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Katrini, Eleni. "Addressing food, water, waste and energy yields in urban regenerative environments." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2012. http://repository.cmu.edu/theses/55.
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“At the same time that we must respond to climate change and rising energy costs, we must also adjust our housing stock to fit a changing demographic and find more frugal form of prosperity. Such a transformation will require deep change, not just in energy sources, technology, and conservation measures but also in urban design, culture and lifestyles. More than just deploying green technologies and adjusting our thermostats, it will involve rethinking the way we live and the underlying form of our communities.” (Calthorpe, 2011)
Our cities are built dependent on centralized systems of water and waste management, food and energy production. This practice has proven efficient for a while; nonetheless as our cities expand with immense speed and population increases, severe issues of food access, waste accumulation, floods, water contamination and increased energy demand reveal the obsolescence of those systems. The solution does not lie anymore only in conservation and precautionary measures but in a diverse way of thinking and redesigning existing infrastructures. Through this thesis, several systems of urban agriculture, decentralized water management and treatment, as well as energy production from waste were identified and studied through literature and actual case studies. The ultimate goal of the research was to create a toolkit for urban regenerative environments, which will be used to introduce those systems to designers. The key component of the toolkit is the quantitative link between the spatial demands of each system and its efficiency.
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Takeuchi, Hisae. "Leadership Roles in Energy and Environmental Projects." Doctoral thesis, Kyoto University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/263751.
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Akoore, A. (Alfred). "Sustainable energy systems for rural communities:sizing of a digester for energy generation from farm and food waste." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2018. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201811072972.
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The development of sustainable and decentralized energy systems to support energy insecurities in rural communities is the pathway to the future. This thesis work was conducted within the framework of Renewable Community Empowerment in Northern Territories (RECENT), funded by the Northern Periphery and the Arctic Programme (NPA). The ultimate objective of the RECENT project has been to increase energy awareness in rural communities by utilizing the locally abundant energy materials. The thesis aimed to analyze and quantify the energy potentials from agricultural biomass and to determine the sustainability of the proposed solutions. Triangel resort is a yet to be established silence retreat center located at the suburb of Oulu, Finland, to which this thesis work sized the energy need of the cottages. The thesis work also carried out a financial feasibility in order to determine the viability of the biogas plant. As far as decentralized energy systems are concerned, the biogas plant would help to improve local energy self-sufficiency due to the absence of transmission losses. As part of the thesis work, a couple of research questions were formulated and critically examined during the experimental phase. These research questions were closely linked to the project core values: What are the sustainability-related issues on social, economic, and environmental factors of the biogas plant? Is the plant realistically capable of fulfilling the maximum energy demands of Triangel resort? In a quest to find the appropriate solutions to the questions, the thesis work was put in two main categories, the theoretical and experimental part. These two main chapters explained the critical issues related to the project. In the course of the theoretical part, a sustainable rural tourism experience was explored. The trends of renewable energy potentials in the Finnish energy sector was considered. Local energy situations including resources abundance in the Northern Ostrobothnia region was assessed. A general review of the anaerobic digestion process was done and compared with the Triangel biogas plant. The policy directives on bioenergy production, financial grants such as feed-in-tariffs, and environmental permits for biogas plants in Finland were reviewed. The experimental part began with a description of the pilot community thus, the existing and future situation at the studied location. Biomass availability at the Triangel resort was analyzed, and the biogas potentials were ascertained. The bioreactors were sized based on the feedstock availability and properties. The feedstocks to be used for the biogas plant in this thesis work were cow slurry expected from 50 cattle, energy crops to be harvested from 60 ha of farmland, and food waste from a hotel and the cottages. The overall feedstock quantity was estimated to be around 1000 ton/a, and a volume of about 3 800 m³/a. There are twenty cottages at the Triangel resort that comprise of ten smaller and ten larger ones, which are estimated to cover a total land space of about 1 350 m². The energy demand for heating the cottages to 50% and 100% occupancy were estimated to be 89 MWh/a, and 179 MWh/a respectively. The total electricity consumption of the cottages has been evaluated to be 36 MWh/a. The theoretical biomethane quantity of the feedstock was estimated to be 38 094 m³ annually, and the energy equivalence was evaluated to be approximately 380 MWh/a, for both heat and electricity. The energy production capacity of the biogas plant was expected to cover about 100% needs of the Triangel cottages. The sustainability assessment of the project showed an indication of environmental success. The investment payback period of the biogas plant was estimated to be around 8.4 years. The project was estimated to contribute to CO2 savings potential of about 87.3 tons/a, and a total of 1 700 tons reduction during the 20 years life cycle of the project<br>Kestävien ja hajautettujen energiajärjestelmien kehittäminen maaseutuyhteisöille energiavarmuuden tukemiseksi on polku tulevaisuuteen. Tämä opinnäytetyö tehtiin osana Renewable Community Empowerment in Northern Territories (RECENT) -hanketta, joka oli rahoitettu Northern Periphery and the Arctic Programme (NPA) -ohjelmasta. RECENT-hankkeen perimmäinen tavoite on ollut lisätä maaseutuyhteisöjen energiatietoisuutta hyödyntämällä paikallisesti runsaita energialähteitä. Opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli analysoida ja mitata maatalouden biomassan energiapotentiaalia ja selvittää työssä ehdotettujen ratkaisujen kestävyyttä. Triangel-lomakeskus on Oulun maaseudulle perusteilla oleva hiljaisuuden keskus, jonka mökkien energiankulutusta tämä diplomityö mitoitti. Opinnäytetyö selvitti myös biokaasulaitoksen taloudellista toteutettavuutta sen elinkykyisyyden määrittämiseksi. Hajautettujen energiaratkaisujen osalta biokaasulaitos auttaisi parantamaan paikallista energiaomavaraisuutta siirtohäviöiden puuttumisen vuoksi. Kahta tutkimuskysymystä tutkittiin kriittisesti kokeellisessa osassa osana opinnäytetyötä. Nämä tutkimuskysymykset liittyivät läheisesti hankkeen ydinarvoihin: Mitkä ovat biokaasulaitoksen sosiaalisten, taloudellisten ja ympäristötekijöiden kestävyyteen liittyvät asiat? Onko laitos realistisesti kykenevä kattamaan Triangel-lomakeskuksen maksimienergiantarpeet? Opinnäytetyö koostuu kahdesta osasta, teoreettisesta ja kokeellisesta, jotta saatiin tarkoituksenmukaisia ratkaisuja esitettyihin kysymyksiin. Nämä kaksi osaa selvittivät hankkeelle kriittisiä asioita. Teoreettisessa osassa kartoitettiin kestävää maaseutumatkailumatkailua. Uusiutuvien energiamuotojen suuntauksia Suomen energiasektorilla tarkasteltiin, ja paikallista energiatilannetta arvioitiin, mukaan lukien energiavarojen runsaus Pohjois-Pohjanmaalla. Työssä tehtiin yleiskatsaus anaerobisen mädättämön toimintaan ja verrattiin sitä Triangelin biokaasulaitokseen. Lisäksi tarkasteltiin bioenergian tuotantoa koskevia poliittisia säädöksiä, taloudellisia avustuksia (kuten syöttötariffeja) sekä biokaasulaitosten ympäristölupia Suomessa. Kokeellinen osa alkoi pilottiyhteisön kuvauksella eli tutkittavan alueen nykyisen ja tulevan tilanteen selvittämisellä. Biomassan saatavuus Triangel-matkailukeskuksessa analysoitiin ja sen biokaasupotentiaali arvioitiin. Bioreaktorit mitoitettiin lähtöaineiden saatavuuden ja ominaisuuksien perusteella. Tämän opinnäytetyön biokaasulaitoksen käyttämiä raaka-aineita olivat lehmän liete, joka on odotettavissa 50 naudasta, energiakasvit 60 hehtaarin viljelyalueelta sekä ruokajätteet hotellista ja mökeistä. Raaka-aineen kokonaismäärän arvioitiin olevan noin 1000 tonnia vuodessa ja kokonaistilavuuden noin 3 800 m³ vuodessa. Triangel-lomakeskuksessa on kaksikymmentä mökkiä, kymmenen pientä ja kymmenen suurta, joiden arvioitiin olevan pinta-alaltaan yhteensä noin 1 350 m². Mökkien lämmitysenergian tarve 50% ja 100% käyttöastella olisi 89 MWh vuodessa ja 179 MWh vuodessa, vastaavasti. Mökkien kokonaissähkönkulutuksen arvioitiin olevan 36 MWh vuodessa. Raaka-aineen teoreettisen biometaanimäärän arvioitiin olevan vuosittain 38 094 m³ ja energiaekvivalentin noin 380 MWh vuodessa sekä lämmön että sähkön osalta. Biokaasulaitoksen energiantuotantokapasiteetin odotettiin kattavan noin 100 prosenttia Triangelin mökkien energiantarpeista. Hankkeen kestävyysarviointi osoitti hankkeen olevan ympäristön kannalta kestävä. Biokaasulaitoksen investointien takaisinmaksuaika oli arviolta noin 8,4 vuotta. Hankkeen hiilidioksidipäästöjen vähentämispotentiaalin arvioitiin olevan noin 87,3 tonnia vuodessa ja 1 700 tonnia hankkeen 20 vuoden elinkaaren aikana
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Mathews, Lopez Francisco. "A Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Model for Evaluation of Waste-to-Energy Technologies from Municipal Solid Waste| Combustion or Gasification for Puerto Rico?" Thesis, The George Washington University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10845962.
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<p> The island of Puerto Rico, a commonwealth of the United States of America, has a population of 3,725,789 according to the 2010 census, and generates 11,100 tons daily of waste. In the Island, landfilling is the dominant form of waste disposal. Most municipal solid waste landfills (MSWLF) in Puerto Rico are a principal source of land, water, and air pollution. In addition, the scarcity of appropriate land to open new landfill facilities make this type of waste disposal an unsustainable form of waste management for the Island. </p><p> This study evaluated the current situation of the MSWLFs in Puerto Rico and the geographic limitations of continuing with this type of waste disposal on the Island. As alternatives to this problem, the principal waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies, combustion and gasification, are evaluated as environmentally responsible forms for disposal of non-recycled waste. </p><p> The evaluation methodology used is based on a multi-criteria decision-making model that uses a subjective rank-order weighting method. Evaluation of WTE technologies is performed by comparing dissimilar indicators in five interest areas: technical, economic, environmental, socio-political, and risk. The methodology is composed of two-components: an expert survey and data analysis. </p><p> An evaluation of the environmental interest area was performed to assess which of the WTE technologies studied herein, combustion or gasification, is more environmentally responsible. In addition, using the relevant scores in different interest areas, they were evaluated to determine the economic benefits of these WTE technologies as viable waste management alternatives for Puerto Rico.</p><p>
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Chu, Tsz Wing. "Energy and resource use in kerbside collection of source segregated food waste." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2015. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/375095/.
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The collection of source segregated household food waste is becoming increasingly popular, because of its potential to divert biodegradable materials from landfill, increase recycling rates and provide a contaminant-free feedstock for anaerobic digestion. Various types of kerbside household food waste collection systems are operating in the UK and in Europe; however, studies on the energy consumption of integrating source separated food waste with collection of other waste fractions are very limited. A mechanistic model was developed in this research as a waste collection assessment tool (WasteCAT) for scoping and assessment of collection systems. Data collected from six local authorities in England was applied to verify and validate the modelling tool. Fuel consumption and other parameters such as total distance travelled (a proxy for vehicle lifespan), total time spent (a proxy for staffing costs), number of collection vehicles required (a proxy for capital costs), and arrangement of waste types and compartments were also assessed in this research, as these factors may also influence the selection of kerbside waste collection systems. A typical hypothetical town of 25,000 households was chosen to study the performance of separate, co-collection, kerbside-sorted and partially-sorted collection of household waste by different sizes and types of single and compartmentalised collection vehicles at different collection frequencies. Comparing the performance of the four collection systems, kerbside partially-sorted collection required the least fuel, while co-collection of household waste always had the best performance in terms of total travelling distance, time spent and number of collection vehicles required. The difference between the best and the worst systems was up to 156% for fuel use, 131% for distance travelled, 63% for time spent and 141% for vehicles required. Besides that, inappropriate allocation of compartment and waste type could increase fuel use by up to 1.1 times in co-collection, 2.27 times in kerbside-sorted and 3.08 times in kerbside partially-sorted collection. The research shows WasteCAT could provide a powerful tool for exploring alternative options. Keywords: Waste collection, collection vehicles, fuel consumption, food waste.
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Amini, Adib. "Sustainable Energy and Nutrient Recovery from Swine Waste." Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4977.
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Swine production represents approximately 40% of the world's meat production, and swine wastes contain high concentrations of organic matter, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Swine production is intensifying as meat demand increases and concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) are becoming increasingly common, making it difficult to treat the waste generated. A system for holistic treatment of swine waste produced in CAFOs was investigated in this study that sustainably generates energy and recovers N and P as saleable fertilizers. The system uses anaerobic digestion (AD) for methane production and solids stabilization, followed by precipitation of struvite (MgNH4PO4*6H2O) and recovery of N by ion exchange onto natural zeolites. This process is expected to mitigate both eutrophication of receiving waters and greenhouse-gas emissions while generating products that meet agronomic nutrient demands; however, the economic and environmental sustainability remains unknown. The objectives of this study were to: (1) evaluate water quality and the fate of nutrients and ions in each step in the proposed system through pilot and bench scale experiments, (2) evaluate content/quality of struvite precipitates formed in wastewater treatment processes, (3) assess basic composition of zeolite materials that are being considered for use as IX materials, (4) quantify the environmental impact of the proposed system, and (5) estimate the economic benefits and costs of the proposed system.
The results of a bench scale evaluation of the system show that although water quality greatly improves throughout the treatment process, the effluent water quality has high concentrations of COD (2,803 mg O2/L) and E. coli (106.3 CFU/100ml). This limits reuse options for the reclaimed water, however a variety of on-farm applications may be suitable.
During struvite precipitation, the recovery efficiency of SRP was 87% (60 mg/L recovered); however, although measurements that take into account P in suspended solids show a lower recovery efficiency, they also show higher mass recovery (77% efficiency, 66 mg/L recovered). N recovery during struvite precipitation showed a similar trend, with 49% of TN and 7% of NH4-N being recovered. Struvite recovery can only occur from NH4-N and soluble reactive P. The additional recovery observed is likely due to adsorption of the nutrients onto the precipitate. Therefore, to accurately measure and report recovery, measurements of N and P that take into account suspended solids should be used. In most wastes, magnesium is the limiting constituent for struvite formation, but for swine AD effluents, P is the limiting constituent. Therefore, a higher soluble P concentration would increase recovery potential. The majority of the remaining N and P as well as a significant amount of potassium (K) were recovered during IX.
Six struvites from commercial processes as well as our bench-scale experiments were assessed and compared by X-ray diffraction, SEM imaging, and SEM-EDX scans. All samples were confirmed as struvite by XRD, however they varied widely in crystal size and shape. The elemental composition of the samples was similar; however, struvite formed from phosphate mining waste had higher amounts Mg and P, indicating more pure struvite formation. The presence of impurities in some samples was likely due to the reactor design and solids separation methods.
XRD was also used to confirm the identity of zeolites. Three clinoptilolites had similar crystal size and elemental composition except for Zeosand [reg] which showed a surface roughness, which likely contributes to higher cation exchange capacity. Chabazite has smaller crystal size and larger pores than clinoptilolite, which also likely contributes to its higher capacity.
Life cycle assessment (LCA) was used to evaluate the environmental sustainability of the system and the results suggested that environmental benefits were provided across almost all impact categories. Two alternatives for raising the pH in struvite precipitation (NaOH addition vs. aeration) and two alternatives for zeolite IX materials (chabazite vs. clinoptilolite) were assessed, but there were negligible differences between alternatives. The system was also assessed at a medium and large scale, and the large scale was more environmentally friendly across all categories. Operational impacts were significantly greater than construction impacts; therefore, the environmental impact of the system can be accurately assessed by only including operation.
A life cycle cost assessment (LCCA) was also performed on the system and showed a payback period of 39 years for a medium sized system and 15 years for a large size. This, however, is when compared to a "business-as-usual" scenario and does not consider renewable energy credits or government grants. Furthermore, although a larger system is more economically beneficial, this must be balanced with quality of animal care. From a cost standpoint, IX recovery using chabazite is not recommended and struvite precipitation using aeration is more economically beneficial than NaOH addition.
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Rehl, Torsten [Verfasser]. "Environmental assessment of energy and waste systems based on anaerobic digestion / Torsten Rehl." Aachen : Shaker, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1051573076/34.
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Eriksson, Magnus. "Energy optimization, Sobacken biogas plant." Thesis, Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, Institutionen för energi och teknik, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-122334.
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<p>In order to make the biogas plant at Sobacken located 8 km west of Borås more</p><p>profitable you must become aware of flows at the plant. This not only concerning the</p><p>incoming waste to the plant but also the use of energy. Since the rebuilding in 2005 of</p><p>the plant there has been no follow up concerning the energy use. This thesis is meant</p><p>to clarify the use of electricity and heat at the plant. The work determining the use of</p><p>energy at Sobacken biogas plant has been done by collecting data from documentation</p><p>from the builder Läckeby Water but also by obtaining information from the computer</p><p>systems and frequency converters. The results of the study and its calculations shows</p><p>that the plant uses approximately 3,2 GWh of electricity per year and 3,1 GWh of</p><p>biogas, produced at the plant for heating per year. The production of biogas is</p><p>corresponding to 17,7 Gwh per year of which 14,1 GWh reaches the distribution</p><p>network. The biogas is used by the city buses but could also be used by private car</p><p>owners in Borås refuelling at the newly built tank station at Åhaga. The study does</p><p>not only show that the process consumes 6,3 Gwh per year to produce 14,1 Gwh</p><p>per year, there is also a large amount of energy being released in secondary energy</p><p>flows. These energy flows consists mostly by heat form the cooling system which</p><p>could potentially be recovered by heat exchangers and used to heat the process.</p>
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Lopez, Pablo Izquierdo. "Integration of energy form waste technologies within building developments : technical, environmental and economic considerations." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.531406.
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Puirava, T. (Tiina). "Sizing of the renewable energy and waste management solutions for an eco-district:case Maijanlenkki." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2018. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201805312004.
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This thesis is made as a part of the RECENT project which aims to increase energy independency in rural areas by providing sustainable solutions to them. The aim of this thesis is to design an eco-district for the municipality of Muhos utilizing sustainable energy and other environmental friendly solutions. The main focus was to study household energy consumptions, compile consumption profile and size solar photovoltaic (PV) system for the area by modelling. At the start of the thesis a survey was held during a builder fair to clarify the interest of people towards eco-district and sustainable solutions. Theoretical part of this thesis included examining existing ecological settlements and their main features, different real estate company forms from legal and suitability points of view and typical energy issues related to buildings. Ecological settlements were found usually to have low energy consumption, renewable energy, recycling, good-quality materials and communality. Importance of careful planning and taking potential challenges into account were considered. Four different kinds of real estate company forms were examined; housing company, joint-stock property company, right of occupancy organization and co-operative housing association. Energy issues discussed included energy saving, ecological living habits, energy efficient appliances, heating technologies, electricity production with solar PV panels, energy storage and house automation. Practical part was started by choosing basic structures for the case. The area was chosen from town plan of Päivänpaisteenmaa in cooperation with the Muhos municipality’s representatives. The suitable area was chosen to be road Maijanlenkki because of its shape and surroundings. Plots, houses and common service building were planned for the area so that energy technologies could be sized in the next phase. Community, technical and northern aspects were taken into consideration. Additional solutions favored by people in the questionnaire were applied to this thesis which were common waste management system, composting and recharge point for electric cars. Energy demands in space heating, water heating and electricity were calculated for different types of households and consumption profile for the case area was compiled from actual measured data. Ground source heat pump (GSHP) system including borehole was sized based on the calculated energy demands. Different size solar PV systems were modelled by 3D modelling program SketchUp and an add-on Skelion. Actual weather data from Sotkamo and Oulu was used and results for oversized, optimal and individual scenarios were evaluated to choose a suitable solar PV solution for the case. Common waste management system was sized to the area from actual measured waste amounts. Finally economical calculations were done for the main solutions of the thesis. The designed eco-district was proposed to be joint-stock property company with eight detached houses, two semi-detached houses and common service building including about 40 residents. The GSHP systems for each house included pump with alternating condenser and 130–180 meters deep borehole. Solar PV system was sized to comprise of 236 solar PV panels, about 18 in each roof. The solar PV system electricity production exceeded consumption tremendously during summer and daytime. This excess electricity is meant to be used mainly in the common service building or secondarily it can be stored in electric car batteries, actual battery (LA or flow) storage for solar system or released to the grid for poor compensation. Shifting the consumption peak from evening to daytime as much as possible lessens the need for electricity storage. The common waste management system was profitable with and without composting. The price of the whole project was calculated to be about 300 000 euros per household<br>Tämä diplomityö tehtiin osana RECENT-projektia, jonka tavoitteena on energiaomavaraisuuden lisääminen harvaan asutuilla alueilla tarjoamalla kestäviä ratkaisuja. Tämän työn tavoitteena on suunnitella Muhoksen kunnalle ekokortteli, jossa hyödynnetään kestäviä energiaratkaisuja ja muita ympäristöystävällisiä ratkaisuja. Pääpaino oli tutustua kotitalouksien energiakulutuksiin, muodostaa niistä kulutusprofiili ja mitoittaa aurinkopaneelijärjestelmä alueelle mallintamalla. Diplomityön alussa tehtiin kyselytutkimus rakentajamessuilla, jolla selvennettiin ihmisten mielenkiintoa ekokorttelia ja kestäviä ratkaisuja kohtaan. Tämän työn teoreettinen osuus sisälsi olemassa olevien ekologisten asuinalueiden ja niiden pääpiirteiden selvittämistä, erilaisten kiinteistöyhtiömuotojen juridisuutta ja sopivuutta hankkeelle ja tyypillisten rakennuksiin liittyvien energia-asioiden läpikäyntiä. Ekologisilla asuinalueilla huomattiin tyypillisesti olevan alhainen energian kulutus, kestäviä energiaratkaisuja, kierrätystä, laadukkaita materiaaleja ja yhteisöllisyyttä. Huolellinen suunnittelu ja potentiaalisten riskien huomioiminen oli tärkeää. Neljä erilaista kiinteistöyhtiömuotoa käytiin läpi; asunto-osakeyhtiö, kiinteistöosakeyhtiö, asumisoikeusyhtiö ja asunto-osuuskunta. Energia-asiat sisälsivät energian säästämistä, ekologisia elintapoja, energiatehokkaita kodinkoneita, lämmitysmuotoja, sähkön tuotantoa aurinkopaneeleilla, energian varastointia ja taloautomaatiota. Käytännön osuus aloitettiin valitsemalla projektille perusrakenteet. Asuinalue valittiin Päivänpaisteenmaan asemakaavasta yhteistyössä Muhoksen kunnan edustajien kanssa. Sopivaksi alueeksi valittiin Maijanlenkki-niminen tie, koska se oli sopivan muotoinen ja sopiva ympäristö. Tontit, talot ja yhteinen huoltorakennus suunniteltiin, jotta energiateknologiat saatiin mitoitettua seuraavassa vaiheessa. Yhteisölliset, teknilliset ja pohjoiseen sijaintiin liittyvät näkökulmat otettiin huomioon. Kyselyssä ihmisten suosimat ylimääräiset ratkaisut — yhteinen jätehuoltojärjestelmä, kompostointi ja sähköauton latauspiste — otettiin mukaan tähän työhön. Tilojen lämmityksen, veden lämmityksen ja sähkön tarve laskettiin erilaisille talouksille ja oikeasta mitatusta datasta muodostettiin kulutusprofiili alueelle. Maalämpöjärjestelmä porakaivoratkaisulla mitoitettiin laskettuihin energiakulutuksiin perustuen. Erikokoisia aurinkopaneelisysteemejä mallinnettiin 3D-mallinnusohjelmalla SketchUp ja siihen asennettavalla lisäosalla Skelion. Mallinnuksessa käytettiin oikeaa Sotkamossa ja Oulussa mitattua säädataa. Mallinnuksen tulokset ylimitoitetulle, optimaaliselle ja yksilölliselle skenaariolle arvioitiin, jotta sopiva aurinkopaneelijärjestelmä saatiin valittua alueelle. Yhteinen jätehuoltojärjestelmä mitoitettiin alueelle oikeisiin mitattuihin jätemääriin perustuen. Viimeisenä työn pääalueille tehtiin talouslaskelmat. Suunnitellulle ekokorttelille ehdotettiin ratkaisuksi kahdeksan omakotitalon, kahden paritalon ja yhteisen huoltorakennuksen kiinteistöosakeyhtiötä, jossa asuisi noin 40 asukasta. Jokaisen rakennuksen maalämpöjärjestelmä sisälsi vaihtuvalauhdutteisen lämpöpumpun ja 130–180 metriä syvän porakaivon. Mitoitettu aurinkopaneelijärjestelmä sisälsi 236 paneelia, noin 18 paneelia per katto. Aurinkopaneelijärjestelmän sähköntuotanto ylitti reilusti kulutuksen kesällä ja päiväsaikaan. Ylituotettu sähkö on tarkoitus hyödyntää pääasiassa yhteisessä huoltorakennuksessa tai toissijaisesti sitä voidaan varastoida sähköautojen akkuihin, oikeaan aurinkosähköjärjestelmille suunniteltuun akkuvarastoon tai se voidaan myydä valtakunnalliseen sähköverkkoon alhaisella hinnalla. Kulutuspiikin siirtäminen ilta-ajasta päiväsaikaan niin paljon kuin mahdollista vähentää sähkön varastoinnin tarvetta. Yhteinen jätehuoltojärjestelmä oli taloudellinen sekä kompostoinnin kanssa että ilman. Koko projektin hinnaksi tuli noin 300 000 euroa per talous
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Gesha, Hlonela. "An analysis of the environmental impacts of biomass application in hybrid microgrids in South Africa." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2764.
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Thesis (Master of Engineering in Electrical Engineering)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.<br>In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), there are several challenges that hinder development. One of these challenges is access to electricity. There are numerous benefits to having access to reliable electricity. These include less time spent fetching water from rivers and dams, as water purification systems for households could be used in villages; children in villages would be able to spend more time doing their schoolwork and not fetching wood for fire; and automated irrigation systems could be used for villagers to farm and make an income. Finding alternative ways to generate electricity would enable access to electricity for regions that currently do not have the electricity. This means that large organisations need to find alternative ways of generating electricity, as they have the means to do so. With the current renewable energy technologies available, there are now more ways in which electricity could be generated. The use of biomass is no exception to this. With constant developments in the renewable energy sector, waste-to-energy (WtE) is proving to be a viable method to generate electricity. The main aim of this research was to determine if a commercial food retailing organisation could use their food waste for generating electricity for their own use to reduce their demand from the central grid. A way of determining the viability of this type of technology is using a software that simulates renewable energy projects. In this research, an organisation was contacted for waste data. Systems for two of the stores will be simulated and results will be discussed. The organisation will remain anonymous. The software used in this research is System Advisor Model (SAM), which was developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in the United States. In the results, three results were discussed. These are the monthly energy, monthly heat rate and the monthly boiler efficiency for each of the stores for Store 1, the annual energy simulated was 138,509 kWh and 131,677 kWh for Store 2. Monthly energy averages for each store were 11,542 kWh for Store 1 and 10,973 kWh for Store 2, respectively. There are several opportunities for research based on the findings. These include researching other food sectors in the study; conducting a financial analysis of small-scale WtE systems; constructing a prototype of the system; and using three different softwares to simulate a system for the same project.
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Georgoulias, Nikolaos. "Utilizing Marginalized Land for the Development of Symbiotic Waste-to-Energy Mini Grids in Remote Islands." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:24078368.
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Remote islands face increasingly pressing constraints in their efforts to satisfy their waste management, energy, and water needs in a sustainable manner. Their small scale and isolated context restrict the availability of natural resources and infrastructure commonly available in mainland regions, which facilitates an adverse dependency on imports and exclusive use of landfilling. This thesis aims to investigate systemic solutions to the waste management, energy and water problems encountered by insulated communities. Analysis evaluates the benefits and costs of a novel network based on a waste-to-energy facility against the business-as-usual methods in the region of the Northern Aegean Sea in Greece. The economic, social, and environmental sustainability of the two systems is evaluated through a cost-benefit analysis, using a comprehensive set of economic, environmental, and social indicators. Two main alternatives were investigated; an ENERGOS gasification plant and an Enerkem waste-to-biofuels plant. Results show that the current system is economically and environmentally unsustainable and that substantial benefits are achieved through the development of the proposed network. The results also revealed that the possibility to produce biofuels is not only the most economically, environmentally and socially feasible alternative, but also fosters several synergies and the development of a circular economy at the regional scale. The results of the analysis facilitate prudent decision-making with regard to natural resource management in island regions and can be utilized by other groups of islands with similar waste generation levels and challenges.
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Sebastian, Roshni Mary. "Formulation and demonstration of a technique to assess the incinerability of municipal solid waste." Thesis, IIT, Delhi, 2019. http://eprint.iitd.ac.in:80//handle/2074/8066.
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Sundin, Camilla. "Evaluation of Overall Environmental Impacts of Alternatives for Emission Control Systems applied for Waste to Energy Process." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemivetenskap (CHE), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-220713.
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Vattenfall operates a cogeneration plant where household and industrial waste is incinerated to generate electricity and district heating. The waste incineration generates flue gases, and the energy in the hot flue gases is recovered by condensation. Both flue gases and the flue gas condensate are treated by emission control systems before being released into nature. The emission control system is planned to be updated with better technologies currently applied in Sweden. In this study, a comparison of the overall environmental impact of the current emission control system and the new system for emission control is performed. Vattenfall will perform a comparative life cycle assessment, LCA, of the two emission control systems. A part of the LCA is an inventory analysis. In this study, data required for the inventory analysis will be collected and quantified. The parameters considered are emissions to air and water, consumption of chemicals, produced solid residue, and water utilization. The objectives with the planned upgrade of the emission control system, which are evaluated in this study, are to obtain a cleaner condensate stream that can be reused in the system, to reach a higher tolerance of sulphur content in the fuel, and to reach a better reduction of emissions, for future stricter regulation. From the perspective of this study, the new system for emission control system seems to be the choice for emission control system with the least environmental impact. The results show that the reasons for upgrading the emission control system are met with the new system. The condensate is significantly cleaner with the new alternative emission control system than in the current one, the total amount of emissions decreases by 99,98 w%. The significantly smaller amount of emissions results in a condensate flow that can be reused in the system, which could save a considerable amount of raw water each year. The SO2 emissions are reduced by 99,5 w%, which show that a higher sulphur content in the fuel could be tolerated with the new emission control system. Furthermore, the total amount of emission content in the flue gas decreases with 61,9 w% with the new emission control system. The emission parameters that are deemed likely to be more strictly regulated in coming regulations, NOx and Hg, are both significantly reduced with the new emission control system. On the other hand, both the consumption of chemicals and the production of solid residue increases in the new emission control system, compared to the current one. These aspects are important drawbacks with the new system, and the environmental impact of these aspects needs to be further investigated in the planned LCA.<br>Vattenfall driver ett kraftvärmeverk där avfall från hushåll och industrier förbränns för att generera el och fjärrvärme. Avfallsförbränningen genererar rökgaser, och energin i rökgaserna utvinns genom kondensering. Rökgaserna och kondensatet renas från föroreningar innan de släpps ut i naturen. Systemet för rökgas- och kondensatrening ska uppdateras till nyare tekniker. I det här arbetet jämförs den totala miljöpåverkan av det nuvarande och det nya systemet för rökgas- och kondensatrening. Vattenfall kommer i framtiden att utföra en jämförande livscykelanalys av de två rökgas- och kondensatreningssystemen. En del i en livscykelanalys är en inventeringsanalys. Syftet med det här arbetet är att samla in och kvantifiera den data som behövs för inventeringsanalysen. Parametrarna som tas med i inventeringsanalysen är utsläpp till luft och vatten, kemikalieförbrukning, restprodukter samt vattenförbrukning. Målen med uppdateringen av rökgas- och kondensatreningssystemen är att erhålla ett renare kondensat som kan återanvändas i systemet, att kunna elda bränsle med en högre halt svavel och fortfarande hålla utsläppen under utsläppsgränserna, samt att få en bättre rening av föroreningar för att kunna möta framtida utsläppskrav. Målet med detta arbete är att utvärdera hur väl dessa aspekter möts i det nya systemet för rökgas- och kondensatrening. Utifrån de aspekter som utvärderats i denna studie verkar det nya systemet för rökgas- och kondensatrening ha en mindre miljöpåverkan än det nuvarande. Resultaten visar att alla målen med att uppdatera rökgas- och kondensatreningssystemet nås med det nya systemet. Kondensatet blir signifikant renare med det nya systemet jämfört med det nuvarande, den totala mängden föroreningar i kondensatet minskar med 99,98 vikts%. Det innebär att kondensatet kan återanvändas i systemet, och en betydande mängd råvatten kan sparas varje år. Utsläppen av SO2 minskar med 99,5 vikts%, vilket visar att en högre svavelhalt i bränslet skulle kunna tolereras. Vidare minskar den totala mängden föroreningar i rökgaserna med 61,9 vikts%. De föroreningsparametrar som bedöms bli mer strikt reglerade inom en snar framtid, NOx och Hg, reduceras signifikant med det nya systemet för rökgas- och kondensatrening. Däremot ökar både kemikalieförbrukningen och mängden producerad restprodukt. Ökningarna är betydande nackdelar för det nya systemet, och miljöpåverkan av detta bör undersökas vidare i den planerade livscykelanalysen.
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Tawatsin, Anuda. "Environmental assessment of waste to energy processes, specifically incineration and anaerobic digestion, using life cycle assessment." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2014. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/366530/.
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Municipal solid waste is an issue every community in the world has to be concerned with. Without any management, municipal solid waste poses environmental and health risks to the community such as from water and air pollution. In selecting methods to deal with the waste, environmental impacts considerations are important to reduce these risks. Environmentally sustainable waste management processes should also decrease greenhouse gases contributing to global warming and climate change. Waste to energy (WtE) processes lessens and replaces the use of fossil fuels reducing greenhouse gases. The research aims to assess the environmental impacts and energy recovery of WtE processes, specifically incineration or energy recovery facilities (ERF) and anaerobic digestion (AD) to select suitable options or any combinations thereof as part of an integrated waste management system for different locations and conditions by using life cycle assessment (LCA) methods. WRATE (Waste and Resources Assessment Tool for the Environment) an LCA model is used to assess scenarios designed systematically with different combinations of incineration/ERF and AD. The study also varies other factors such as different recycling schemes and recycling rate, household waste composition and population density to determine the suitable combinations for different local conditions. Results for both UK and Thailand confirm the need to reduce disposal of waste into landfills. The scenario with Incineration/ERF for heat recovery and a post collection recycling scheme and the combination scenario with Incineration/ERF for heat recovery and Anaerobic Digestion for vehicle fuel a post collection recycling scheme lead the ranking for most energy recovery and less environmental impacts. The parameter exerting the greatest influence on LCIA of these set of scenarios is WtE technology. Second is recycling scheme with recycling rate as a subset. Third is energy recovery type. Population density also affects the outcome slightly by the magnitude of the values.
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Ojoawo, Babatunde I. "Large Scale Production of Hydrogen Via Steam Reforming of Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Gas." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1596125244460537.
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Herman, Tess P. "Optimizing Feedstock Mixtures for Anaerobic Digestion of Food Waste, Brewery Waste, and Crop Residues." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1564764496107388.
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Neri, Esmeralda <1988>. "Application of Environmental Sustainability Assessment Methodologies to Waste Management Systems and to Energy and Material Recovery Processes." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/8016/1/Tesi%20completa.pdf.
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During the PhD program in chemistry, curriculum in environmental chemistry, at the University of Bologna the sustainability of waste management systems and of energy and material recovery processes was investigated through the application of the LCA (Life Cyle Assesment) methodology, which allows a systematic approach that supports the detection of environmental-oriented strategies to obtain industrial improvements.
The study is intended to help analyses aimed at understanding the global effects of the waste management sector and the efforts were focused on the integrated waste management system and on systems of recovery of energy and materials in order to investigate the best way to manage waste taking into account the technologies available on the market and the features of each situation at local scale, evaluating their sustainability in comparison with traditional systems, from a life cycle perspective.
The environmental benefits associated with changes and improvements of the adopted solutions were assessed through a global approach.
Results emerged from the analysis confirms that the sustainability in the waste management sector should be evaluated considering all the stages and flows involved in each system in order to avoid the shifting of the environmental burdens from a step to another. Only a deeper knowledge may help to address successfully the challenge towards a transition to a more sustainable use of resources and to guide future national industrial policy toward a low-carbon economy.
In the future, LCA analysis should be increasingly supported even by other tools able to investigate the other two dimension of sustainability, represented by the social and the economic spheres.
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Zewatsky, Jennifer Ann. "THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY AT THE FERNALD ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PROJECT." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1026950082.
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Dellinger, Adam Ross. "Economic Feasibility and Environmental Analysis of a Municipal Food Waste Collection and Anaerobic Digestion Program Model." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1383843493.
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Hsu, Emma. "A Dirty Renewable: How Trash Incineration Became Classified as Renewable Energy." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2020. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/218.
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Burning trash should not be considered “renewable energy.” However, the federal government and as many as twenty-three states classify waste-to-energy recovery (WTE), or the incineration of garbage, as a renewable energy source that is eligible for a host of financial incentives. This paper discusses how WTE qualifies as an energy source that can be included in a state’s Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS), or regulations that require energy producers to source a specific percentage of energy production from renewable energy sources, claiming the same benefits as cleaner, more sustainable energy sources such as solar, wind, and geothermal power. Upon evaluating incentives and programs for which WTE is eligible, I will argue that WTE is neither an environmentally nor economically viable energy solution. By analyzing WTE policy in the state of Maryland, I examine how RPSs contribute to the longevity of this unsustainable practice, calling for an elimination of WTE from RPS policy and federal incentive programs.
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Tyskeng, Sara. "Environmental assessments of projects and local plans in the energy and waste sectors in Sweden : Practice and potential for improvement." Doctoral thesis, Linköping : Environmental Technology and Management, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Linköpings universitet, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-5700.
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Uz, Zaman Atiq. "Technical Development of Waste Sector in Sweden: Survey and LifeCycle Environmental Assessment of Emerging Technologies." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-46334.
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Waste can be considered as an urban burden or as a valuable resource depending on how it ismanaged. Different waste treatment technologies are available at present to manage municipal solidwaste (MSW). Various actors are involved to develop waste treatment technology for certain area.The aim of this study is to analyze the driving forces in technical development in waste sector inSweden. The study is also done to identify emerging waste management technology in Sweden.Moreover, a comparative study of existing and emerging technologies is done by Life CycleAssessment (LCA) model. An extensive literature review and pilot questionnaire survey among thewaste management professionals’ is done for the study. LCA model is developed by SimaProsoftware CML2 baseline method is used for identifying environmental burden from the wastetechnologies.Dry composting, Pyrolysis-Gasification (P-G), Plasma-Arc are identified as potential emergingtechnologies for waste management system in Sweden. Technical developments of thesetechnologies are influenced by indigenous people’s behavior, waste characteristics, regulations, healthor environmental impact and global climate change. Comparative LCA model of P-G andIncineration shows that, P-G is a favorable waste treatment technology than Incineration for MSW,especially in acidification, global warming and aquatic eco-toxicity impact categories.
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Shehab, Salman Ali Salman. "Enhancing environmental sustainability of healthcare facilities : a system dynamics analysis approach." Thesis, Brunel University, 2017. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/15593.
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Due to the limited studies related to healthcare services future expanding demand, required resources and utilities, and related environmental and economic challenges; this research is carried out to complement other researchers in other economic sectors to identify the gaps, highlight good potentials of sustainability achievements and recommend necessary actions. This research investigates the future expanding demand of healthcare services; the environmental and economic challenges related to this expand and its environmental and economic impacts and the opportunities to overcome these impacts in order to improve healthcare services sustainability and performance. The research follows a SLR to discover earlier works related to environmental sustainability in buildings and healthcare facilities. The environmental challenges related to expanding in healthcare facilities found in the literature are increase in energy consumption and waste generation. The environmental impacts related to these challenges are excessive CO2 and GHG emissions. The economic impacts are escalations of project expenditures, operating expenditures and utilities expenditures. The research uses SD Analysis, as a methodological approach, to framework and understands different healthcare system elements and to develop models that are representing the dynamic relations between these elements. Bahrain healthcare system is selected as a research context due to the availability of good quality healthcare secondary data, the small size of the country that makes it a good model to implement and test new concepts, the limited country resources, and the country keenness to implement sustainability plans to meet sustainability objectives. This research numerically tests and subsequently, supports the implication of stated environmental and economic challenges. It also develops a number of important technical parameters and indicators such as energy and water benchmarks for different healthcare facilities. The research also determines another two sources of environmental challenges related to expanding in healthcare facilities. The first challenge is excessive water consumption. Availability of enough treated water for healthcare applications, especially in countries with limited fresh water resources and depending on 90% of its water need on desalination like Bahrain, a tangible environmental challenge needs to be addressed. The second one is a group of environmental challenges related to the practicing of healthcare services that can expose personnel and environment to high risks. These challenges need to be efficiently managed to improve the environmental sustainability and the social sustainability of healthcare facilities. The research also investigates the effectiveness of a number of mitigation measures used to overcome the environmental and economic negative impacts, such as using energy efficiency technologies, renewable-based energy resources and waste energy recovery. In this regard, the research numerically tests and subsequently supports the implication of stated environmental and economic impacts and the effectiveness of tested measures in mitigating the undesirable results on healthcare facilities. The developed SD Model, as one of the main contributions of this research, is considered as a strategic planning and decision-making administrative tools to forecast future healthcare facilities demand and required resources. It is also considered as a risk assessment tool to assess environmental challenges related to utilities and its environmental and economic impacts in order to improve healthcare facilities sustainability and performance. The potential of utilities saving and utilities expenditures saving in healthcare buildings are high and it is recommended to work toward energy efficiency and renewable energy deployment to achieve sustainable healthcare buildings. Recovery of energy from Medical Waste incineration to be kept under consideration as it is offsetting double the quantity of CO2e emissions resulting from the incineration process. Safe recycling of wastewater of some healthcare processes is highly recommended as it can reduce water consumption and contributes to the reduction of healthcare facilities CO2e emissions. Sources of gray water and gray water applications must be carefully selected to avoid any contradiction with Infection Control regulations or other healthcare regulations. It is recommended to conduct utilities assessment studies on wide sample of healthcare facilities to avoid low peaks and odd operation periods.
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Batista, Daniella Cristina. "Classificação e caracterização dos resíduos do beneficiamento da sucata de ferro e aço utilizada no processo siderúrgico para identificação da viabilidade de aplicações." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-18122014-100431/.
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A gestão dos resíduos sólidos está se tornando prioridade tanto no sistema público como no privado. Considerando o tripé da sustentabilidade (social, ambiental e econômico), as indústrias vêm adotando a transformação dos resíduos em coprodutos como um negócio estratégico. Um exemplo é a indústria do aço. Na produção do aço em usina semi-integrada, utiliza-se pelo menos 70% de sucata de ferro e aço como matéria-prima. O grupo das sucatas de pós-consumo é o mais utilizado, devido à maior disponibilidade no mercado. Entretanto, este grupo de sucata possui alto teor de impurezas. A remoção destas impurezas geralmente é feita em um equipamento chamado Shredder , uma máquina trituradora de sucata. Os metais não ferrosos separados neste beneficiamento tem alto valor de mercado e são comercializados, e sobram os resíduos não metálicos que são chamados de Resíduos da Shredder. O foco deste trabalho foi a caracterização físico-química e a classificação de periculosidade destes resíduos, para identificação de aplicações viáveis. O trabalho foi realizado em uma Shredder situada no município de Iracemápolis, no Estado de São Paulo. No período de setembro a março de 2014, foram geradas, em média, 4.928,32t/mês de Resíduo da Shredder. Pelas características apresentadas, os Resíduos da Shredder são divididos em Fluf da Shredder e em Terra da Shredder. A Terra da Shredder apresentou características para potencial aplicação na construção civil, e o Fluf para recuperação energética, principalmente devido ao alto poder calorífico. O poder calorífico médio encontrado para o Fluf foi de 4.527,48 Kcal/Kg (PCI E PCS). Este valor é equivalente a combustíveis consolidados, como o carvão mineral brasileiro. Entretanto, devem ser tomadas precauções no gerenciamento desses resíduos para mantê-los classificados como não perigosos, bem como deve ser estudada tecnologia para remoção de organoclorados.<br>The waste management in Brazil and Worldwide is becoming a priority in any management system either private or public. Considering the triple bottom line (social, environmental and economical), the industry has adopted the transformation of wastes into byproducts as a strategic business. An example is the steel industry. Mini-mill process uses at least 70% of iron and steel scrap as its raw material. Iron and steel scrap post-consumer is the most widely used due to greater availability in the market. However, this kind of scrap contains high levels of impurities. The removal of these impurities is usually done in a device called Shredder. The nonferrous metals removed are commercialized because of high market value and the non-metallic remains are called the Shredder Residue. The focus of this work was the physicochemical characterization and the classification of hazards these wastes poses in order to identify possible applications. This work was performed in a Shredder located in Iracemápolis City, State of São Paulo. In the period of this work were generated in average 4.928, 32t/month of Shredder Residue. Due to the characteristic found this waste was divided in Fluff of Shredder and Sand of Shredder. The Sand of Shredder showed features for potential application in civil construction and Fluff for energetic recovery mainly because of its high heat value. The average heat value found was 4.527,48 Kcal/Kg (between HHV and LHV). This heat value is equivalent to consolidated fuel such as Brazilian mineral coal. But, precautions should be taken in the management of such wastes to keep them classified as non-hazardous as well as studies should be performed on ways of removing organochlorine compounds.
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Dowds, Eleanor Jane, and Fatme El-Saghir. "Utilising waste heat from Edge-computing Micro Data Centres : Financial and Environmental synergies, Opportunities, and Business Models." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Inst.), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-298245.
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In recent times, there has been an explosion in the need for high-density computing and data processing. As a result the Internet and Communication Technology (ICT) demand on global energy resources has tripled in the last five years. Edge computing - bringing computing power close to the user, is set to be the cornerstone of future communication and information transport, satisfying the demand for instant response times and zero latency needed for applications such as 5G, self-driving vehicles, face recognition, and much more. The Micro Data Centre (micro DC) is key hardware in the shift to edge computing. Being self-contained, with in-rack liquid cooling systems, these micro data centres can be placed anywhere they are needed the most - often in areas not thought of as locations for datacentres, such as offices and housing blocks. This presents an opportunity to make the ICT industry greener and contribute to lowering total global energy demand, while fulfilling both the need for data processing and heating requirements. If a solution can be found to capture and utilise waste heat from the growing number of micro data centres, it would have a massive impact on overall energy consumption. This project will explore this potential synergy through investigating two different ways of utilising waste heat. The first being supplying waste heat to the District Heating network (Case 1), and the second using the micro DC as a ’data furnace’ supplying heat to the near vicinity (Case 2 and 3). Two scenarios of differing costs and incomes will be exploredin each case, and a sensitivity analysis will be performed to determine how sensitive each scenario is to changing internal and external factors. Results achieved were extremely promising. Capturing waste heat from micro data centres, and both supplying the local district heating network as well as providing the central heating of the near vicinity, is proving to be both economically and physically viable. The three different business models (’Cases’) created not only show good financial promise, but they demonstrate a way of creating value in a greener way of computing and heat supply. The amount of waste heat able to be captured is sufficient to heat many apartments in residential blocks and office buildings, and the temperatures achieved have proven to be sufficient to meet the heating requirements of these facilities, meaning no extra energy is required for the priming of waste heat. It is the hope that the investigations and analyses performed in this thesis will further the discussion around the utilisation of waste heat from lower energy sources, such as micro DCs, so that one day, potential can become reality.<br>På senare har tid har det skett en explosion i behovet av databehandling och databehandling med hög densitet. Som ett resultat har Internet- och kommunikationstekniksektorns (ICT) efterfråga på globala energiresurser tredubblats under de senaste fem åren. Edgecomputing för datorkraften närmre användaren och är hörnstenen i framtida kommunikation och informationsflöde. Omedelbar svarstid och noll latens som behövs för applikationersom 5G, självkörande fordon, ansiktsigenkänning och mycket mer tillfredställs av att datorkraften förs närme användaren. Micro Data Center är nycklen i övergången till edge computing. Eftersom att MicroData Center är fristående med inbyggda kylsystem kan de placeras där de behövs mest -ofta i områden som inte betraktas som platser för datacenter som exemeplvis kontor och bostadshus. Detta möjliggör för ICT-branschen att bli grönare och bidra till att sänka det totala globala energibehovet, samtidigt som behovet av databehandling kan tillgodoses. Om enlösning kan hittas för att fånga upp och använda spillvärme som genereras från växande antalet Micro Data Center, skulle det ha en enorm inverkan på den totala energiförbrukningen. Detta projekt kommer att undersöka potentiella synergier genom att undersöka två olikasätt att utnyttja spillvärme. Den första är att leverera spillvärme till fjärrvärmenätet (Case 1), och det andra att använda Micro Data Center som en "Data Furnace" som levererar värme till närområdet (Case 2 och 3). Två scenarier med olika kostnader och intäkter kommer att undersökas i varje Case och en känslighetsanalys kommer att utföras för att avgöra hur känsligt varje scenario är för ändrade interna och externa faktorer. Resultaten som uppnåtts är extremt lovande. Att fånga upp spillvärme från Micro Data Center och leverera till antingen det lokala fjärrvärmenätet eller nyttja spillvärmen lokalt har visat sig vara både ekonomiskt och fysiskt genomförbart. De tre olika affärsmodellerna (’Cases’) som skapats visar inte bara positivt ekonomiskt utfall, utan också ett sätt att skapa värde genom att på ett grönare sätt processa och lagra data och samtidigt värma städer. Mängden spillvärme som kan fångas upp är tillräcklig för att värma upp många lägenheter i bostadshus och kontorsbyggnader. Temperaturen på spillvärmen har visat sig vara tillräcklig för att uppfylla uppvärmningskraven i dessa anläggningar, vilket innebär att ingen extra energi krävs för att höja temperturen av spillvärme. Förhoppningen är att de undersökningar och analyser som utförs i denna rapport kommer att främja diskussionen kring utnyttjande av spillvärme från lägre energikällor, såsom Micro Data Center.
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Kinyua, Maureen Njoki. "Energy Production and Effluent Quality in Tubular Digesters Treating Livestock Waste in Rural Costa Rica." Scholar Commons, 2015. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5716.
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Use of tubular anaerobic digesters to treat livestock waste in developing countries has energy, agricultural, health, social and environmental benefits. However, careful use of digester effluent as a soil amendment is required due to the potential presence of protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia. This research investigated the performance of four tubular digesters in the Monteverde region of Costa Rica. High (>75%) volatile solids and BOD5 removal efficiencies were observed, which was attributed to the formation of a biologically active floccular sludge layer. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and bioprocess models were developed to evaluate the transport and transformation mechanisms in the digesters. The CFD model estimated a mean liquid hydraulic residence time (HRT) of 23 days and the bioprocess model estimated an average mean cell residence time (MCRT) of 115 days. Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia inactivation studies were performed in the laboratory under conditions similar to the environmental conditions observed in the field tubular digesters. The environmental conditions included: ambient temperatures (21-24°C), neutral pH and total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentrations below 250 mg NH4+-N/L. Inactivation rate constants for Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia were 0.056 and 0.726 day-1, respectively. An (oo)cysts solid-liquid phase distribution study indicated that 70% of both (oo)cysts adhered to biosolids. A tubular digester model was used to estimate the concentration of viable (oo)cysts in the digester effluents. (Oo)cysts adhesion to solids, total solids concentration in the digester and HRT were the main factors contributing to the modeled effluent concentration of viable (oo)cysts. Since the model predicted presence of viable (oo)cysts in the tubular digester effluent, a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) model was developed to estimate the risk of infection from exposure to raw livestock waste and tubular digester effluents in two rural communities in Costa Rica. The risk of infection from Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia was assessed for occupational and public exposure pathways; fomite and soil contamination and crop contamination from runoff. Results from the QMRA indicated that the concentration of (oo)cysts in the raw livestock waste, inactivation rates at the various exposure pathways and the treatment of livestock waste were the main contributing factors to the risk of infection. This research indicated that treatment of livestock waste in tubular digesters significantly decreased the risk of infection to below WHO’s acceptable individual annual risk of infection (10-4). This is the first study to combine mathematical modeling with field studies to determine the physical and biological processes in tubular digesters. This is also the first study to combine mathematical models with field and laboratory studies to determine the concentration of (oo)cysts in tubular digester effluents and to predict the risk of infection from Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia if tubular digester effluent is used as a soil amendment.
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Björklund, Anna. "Environmental System Analysis of Waste Management : Experiences from Applications of the ORWARE Model." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Kemiteknik, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3055.
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Waste management has gone through a history of shiftingproblems, demands, and strategies over the years. In contrastto the long prevailing view that the problem could be solved byhiding or moving it, waste is now viewed as a problem rangingfrom local to global concern, and as being an integral part ofseveral sectors in society. Decisive for this view has beensocietys increasing complexity and thus the increasingcomplexity of waste, together with a general development ofenvironmental consciousness, moving from local focus on pointemission sources, to regional and global issues of more complexnature. This thesis is about the development and application orware;a model for computer aided environmental systems analysis ofmunicipal waste management. Its origin is the hypothesis thatwidened perspectives are needed in waste managementdecision-making to avoid severe sub-optimisation ofenvironmental performance. With a strong foundation in lifecycle assessment (LCA), orware aims to cover the environmentalimpacts over the entire life cycle of waste management. It alsoperforms substance flow analysis (SFA) calculations at a ratherdetailed level of the system. Applying orware has confirmed the importance of applyingsystems perspective and of taking into account site specificdifferences in analysis and planning of waste manage-ment,rather than relying on overly simplified solutions. Somefindings can be general-ised and used as guidelines to reduceenvironmental impact of waste management. Recovery of materialand energy resources from waste generally leads to netreductions in energy use and environmental impact, because ofthe savings this brings about in other sectors. Waste treatmentwith low rate of energy and materials recovery should thereforebe avoided. The exact choice of technology however depends onwhat products can be recovered andhow they are used. Despite the complexity of the model and a certain degree ofuser unfriendliness, involved stakeholders have expressed thevalue of participating in orware case studies. It providesimproved decision-basis, but also wider understanding of thecomplexity of waste management and of environmental issues ingeneral. The thesis also contains a first suggestion of a frameworkto handle uncertainty in orware, based on a review of types ofuncertainty in LCA and tools to handle it.<br>QC 20100413
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Holmgren, Kristina. "A System Perspective on District Heating and Waste Incineration." Doctoral thesis, Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-7992.
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Kinyua, Maureen Njoki. "Effect of Solids Retention Time on the Denitrification Potential of Anaerobically Digested Swine Waste." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4520.
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Three continuously stirred tank reactors (CSTR) were operated in semi continuous mode treating swine waste using anaerobic digestion. The reactors were used to test the effect of solid retention time (SRT) on CH4 yield, total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentrations, % volatile solids (VS), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and volatile fatty acids (VFA) removal, readily biodegradable COD concentration and the denitrification potential for the effluent in a biological nutrient removal (BNR) system. During Phase I of the study, the three reactors were operated at the same 28 day SRT for 16 weeks. SRTs were then changed during the 12 week Phase II period. The SRTs studied were 14, 21 and 28 days, with the same organic loading rate (OLR) of 1.88 ± 0.2 kg VS/ m3-day. The reactor with the lowest SRT (14 days) had the highest VS and VFA removal at 73.6 and 67.6% and lowest TAN concentration at 0.78 g NH4+-N/L, followed by the 21 day and 28 day reactors. This was likely due to the fast microbial growth rates and substrate utilization rates in this reactor compared with the other two. The 14 day reactor had the highest CH4 yield at 0.33 m3CH4/kg VS added and readily biodegradable COD concentration at 0.93 COD/L. The variations in CH4 yield and readily biodegradable COD concentrations between the three reactors were not statistically significant. Denitrification potential for the reactors was 1.20, 0.73 and 0.56 g COD/g N for 14, 21 and 28 day reactors, respectively, and the differences were statistically significant. None of the reactors achieved a denitrification potential of 5 g COD/g N, the amount required to use effluent of anaerobically digested swine waste as an internal carbon source in a BNR. This was attributed to operating conditions such as freezing and thawing of the raw swine waste that maximized CH4 yield and lowered the readily biodegradable COD concentration. In addition the 14 day reactor had low TAN concentrations thus increasing the denitrification potential of the centrate from that reactor.
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Hasan, A. S. M. Monjurul. "The biogas potential from municipal waste and agricultural residues in Hazaribagh, Dhaka city, Bangladesh : - a possible strategy to improve the energy system." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-130692.
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Energy is considered as the foremost significant factor towards socio-economic growth. Due to the rapid growth of industrialization in Bangladesh, the need of energy is increasing day by day. Considering the environmental issues, sustainable solutions are needed to address the energy crisis. Energy generation from waste through biogas can be a good solution that can address both the energy demand as well as the waste management issue. The overall aim of this master thesis is to analyze Hazaribagh’s biogas potential from municipal waste and agricultural residues and estimate how much electricity that can be generated from the produced biogas. The feasible sources of Hazaribagh were considered in order to get the information that would be later on analyzed to estimate possible biogas production. The potential sources include wastes from two markets, six slaughterhouses, domestic wastes, three large-scale tanneries and two small scale tanneries, one poultry farm and three crop lands. The calculations made in this thesis to roughly estimate the amount of biogas and electricity from the described sources are done in a simple way, just to illustrate the potential. The result shows that the tannery waste has the highest potential followed by slaughterhouse waste. Furthermore, the calculations show that the tannery waste contributes most for electricity generation also followed by slaughterhouse waste. In order to implement biogas solutions, several actors should be involved like government, future owners, local people etc. Different tools like legislation, financial support etc. are also important for implementing the biogas solutions. In summary, there is a good potentiality of biogas production and electricity generation from municipal wastes and agricultural residues of Hazaribagh. Biogas solutions from waste and agricultural residues can be beneficial from both the energy and the waste management perspective.
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Sadri, Sahar. "Exploring business models for export of environmental technology : Cases from Linkoping city, Sweden." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Projekt, innovationer och entreprenörskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-97718.
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At present time, climate and energy issues are important subjects in the international market and environmental technology is a rapidly growing concept. Many companies in Sweden have developed much in-house knowledge in environmental technology. Therefore, they have great opportunity to export. In the sustainability perspective, export has not only benefits in the economic aspect, but also advantages for the environment. Development of appropriate business models is necessary for supporting environmental technology export.In this research an attempt was made to explore business model elements and offerings for export of environmental technology. The relevant theories in environmental technology characteristics, customization, product service systems and business models were used.The case studies included a Swedish municipality-owned company, its subsidiaries and a Swedish private company which was active in export. Empirical data were collected by conducting of interviews. The results reflect the business models and offerings of the studied cases. The analysis of cases provided findings for environmental technologies characteristics which have effect on export business models.Furthermore, six categories for making distinction among different elements of business models in literature were defined in this study. By analysis of the cases a new category which entailed new elements was added as the seventh category. The mentioned categories are useful in business model formulating for export of environmental technology.
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Kurta, Mykola. "Environmental and Energy Saving Technologies of Vinyl Chloride Production." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4352.
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Recently, because of the increase of environmental concerns in process design, the need to enhance conversion to product and prevent generation of wasteful byproducts in the reactor network has become urgent. This prevents high cost treatment and separation costs downstream in the process. Therefore, in this thesis I focus on making production of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) more efficient and on possible ways of industrial organochlorine waste (OCW) recycling. In particular, in the first experiment, we investigate how catalyst and its structure can affect product output.
Infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis were utilized to investigate the structure of the γ-Al2O3 carrier with CuCl2 catalyst on its surface. Structure of the two catalysts, HarshowX1 and MEDC-B, and their effect on the mechanism of ethylene oxidative chlorination reaction into 1,2-dichlorethane were studied. Differential thermal analysis and mass spectroscopy were applied to study the structure and the mechanism differences between the deposited and permeated CuCl2 catalysts.
The second experiment deals with ecological processing and recycling methods of wasteful byproduct that can be called chlororganic wastes. Typical waste products are 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, vinylidene, and vinyl chloride monomer. Polymerization and copolymerization of typical waste products with their C5-C9 fraction resulted in non-toxic polymer products that can be used in construction and road-building industries. The possibility of joint chlorine and sulfide-containing chemical wastes recycling into polysulfide oligomeric products is discussed. This comprehensive recycling allows utilizing 80-90% of all wastes generated during synthesis of chlorinated products in the chemical industry.
The results of the studies aim to improve the conversion of ethylene to vinyl chloride and minimize the formation of byproducts.
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Sklyarova, Mariya, and Tetiana Kobets. "Eco-efficiency for sustainability : IKEA's environmental policy in Russia." Thesis, Högskolan på Gotland, Institutionen för humaniora och samhällsvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hgo:diva-922.
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In the modern world businesses are seen more often not only as carriers of technological development, innovations, capital investments and profit makers. The present-day situation with growing ecological problems has put a high demand on organizational environmental responsibility of small, medium, large and transnational enterprises all over the world. IKEA is a well known furniture and textile retailer operating worldwide. The company has received a great amount of publicity concerning its leadership in adopting more environmentally friendly measures in manufacturing process and operations. The company issues its global sustainability report yearly and is very popular with the media; however, the actual environmental impact of IKEA’s production and operation may be more damaging than it is usually perceived. The following research work aims to provide the answer whether IKEA is really eco-efficient and looks with more detail to its operation in Russia. A sound theoretical background is provided concerning the definition and means of measuring eco-efficiency, as well as its place in the concept of sustainable development. A great emphasis is placed on comparing IKEA initiatives worldwide and in Russia, as well as discussing their actual environmental impact. Finally, barriers and challenges IKEA faces when implementing its environmental policy in Russia are defined and conclusions are drawn.
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CARNEIRO, MARIA LUISA NERYS DE MORAES. "ENVIRONMENTAL AND THERMOECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF A WASTE-TO-ENERGY FACILITY: CASE STUDY OF ZABALGARBI/BILBAO PLANT ADAPTED TO THE BRAZILIAN REALITY." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2015. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=26682@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO<br>A disposição final de resíduos sólidos urbanos, em aterros ou lixões, é um problema das grandes cidades. A utilização do lixo urbano em processos de tratamento térmico com recuperação energética vem ao encontro da busca de fontes alternativas, preferencialmente as renováveis, para a geração de energia. Assim, usinas de incineração com reaproveitamento de energia vêm sendo apresentadas como uma solução tanto para o destino do lixo quanto para a diversificação da matriz energética. Além disso, a prática da incineração proporciona máxima redução da massa e volume e inertização do lixo, estando o aproveitamento energético de resíduos (Waste-to-Energy) dentre as alternativas mais coerentes para a gestão de resíduos sólidos municipais. No Brasil, práticas como esta ainda são incipientes, porém apresentam grande potencial de estudo para aplicações nos centros urbanos em um futuro próximo. O presente trabalho apresenta uma proposta de uma usina lixo-energia, aplicável ao município do Rio de Janeiro, baseada na planta de Zabalgarbi/Bilbao (Espanha), que funciona em ciclo combinado a gás natural e incinera resíduos, aproveitando seu conteúdo energético para produzir eletricidade. Uma análise energética e exergética é realizada juntamente com uma estimativa do custo de geração de eletricidade, influenciada por um indicador de ecoeficiência que leva em consideração as emissões atmosféricas. Como conclusão, mostra-se a capacidade do sistema proposto em destinar os resíduos sólidos urbanos e atender a demanda elétrica do município do Rio de Janeiro/Brasil a um custo competitivo.<br>The final disposal of municipal solid waste in landfills or dumps is a regular problem to the big cities. The use of municipal waste in processes of thermal treatment with energy recovery meets the search for alternative and renewable sources of energy production. Thus, energy recovery incineration facilities are being presented as a solution to both the waste disposal problem and the growing energy demand in the cities. Additionally, incineration provides the maximum reduction of mass, volume and dangerousness of the waste and the waste-to-energy practice stands out among the most coherent alternatives for municipal solid waste management in the world. In Brazil, however, it is still incipient and therefore presents a great potential for feasibility and application studies in the urban centers. This work presents a proposal of a waste-to-energy facility that could operate in the city of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), based on the Zabalgarbi/Bilbao (Spain) plant, which operates in combined cycle fueled by natural gas and urban solid waste and generates electrical power. It is performed an energetic and exergetic analysis along with a cost estimate influenced by an eco-efficiency indicator that takes into account the air pollution emissions. The conclusion shows the capacity of the proposed facility to treat the municipal solid waste of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) and supply its electricity demand with a competitive cost.
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Lindmark, Jesper, and Lundqvist Oscar. "Can organic waste provide sustainable fuel and energy in Rio de Janeiro? : An Early Assessment of waste-based biogas solutions in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-165774.
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Sustainable waste management remains a great challenge for many cities throughout the world. Landfilling is worldwide the most common way of treating municipal solid waste (MSW) and landfilling of organic matter releases the high potent gas methane, which contributes to global warming. If the biogas instead is collected, either from landfills or produced in a more optimal and controlled environment, it can be used as a fuel to substitute fossil fuels. In this thesis, these sorts of systems are referred to as biogas solutions. In Brazil, the eight largest economy in the world and by far the largest economy in Latin America, landfilling of MSW is essentially the only way MSW is disposed of. Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city of Brazil, have had long issues with waste management, with up until 2012 deposing waste to one of the largest open landfills in the world. This study was done in collaboration with Biogas Research Center (BRC): a national biogas competence center with interests in the Brazilian biogas sector as well as contacts with the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Furthermore, as Swedish organic waste management practices are globally in the front edge, the Swedish perspective of waste management combined with local knowledge, could be valuable to find more efficient means of managing residues. Before initiating an actual biogas project, it is reasonable to perform an early assessment. This thesis aimed to perform an early assessment of the biogas sector in Rio, which was carried out by utilizing a multi-criteria framework. The framework consists of four categories (potential, feasibility, economic- and environmental performance), 14 key areas and 59 sub-questions, which helped gather, structure and assess information. An eight-week field study in Rio de Janeiro was part of the study. The results show that no full separation of organic content is performed as source in Rio, which is why the study included the waste streams of mixed MSW (disposed in landfills) and partly sorted organic waste (approximately 85 % organic content; referred to as Waste with High Organic Content, WHOC). Sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants was excluded from the study to enable a focus on MSW. Potential and feasibility are significantly higher for MSW compared to WHOC, although the authors argue WHOC (or even fully sorted organic waste) have substantial growth opportunities. The landfill receives approximately 1.2 million tonnes of organic wet waste per year and provides a biogas yield of 140 million Nm3 / year (50 – 55 % CH4); whereas 26 – 42 thousand tonnes of dry matter (DM) per year can be collected from WHOC, with a biogas yield potential of 6.6 – 19.5 million Nm3 / year (55 – 63 % CH4). The feasibility analysis showed that all key areas – competing applications, legislation and infrastructure – except economic instruments, are better rated for biogas production from MSW compared to WHOC. The most feasible area of use for the biogas in Rio de Janeiro was deemed to inject the gas in into the grid. The indicated environmental performance shows that injection of biogas to the gas grid reduces GHG emissions with 68 %; and for every tonne of DM digestate, approximately 8 kg phosphorous and 36 kg nitrogen can be replaced. The economic performance shows that biogas production from the landfill is more cost-efficient than from a bioreactor, however none of the biogas productions in Rio de Janeiro is profitable, which usually is expected of a waste management system. The study concludes with identifying several challenges the biogas sector in Rio will be facing: a lack of supply of biogas and no plan in action for increasing demand; economic challenges indicating need for investment support; and a lack of value chain for biofertilizers. The results of the study can hopefully provide stakeholders with a better understanding of opportunities and challenges with biogas solutions in Rio de Janeiro municipality, that ultimately can increase the chance for successful implementation in the region.<br>Hållbar avfallshantering är fortsatt en stor utmaning för många städer runtom i världen. Deponering är globalt sett det vanligaste sättet att göra sig av med fast kommunalt avfall och deponering av organiskt avfall avger den potenta gasen metan, som bidrar till global uppvärmning. Om biogasen istället samlas upp, antingen från deponin eller produceras i en mer optimal miljö, kan gasen istället användas som bränsle för att substituera fossila bränslen. I denna rapport kallas denna typen av system för biogaslösningar. I Brasilien, världens åttonde största ekonomin och den avsevärt största ekonomin i Latinamerika, hanteras fast kommunalt avfall i princip endast genom deponering. Rio de Janeiro, Brasiliens nästa största stad, har länge haft problem med avfallshantering, som fram tills 2012 slängde allt sitt avfall i en av världens största öppna deponier. Denna studie genomfördes i samarbete med Biogas Research Center (BRC): ett nationellt kompetenscenter inom biogas med intresse av den Brasilianska biogassektorn, samt med kontakter till det federala universitetet i Rio. Eftersom Sverige ur ett globalt perspektiv ligger i framkant vad gäller hantering av organiskt avfall, kan den svenska synvinkeln av avfallshantering kombinerat med lokal kunskap vara värdefull för att hitta effektivare avfallshanteringssystem. Innan man genomför ett skarp biogasprojekt är det klokt att göra en förstudie. Denna uppsats syftar till att genomföra en förstudie av biogassektorn i Rio de Janeiro, som uträttades med hjälp av ett multi-kriterieramverk. Ramverket består av fyra kategorier (potential, genomförbarhet, samt ekonomisk- och miljömässig prestanda), 14 nyckelområden samt 59 underfrågor. Ramverket användes för att assistera i insamlandet, strukturerandet och utvärderandet av information. En fältstudie på åtta veckor i Rio de Janeiro var en del av studien. Resultatet visar att ingen fullständig separering av organiskt avfall sker i Rio, vilket är orsaken till att studien inkluderar avfallsströmmarna blandat kommunalt avfall (som deponeras; benämns MSW) och delvis sorterat organiskt avfall (innehåller 85 % organiskt innehåll; benämns WHOC). Avloppsslam exkluderades från studien för att fokusera på fast kommunalt avfall. Potentialen och genomförbarheten är markant högre för MSW jämfört med WHOC, dock skall det understrykas att tillväxtpotentialen för WHOC är stor vilket ej framgår av siffrorna. Deponin mottager årligen nära 1.2 miljoner ton organiskt avfall (inkl. vatten) som ger en biogasutdelning på 140 miljoner Nm3 / år (50 – 55 % CH4); medan WHOC har en potential på 26 – 42 tusen ton (torrvikt) per år med en biogasutdelning på 6.6 – 19.5 miljoner Nm3 / år (55 – 63 % CH4). Genomförbarhetsanalysen för avfallsströmmarna visade att alla nyckelområden förutom ekonomiska instrument var värderade högre för MSW jämfört med WHOC. Studien visar vidare att det mest genomförbara användningsområdet för biogasen är injektion till gasnätet. Miljömässiga prestandan visar att substituering av naturgas med biogas kan sänka växthusgasutsläpp med 68 %, och för varje ton (torrvikt) av rötrester kan ca 8 kg fosfor och 36 kg kväve ersättas. Ekonomiska prestandan visar att biogasproduktion från deponi är mer kosteffektivt än i en bioreaktor, samt att ingen av biogaslösningarna är lönsamma, vilket kan väntas av en avfallshanteringslösning. Studien avslutas med att identifiera en rad utmaningar som biogassektorn i Rio ställs inför: en avsaknad på tillgång av biogas och ingen aktiv plan för att öka produktionen; ekonomiska utmaningar som indikerar ett behov av investeringsstöd; en brist på värdekedja för biogödsel. Resultatet av studien kan förhoppningsvis ge intressenter en bättre förståelse för vilka möjligheter och utmaningar som biogaslösningar ställs inför i Rio de Janeiro kommun – som i förlängningen kan öka möjligheterna för framgångsrika implementeringar av biogasprojekt i regionen.
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Al, Hamrani Emad, and Nils Grönberg. "Sustainable flue-gas quench : For waste incineration plants within a water-energy-environment nexus perspective." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-36707.
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The function of a flue-gas quench is to remove additional contaminants from flue-gas and to reduce the wastewater from a waste incineration plant. The aim of this degree project is to find how the system is affected by using a quench and what factors limits the performance. This is done by modelling and simulating a waste incineration plant in Aspen Plus. Data and plant schematics were obtained by a study visit to Mälarenergi Plant 6 situated in Västerås, Sweden, which were used as model input and for model validation. The results have shown that the amount of wastewater can be reduced by more than half compared to a plant without a quench. The heat produced in the condenser, when discharging water to the boiler, would be lowered by up to 20%. For systems with a quench present when more water was discharged to the boiler both the heat production and the pollutant capturing became better. However, the system has limits regarding the amount that could be recirculated, in the form of temperature limits in different parts of the system. In addition, if the heat load is low there is an insufficient amount of wastewater generated in the condenser to run the quench. In that situation, clean (fresh) water needs to be used instead. Using clean water is unwanted since the plant will then consume more resources while still producing less heat than a plant without a quench would.
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Demitry, Morris Elya. "Anaerobic Digestion Process Stability and the Extension of the ADM1 for Municipal Sludge Co-Digested with Bakery Waste." DigitalCommons@USU, 2016. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4945.
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Uncertainty about anaerobic digestion process stability is the main issue preventing more widespread use of the process as a source of energy recovery in wastewater treatment facilities. The overall objective of this research was to study the feasibility of enhancing biogas production inside wastewater facilities using co-digestion of municipal sludge with bakery waste. Another objective was to improve the stability index and a mathematical model that can be useful tools to predict the process stability of municipal sludge digestion alone, and when it is mixed with bakery waste, as a substrate for microorganisms.
Experiments were conducted in three phases. In phase 1, a full-scale anaerobic digester at Central Weber Sewer Improvement District, Ogden, UT, receiving a mixture of primary and secondary sludge, was monitored for one hundred days. Chemical oxygen demand (COD), and volatile solids (VS) mass balances were conducted to evaluate the stability of the digester and its capability of producing methane gas. The COD mass balance accounted for nearly 90% of the methane gas produced while the VS mass balance showed that 91% of the organic matter removed resulted in biogas formation. Other parameters monitored included: pH, alkalinity, VFA, and propionic acid. The values of these parameters showed that the digester was running under stable steady state conditions. At mesophilic temperature, the stability index was determined and equal to 0.40 L (CH4)/ g(ΔVS)
In phase 2, the feasibility of adding BW to MS was tested in batch reactors scale. The biogas production was enhanced and the digester was stable until the range of 37- 40% of BW to 63-60% of MS. The ADM1 coefficients were modified to accurately predict the digester performance. The modified model outputs (pH, VFA, and methane) were within acceptable ranges when compared with the observed data from the batch reactors.
In phase 3, the feasibility of MS and BW were tested using an Induced Bed Reactor (IBR) with a 50:50% ratio of MS:BW (COD basis). The process was stable during different hydraulic retention times and the ADM1 was modified to predict the stability of the process in the IBR.
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Alsultan, Mohammed. "Can rural Gaza Strip be both biogas “self-sufficient” and organic waste and wastewater problem free?" Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Avdelningen för miljö- och biovetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-21722.
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The rural areas in the Gaza Strip suffer from the problem of sanitation and organic waste as well as electricity and cooking fuel. In this thesis, the biogas plant was designed to solve those problems based on the fixed dome plant design as shown in Figure 3 and4. Therefore, the efficiency and selectivity was good for biogas plant which is easy for the local people disposal of organic waste and wastewater as well as self-sufficiency of biogas for cooking and electricity for the family. The sediments from the biogas plant are also used as fertilizers in agriculture. Thus it is possible to know the amount of biogas production, the cost of biogas, the amount of fertilizer, the cost of fertilizers and the amount of disposal of organic waste and wastewater. The calculation shows that the size of digester which is equal to 12 cubic meters as shown in figure 4.The construction is cost of $ 930 as shown in Table 2. Through the results will be disposed of organic waste, wastewater and manure are about 48 kilograms per day for the family. The Biogas is produced 0.5 tons of biogas is estimated about $ 100 in rural areas in the Gaza Strip. It is also produced fertilizers equivalent of $ 113 per month. So the results and calculations are clear that the rural family is self-sufficient of biogas, the dispose of organic waste and wastewater and agricultural growth by the fertilizers from the biogas plant.
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Adefeso, Ismail Babatunde. "Techno-economic analysis of a gasification system using refuse-derived fuel from municipal solid waste." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2753.
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Thesis (Doctor of Engineering in Chemical Engineering)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.<br>The search for alternatives to fossil fuel is necessary with a view to reducing the negative environmental impact of fossil fuel and most importantly, to exploit an affordable and secured fuel source. This study investigated the viability of municipal solid waste gasification for a fuel cell system. Potential solid fuels obtained from the study in the form of refuse-derived fuel (RDF) had high heating value (HHV) between 18.17 MJ/Kg - 28.91 MJ/Kg with energy density increased from 4142.07 MJ/m3 to 10735.80 MJ/m3. The molecular formulas of RDF derived from Ladies Smith drop-off site, Woodstock drop-off site and an average molecular formula of all thirteen municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal facilities were CH1.43O1.02, CH1.49O1.19, and CH1.50O0.86 respectively. The comparative ratios of C/H were in the range of 7.11 to 8.90. The Thermo Gravimetric Analysis showed that the dehydration, thermal decompositions, char combustions were involved in the production of gaseous products but flaming pyrolysis stage was when most tar was converted to syngas mixture. The simulation of RDF gasification allowed a prediction of the RDF gasification behaviour under various operating parameters in an air-blown downdraft gasifier. Optimum SFR (steam flowrate) values for RDF1, RDF2 and RDF3 were determined to be within these values 2.80, 2.50 and 3.50 and Optimum ER values for RDF1, RDF2 and RDF3 were also determined to be within these values 0.15, 0.04 and 0.08. These conditions produced the desired high molar ratio of H2/CO yield in the syngas mixture in the product stream. The molar ratios of H2/CO yield in the syngas mixture in the product stream for all the RDFs were between 18.81 and 20.16. The values of H2/CO satisfy the requirement for fuel cell application. The highest concentration of heavy metal was observed for Al, Fe, Zn and Cr, namely 16627.77 mg/Kg at Coastal Park (CP), 17232.37 mg/Kg at Killarney (KL), 235.01 mg/Kg at Tygerdal (TG), and 564.87 mg/Kg at Kraaifontein (KF) respectively. The results of quantitative economic evaluation measurements were a net return (NR) of $0.20 million, a rate of return on investment (ROI) of 27.88 %, payback time (PBP) of 2.30 years, a net present value (NPV) of $1.11 million and a discounted cash flow rate of return (DCFROR) of 24.80 % and 28.20 % respectively. The results of the economic evaluations revealed that some findings of the economic benefits of this system would be viable if costs of handling MSW were further quantified into the costs analysis. The viability of the costs could depend on government responsibility to accept costs of handling MSW.
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Hedlund-Åström, Anna. "Model for End of Life Treatment of Polymer Composite Materials." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Machine Design (Div.), 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-451.
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<p>Because of increasing environmental demands, especially on dealing with products end of life phase, product manufacturers and designers must consider the future disposal of their products. For conventional materials like steel and aluminium well-functioning recycling methods exists. This is not the case for structures of polymer composites, which are used more extensively, especially for structures like vehicles and vessels. Several techniques do exist but they are not yet commercially available. The current disposal methods of polymer composites are landfill and incineration.</p><p>Polymer composites are materials, which consist of several materials like fibre, matrix, and additives. In the form of sandwich constructions also foam core material is added. This circumstance complicates the waste treatment of composite materials. In this thesis a model for assessing possible future waste treatment techniques for polymer composites including sandwich structures is presented. The model is meant to be used as an aid for preparing future disposal for end of life products for planning waste treatment and for facilitating communication in contacts with waste receivers.</p><p>Recommendations for waste treatment have been formed for a number of polymer composites. These recommendations are based on the analysis of costs and environmental effects and they compare different scenarios for mechanical material recycling and energy recovery by waste incineration. The result of this study points out material recycling as the preferable method for the main part of the studied materials. But this recommendation is strongly dependent on type of virgin material replaced by the recycled material. Energy recovery can also be considered if the polymer composite waste replaces coal, which is non renewable. Though incineration will always result in a cost for the waste producer.</p><p>In the recommendations mentioned above no information concerning implementation of the different waste disposal techniques is included. Therefore, in this study a model for assessing possible waste disposal techniques for polymer composites is presented. The model is based on internal factors, which are related to the waste and to the processes. To implement the model relevant waste properties must be identified in order to fulfil the conditions set by the required processes involved.</p><p>A case study was carried out using the proposed model for assessing different waste disposal techniques for the hull of the Visby Class Corvette in the Royal Swedish Navy. Six different techniques were studied for the hull structure. Since almost all the important waste properties were known and the waste was assessed to be treatable all the included techniques except one are shown to be usable in the future.</p><p>Many investigations have pointed out material recycling as the best alternative considering environmental effects. This is also valid for polymer composite materials. Since recycling polymer composites is a complicated process, especially recycling thermoset composite it is important to aquire comprehensive information about the constituents of these materials.</p>
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Yassin, L. "Appropriate scales and technologies for energy recovery by thermal processing of waste in the urban environment." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2008. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1446161/.
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In the developed world, 75% of the population live in urban areas, a figure projected to rise to nearly 83% by 2030, while in the developing world, the rate of urbanisation is even faster. One of the most important environmental problems associated with urbanisation is the amount of waste that is generated at a rate that outstrips the ability of the natural environment to assimilate it and authorities to manage it. Therefore, if we are to deliver a more sustainable economy, we must do more with less by making better use of resources. The recovery of energy from waste or EfW is an important component of an integrated waste management strategy, as it reduces our reliance on landfill. It is also a low carbon, low cost fuel, which by displacing fossil fuels can help the UK Government in meeting its energy policy and emission targets. Furthermore, EfW can contribute to energy security through diversification of supply it is projected that EfW may supply up 17% of the total UK electricity consumption by 2020. The main objectives of this work are to investigate the appropriate scales and technologies for the production of energy from waste in the urban environment. The suitability and effectiveness of fluidized bed combustion and gasification processes have been studied, together with gas clean-up systems. The most appropriate scales for each of these approaches in relation to system efficiencies and costs were evaluated, so that a sound judgement can be made as to which processes should be used in the urban context. Within this framework, a comprehensive assessment of fluidized bed reactor types and operational process conditions has been presented. Current and future status of these technologies was discussed, as well as the non-technical barriers hampering their development. The assessment concluded with a review of the different emissions and residues generated from the thermal treatment processes, their management, practices and costs. Mass and energy balances of traditional moving-grate combustion plants and key issues regarding the treatment of the output gas stream have been investigated during a five- month placement programme at Germana & Partners Consulting Engineers in Rome (Italy). The aim of the study was to gain an in-depth understanding of design methodologies and engineering principles applied in the detailed design of real industrial energy recovery plants. The study led to the development of a consistent approach for the technical and economic evaluation of more advanced technologies, namely fluidized bed combustion and gasification systems. Two different scale scenarios of 50,000 tpa and 100,000 tpa plant capacities were considered for the generation of electric power using a steam turbine for the combustion process and gas engine & combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) for the gasification process. Mass and energy balances of the processes were performed and the cost effectiveness of the different waste treatment options was assessed using a discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis, which includes current market-based mechanisms, such as eligibility for Renewables Obligation Certificates (ROCs). A sensitivity analysis was carried out to evaluate the effects of changing system variables on the economic performances of the different waste treatment options. Seventeen system variables have been chosen and the effects of a 10% change in these variables on the levelised costs and gate fees were examined. These variables include waste calorific value, gasifier efficiency, prime mover electrical generation efficiency, as well as electricity and ROC prices and biodegradable fraction of the waste. As part of this study, the techno-economic performances of traditional moving-grate combustions systems was reported and compared against the different fluidized bed systems co-located with Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) facilities. The work was subsequently extended to analyse the technical and cost effectiveness of the simultaneous generation of heat and power from EfW fluidized bed combustion and gasification systems, using the same scale scenarios of 50,000 tpa and 100,000 tpa. The study focused on the additional capital and operating costs involved in incorporating combined heat and power (CHP) into EfW facilities. The projected revenues from heat sales and eligibility for ROCs were also evaluated for a range of market penetration levels. Furthermore, the environmental benefits associated with EfW with CHP facilities were assessed and the CO2 savings achieved from displacing fossil fuels in the separate generation of heat and power were also determined.
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Moore, Paul 1962. "The Analysis of PCDD and PCDF Emissions from the Cofiring of Densified Refuse Derived Fuel and Coal." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1990. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc330690/.
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The United States leads the world in per capita production of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), generating approximately 200 million tons per year. By 2000 A.D. the US EPA predicts a 20% rise in these numbers. Currently the major strategies of MSW disposal are (i) landfill and (ii) incineration. The amount of landfill space in the US is on a rapid decline. There are -10,000 landfill sites in the country, of which only 65-70% are still in use. The Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) predicts an 80% landfill closure rate in the next 20 years. The development of a viable energy resource from MSW, in the form of densified Refuse Derived Fuel (dRDF), provides solutions to the problems of MSW generation and fossil fuel depletions. Every 2 tons of MSW yields approximately 1 ton of dRDF. Each ton of dRDF has an energy equivalent of more than two barrels of oil. At current production rates the US is "throwing away" over 200,000,000 barrels of oil a year. In order to be considered a truly viable product dRDF must be extensively studied; in terms of it's cost of production, it's combustion properties, and it's potential for environmental pollution. In 1987 a research team from the University of North Texas, in conjunction with the US DOE and Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), cofired over 550 tons of dRDF and bdRDF with a high sulfur Kentucky coal in a boiler at ANL. This work examines the emission rates of polychlorinated dioxins (PCDDs) and furans (PCDFs) during the combustion of the dRDF, bdRDF, and coal. Even at levels of 50% by Btu content of dRDF in the fuel feedstock, emission rates of PCDDs and PCDFs were below detection limits. The dRDF is shown to be an environmentally acceptable product, which could help resolve one of the major social and environmental problems facing this country today.
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Bojor, Olire Innocent. "Evaluation of an alternative organic waste disposal system in Chevron-Escravos : a case study / O.I. Bojor." Thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/2586.
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Alonso, Laura. "Assessment of waste and biofuel resources for district heating in the region of Gävle in Sweden." Thesis, University of Gävle, Department of Technology and Built Environment, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-594.
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<p>Fuel availability and security of supply are two of the most important factors in the well functioning of a company like Gävle Energi. Another important factor is the price of the fuels used. The transportation cost plays also an important role when purchasing fuels from different sources. Currently the fuels used in Gävle Energi are mainly woody biofuels, but waste and peat could also be used in the future.</p><p>The aim of this thesis is to provide an overview of the different available biofuels in the region of Gävle. The fuels considered in the study are:</p><p>- Bark</p><p>- Forest Residues</p><p>- Wood waste</p><p>- Pellets and Briquettes</p><p>- Garbage/waste materials</p><p>- Peat</p><p>The research is focused on the physical properties of the fuels, their price and transportation cost, environmental and legislation issues and the availability in the region of Gävle. A 10-year perspective is defined for an estimated availability of the different fuels in te region.</p>
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Moedinger, Fritz. "Advances in the utilization of waste materials and alternative sources of energy in clay brick making : a South Tyrolean case study investigating environmental and financial impacts." Thesis, Staffordshire University, 2010. http://eprints.staffs.ac.uk/1874/.
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The background to this research program was the need to investigate novel technologies and their application to fired ceramic processes that would facilitate the return to profitability for a small size brick maker. The company, Gasser Brick Company. Ziegel Gasser Mattoni GmbH S.r.l., in Natz-Schabs (Naz-Sciaves) in the north of Italy, is a relatively small manufacturer producing < 20,000 metric tons of brick per year. In this thesis the economic, environmental and social advantages consequent to a complete review of the approach to the company’s manufacture of cored clay bricks are discussed, including energy saving measures and the use of novel fuel and clay body supplements. A number of wide ranging novel technical modifications to the production processes of the Gasser Brick company have been tested, evaluated, reviewed, compared, and critically evaluated. The approach includes the utilization of a substantial percentage of various wastes as part-substitution of, or as an addition to, quarried raw materials and also the use of renewable and alternative fuels as a substitute for fossil fuels. A number of these modifications have resulted in beneficial changes to the product and the efficiency of the production process and considerably reduced the environmental footprint of the operation. Process modifications and the technological improvements to production equipment are explained and discussed along with detailed information about the measures that enabled the Gasser Brick company to return the profitability. The modifications resulted in a substantial increase of income. Revenues from waste gate fees are about 30% of the total turnover of the company. Costs for thermal energy dropped by 2/3: A ton of boiler oil commanded a price of 220 - 245 €/ton versus the around 80 €/ton of rendering fat.
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Barbosa, Luis Adriano Ribeiro. "VIABILIDADE DE IMPLANTAÇÃO DE USINA DE BIODIESEL UTILIZANDO ÓLEOS DE FRITURAS EM MUNICÍPIO DE GRANDE PORTE." Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2014. http://tedebc.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/684.
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Previous issue date: 2014-10-29<br>It Is the growing environmental concern. Growing are also the concerns to develop means of achieving sustainability to minimize impacts to the planet as a result of the production chain. This study proposes an alternative to use of residual oil frying as a way to give another option to supply chain with regard to non-contamination of soils and aquifers. Thus were field trials designed to assess how much is wasted by official shops. Due this a review of the quantities produced and which could be reused effectively in biodiesel were raised in this paper. Market research focused on the choice of Biodiesel plant for processing this waste. Economic feasibility study for this plant was developed and confirmed its financial return. Arising from this, the first sector of the city studied, São Luis MA, has extensive work to be done in order to contribute to the processing of waste and become less and less environmental footprint of economic production cycle. A portion can be only a difference of minor importance, but the payment of all result in a planet with greater sustainability for all.<br>Crescente é a preocupação ambiental. Crescente também são as preocupações em se desenvolverem meios de conseguir sustentabilidade para minimizar impactos ao planeta em decorrência da cadeia produtiva. Este estudo propõe uma alternativa para utilização de óleo residual de fritura como forma de dar mais uma opção a cadeia produtiva no que concerne a não contaminação de solos e aquíferos. Desta forma foram elaboradas pesquisas de campo para avaliar o quanto é desperdiçado por estabelecimentos comerciais formais. Decorrente disto uma avaliação das quantidades produzidas e que poderiam ser reaproveitadas de forma efetiva em biodiesel foram levantadas neste trabalho. Pesquisas de mercado enfocaram a escolha de Usina de biodiesel para processamento desse rejeito. Estudo de viabilidade econômica para tal usina foi elaborado e confirmado seu retorno financeiro. Decorrente disto, o primeiro setor da cidade estudada, São Luís - MA, tem trabalho extenso a executar para poder contribuir com o processamento desse rejeito e tornar cada vez menor a pegada ambiental do ciclo produtivo econômico. Uma parcela pode ser apenas um diferencial de pequena importância, porém a integralização de todos resultará em um planeta com mais sustentabilidade para todos.
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Trujillo, Iliana Cardenes. "Quantifying the energy consumption of the water use cycle." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:df481801-cce1-4824-986c-612f4673b8eb.
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The management and delivery of water and wastewater consume significant amounts of energy, mostly in the form of electricity. With increasing populations, climate change, water quality issues and increasing energy prices, it is more important than ever to understand energy consumption patterns. Energy usually represents the largest operational cost in water utilities around the world, yet there is limited work aiming to quantify the specific relationship between water and its associated energy, and understand its implications for future decision-making. This thesis presents variousmethodological approachesto quantify and understand energy use in water infrastructure systems, as well as how to incorporate them in decision-making processes. The main hypotheses are as follows: firstly, a detailed understanding of the use of energy in water infrastructure systems can facilitate more efficient and sustainable water infrastructure systems and, secondly, that incorporating energy into planning for water and wastewater resources can help understand the impacts of decisions and establish trade-offs between actions. To test these hypotheses, the thesis presents an analytical approach to various areas. Firstly, it identifies, maps and quantifies the energy consumption patterns within a water infrastructure system. This is then used to identify inefficiencies and areas of potential energy saving. Secondly, it incorporates detailed energy costs into short and long-term water resources management and planning. Thirdly, it evaluates trade-offs between energy costs and changing effluent quality regulations in wastewater resources. The Thames River basin, in the south-east of England, is used as a case study to illustrate the approach. The results demonstrate that a systematic approach to the quantification of energy use in a water infrastructure system can identify areas of inefficiencies that can be used to make decisions with regards to infrastructure planning. For example, water systems have significant geo-spatial variations in energy consumption patterns that can be addressed specifically to reduce negative trade-offs. The results also show that incorporating detailed energy information into long-term water resources planning can alter the choices made in water supply options, by providing more complete information. Furthermore, methodologically, they show how several methodological approaches can be used to support more complete decision-making in water utilities to reduce short and long-term costs. In this particular case study, the results show that there are important differences in energy consumption by region, and significant differences in the seasonal and energy patterns of water infrastructure systems. For example, water treatment was shown to be the largest consumer of energy within the whole system, compared with pumping or wastewater treatment; but wastewater treatment energy consumption was shown to be the fastest growing over time due to changes in water quality regulatory frameworks. The results show that more stringent effluent standards could result in at least a doubling of electricity consumption and an increase of between 1.29 and 2.30 additional million tonnes of CO2 a year from treating wastewater in large works in the UK. These are projected to continue to increase if the decarbonisation of the electricity grid does not occur fast enough. Finally, the thesis also shows that daily energy consumption can be reduced by up to 18% by optimally routing water through a water network. optimization of water networks, and that a change in discount rates could change the daily operating costs by 19%, that in turn leads to a resulting different set of optimal investment options in a water supply network.
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Martinsson, Erik, Emil Martinsson, and Sören Säf. "IWESS, an integrated water, energy and sanitation solution : A holistic approach to reach sustainability trough organic waste management for the Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya." Thesis, University of Skövde, School of Technology and Society, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-566.
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<p>The process of allocating necessary resources like clean water, fuel/energy and food have resulted in an unsustainable use of natural resources causing problems with Soil erosion, soil fertility, desertification, deforestation, eutrophication and global warming. The purpose of this study was to gain information on the functional design of a waste management system enabling the organic components of domestic waste to be processed as useful resources while at the same time allow them to be re-circulated. The main part of this study was carried out at the Kendu SDA Hospital in the Rachyonyo district in western Kenya. For the case of this study two main objectives where chosen. The first was to develop a principal technological solution using three classed “appropriate technologies” found suitable for the purpose namely biogas, ecological water treatment systems and slow sand filtration. The second was to further analyse each included technology to further develop their potential to fit the concept. Results from the pilot facilities where then to be retrieved from the actual component selection and construction process itself, with performance analysis left for future studies.</p><p>The main purpose of the biogas system study has been to evaluate the original ideas of overall concept, details, materials and construction methods. The 1 m3 biogas system has improved significantly during the development process and is today not far from an implementation, i.e. construction on a slightly larger scale. The biogas system developed during the project has proven to have potential for digestion of both latrine and kitchen waste. Using the two as fuel for the process does not only remove a problem – it grants several benefits.</p><p>The ecological waste water treatment system main objective was to design and construct a pilot SSF-wetland. Results show that the construction process for smaller scaled SSF systems is simple and does not require trained personnel or specialized equipment and that significant cost reduction can be made by using locally available materials.</p><p>The slow sand filtration sub system concept is called PT SCX and though still in the stage of development proved to have great potential concerning both efficiency and sustainability. The PT SCX comprises the advantages of slow sand filtration with further development of individual system solutions. It was adapted to enable both integration to the IWESS solution and stand alone installations purifying even highly turbid surface water sources to drinking water quality.</p><p>The result from the study confirms the suitability of the three included technologies, ecological waste water treatment, biogas and slow sand filtration to work in an integrated system called IWESS- Integrated Water Energy and Sanitation Solution. The combined subsystems can together with source separated sewage offer full resource recovery enabling recirculation of both nutrients and water. In addition the system can be designed as a net producer of renewable and emission free energy.</p>
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Jacquot, Curtis Willard. "The sustainable school: A sustainability assessment questionnaire for high schools." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2003. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2475.
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The result of this project is a sustainability assessment questionnaire for the high school setting. The questionnaire fills a gap in the literature pertaining to assessing direct and indirect environmental impacts on high schools.