GRP). This paper describes the conception, history and evolution of the building and operation of a state response organization in an era of “less government”.
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Gil- Agudelo, Diego L., Diana Ibarra- Mojica, Ana María Guevara- Vargas, et al. "Environmental sensitivity index for oil spills in colombian rivers (ESI-R): Application for the Magdalena river." CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro 9, no. 1 (2019): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.29047/01225383.158.
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The Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) mapping has been used globally for oil spill planning and response purposes in coastal areas since its development in the 1970s. However, application to riverine habitats has been very limited. Following US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) formats and adapting them in working sessions held by a multidisciplinary team and in special sessions with experts and consultants in Colombia, this paper describes the development and application of the sensitivity index to develop maps for the conditions of the middle Magdalena River in Colombia. The index developed (ESI-R) is useful for application on other major rivers in Colombia and areas with similar characteristics. The use of the index to develop maps for smaller rivers and streams is likely to require further development.
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Coakley, Louis, Mark A. Jones, and Kathy Scott. "BENEFITS AND USE OF AN OIL SPILL RESPONSE WEB SITE." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 2 (2001): 1121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-2-1121.
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ABSTRACT Providing accurate and timely information to the public following an oil spill event can be a challenging exercise for oil spill responders. In an event that generates a great deal of media and public interest, it is important to use a variety of communications tools to ensure the best and most credible response is given to interested parties including the general public, regulators, politicians, news media, local officials, and company shareholders and employees. In addition to timely and accurate company news releases, one of the most effective new tools that can be used to facilitate effective and efficient communication in any emergency including an oil spill event is the use of an event-specific Web site. Florida Power & Light Company (FPL) has demonstrated the use of an oil spill Web site as part of its annual corporate oil spill drills and has received positive feedback from response partners at the state and federal level. In its demonstrations, FPL has been able to post near real-time communications that would contribute to the public's understanding of a spill event and response. The way that FPL uses its Web site is as part of a joint news center, operated in support of FPL's Incident Command System (ICS). The news center develops and disseminates oil spill response and recovery information using a variety of tools, of which the Web-based news center is the most recent addition. Using a joint news center—including an event-specific Web site—also minimizes the likelihood of potentially conflicting information by providing a common location for all the parties to prepare, review, and issue news related to an event. This paper identifies what the authors believe are the key elements necessary to set up and maintain an oil spill response Web site, including a description of ICS benefits, content, and design requirements and resources. Specific Web site ingredients also are noted including the posting of news releases, maps, photos, media advisories and fact sheets, environmental reports, and links to other relevant Web sites.
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Semanov, G. N., A. N. Gutnik, S. N. Zatsepa, et al. "Net environmental benefit analysis — a tool of decision-making at oil spill response." Arctic: Ecology and Economy, no. 1(25) (March 2017): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.25283/2223-4594-2017-1-47-58.
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Development of oilfields started in Arctic requires adequate response preparedness to potential oil spills. Mechanical recovery due to specific conditions of Arctic has a lot of limitation in application and cannot prevent pollution of Special protected areas (SPA). It is necessary to consider application of dispersants and in situ burning (ISB). Oil spill dispersants are mixtures of nontoxic surface active agents in organic solvent, specifically formulated to enhance the natural dispersion of oil into the sea water column thus enhancing the biodegradation processes. Dispersed oil is practically non adhesive to feather of birds and hair of mammals. The treatment of oil with dispersants requires a cautious strategy in making decisions. It can be achieved by usage of special tool –Net Environmental Benefit Analysis (NEBA) procedures. The decision of dispersants application should be based on the following comparison: “What would be the impact of the pollution when treated with dispersant and when non treated with dispersant?” The NEBA should consider the behaviour of the treated non-treated oil, assess consequently the different resources which will be concerned either by the treated oil or by the surface film oil, assess the sensitivity of the different resources at concern towards the dispersed oil and toward the floating oil film. These analyses assist decision makers when considering whether or not the use of dispersants is appropriate to minimize the environmental/economic damage. This article describes the experience of NEBA application to substantiate decisions how to respond to potential oil spills at the sites on Aniva bay of Sakhalin-2 project at different oil spills scenarios. It was used incremental approach to choose them. Based on sensitivity maps, information about level of impact dispersed and floating oil on bioresources and results of mathematical modelling efficacy of different response methods application: monitoring (no actions to recover spilt oil), mechanical recovery and mechanical recovery together with dispersants application it was shown that SPA can be protected from pollution in most scenarios only in case of dispersants application. Amount of oil stranded on shore in case of application of response method was used as criteria of efficacy of method application level of damage.
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Kitz, Carl G. "Technology: Are We Using It To Its Best Advantage?" International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1999, no. 1 (1999): 837–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1999-1-837.
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ABSTRACT U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region X has combined the immense storage capacity of CD-ROMs with interactive software to develop a user-friendly tool to provide quick and easy access to digital information for use by oil spill response teams. These CD-ROMs, created specifically for spill planning and response, provide responders with hypertext links and powerful search capabilities allowing uncomplicated access to response information, regulations, nationally recognized standards, and area maps. This format enhances response time by reducing the time needed to access critical information and the volume of materials carried to the site by responders. The CD disk produced contains the Region X Area contingency plan, and select reference materials such as the NCP, OPA 90, and digitized maps and color photographs.
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Vlietstra, Lucy S., Karina L. Mrakovcich, Peter A. Tebeau, and Gregory J. Hall. "Marine Oil Spill Simulation: A Scenario-Based Classroom Application of Meteorology and Oceanography to Environmental Protection." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (2014): 292696. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014-1-292696.1.
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Predicting oil spill impacts and designing an effective response requires knowledge from several disciplines, including environmental chemistry, meteorology, oceanography, and marine ecology. In this poster, we describe an interactive computer modeling exercise that expands student understanding of principles in the natural sciences by applying them to an oil spill response scenario. The exercise is based on the software package, GNOME v.1.3.7, available from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Students begin by selecting one of numerous coastal locations in the United States and an oil product to be spilled (e.g., medium crude, diesel fuel, No. 6 fuel oil). They predict oil drift trajectories by accessing surface weather analysis charts, upper air charts, and marine forecasts produced by the National Weather Service as well as real-time oceanographic data available from NOAA's Data Buoy Center and the Tides and Currents database. Students consult the Atlas of Pilot Charts from the National Geospatial Intelligence Agency to evaluate any influence of large-scale currents. Drawing from knowledge of the chemical properties of oil, weathering processes, leeway, Ekman dynamics, tides, and geostrophic flow, students forecast the amount and location of oil remaining after 48 hours. Predictions are tested in GNOME, which simulates an oil spill with the chosen characteristics, at the chosen location, under the same environmental conditions. Based on the model results, students evaluate environmental impacts by referring to Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) maps for affected coastlines. These maps are available from NOAA's Office of Prevention and Response and contain site-specific information on shoreline habitat sensitivity, conservation status of biological populations, and location of vulnerable coastal infrastructure. Students prioritize areas for protection and design a response plan with appropriate clean-up countermeasures. Response plans are communicated to the instructor in the form of a recommendation addressed to the Captain of the Port. This exercise has been successfully incorporated into several courses at the Coast Guard Academy, with modifications to accommodate various audiences and learning objectives. All versions include multidisciplinary and collaborative learning techniques, higher-level cognitive thinking, and communication requirements. Data and software packages for this exercise are freely available from federal government websites, making possible its widespread use at other colleges and agencies seeking to provide students with hands-on opportunities to explore scientific concepts in the context of environmental protection.
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Sawano, Nobuhiro. "What Makes Esi Maps More Efficacious?" International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 1 (2001): 405–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-1-405.
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ABSTRACT The main objective of this paper is to demonstrate how Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) maps are made. The efforts have been based on the on-site research and various kinds of lessons from the oil spill from the Russian tanker Nakhodka that happened in January 1997. In September 1999 and March 2000, 168 km of the oil-stranded shoreline was surveyed. This survey was conducted by using the Shoreline Oiling Summary (SOS) Form developed by Environment Canada in 1994. Eighty oiled sites were selected for this survey, and oil residue was found in over 80% of the study sites. It has become clear that the amount of residual oil depends on these four parameters of the survey: (1) types of shoreline sediment, (2) scale of the shoreline, (3) existence of sheltering rocks, and (4) slope of the shoreline. These results almost support the correctness of the ESI guideline developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). This guideline, however, is dependent mostly on the calcification of the sediment; for developing ESI maps, parameters 2 and 4 are inevitably ignored. This paper presents one style of an ideal ESI map based on ArcView® 3.2, one of the common GIS platforms.
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Bassey, B. O., T. O. Ajare, D. C. Ozurumba, and A. S. Baroni. "OIL SPILL TRAJECTORY AND FATE FORECASTING, RESPONSE AND CLEANUP OPTIONS FOR A COASTAL ENVIRONMENT: A GREEN FIELD MODEL OFFSHORE INDONESIA." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (2017): 2017084. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.000084.
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The environmental impacts of an oil spill and the attendant response applied for ecological restoration would mostly depend on the conditions of the spill, nature of the area, quantity and type of oil released, meteorological and climatological factors, as well as the effectiveness of response techniques. The Indonesian government and operators have been considering best ways of shielding the environment and their reputation from spill hazards, in cognizance of the region's high sensitivity and vulnerability. This paper thus undertakes a risk assessment for the potential environmental effects of possible spillage of medium light crude pumped to the Floating Storage and Offloading (FSO) terminal installed to handle production and bulk distribution of oil produced from a green oilfield offshore Indonesia. GNOME and ADIOS were deployed to forecast the trajectory and fate of oil spilled from the FSO during loading operations to ocean-going tankers, respectively. Key environmental data obtained from ESI maps were built into the models to yield desired results. The likely trajectory of oil released from the FSO as depicted by GNOME results for nine days after the spill and the contact probabilities show that 5,200 barrels of the oil would beach on the ninth day. Response efforts must thus be effected before this occurs. The results from ADIOS were captured for both winter and summer conditions; indicating that more spilled oil would remain after a 5-day period, if it occurs during winter, than would be obtained for a spill during summer. This implies less complicated cleanup operations in summer than in winter. However, since the oil is medium light, the lighter fractions would readily evaporate out, leaving behind heavier oily residues that may form tar balls with the submarine sediments and sink to the sea bottom or arrive at the beach, as shown by GNOME. Subsequent Net Environmental Benefits Analysis suggests that dispersants would not be a good response option due to their toxicity to the ecologically sensitive ecosystem. It is thus recommended to contain imminent spills using dykes and booms within a few hours of occurrence, before further dispersion and beaching. Subsequent in-situ burning would then enable all the hydrocarbons and most other contaminants present to burn off, thus protecting the shoreline and submarine resources. The study will guide spill responders and serve as a basis for future oil spill contingency plans (OSCPs) in the field and others within the Southeast Asian hydrocarbon provinces.
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Taylor, Peter M. "A Pipeline Spill into the Mersey Estuary, England." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1991, no. 1 (1991): 299–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1991-1-299.
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ABSTRACT On the 19th of August 1989 at 2:30 p.m., a fracture occurred in a pipeline carrying Venezuelan crude oil from a shipping terminal at Tranmere to the Shell (U.K.) Ltd. oil refinery at Stanlow, on the Mersey Estuary, England. 150 metric tons of oil were released into the estuary before the pipeline was sealed; tidal currents widely distributed the oil within a tidal cycle. The Mersey Estuary is heavily industrialized and urbanized but does retain extensive areas of salt marsh and intertidal mud flats which are internationally important for wildfowl and wading birds. Cleanup operations were coordinated by the two local fire brigades whose areas of responsibility included impacted shoreline. Input to the response came from government, local authorities, specialist consultants, and various other interested parties. The occurrence of the spill on one of the highest spring tides of the year and under favorable weather conditions served to lessen the environmental impacts. Less than two weeks after the spill, Shell (U.K.) and Cheshire County Council set up the Mersey Oil Spill Project Advisory Group, with a membership drawn from independent scientific groups, which would monitor the environmental effects of the spill and publish its findings. The primary report of the advisory group is a detailed historical record of the spill incident, the response to it, and the coordination of that response, as well as the lessons learned by the involved parties. Further studies consider the persistence of the oil, and its effects on birds, invertebrates, vegetation, and algae. Recommendations have already led to a review of the local contingency plan and the commissioning of work to produce specific cleanup guidelines and sensitivity maps for the region. In February 1990, a court action brought by the newly formed National Rivers Authority led to Shell (U.K.) Ltd. being fined £1 million due to the pollution arising from this incident.
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MARTINS TERCEIRO, A., M. M. SOARES, L. A. V. PEREIRA, A. C. KRACK, and T. WALTER. "Environmental Sensitivity Maps to the Oil Spill - SAO Maps: Retrieval of Information from the Socioeconomic Component in Tramandaí and Imbé – Rio Grande do Sul." Anuário do Instituto de Geociências - UFRJ 39, no. 3 (2016): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.11137/2016_3_48_54.
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Gold, Jennifer, Mia Roberts, Michael Connell, Melissa Boggs, Keith Posekian, and Diana Grosso. "Refugio Incident SCAT Operations for Santa Barbara and Ventura Counties Case Study." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (2017): 2017048. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.000048.
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The Refugio Incident occurred May 19, 2015 along the Gaviota coastline in Santa Barbara County, California. The spill impacted many miles of shoreline and a variety of habitat types. Habitats impacted included exposed wave-cut platforms, man-made structures, cobble, fine-grained sand and boulder beaches. Because of the large scale response, Shoreline Clean-up Assessment Technique (SCAT) surveys were utilized to provide a more systematic assessment of impacted shorelines following a standardized approach. SCAT packets were created to document the progression of clean-up and to direct the Operations Section on where, what, and how to clean the shoreline. One difficulty with this response was that the spill occurred along a dynamic shoreline that constantly changed; and the response was in an area with known significant natural oil seepage. Photographic monitoring points were established throughout the impact area which showed dramatic changes along the coastline throughout the response. A few months into the response, sand and kelp accumulated along the shoreline covering up the incident oil making it difficult to complete the clean-up. SCAT maps were created to make sure that impacted areas that had been previously documented as needing to be cleaned were eventually addressed once the sand eroded from these areas. There was about a two month long time frame where the beach appeared to be clean because of the natural buildup of sand and kelp that covered some of the contamination. The SCAT maps helped to direct the Operations Section by visually identifying specific areas within each segment that still needed cleaning. During a large scale oil spill response when many miles of coastline are impacted in a dynamic environment, it is important to document in a systematic way all field observations so all areas impacted are eventually addressed. This provides the response and the Unified Command with direction and guidance to remediate the spill while taking into account a Net Environmental Benefit Analysis to ensure the established clean-up endpoints are met.
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Mutter, Douglas L. "IDENTIFICATION OF SENSITIVE AREAS FOR AREA CONTINGENCY PLANS IN ALASKA." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 2 (2001): 1009–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-2-1009.
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ABSTRACT The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 requires identification of sensitive areas through the area contingency planning process. In 1992, a process was begun in Alaska to identify and document information about sensitive areas that could be affected by oil spills. Sensitive areas are based on natural resources and human uses, such as wildlife habitats, land management designations, fish hatcheries, cultural resources, hunting and fishing locations, and community water intakes. At the request of the U.S. Coast Guard, a Sensitive Areas Work Group (SAWG) was established in 1992 to prepare the “Sensitive Areas Section” of Alaska's first Subarea Contingency Plan (SCP). The SAWG continues to identify sensitive areas for all 10 subareas of the state, covering 365 million acres of land and 47,000 miles of shoreline. The SAWG coordinates with and reviews sensitive areas identification and mapping carried out by federal and state agencies and oil spill response cooperatives. SAWG participants vary by subarea, but include federal and state natural resource trustee agencies, local governments, nonprofit organizations, oil spill response cooperatives, and oil industry companies. In 1995, the SAWG prepared a 5-year strategic plan with these objectives: (1) establish a process to develop and maintain sensitive areas information; (2) present, in a standard format, sensitive areas information in all 10 SCPs; (3) map sensitive areas and develop more detailed computer-generated maps; and (4) provide input to the development of detailed response plans. Results to date include: (1) establishment of the SAWG as a statewide team for identifying and maintaining sensitive areas information for spill response planning; (2) completion of sensitive areas sections for all 10 SCPs; (3) participation with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in preparing environmental sensitivity index (ESI) maps/data files for four subareas and initiating work on five others; and (4) participation in the creation of over 75 site-specific response strategies prepared by stakeholder teams for high-risk sensitive areas. The cooperative process used in Alaska could serve as a model for sensitive areas identification elsewhere.
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Marinho, Chayonn, and João Luiz Nicolodi. "Integração de parâmetros geomorfológicos e biológicos no desenvolvimento do Índice Integrado de Sensibilidade do Litoral (IISL) (Integration of geomorphological and biological parameters to develop a Coastal Integrated Sensitivity Index (CISI))." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 12, no. 4 (2019): 1509. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v12.4.p1509-1524.
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No contexto da indústria petrolífera e suas relações com os ecossistemas enquadram-se os instrumentos de políticas públicas, desenvolvidos a fim de prevenir e minimizar os efeitos de acidentes com óleo e derivados, como as Cartas de Sensibilidade Ambiental ao Derramamento de Óleo (Cartas SAO). Dentre as principais informações contidas nas Cartas SAO está o Índice de Sensibilidade do Litoral (ISL). Este índice mede a sensibilidade dos diferentes ambientes costeiros ao contato com óleo de acordo com as características geomorfológicas da região: exposição às forçantes hidrodinâmicas, tipo de substrato e declividade do litoral. Nesse estudo foi desenvolvida uma metodologia específica que integrou dados geomorfológicos e biológicos no desenvolvimento de um Índice Integrado de Sensibilidade do Litoral (IISL). Tal metodologia desenvolveu previamente dois índices distintos, o Índice Geomorfológico de Sensibilidade (IG) e o Índice Biológico de Sensibilidade (IB), os quais tiveram suas variáveis bem definidas permitindo a integração para desenvolvimento do IISL. Três regiões da Bacia de Pelotas, sul do Brasil, foram escolhidas para a aplicação dessa metodologia. Os resultados indicaram alteração nos valores de sensibilidade ao óleo em seis trechos de linha de costa analisados, apurando o mapeamento destas áreas. Assim, o presente estudo buscou apresentar elementos que venham subsidiar o aprimoramento metodológico de mapeamento de sensibilidade ao óleo no país, contribuindo na gestão de incidentes e no gerenciamento costeiro. A B S T R A C TIn the context of oil industry and its relations with ecosystems the instruments of public policy are framed, which are developed to prevent and minimize the effects accidents involving oil and its derivatives, such as the Environmental Sensibility to Oil (ESO charts). The main information in the ESO charts is the Coastal Integrated Sensitivity Index (CISI), which measures the sensitivity of different coastal environments to contact with oil according to geomorphological characteristics, such as exposure to hydrodynamic forces, substrate type and coastal slope. The concept of sensibility used for the characterization of the coastline does not include in its methodological scope biological information, therefore, a new specific methodology was developed, which integrated geomorphological and biological data to develop a Coastal Integrated Sensitivity Index (CISI). This methodology previously developed two different indexes, the Geomorphological Sensitivity Index (GSI) and Biological Sensitivity Index (BSI), which had their well-defined variables allowing the integration of CISI. Three regions of the Pelotas Basin, south of Brazil, were chosen to test this methodology. The results indicated a change in sensibility values in six coastline segments analyzed, improving the mapping of these áreas. This way, the present study effectively contributed to upgrade the methodology for mapping the sensibility to oil spills, also contributing on the management of accidents involving oil and on coastal management.Keyword: Oil spill, ESO charts, coastal sensitivity, biological and geomorphological data.
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Benggio, Bradford, Kimberly Chesteen, Jason DeSantis, Richard Knudsen, and John Slaughter. "Tidal Inlet Protection Strategies for Oil Spill Response; Concepts, Testing, and Considerations." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (2014): 287225. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014-1-287225.1.
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Coastal Area Contingency Plans (ACP) developed by local Area Committees are the consensus stakeholder documents that guide response actions to oil spills. Key to these ACPs are the Geographic Response Plans (GRPs) that identify specific areas and resources that are priorities for protection during spill response. Within the GRPs, the operational strategies to protect each priority are pre-identified and depicted on maps. One of the priorities contained within the GRPs are tidal inlets. They are the gateways to much of the most sensitive habitat and resources to protect in the event of an oil spill. To address protection of these important gateways, Tidal Inlet Protection Strategies (TIPS) for Oil Spill Response have been developed that are scientifically and operationally based. They are designed to protect the resources inside the inlet from oil that may enter from an offshore source. Tidal inlets, while among the most important areas to protect, are also some of the most difficult to effectively protect. This is due to strong currents created by flood and ebb tidal flows (which are often not fully known), associated bathymetry stability issues (shoaling), responder access, and sensitive resource concerns subject to impact from the oil as well as from response actions. The inlets, in addition to being so critical for the protection of environmental resources, are also typically very important gateways for commerce and other waterway use activities. The TIPS concept has been tested for several inlets over the years. Most recently, a class A inlet (highest degree of difficulty) strategy was tested in South Florida. This poster will present issues related to the value and importance of developing and testing TIPS, hurdles and difficulties to overcome when planning TIPS projects and tests, positive outcomes from an operational perspective as well as from benefits derived from education, coordination and management of expectations of government, industry, and the public when it comes to protection of environmental resources during a major oil spill. Finally, the poster will offer recommendations and issues for discussion that area committees should consider relative to TIPS and area contingency planning in general.
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Hayes, Miles O., Jacqueline Michel, Jeffrey A. Dahlin, and Kenneth Barton. "IDENTIFYING AND MAPPING SENSITIVE RESOURCES FOR INLAND AREA PLANNING." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, no. 1 (1995): 365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-365.
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ABSTRACT The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) is required to evaluate oil storage facilities to determine (1) which should be defined as those that could cause “significant and substantial harm” to environmentally sensitive areas in the event of a release, and (2) the appropriateness of facility response plans in addressing potential environmental threats. Accordingly, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has been assisting USEPA in developing guidelines, data structures, and maps for sensitive resource assessment using Geographic Information System (GIS) technology. The recommended approach for developing sensitivity maps and databases include a shoreline-habitat mapping technique used for estuarine, lacustrine, and large river settings. Shoreline type is mapped and ranked on a scale of 1 to 10, from least to most sensitive to oil spill impacts. A watershed approach is used to differentiate among small rivers and streams. Stream reaches are mapped according to a system that relates oil behavior and effects to stream characteristics, such as gradient, discharge, and water turbulence. Data on sensitive biological and human-use resources include both spatial and temporal components. The focus is on water-associated species, riparian vegetation, and all wetland types, not just threatened and endangered species. Standardized formats for hard copy maps and screen presentation will facilitate use by response organizations.
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Martin, Robert D., Charlie Henry, Mary Gill, William Goetzee, and Blanche Salinas. "Growing a Regional Planning and Response Toolkit." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2011, no. 1 (2011): abs02179. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2011-1-02179.
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The Texas Coastal Oil Spill Planning and Response Toolkit (the Toolkit) was first introduced to the spill response community in 1999 on CDROM. Updated annually since that time, the Toolkit is now in its 12th edition and its contents now span Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama. With 2,000 DVDs distributed annually, the Toolkit has become the most widely used vehicle for disseminating Area Contingency Plans (ACPs), Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) maps and almost 1,500 other spill planning and response documents in the USCG District 8 region. Navigating this extensive collection of PDF documents is managed by hyperlinks from a Master Page document which subdivides the contents into seven major categories: ACPs; ESI maps; Regional Response Team VI documents; Incident Command System (ICS) documents; software applications; internet links and additional documents. The “Additional Documents” category contains national and international response plans, oiled wildlife guidelines, as well as a wide variety of NOAA job aids, manuals and other useful reference materials. The Toolkit can be used for both planning and response activities. As a contingency plan or drill development resource, the Toolkit provides a convenient source of maps and detailed geographic response plans for use as the basis for scenario and plan development. Scenarios and plans developed from the Toolkit materials can be checked against the ACPs for compliance. During a spill event, the Toolkit also provides resources for: ICS spill management, setting protection priorities, reviewing Incident Action Plans for ACP compliance, guidance in executing pre-approval plans, and reviewing procedures for aerial reconnaissance (to name a few). Besides the obvious benefit of having these planning and response support resources in one convenient package, the Toolkit provides an additional benefit to the regional response community: a rallying point. The annual production of the Toolkit has created a schedule and framework around which state, Federal and private entities organize the annual updates to their ACPs through their Area Committees. This poster describes the Toolkit's growth over time, the manner in which it is used, the production workflow, the content selection philosophy and its impact on the spill response community.
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Merten, Amy A., Zachary Winters-Staszak, and Nancy E. Kinner. "Incorporating Traditional Knowledge and Subsistence Mapping into the Arctic Environmental Response Management Application." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (2014): 1512–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.1512.
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ABSTRACT Access to information from local and indigenous communities is vital to improving oil spill preparedness and response, and to ensuring efficient prioritization and protection of subsistence and culturally sensitive areas. The Environmental Response Management Application (ERMA®) is an online mapping tool that integrates both static and real-time data, such as Environmental Sensitivity Index maps, ship locations, weather, ocean currents, and more in a centralized format for environmental responders and decision makers. This allows for high-impact and fine-resolution visualization of data for solving complex environmental response and resource issues. As part of the overall ERMA project, baseline datasets have been collected from government sources, private corporations, universities, local entities, and non-governmental organizations (NGO). Arctic ERMA—a regional instance of the ERMA application—covers the U.S. high Arctic, with use in all of Alaska as well as internationally. To identify and gather Arctic-specific data, workshops were conducted in the Northwest Arctic Borough (NWAB), North Slope Borough (NSB), and Edmonton, Canada focusing on oil spill scenarios that could affect villages in each region, and developing prioritized datasets needed to support planning, response, and natural resource damage assessment (NRDA) work. As part of the overall ERMA project, baseline datasets have been collected from government sources, private corporations, universities, local entities and non-governmental organizations. Most of these datasets are publicly available. ERMA has been tested in Arctic drills and was used to support the USCG's “Arctic Shield” exercise, September 2013. Through this exercise, ERMA was able to incorporate onboard ship information, field-collected data, photos, sensor data and other scientific input collected during the USCG Cutter Healy cruise. The exercise identified some of the challenges the response community could face during a spill in the Arctic and the region's dependence upon local knowledge in successfully minimizing environmental effects and human-dimension impacts. This presentation will discuss collaborations and next steps.
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Stronach, James A., and Aurelien Hospital. "Simulating the Behaviour and Fate of an Oil Spill Using a Coupled Three-Dimensional Hydrodynamic Model." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (2014): 901–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.901.
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ABSTRACT Oil behavior and fate have been simulated extensively by several spill models. These simulations can be greatly enhanced by the use of a coupled three-dimensional model of currents and water properties to determine oil transport and weathering, both on the water surface and in the water column. Several physical and chemical processes such as vertical dispersion in response to wave action, resurfacing when waves die down, sinking through loss of volatiles and dissolution are essential in assessing the impact of an oil spill on the environment. Dissolution is especially important, considering the known toxicity of several of the constituents of liquid hydrocarbons. For this study, a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model of coastal British Columbia was coupled to an oil trajectory and weathering model in order to simulate the complete fate and behaviour of surface, shoreline-retained, dissolved, sunken and dispersed oil. Utilization of a three-dimensional model is the key to adequately modelling the transport of a spill in an estuarine region such as in the Strait of Georgia, B.C., where the distribution of currents and water properties is strongly affected by estuarine processes: the Fraser River enters at the surface and oceanic waters from the Pacific enter as a deep inflow. Three-dimensional currents and water properties were provided by the hydrodynamic model, H3D, a semi-implicit model using a staggered Arakawa grid and variable number of layers in the vertical direction to resolve near-surface processes. Waves were simulated using the wave model SWAN. Winds were obtained from the local network of coastal light stations and wind buoys. Stochastic modelling was conducted first, using only surface currents, to determine probabilistic maps of the oil trajectory on water and statistical results were extracted, such as the amount of shoreline oiled and the amount of oil evaporated, both for the ensemble of simulations constituting the stochastic simulation, as well as for any particular individual simulation. Deterministic scenarios were then selected and the fate of the oil, such as the dissolved and sunken fractions, was tracked over a 14 day period on the three-dimensional grid. This method has been used for environmental impact assessment and spill response planning.
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Sutherland, G. Bruce. "THE VALUE OF NATURAL RESOURCE PROTECTION PLANS UNDER ACTUAL SPILL CONDITIONS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1985, no. 1 (1985): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1985-1-93.
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ABSTRACT Since 1979 the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality has cooperated with other resource agencies to develop plans to protect natural resources from oil spills. At present, protection plans have been completed for each of Oregon's three major deepwater estuaries. Recent large spills in two of the three planning areas have given the state an excellent opportunity to evaluate the usefulness of these plans. Although the two incidents were very different, the protection plans proved to be highly valuable in both situations for similar reasons. First, standardized maps showing resources greatly facilitated communications and response activities. Second, agreed-upon protection responses had been identified for important sensitive resources, allowing decisions to be made smoothly without lengthy interagency discussions. Finally, information in the plans provided a sound basis for predicting spill movement and resource impacts to arrange appropriate protection and cleanup measures. The people and agencies involved in both spill responses found the plans invaluable not only during the initial crises but throughout the entire response effort. The State of Oregon intends to proceed with further planning to update and refine present plans and develop spill response plans for other coastal areas.
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Jahangiri, Sadigheh, Mahnaz Mirza Ebrahim Tehrani, Masoud Torabi Azad, and Seyed Ali Jozi. "Identification and Mapping of Environmentally Sensitive Areas of the Coastal Strip of Guilan Province." Journal of Advances in Environmental Health Research 9, no. 1 (2021): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/jaehr.9.1.1206.
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Background: Oil spills caused by releasing liquid petroleum can spread on the coastal strip and affect coastal ecosystems, causing severe damage to the coastline environment and crisis in local communities. This study aimed to identify and map the environmentally sensitive areas of the coastal strip of Guilan Province, Iran, to oil spills using the Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI). Methods: The data required for the present study were collected through field studies, the GPS device, topographic maps of 1.25000 of the National Mapping Organization, maps of protected areas of the Environmental Protection Organization, satellite images, data of Guilan Province Industry, Mine and Trade Organization, and other relevant agencies. NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) method and ESI were used to determine the sensitivity of the coastal strip of Guilan Province to oil spills. Moreover, to determine the weights of the criteria studied in the NOAA method, the analytic hierarchy process was used. Results: The final results of the study of the environmental sensitivity of the coastal strip of Guilan Province to oil spills showed that 21.15%, 39.66%, and 39.19% of the coastal strip have low, medium, and high sensitivity, respectively. Conclusion: High sensitivity mainly was related to the eastern part of the coast, located at the banks of estuaries of current rivers. Low sensitivity was also located along the seafront on fine- to medium-grained sand beaches, where less damaged in the event of oil spill pollution.
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Castle, Robert W., Kevin Malamma, and David C. Barry. "Tactical Action Planning for Pipelines." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2003, no. 1 (2003): 1011–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-1011.
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ABSTRACT Contemporary Oil Spill Contingency Planning commonly focuses on notification procedures and organizational issues. Specific pre-planning for the physical response to specific oil properties, local geography, and environmental conditions is frequently neglected. The tactical action planning concepts presented in this paper address these issues by carefully examining the characteristics of specific oils under the spectrum of ambient conditions, the physical properties of the potentially impacted area, probable spill movement, and the presence of sensitive resources. These concepts also address the availability of response equipment and those techniques that will perform under the conditions encountered. Field surveys are then conducted to identify and catalogue specific control sites where initial response actions may be appropriate. Surveys include taking digital photographs of the area and collecting GPS coordinates of response locations. The resultant plans will facilitate the initial response to releases anywhere along the subject pipeline. Data and recommendations are organized in the form of a hard-copy manual consisting of maps, tables, and illustrated instructions. Data files, interactive mapping software, and data management software are also provided on CD. A software component allows the planning effort to be used during drills and exercises, as well as for emergency response management.
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Locke, Chris, Mark White, Jennifer Horsman, Zachary Nixon, and Christine Boring. "A GIS Add-in for Creating On-the-fly Maps Using NOAA Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) Data." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (2017): 2017166. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.000166.
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Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) maps present sensitive biological and human resource data used by NOAA Scientific Support Coordinators, the US Coast Guard, and other responders to identify resources that may be impacted in the event of an oil spill, chemical spill, or natural disaster. ESI maps and data are also used to support Area Contingency Plans and Geographic Response Plans, and post-event damage assessment. Over many years of use the look and feel of ESI maps have remained a consistent but static product for the end user. Research Planning, Inc. (RPI) has developed an ArcGIS toolbar to allow users to create their own thematic maps for an area of their choice using ESI data. RPI's ESI Toolbar add-in for ESRI's Arc Map allows a user to create custom ESI maps with symbology, layouts, and icons similar to the traditional hardcopy and PDF NOAA ESI map product. The user can zoom to an area of interest, choose a scale, and use custom query tools to decide what data should appear on the map. The map can be exported as a multi-layered GeoPDF that includes the tabular data for the data displayed on the map. Users can add and map their own data, and even symbolize and query these data with ESI symbology if they have certain key fields from the standard NOAA format. For digital users, tools are included for easy click and query of the database, zooming to features selected on the map or in the tables, and filtering the data by user specified criteria (e.g. show me all Least Tern locations in January - March). The toolbar can use standard NOAA ESI data downloadable from the NOAA OR&R website but also includes tools to set up an Enhanced ESI data set for map production and analysis. The Enhanced ESI data allows the user to apply Present Throughout Boxes that remove some spatial data from the map and describe it as “Present Along Shore” or similar geographic descriptors on a map product while the tabular data still appears in the data tables. Spatial data can also be assigned a scale which will give the user control over which resources draw when zooming and panning in the desktop environment. The Enhanced ESI dataset also includes the ability to upload symbolized map data including ESI style icons and the related tables to ArcGIS Online where it can be displayed and queried online.
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Williams, Jeff, Kevin Hand, and Christian Haselwimmer. "Unmanned Air Systems: Technology and Regulatory Advances for the Oil Spill Response Community." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (2017): 2017120. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.000120.
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Field testing small unmanned air systems (UAS) in marine oil spill response exercises began in 2006. Soon afterward there were multiple credible examples where uas's could complement the traditional roles which manned aircraft filled for oil spill observation. Testing stopped abruptly in 2007 when the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration changed rules for the commercial use of uas's. Testing resumed in 2013 after the U.S. Congress mandated that the FAA finalize operating rules for uas commercial use. Exercise tests validated oil spill observation by uas's when an experienced aerial oil spill observer confirmed that properly equipped uas platforms and cameras could offer results equal to manned aircraft flights. Today there are a much wider variety of uas's and increasingly more capable sensors which can be utilized for creating highly detailed maps or data collection for geographic information system applications such as the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Environmental Response Management Application (ERMA). Radio technology advances have also improved the ability to transfer video/data over greater distance and faster speeds than initial tests. Mobile ad hoc networks of multiple radios can transfer uas data streams beyond line of sight and connect with the internet for even broader distribution. This same network can also be used by responders in the field to exchange video, voice and location data and be linked real time with command post map displays and data feeds creating a true common operating picture across the entire response effort. From an organizational perspective, uas's are not discussed in the 2014 USCG Incident Management Handbook. Despite this however, their activities need coordinated with manned aircraft through Air Operations for regulations and safety. Staging them at airports serves little purpose given their flexibility and small size. Better utilization would be achieved placing the uas and operators near the command posts or at staging sites alongside the boats or vehicles they would work from. Their unique differences would also support creating a UAS Group Supervisor in Air Operations to clarify their requirements and tasking. The Situation Unit would typically be the best central receiving point for incoming data and from there aerial observers and data specialists can route video / data to operations, gis users and display operators managing the common operating picture. Additional topics for final presentation:*See and avoid capabilities*Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast (ADS-B) transmitters/receivers*Night flights approval*New operator regulations not requiring pilot's license
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Rodrigues, Suzan Walesca Pequeno, and Pedro Walfir M. Souza Filho. "MAPPING OF ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY INDEX TO OIL SPILL FROM LANDSAT TM IMAGES: “A STUDY CASE ON THE AMAZON COASTAL PLAIN”." Revista Brasileira de Geofísica 30, no. 4 (2012): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.22564/rbgf.v30i4.240.
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O índice de sensibilidade ambiental (ISA) é representado por números que variam de 1 a 10, especificando a escala de impacto causado pelo óleo, quantomaior for o seu valor, maior é o índice de sensibilidade. O derramamento de óleo já não é mais um fato isolado e esporádico no mundo, causando inúmeros impactosambientais, portanto, a produção de mapas que representam o ISA tornou-se importante para a implementação de planos de contingência e de emergência. O municípiode Curuçá, região nordeste do estado do Pará, não possui um mapa de semi-detalhe, assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo a construção de um mapa tático na escalade 1:100.000 e o reconhecimento dos ambientes costeiros através do processamento de imagens Landsat e do levantamento de campo contribuindo para a identificaçãodas áreas que mais sofrerão com um eventual derramamento de óleo. Deste modo foi possível classificar oito índices: ISA 1B muro de arrimo, ISA 1C falésias, ISA 3Apraias de areia fina e dunas expostas, ISA 7 planície de maré arenosa, ISA 9 delta de maré vazante, ISA 10A pântano salino; ISA 10B pântano de água doce e ISA 10Cmanguezal. Assim, os ISA’s são produtos que representados em mapa podem ajudar na tomada decisões na prevenção e no controle de acidentes durante as atividadesde produção e no transporte do óleo usado pelas companhias produtoras, tornando-se uma boa estratégia de prevenção, a qual pode evitar os altos custos das operaçõesde limpeza e recuperação de ambientes impactados no caso de derramamentos de óleo e cargas de risco. ABSTRACT: The environmental sensitivity index (ESI) is represented by a scale ranging from 1 to 10, where the intensity of the impact caused by the oil spill isspecified and, the higher the value the higher the sensitivity index. Oil spills impact the environment and are not exclusive to certain regions of the world. Therefore, theproduction of maps representing the ESI has become important for the implementation of contingency and emergency plans. Curuçá city, located in northeastern Parástate, does not have a map of semi-detailed environmental sensitivity, for that reason, this study aimed to generate a tactical map, scale of 1:100,000, with recognitionof coastal environments identified by digital processing of Landsat images and field surveys. The map will help identify the areas more prone to suffer from a possibleoil spill. Thus, eight indices were classified as follows: ESI 1B retaining wall, ESI 1C cliffs, ESI 3A sandy beaches and exposed dunes, ESI 7 sandy tidal flat, ESI 9 ebbtide delta, ESI 10A salt marsh, ESI 10B freshwater marsh and ESI 10 mangrove. Finally, the ESI represented in these maps can support the decision making process toprevent and control accidents that may happen during oil production and transportation. Benefits may reflect on lower costs of cleaning and restoration of the impactedareas in case of oil and other potentially harmful load spills.Keywords: environmental sensitivity index; remote sensing; coastal environment
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Shavykin, Anatoly, and Andrey Karnatov. "Main Development Problems of Vulnerability Mapping of Sea-Coastal Zones to Oil Spills." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 6, no. 4 (2018): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse6040115.
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Vulnerability mapping of sea-coastal zones is an important element of oil spill response plans, environmental support for offshore projects, and the integrated management of the marine environment. The creation of such maps is a complex scientific problem. In their development, it is necessary to take into account differences in the nature of biotic and abiotic components existing in the cartographic area, dissimilarities in their relative vulnerability and significance, the seasonal variability of ecosystem components, and other factors. The purpose of this paper is to briefly review the main elements of international and Russian methods of mapping the vulnerability of sea-coastal zones to oil spills, and the development problems of such maps, including problems of using rank (ordinal) values, and to note possible solutions. Based on the analysis of key existing international and Russian approaches to vulnerability mapping, it was concluded that almost all methods of map calculations use rank (ordinal) values. However, arithmetic operations cannot be performed with them, as they lead to incorrect results. The paper shortly describes the main problems of mapping the vulnerability of sea-coastal zones to oil (the choice of the map scales and season limits for them, differences in the units of biota abundance, the calculation of relative vulnerability coefficients for the considered biotic components, the summation of the vulnerability of objects of different types, etc.). For some problems, possible solutions are outlined.
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Muskat, Judd. "The Evolution of Applied Geographic Information Systems for Oil Spill Response in California: Rapid Data Dissemination for Informed Decision Making." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (2014): 1583–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.1583.
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ABSTRACT Computing technology has advanced to the point where it is now standard practice to employ complex Geographic Information Systems (GIS) within the Incident Command Post (ICP). Simultaneously, field data collection has been migrating to mobile computing applications which output GIS files that are quickly displayed for real-time situational awareness. From the initial emergency response through clean-up and sign-off much data with a spatial component is generated and many disparate data sets are collected. More efficient data integration, management and visual analysis affords Incident Commanders and Section Chiefs the ability to make informed and timely planning, operational and strategic decisions. Traditionally GIS maps were created in the ICP from field sketches, field notes and verbal reports. Processing of these data by the GIS Unit is very time consuming and prone to error. Preliminary efforts to streamline and automate field data collection by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW, formerly the California Department of Fish and Game), Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR) utilized Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers to record waypoints and track lines. Since then more elegant electronic field data collection applications installed on small, handheld computers have been developed including those for “Wildlife Recovery and Transport”, “Resources at Risk” over flights, and the “Shoreline Cleanup and Assessment Technique” (SCAT). Other recent advancements allow for real-time aerial remote sensing for oil slick detection and detailed mapping of its properties, and displaying the output from coastal High Frequency (HF) radar installations for real-time visualization of local ocean surface current fields. These field data collection applications are explained in more detail in the body of this paper. Once these data are incorporated into the GIS a web-based Common Operational Picture (COP) is utilized for timely dissemination of relevant geospatial data. OSPR has worked closely with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency (NOAA) to develop “Southwest ERMA” (Environmental Response Management Application) as California's COP for web-based data dissemination and incident situational awareness. At the Deepwater Horizon (MC-252) Incident Command Post (ICP) in Houma, Louisiana many responders were from outside of the region and unfamiliar with the local geography. Area base maps with a standardized coast line and place names were not readily available for several days which added unnecessary confusion to the mix. As a lesson learned and in order to avoid this situation for an oil spill response in California, OSPR and NOAA have pre-loaded Southwest ERMA with pertinent base maps, charts and spill response planning data from the three California Area Contingency Plans (ACPs). These data are deliberately made freely available to the general public via the Southwest ERMA web-viewer without any user login credentials required.